JP2005528764A - リチウム電池用正極材料およびその製造法 - Google Patents
リチウム電池用正極材料およびその製造法 Download PDFInfo
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- JP2005528764A JP2005528764A JP2004510056A JP2004510056A JP2005528764A JP 2005528764 A JP2005528764 A JP 2005528764A JP 2004510056 A JP2004510056 A JP 2004510056A JP 2004510056 A JP2004510056 A JP 2004510056A JP 2005528764 A JP2005528764 A JP 2005528764A
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- Prior art keywords
- oxide
- positive electrode
- chalcogenide
- transition metal
- teo
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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Links
- 239000007774 positive electrode material Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 68
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 53
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 5
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title description 29
- 150000004770 chalcogenides Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 45
- XHCLAFWTIXFWPH-UHFFFAOYSA-N [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[V+5].[V+5] Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[V+5].[V+5] XHCLAFWTIXFWPH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 43
- 229910001935 vanadium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 43
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 38
- 229910000314 transition metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 35
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 32
- 239000003153 chemical reaction reagent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- 239000002156 adsorbate Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium ion Chemical compound [Li+] HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 229910001416 lithium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 229910000313 chalcogen oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 229910052798 chalcogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 150000001787 chalcogens Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 239000013590 bulk material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 47
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 47
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 claims description 47
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 34
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 30
- GNTDGMZSJNCJKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N divanadium pentaoxide Chemical compound O=[V](=O)O[V](=O)=O GNTDGMZSJNCJKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 25
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 24
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 claims description 20
- 239000011669 selenium Substances 0.000 claims description 19
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 17
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims description 16
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- 229910052714 tellurium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 14
- 229910052711 selenium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 13
- BUGBHKTXTAQXES-UHFFFAOYSA-N Selenium Chemical compound [Se] BUGBHKTXTAQXES-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- PORWMNRCUJJQNO-UHFFFAOYSA-N tellurium atom Chemical compound [Te] PORWMNRCUJJQNO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- RAHZWNYVWXNFOC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulphur dioxide Chemical compound O=S=O RAHZWNYVWXNFOC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- -1 sulfur oxide compound Chemical class 0.000 claims description 8
- TXKMVPPZCYKFAC-UHFFFAOYSA-N disulfur monoxide Inorganic materials O=S=S TXKMVPPZCYKFAC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 5
- JPJALAQPGMAKDF-UHFFFAOYSA-N selenium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Se]=O JPJALAQPGMAKDF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 32
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 32
- 239000012071 phase Substances 0.000 description 26
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 23
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 20
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 18
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- 239000002344 surface layer Substances 0.000 description 18
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 15
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- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 14
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 12
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 11
- 239000010409 thin film Substances 0.000 description 11
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 11
- 239000010406 cathode material Substances 0.000 description 10
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 9
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 9
- LEONUFNNVUYDNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N vanadium atom Chemical compound [V] LEONUFNNVUYDNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 239000012298 atmosphere Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 8
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 8
- 238000002411 thermogravimetry Methods 0.000 description 7
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000000376 reactant Substances 0.000 description 6
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000001179 sorption measurement Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 5
- 229910052723 transition metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 150000003624 transition metals Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 230000002378 acidificating effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000004455 differential thermal analysis Methods 0.000 description 4
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 description 4
- IYLGZMTXKJYONK-ACLXAEORSA-N (12s,15r)-15-hydroxy-11,16-dioxo-15,20-dihydrosenecionan-12-yl acetate Chemical compound O1C(=O)[C@](CC)(O)C[C@@H](C)[C@](C)(OC(C)=O)C(=O)OCC2=CCN3[C@H]2[C@H]1CC3 IYLGZMTXKJYONK-ACLXAEORSA-N 0.000 description 3
- WMFOQBRAJBCJND-UHFFFAOYSA-M Lithium hydroxide Chemical compound [Li+].[OH-] WMFOQBRAJBCJND-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- 238000005280 amorphization Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 3
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000008020 evaporation Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 3
- IYLGZMTXKJYONK-UHFFFAOYSA-N ruwenine Natural products O1C(=O)C(CC)(O)CC(C)C(C)(OC(C)=O)C(=O)OCC2=CCN3C2C1CC3 IYLGZMTXKJYONK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Argon Chemical compound [Ar] XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Carbonate Chemical compound [O-]C([O-])=O BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 229910018091 Li 2 S Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910015015 LiAsF 6 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910013684 LiClO 4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000002441 X-ray diffraction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000009614 chemical analysis method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005229 chemical vapour deposition Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000003487 electrochemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000003411 electrode reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000010408 film Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000000227 grinding Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052734 helium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000001307 helium Substances 0.000 description 2
- SWQJXJOGLNCZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N helium atom Chemical compound [He] SWQJXJOGLNCZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000000737 periodic effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- RUOJZAUFBMNUDX-UHFFFAOYSA-N propylene carbonate Chemical compound CC1COC(=O)O1 RUOJZAUFBMNUDX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000007921 spray Substances 0.000 description 2
- XTHFKEDIFFGKHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dimethoxyethane Chemical compound COCCOC XTHFKEDIFFGKHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KMTRUDSVKNLOMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene carbonate Chemical compound O=C1OCCO1 KMTRUDSVKNLOMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Fluoride anion Chemical compound [F-] KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229910013870 LiPF 6 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910018095 Ni-MH Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910005813 NiMH Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910018477 Ni—MH Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- MCMNRKCIXSYSNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N ZrO2 Inorganic materials O=[Zr]=O MCMNRKCIXSYSNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GJCNZQUZWSHFHP-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Li].O=S=O Chemical compound [Li].O=S=O GJCNZQUZWSHFHP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GPEUSAGYGALEPL-UHFFFAOYSA-N [O-2].O.[V+5] Chemical compound [O-2].O.[V+5] GPEUSAGYGALEPL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UJUNUNKRTGSCJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N [O-2].S.[V+5] Chemical compound [O-2].S.[V+5] UJUNUNKRTGSCJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YTCPGICIEIOQIN-UHFFFAOYSA-N [O-2].[V+5].[SeH2] Chemical compound [O-2].[V+5].[SeH2] YTCPGICIEIOQIN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012445 acidic reagent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005054 agglomeration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002776 aggregation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910000272 alkali metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000005910 alkyl carbonate group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229910052786 argon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000012300 argon atmosphere Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000004888 barrier function Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- OJIJEKBXJYRIBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N cadmium nickel Chemical compound [Ni].[Cd] OJIJEKBXJYRIBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000004649 carbonic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000006182 cathode active material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000451 chemical ionisation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007795 chemical reaction product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002482 conductive additive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000006378 damage Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006731 degradation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000151 deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005611 electricity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007787 electrohydrodynamic spraying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004146 energy storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002349 favourable effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012467 final product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010574 gas phase reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005484 gravity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000001475 halogen functional group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000008240 homogeneous mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000036571 hydration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006703 hydration reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000004679 hydroxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000011261 inert gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003993 interaction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009830 intercalation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002687 intercalation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000013067 intermediate product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012886 linear function Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011244 liquid electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 1
- XGZVUEUWXADBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-L lithium carbonate Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[O-]C([O-])=O XGZVUEUWXADBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229910052808 lithium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- FUJCRWPEOMXPAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium oxide Chemical class [Li+].[Li+].[O-2] FUJCRWPEOMXPAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001947 lithium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- MHCFAGZWMAWTNR-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium perchlorate Chemical compound [Li+].[O-]Cl(=O)(=O)=O MHCFAGZWMAWTNR-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229910001486 lithium perchlorate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910003002 lithium salt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 159000000002 lithium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052987 metal hydride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000004681 metal hydrides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000007769 metal material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011859 microparticle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000005012 migration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000013508 migration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011255 nonaqueous electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 1
- RVTZCBVAJQQJTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxygen(2-);zirconium(4+) Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[Zr+4] RVTZCBVAJQQJTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000010587 phase diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005502 phase rule Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000004014 plasticizer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005086 pumping Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000035484 reaction time Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000009257 reactivity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- HYXGAEYDKFCVMU-UHFFFAOYSA-N scandium oxide Chemical compound O=[Sc]O[Sc]=O HYXGAEYDKFCVMU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000007790 solid phase Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003746 solid phase reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003595 spectral effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004544 sputter deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002194 synthesizing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007751 thermal spraying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 description 1
- LSGOVYNHVSXFFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N vanadate(3-) Chemical compound [O-][V]([O-])([O-])=O LSGOVYNHVSXFFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000007740 vapor deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
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- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
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- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/131—Electrodes based on mixed oxides or hydroxides, or on mixtures of oxides or hydroxides, e.g. LiCoOx
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
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- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
- H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
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- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/139—Processes of manufacture
- H01M4/1391—Processes of manufacture of electrodes based on mixed oxides or hydroxides, or on mixtures of oxides or hydroxides, e.g. LiCoOx
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
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- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
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- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/485—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of mixed oxides or hydroxides for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiTi2O4 or LiTi2OxFy
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- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
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- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/58—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy; of polyanionic structures, e.g. phosphates, silicates or borates
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- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/58—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy; of polyanionic structures, e.g. phosphates, silicates or borates
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- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/58—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy; of polyanionic structures, e.g. phosphates, silicates or borates
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- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M2004/021—Physical characteristics, e.g. porosity, surface area
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/25—Web or sheet containing structurally defined element or component and including a second component containing structurally defined particles
- Y10T428/252—Glass or ceramic [i.e., fired or glazed clay, cement, etc.] [porcelain, quartz, etc.]
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Composite Materials (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Battery Electrode And Active Subsutance (AREA)
- Secondary Cells (AREA)
- Inorganic Compounds Of Heavy Metals (AREA)
Abstract
Description
SO2>O2>CO2>H2O>N2
に位置し得る。
し得る。これらの薄膜が形成され、電気化学電池充電時にリチウム含有負極表面上に析出すると、負極が被封され得る。リチウムが被封されると、活性負極内の電気的かつ機械的接触が失われ、容量損失をもたらし得る。
い。
1)添加され、加熱ステップは150〜250℃の温度で行われる。
が、反応成分、例えば、Li、Li+およびe−の濃度で決まると想定すると、良好な電流特性を達成し、かつ高出力を得るためには、正極材料は、電子の高速拡散および/またはホールを提供する構造、ならびにその構造中でイオンを形成するための電位を有していなければならない。
ΣδnChOn+VOa+bO2=(VOx マトリックス・αChOy ads)+ΣεnChOn (1)
ここで、VOx マトリックス・αChOγ adsは目的生成物、nは0、2または3であってよく、yは形成されたオキシカルコゲニド複合化合物の化学量論係数である。先に述べたように、カルコゲニド(Ch)は、元素周期表中で酸素と同じ族に属する元素、例えば、S、SeおよびTeのいずれかを表す。
ε0+ε2+ε3+α=δ0+δ2+δ3 (2)
上記式2は、カルコゲニドの物質収支条件を表す。
上記式3は、酸素の物質収支条件を表す。
正極材料の製造法は、以下のように説明し得る。選択された合成温度下に、カルコゲニドを酸化バナジウムなどの結晶性遷移金属酸化物と相互作用させる。得られる生成物は部分還元され、金属酸化物(例えば、酸化バナジウム)はその結晶構造が大きく破壊される
。この反応によってガスも発生する。この反応の結果として、酸化バナジウム容積が変化し、遷移金属材料は分散状態になって、マトリックスを形成する。形成された生成物は、実質的にアモルファスであり、反応(1)の非平衡性の結果として出現する分散結晶混合物と、該マトリックス材料上の化学的に異なる活性表面層とを有する。気相反応生成物と過剰なカルコゲニドが反応してマトリックス表面上の表面層を形成する。
、好ましい領域は、等値線がX=2.30以下にある領域である。200℃を超える温度下では、形成される実質的にすべての生成物は、V4O9およびV2O5などの結晶相から構成される。150℃未満の温度下では、反応の進行は極めて遅い。したがって、酸化バナジウム正極の形成に好ましい反応温度は150〜200℃である。合成時間および温度に応じて、結晶不純物相の量および生成物の平均粒径を制御することも可能である。
Ch(ガス)+O2ΠChO2 (5)
吸着質層が密度に及ぼす影響は一般に無視し得る。バナジウム平均酸化度4.82に相当するモル比の平衡結晶性酸化バナジウムV2O5とV3O7との混合物は、測定値2.75g/cm3ではなく、3.45g/cm3の密度を有することになろう。このようにして、合成中の(実施例1由来の)正極材料金属−酸化物マトリックスの体積増大率を予測することができる。原試薬に関しては、五酸化バナジウムは22%に達し、平衡2相酸化物化合物に関しては25%に達する。反応中に生じるそのような有意な材料サイズの増大は、形成されたマトリックス材料と既知酸化バナジウムとの本質的な相違を明らかにすると共に、微細構造における有意な変化、特にマトリックス材料のアモルファス化(amorphization )を証明している。
336℃および低酸素分圧下では不可逆的に結晶酸化物の混合物になり、非平衡を示す。
硫黄雰囲気下、約10−12atmの酸素分圧下に温度175℃で70分間加熱した。X線相解析により、結晶不純物V2O5(2.4%)およびV4O9(0.08%)の存在が判明した。
得られた生成物のX線相解析により、結晶不純物V2O5(7.3%)およびV4O9(0.15%)の存在が示された。TGAおよび化学分析を用いて、酸素不定比性係数xが2.44であり、セレン複合化合物の含有量が以下の通りであると測定された(重量%)。
Claims (26)
- リチウムイオン電池およびリチウム金属電池用正極組成物であって、
遷移金属酸化物と、
前記遷移金属酸化物の表面上に配置された吸着質層と
を含んでなり、前記遷移金属酸化物と前記吸着質層がいずれも電気化学的に活性である組成物。 - 前記遷移金属酸化物が少なくとも1種の酸化バナジウムを含んでなる、請求項1に記載の組成物。
- 前記金属酸化物が実質的にアモルファス状態にあり、前記アモルファス状態が晶質10%以下である、請求項1に記載の組成物。
- 前記酸化バナジウムが式VOx(式中、2.25<x<2.5)を満足する、請求項2に記載の組成物。
- 前記吸着質層がカルコゲニド複合化合物またはそれらの酸化物を含んでなる、請求項1に記載の組成物。
- 前記カルコゲニド複合化合物が前記組成物の0.05〜25重量%を構成する、請求項5に記載の組成物。
- 前記カルコゲニド複合化合物またはそれらの酸化物が、以下の濃度のS、SO、SO2およびSO3、すなわち0.05〜20重量%のS、0〜5重量%のSO、0.05〜10重量%のSO2および0〜5重量%のSO3を含んでなる、請求項5に記載の組成物。
- 前記カルコゲニド複合化合物またはそれらの酸化物が、以下の濃度のSe、SeO、SeO2およびSeO3、すなわち0.05〜20重量%のSe、0〜5重量%のSeO、0.05〜12重量%のSeO2および0〜8重量%のSeO3を含んでなる、請求項5に記載の組成物。
- 前記カルコゲニド複合化合物またはそれらの酸化物が、以下の濃度のTe、TeO、TeO2およびTeO3、すなわち0.05〜20重量%のTe、0〜5重量%のTeO、0.05〜15重量%のTeO2および0〜10重量%のTeO3を含んでなる、請求項5に記載の組成物。
- S、SO、SO2、SO3、Se、SeO、SeO2、SeO3、Te、TeO、TeO2、TeO3が以下の濃度、すなわちS、Se、Teを合計で0.05〜25重量%、SO、SeO、TeOを合計で0〜5重量%、SO2、SeO2、TeO2を合計で0〜12重量%、およびSO3、SeO3、TeO3を合計で0〜8重量%で、カルコゲニド複合化合物またはそれらの酸化物を構成する、請求項5に記載の組成物。
- 前記正極組成物が複数の粒子を含んでなり、前記正極材料粒子の平均サイズが20μm未満であり、前記粒子の比表面積が少なくとも0.5m2/gである、請求項1に記載の組成物。
- リチウムイオン電池およびリチウム金属電池用正極材料の製造法であって、
少なくとも1種の元素カルコゲンまたはカルコゲン酸化物と遷移金属酸化物とを含有する試薬を提供するステップと、
前記試薬を加熱するステップであって、前記遷移金属酸化物の変形物であるバルク材料にカルコゲン複合化合物が吸着した正極組成物が形成されるステップと
を含んでなる方法。 - 前記加熱ステップ中に酸素分圧を与えるステップをさらに含んでなり、前記酸素分圧が10−7〜10−19atmである、請求項12に記載の方法。
- 前記バルク材料が、酸化バナジウムVOx(ここで、2.0≧x≧2.5)を含んでなる、請求項12に記載の方法。
- 前記加熱ステップが約150〜250℃の温度で行われる、請求項12に記載の方法。
- 前記元素カルコゲニドまたはカルコゲン酸化物が元素硫黄または硫黄酸化物化合物を含んでなり、前記硫黄または硫黄酸化物化合物は前記酸化バナジウムに式VOx当たり最高1モルまで(V/S比≦1)添加され、前記加熱ステップが約150〜200℃の温度で行われる、請求項14に記載の方法。
- 前記元素カルコゲニドまたはカルコゲン酸化物が元素セレンまたは酸化セレン化合物を含んでなり、前記セレンは酸化バナジウムに式VOx当たり最高1モルまで(V/Se比≦1)添加され、前記加熱ステップが約150〜230℃の温度で行われる、請求項14に記載の方法。
- 前記元素カルコゲニドまたはカルコゲン酸化物が元素テルルまたは酸化テルル化合物を含んでなり、前記テルルは酸化バナジウムに式VOx当たり最高1モルまで(V/Te比≦1)添加され、前記加熱ステップが約150〜250℃の温度で行われる、請求項14に記載の方法。
- 前記元素カルコゲニドまたはカルコゲン酸化物が、硫黄、セレンおよびテルルからなる群から選択される少なくとも1種のカルコゲニドまたはカルコゲニド化合物を含んでなり、その化合物は酸化バナジウムに式VOx当たり最高1モルのカルコゲニドまで(V/(カルコゲニド)比≦1)添加される、請求項12に記載の方法。
- 前記試薬が元素硫黄および五酸化バナジウムを含んでなり、前記硫黄および前記五酸化バナジウムは1:12〜1:8の重量比で提供され、前記加熱ステップが、10−9.5〜10−12atmの酸素分圧下に二酸化硫黄媒質中165〜185℃の温度で15〜60分間行われる、請求項12に記載の方法。
- 前記試薬が元素硫黄および五酸化バナジウムを含んでなり、前記セレンおよび五酸化バナジウムは1:15〜1:8の重量比で提供され、前記加熱ステップが、10−8〜10−13atmの酸素分圧下に二酸化セレン媒質中175〜200℃の温度で15〜60分間行われる、請求項12に記載の方法。
- リチウムイオンまたはリチウム金属を含んでなる負極と、
遷移金属酸化物層と前記遷移金属酸化物層の表面上に配置された吸着質層とを含み、前記遷移金属酸化物と前記吸着質層がいずれも電気化学的に活性である正極と、
前記負極と前記正極を有効に関連付ける電解質と
を含んでなる電気化学電池。 - 前記遷移金属酸化物が少なくとも1種の酸化バナジウムを含んでなる、請求項22に記載の電気化学電池。
- 前記金属酸化物が実質的にアモルファス状態にあり、前記アモルファス状態が晶質10%以下である、請求項22に記載の電気化学電池。
- 前記酸化バナジウムが式VOx(式中、2.25<x<2.5)を満足する、請求項23に記載の電気化学電池。
- 前記吸着質層がカルコゲニド複合化合物またはそれらの酸化物を含んでなる、請求項22に記載の電気化学電池。
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