JP2004215534A - Method for cultivating agricultural and horticultural crop - Google Patents

Abstract

<P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To achieve further power saving, improvement in cultivation efficiency, promotion of crop growth, an increase of harvest and improvement in quality by making the best use of merits of black and white mulch (specific mulch sheet), further developing a cultivation method using the black and white mulch and using no agrochemical or reducing the amount of an agrochemical used. <P>SOLUTION: This method for culturing agricultural and horticultural crops comprises covering agricultural and horticultural soil with the mulch sheet (e.g. an agricultural mulch sheet obtained by laminating a bright film layer to a dark layer) having weed-preventing properties, waterproofness and air permeability, watering by drip-watering, and if necessary, watering a mineral agent and/or an extremely small amount of a mineral agent (e.g. bittern having a high selenium content made in China). Sound crops are cultivated by the cultivation method without weeding and using an insecticide and a germicide, and harvests such as fruits, have each an increased sucrose concentration, higher flavor and body and an increased yield. <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2004,JPO&NCIPI

Description

【００２０】
「グリーンセーフ」には、上記よりもセレン含量の高い高セレン製品も市販されている。その成分分析値を下記表２に示す。上記した製品も、また同じく高セレン製品も本発明においては使用可能である。これらの製品は、天然物を原料として製造されるため、ロットにより、多少の成分上の相違が認められるのはやむを得ない。
【００２１】

【００２２】
畝立てしたりあるいは作物を播種、定植する前に上記した超微量ミネラル剤を、所望に応じて、１０ａ当たり、地力の弱いところでは４Ｋｇを、地力のあるところでは３Ｋｇを土壌の乾燥しているところでは原液を２００〜４００倍（好ましくは３００倍程度）、砂壌土系では３００〜６００倍（好ましくは４００倍程度）、湿度の高いところでは１００〜３００（好ましくは２００倍程度）に希釈して灌水し、耕起した後、作物に適した畝立てをすればよい。所望するのであれば、灌水前、耕起後、畝立て後その他適宜な時期に、土壌消毒すると更に有効である。土壌消毒としては、例えば７０℃以上、好ましくは７５℃以上、更に好ましくは８０℃以上の熱水を噴霧機等で注入すればよい。土壌消毒は、雑草、病虫害の原因をあらかじめ駆除するために行うものであって、目的に応じて最適温度の熱水を選択し、土壌中にスプレーないし注入すればよい。
【００２３】
前記において、施用に供した土壌改良剤、元肥としては、フミン酸、アクリルアミド等の土壌改良剤、窒素、リン酸、カリ、苦汁、石灰、ミネラル（鉄、亜鉛、銅、マンガン、硼素、モリブデン）の配合肥料、堆肥その他市販あるいは自家製の肥料が各種使用できる。なお、この際、多量必須要素（窒素、リン酸、カリ）については、不足分を施肥することとなるが、通常、現在の耕地土壌では過剰状態となっているので、むしろ基準値（図１）になるまでそのレベルを低下せしめるのが好ましい。その場合、例えば、窒素成分は湛水状態にすれば容易に除去することができ、また、リン酸やカリは基準値になるまで施肥を抑制ないし中止すればよい。
【００２４】
畝立てして、出来れば数日、例えば４〜５日経過後、畝の上の植え穴の近接位置（５〜８ｃｍ、好ましくは５〜６ｃｍ）側面に点滴灌水パイプを設置し、止め具にてパイプを固定する。その上を、白黒マルチその他の防草性、防水性、通気性を有する農園芸用マルチシートで被覆、敷設し、シートを固定する。
【００２５】
しかる後、農園芸用マルチシートに設けた穴あるいは空隙部から作物を播種又は定植し、点滴灌水を開始して活着、発芽を促進し、栽培を開始する。
【００２６】
栽培を継続しても、土壌が完全栄養状態にあるため、作物の成育は順調であって、発芽してくる新葉の表面を観察すると、葉面に光沢が輝き、一方、根の部分を少し堀ってみると、新根がすばらしい勢いで生長しているのが確認される。炭酸ガスの取り込みも増加し、光合成がさかんに行われ、作物は免疫力が旺盛であるため、病虫害をよせつけることがなく、健全に生長し、しかも白黒マルチ等マルチシートの使用によって、雑草の繁殖もなく、したがって雑草取りの作業も必要としない。もちろん、除草剤のほか、殺虫剤、殺菌剤等農薬についても、使用する必要がない。万が一、夜盗虫やコナガの幼虫が発見された時やウドンコ病や灰色カビ病が発生した時は、例えば、グリーンセーフ（エーザイ生科研（株）より市販）を朝２００〜４００倍液で葉面散布を続けて３日間実施すれば消滅してしまうので、省力化が図られ、環境公害や食品公害の防止、低減にも役立つ。
【００２７】
本発明によれば光合成がさかんになるが、例えば、ニガリ、特に高セレン含有ニガリを単用するだけでも光合成作用の増進が確認された。すなわち、グリーンセーフ（エーザイ生科研（株）製品：ＥＧＳ）の２００倍液を１日１回、３日おきに３回、コマツナに葉面散布したところ、葉もしげり、葉面に光沢が輝き、葉の緑色も濃くなり、葉緑素の増加が認められた。更に、グリーンセーフによる光合成作用を目視によって確認しただけでなく、ＣＯ_２の取り込みを実際に計測したところ、光合成がさかんにおこなわれるため、ＣＯ_２取り込みが増加するデーータが得られた。
【００２８】
すなわち、グリーンセーフの最終回の施用後、１分おきに１０分間、ＣＯ_２吸収量（ｐｐｍ）を測定し、その結果を図２及び下記表２に示した。なお、ＥＧＳはグリーンセーフ施用区を示す。
【００２９】

【００３０】
上記のように、光合成速度をＣＯ_２吸収量によって比較した結果、１０分間までの間、対照区とＥＧＳ区の間には明確な吸収量の差が確認された。したがって、光合成速度はＥＧＳ区の方が早いことが確認され、ニガリは光合成促進剤ないしＣＯ_２吸収剤（または吸収促進剤）として使用可能であることも確認された。
【００３１】
また、上記したように、ニガリ、特に高セレン含有ニガリ（例えば、グリーンセーフ）は、単独の使用でも、殺虫、殺菌作用を併有することがはじめて見出された。すなわち、キャベツの害虫であるコナガの幼虫やヨトウムシの幼虫は、グリーンセーフ２００倍液を午前中に１回、葉面から３日間連続散布したところ、すべて死滅することが確認され、パセリの場合は４００倍液でも有効であった。アブラムシやダニ類も、土壌分析で銅、亜鉛の不足をミネラル剤（例えばミネパワー、メリット：いずれもエーザイ生科研（株）製品）で補給し、グリーンセーフを土壌に１５００倍希釈液を灌水したところ、すべて死滅することが確認された、また、葉面散布の場合は、グリーンセーフ４００倍液単用で午前中に１回、３日間散布することですべて死滅することが確認された。
【００３２】
事実、グリーンセーフ２００倍液にヨトウムシ幼虫をわずか５秒間浸漬しただけで、ヨトウムシ幼虫はすべて死滅し、一方、水に５秒間浸漬した場合には死滅しないことが確認された（図３：図面代用写真）。同じく、グリーンセーフ２００倍液にモンシロチョウ幼虫をわずか５秒間浸漬しただけで、その組織が破壊変形する実態が顕微鏡検査の結果、確認され、一方、水に５秒間浸漬した場合には何の変化も認められなかった（図４：図面代用写真、なお上段は倍率を高めた顕微鏡写真である。）。したがって、ニガリ、特に高セレン含有ニガリ（例えば、グリーンセーフ）は、殺虫剤、殺ダニ剤（すなわち、天然系殺虫、殺ダニ物質）として使用可能である。
【００３３】
また更に、上記したように、ニガリ、特に高セレン含有ニガリ（例えば、グリーンセーフ）は、単独の使用でも、殺菌作用を有することもはじめて確認された。すなわち、ウドンコ病や灰色カビ病が、グリーンセーフ２００倍液を午前中と夕方、及び、翌日の午前中、の合計３回の連続散布することによって消滅することも確認された。
【００３４】
事実、グリーンセーフ２００倍液に１０秒間浸漬しただけで、ウドンコ病菌糸が無処理に比して大幅に死滅することが顕微鏡検査の結果、確認された（図５：図面代用写真）。したがって、ニガリ、特に高セレン含有ニガリ（例えば、グリーンセーフ）は、殺菌剤（すなわち、天然系殺菌物質）としても使用可能である。
【００３５】
本発明者は、主に、植物疫病は多肥と乾燥により特に細根（根毛）損傷で生じる点に着目し、また、上記した新知見も考慮に入れ、一般的には、土壌にグリーンセーフを４００〜２０００倍液、好ましくは１０００〜１８００倍液、通常は１５００倍液前後で灌水し、必要ある場合には、グリーンセーフ２００〜６００倍液、通常は４００倍液前後で午前中に１回、３日間の連続散布を葉面散布にて実施すればよい。
【００３６】
栽培期間中、通常は水の適量を灌水してやれば特に他の作業を行う必要はないが、成り疲れや天候等に左右されて樹勢が弱くなった場合には、混入機等を利用して、ミネラル剤及び／又は超微量ミネラル剤を生育に応じて、前者は６００倍程度、後者は１５００倍程度灌水してやればよい。
【００３７】
特に超微量ミネラル剤を灌水すると、発芽力が旺盛となり、定植時の活着率が高まり、葉が厚くなって光沢も出てくる。また、発根力が促されて選択吸収力が高まり、免疫力が旺盛となるため病虫害に侵されにくくなり、作物が健全に成育する。病虫害の防除が更に必要になった場合には、ミネラル剤、特に超微量ミネラル剤（例えば、グリーンセーフ）を葉面散布してやればよい。
【００３８】
作物別の灌水量を以下に示すが、他の作物は、下記の灌水例を参考にして適宜灌水量を決定すればよい。
【００３９】
▲１▼ トマトは水が多いと結実率が悪く、樹体が大きく生長し、玉は裂果し易くなる。畝の高さの上から１／３まで湿っている位から始まって樹高が高くなれば少しずつ水の量を深めてやればよい。
▲２▼ ピーマン、シシトウは畝の高さの上から１／２まで湿っている位から結果量に応じて少し水の量を深めて行けばよい。これはキュウリやニガウリにも同じくらいである。
▲３▼ ナスは畝の高さの２／３まで湿っている位から結果量が増加すれば３／３畝全部が何時でも湿っている位でよい。最高の収穫になる。
▲４▼ 葉菜類（ホウレンソウ・コマツナ・シュンギク・キャベツ・ハクサイ等）は最初は畝の１／２位まで湿らして生長に従って２／３位まで湿らして行けば美味しく生食出来るものが出来、寒い冬の寒波に耐えて収穫出来る。−１０℃までは収穫が可能であり、現に熊本県南小国では−１５℃でも葉菜の収穫が確認されている。
【００４０】
なお、灌水の際、水のほか、必要時に上記したようにミネラル剤や超微量ミネラル剤を混入して灌水してもよいし、所望するのであれば、液肥や農薬類を混入して灌水してもよい。
【００４１】
以上本発明を畝立て栽培を例にとって説明したが、本発明は畝立てをすることなく他の栽培法の場合にも広く適用することができ、また、防虫ネットを使用すれば更に効果が高まる。
【００４２】
本発明においては、作物の種類、大きさ、植付け方法等に応じて、マルチシートの穴の大きさ、位置、形状を適宜変えることができ、また、点滴パイプの配設数、配設位置、点滴孔の配設数、配設位置、その大きさ等も適宜変えることができるので、１本ずつ独立して栽培する作物のほか、麦やネギ類のように列状に連続的に栽培する作物に対しても本発明に係る栽培方法は自由に適用することができる。
【００４３】
したがって、本発明の対象作物としては、果樹、果菜類、穀類その他各種の作物が広く包含され、その非限定例としては次のものが例示される。
【００４４】
ミカン、ネーブル、オレンジ、デコポン等の柑橘類；ブドウ、リンゴ、カキ、クリ、キウイ、スモモ、モモ、ウメ、サクランボ、ナシ等の果樹類；シシトウ、ホウレンソウ、コマツナ、シュンギク、キャベツ、ハクサイ、レタス、キュウリ等の葉菜類；ニガウリ、イチゴ、メロン、スイカ、カボチャ、ナス、トマト、ピーマン等の果菜類；ダイコン、ニンジン、ゴボウ等の根菜類；ネギ、ニンニク、ニラ、薬用ニンジン、ウド、バレイショ、サツマイモ、ヤマイモ等；麦類、陸稲、大豆、小豆、ゴマ等の穀類。
【００４５】
以下、本発明の実施例について述べる。
【００４６】
【実施例１】
トマト（品種：ハナクイーン）をビニールハウス内で栽培した（熊本県玉名市）。先ず、窒素、リン酸、カリを含む市販の元肥や常法にしたがって施すとともに、ミネラル剤（前記した金属塩溶液）の２００倍希釈液を１０ａ当り３００Ｌ施用し、耕起した。畝立てする前に、超微量ミネラル剤（前記した高セレン含有天然苦汁「グリーンセーフ」：エーザイ生科研（株）商品名）を４Ｋｇ、３００倍に希釈して灌水し、耕起した後にトマト用の畝立てを行った。
【００４７】
４日後（２００２年４月１日）、畝の上の植え穴の５ｃｍ側面に点滴灌水チューブを設置した。その上に、白黒マルチ（前記した黒色ポリエステル不織布に白色の透湿性ポリエチレンシートを積層してなる農業用マルチシート：市販品）を敷設固定した。
【００４８】
５０ｃｍ間隔であけた円形の植え穴にトマトの苗を１本ずつ定植し、市販の自動灌水装置（販売：ＩＳＯ農業機器）により点滴灌水を行い、活着、発芽を促進せしめた。灌水量は、栽培当初は、畝の高さの上から１／３程度まで湿っている程度に灌水し、栽培が進行してトマトが生長するにつれて、樹高の高さが高くなれば、それに応じて水の量を深めてやった。
【００４９】
土壌が完全栄養状態であるので、水の適量を灌水するだけでトマトは順調に生育し、発芽してくる新葉の表面を観察すると、葉面に光沢が輝いているのが確認された。また、根部の土壌部分を少し堀ってみると、新根がすばらしい勢いで生長しているのも確認された。このように、トマトは免疫力が旺盛であるので、病虫害を寄せつけず、健全に生育した。雑草の繁殖も認められなかった。したがって、殺虫剤、殺菌剤、除草剤は使用しなかった。
【００５０】
ただ、樹勢が少し弱くなったのが認められたので、４月１０日に既述したミネラル剤（「メリット」：エーザイ生科研（株）製品）の６００倍希釈液と超微量ミネラル剤（グリーンセーフ）の１５００倍希釈液を混入機を利用して自動灌水した。
【００５１】
４月１７日にトマトを摘果し、直ちにアミノ酸含量を測定した。その結果、点滴灌水及びミネラル剤、超微量ミネラル剤の灌水を除き、他は、全く同様に栽培したトマト（対照）と比較して、本法で栽培したトマトは、ほとんどすべてのアミノ酸含量が増加し、特に、強い旨味をつくるフェニルアラニンとロイシンが増加し、なかでも、ロイシンについては２倍程度も増加した。
【００５２】
得られたトマトを生食に供したところ、風味豊かなコクのあるトマトであることが確認された。また、灌水量も適正であったため、結実率も高く、樹体が徒長することもなく、玉の裂果も認められなかった。
【００５３】
【発明の効果】
本発明にしたがって、白黒マルチ等の防草、防水、透湿性を保有する農業用マルチシートを用い、点滴灌水することによって、雑草の繁茂を防止ないし大幅に軽減しながら、作物を健全に育生することができ、収穫量の増加、収穫物の糖度、旨味、コク等の増加を達成することができる。
【００５４】
しかもその際、除草剤はもとより殺虫剤や殺菌剤の使用も必要ないかあるいはその使用量の大幅軽減が図られ、有機栽培、無農薬ないし減農薬栽培が可能となり、また、農薬散布や雑草取りといった作業も必要なくなりあるいは大幅に軽減され、農業の大幅省力化が図られるとともに、高負担を要することなく、女性や高齢者も農業を行うことが充分に可能となる。しかも、環境にもやさしく、食品公害の防止にもつながる。そして更に、ミネラル剤及び／又は超微量ミネラル剤を使用すると更に本発明の効果が高まる。
【００５５】
本発明は、多量必須要素、ミネラル、超微量ミネラルのバランスが調整されるよう肥培管理を行うことにより、具体的には、図１に示した適正域に調整することにより（通常は、特にミネラル、超微量ミネラルが不足してミネラルバランスが崩れることが多いため、これらを灌水によりあるいは所望するのであれば葉面散布によって、補給することにより）、農薬を一切使用することなく、作物を植物病虫害から防除して健全に栽培することをはじめて実現するのに成功したものである。換言すれば、本発明は、農薬を使用することなく植物栄養学的に、生命力（いわば植物自体の免疫力）によって病虫害を防除して作物を健全に栽培するという全く新しい栽培システムを実現するのにはじめて成功したものである。
【００５６】
また、既述のように本発明によれば、果実類の品質改良効果が各種奏され、例えばマスカットにおいてはアミノ酸組成の改善による旨味の増強、サクランボにおいては玉の肥大化、洋ナシ（ラ・フランス）においては玉の肥大化（通常１個３５０ｇ程度→７００ｇ）とともに糖度の増加（通常１３〜１６→２０）のほかに日持ちの増加（通常１０月収穫したものは１２月までしか日持ちしないが、本法によれば３月頃まで日持ちする）ことがいずれも確認された。
【００５７】
更に糖度に関しては、本発明によれば、デコポンが１６度に、温州ミカンも１４度に糖度を上げることが可能となり、サクランボは通常１４度のものが２０度に上昇し、ブドウ巨峰も通常１７度のものが２０度に上昇し、また、アールスメロンも１７度以上で鮮度が１カ月程度持続することも確認された。
【図面の簡単な説明】
【図１】耕地土壌の可給態養分適正域を示す。
【図２】コマツナにおけるＣＯ_２吸収量の変化を示す。
【図３】グリーンセーフ処理したヨトウムシの若令幼虫の実態を示す（図面代用写真）。
【図４】グリーンセーフ処理したモンシロチョウ幼虫の実態顕微鏡写真である（図面代用写真）。
【図５】グリーンセーフ処理したウドンコ病菌糸の実態顕微鏡写真である（図面代用写真）。[0001]
TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a method for cultivating agricultural and horticultural crops, and according to the present cultivation method, in addition to herbicides, without using pesticides such as fungicides and insecticides or greatly reducing the amount used thereof. In addition, the agricultural and horticultural crops can be cultivated soundly, the yield can be increased, and the quality of the harvest can be improved, and labor saving of agriculture can be achieved.
In addition, the present invention applies a plant nutrient, particularly a trace element (mineral) and / or an ultratrace element (ultratrace mineral), and performs fertilization management in which these balances are adjusted, so that agricultural and horticultural crops can be sounded. It provides a new system for cultivating agricultural and horticultural crops by cultivating and increasing their vitality (immunity in animals) and controlling weeds and pests without using pesticides. It provides a new system that radically transforms the agricultural industry of the United States and also aims at completely agrochemical-free cultivation.
[0002]
[Prior art]
In the field of agriculture and horticulture, multi-sheets have come to be used frequently, for example, in order to prevent erosion of soil around crops and to prevent weed propagation, black polyethylene films have been used. . However, since the multi-sheet made of a black film absorbs sunlight, there is a problem that sunlight is not sufficiently applied to the lower surface side of the fruit, and coloring and growth are deteriorated. Therefore, when a white film is used, there arises a problem that the effect of preventing the propagation of weeds is reduced.
[0003]
In order to solve these problems, a new multi-sheet having a herbicidal property, a waterproof property, and a breathability has been developed (for example, see Patent Document 1). This multi-sheet is a multi-sheet used to cover horticultural soil, a plurality of material layers are laminated, placed on the soil side surface during use, obtained by spunbond spinning method, A synthetic resin fiber as a main material, a dark nonwoven fabric layer exhibiting a dark color, and a light-colored film layer which is disposed on the surface opposite to the nonwoven fabric layer and is made of a polyolefin film having moisture permeability and exhibits a light color. It has the characteristic that it prevents the propagation of weeds and does not allow rainwater or the like to pass, but has the property of passing air, gas, water vapor, etc. (breathability or moisture permeability).
[0004]
[Patent Document 1]
JP 2002-119151 A
[0005]
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
The above-mentioned new multi-sheet (hereinafter sometimes referred to as black-and-white multi-sheet) is excellent in weedproofness, waterproofness, and air permeability, and is used to cover the soil around the crop and grow the crop. It is excellent in that it can grow crops without the use of herbicides (and without the need for manual weeding, of course).
[0006]
The present invention takes advantage of the above-mentioned black-and-white mulch, further develops a cultivation method using black-and-white mulch, without using or reducing the amount of pesticides, further labor saving, improvement of cultivation efficiency, The purpose is to promote the growth of crops, increase the yield and improve the quality.
[0007]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
The present inventor has conducted intensive studies and studies from various directions in order to achieve the above object, and finally succeeded in achieving the above object.The present invention provides herbicidal properties, waterproofness, and air permeability. The present invention relates to a method for cultivating agricultural and horticultural crops by covering agricultural and horticultural soil with a multi-sheet having the water, irrigating the soil by drip irrigation.
Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in detail.
[0008]
In practicing the present invention, agricultural and horticultural crops are cultivated by covering the agricultural and horticultural soil with a multi-sheet having herbicidal properties, waterproofness, and air permeability (moisture permeability). It is necessary to use a multi-sheet having herbicidal properties, waterproofness and air permeability as well as watering by drip irrigation.
[0009]
Normal watering, watering with a sprinkler, watering with rainwater, etc. are not preferable because the soil solidifies and water permeability and air permeability deteriorate. The drip irrigation can be performed by arranging a drip irrigation pipe and manually opening and closing a valve to perform irrigation, or by using an automated device to perform irrigation. Various commercially available automatic irrigation devices can be used as appropriate. Usually, it is possible to sufficiently cultivate crops simply by irrigating an appropriate amount of water. However, if necessary, liquid fertilizers, minerals, and ultra-trace minerals can be added for irrigating.
[0010]
In the present invention, the method of using the multi-sheet is the same as that of a general agricultural multi-sheet, but it is necessary to use a multi-sheet having herbicidal properties, waterproofness, and air permeability. In the present invention, as the multi-sheet, all agricultural multi-sheets having at least the three characteristics described above can be used. It can be used in the present invention as long as it has the property, but when the black sheet absorbs sunlight, the sunlight does not sufficiently hit the lower surface side of the fruit, and coloring and / or growing is poor. Then, a light-colored film layer may be laminated thereon to form a black and white multi-layer.
As the black and white multi, for example, at least one of the following can be used.
(1) A multi-sheet used to cover horticultural soil,
A plurality of material layers are laminated,
A dark-colored nonwoven fabric layer that is disposed on the soil-side surface during use, is obtained by a spunbond spinning method, has a synthetic resin fiber as a main material, and exhibits a dark color,
An agricultural multi-sheet comprising a light-colored film layer, which is disposed on the surface opposite to the non-woven fabric layer and is made of a moisture-permeable polyolefin film and exhibits a light color.
(2) Moisture permeability 3000g / m ² The agricultural multi-sheet according to the above (1), wherein the water resistance is 1.24 N or more and the water pressure resistance is 1.47 N or more.
(3) The agricultural multi-sheet according to any one of the above (1) or (2), which has a tensile strength of 70 N / 5 cm or more, a tear strength of 1.0 N or more, and an elongation of 20% or more.
(4) the dark nonwoven fabric layer is black,
The agricultural multi-sheet according to any one of (1) to (3), wherein the light-colored film layer is white.
(5) The agricultural multi-sheet according to any one of (1) to (4), wherein the synthetic resin fiber is any one of a polyester fiber and a polypropylene fiber.
[0012]
As the above-mentioned black-and-white multi-layer, for example, a laminate using a moisture-permeable polyethylene sheet (commercially available) as a light-colored film layer and a black polyester non-woven fabric (trade name “Ecure” 6401AD, manufactured by Toyobo Co., Ltd.) as a dark-colored non-woven fabric layer. It can be used and the product is already on the market. As a material for the multi-sheet used in the present invention, the use of a biodegradable plastic is more advantageous from an environmental point of view. For example, polylactic acid is a preferred example.
[0013]
In order to carry out the cultivation according to the present invention, appropriate amounts of a soil conditioner, an original manure, and a mineral agent are applied and plowed based on a soil analysis fertilization design. The soil analysis and fertilization design is performed as follows.
[0014]
The present inventor, in conducting the above design, as a result of examination from various aspects, noticed that the occurrence of pests and diseases is small in fields and fields where soil strength is high and sustained high harvest and land where plants are growing healthy. Focusing on the soils of these lands, extensive soil analysis was conducted, and as a result of diligent research, in addition to the large amounts of essential elements (nitrogen, phosphoric acid, potassium), specific trace elements (sometimes called inorganic components or minerals) And ultra-trace elements (ultra-trace minerals) are required, and not only their types are determined, but also the required amount. In addition, the breakthrough is that trace elements have a certain balance (mineral balance). (May be necessary) (Fig. 1), and the required amount of mineral agent is applied accordingly.
[0015]
Examples of minerals include iron, copper, zinc, boron, manganese, and molybdenum, as well as iodine, sodium, potassium, magnesium, selenium, and vanadium.As the mineral agent, those obtained by appropriately selecting and blending these minerals Can be used. As the mineral agent, for example, the following metal salt solutions can be used. Ferric nitrate 0.08%, copper nitrate 0.05%, zinc nitrate 0.05%, ammonium molybdate 0.07%, manganese sulfate 0.1%, boron 0.2%, precipitation inhibitor 3%, 96.45% water.
[0016]
In addition to the above, various mineral agents can be prepared with reference to the above-mentioned formulation, and various commercially available products can be used as appropriate. For example, "Merrit", "Minepower" (Eisai Seikaken Co., Ltd. Products) can be used as appropriate.
[0017]
Further, when a very small amount of “ultra-trace mineral” is applied than the above-mentioned mineral, a further excellent effect is exhibited. The ultra-trace mineral refers to chromium, cobalt and other trace minerals in addition to selenium (preferably vanadium) and is supplied as a trace mineral agent containing the same. As an ultra-trace mineral agent, bittern (bittern) is suitable, and particularly bitter containing high selenium (preferably, high vanadium) is preferable. For example, selenium is contained in an amount of 1.0 to 5.0 ppm (preferably 1. ppm). Bitter containing 1.0 to 5.0 ppm of vanadium and 1.0 to 5.0 ppm of vanadium.
[0018]
As the ultratrace mineral agent, a selenium-containing mineral composition is suitable. For example, a natural selenium-containing bitter from China (“Green Safe”: commercially available from Eisai Seikaken Co., Ltd.) can be used. The analysis values are shown in Table 1 below.
[0019]

[0020]
In “Green Safe”, high selenium products having a higher selenium content than the above are also commercially available. The component analysis values are shown in Table 2 below. The products described above, as well as high selenium products, can be used in the present invention. Since these products are manufactured using natural products as raw materials, it is inevitable that some differences in components are recognized depending on lots.
[0021]

[0022]
Before ridged or sowing and planting crops, the above-mentioned ultra trace mineral agent is dried as required by 4 kg per 10 a in places with weak ground strength and 3 kg in places with strong ground strength. By the way, the stock solution is diluted 200 to 400 times (preferably about 300 times), 300 to 600 times (preferably about 400 times) in a sandy loam system, and 100 to 300 (preferably about 200 times) in high humidity. After irrigating and cultivating, ridges suitable for crops may be laid. If desired, it is more effective to disinfect the soil before watering, after tillage, after ridges, or at any other appropriate time. As the soil disinfection, for example, hot water of 70 ° C. or higher, preferably 75 ° C. or higher, more preferably 80 ° C. or higher may be injected with a sprayer or the like. Soil disinfection is performed to eliminate the causes of weeds and pests in advance, and hot water at an optimum temperature can be selected according to the purpose and sprayed or injected into the soil.
[0023]
In the above, the soil conditioner used for application and the original manure include soil conditioners such as humic acid and acrylamide, nitrogen, phosphoric acid, potassium, bitter, lime and minerals (iron, zinc, copper, manganese, boron, molybdenum) Various kinds of commercially available or homemade fertilizers, such as mixed fertilizers, composts, and the like can be used. At this time, for the essential elements in large quantities (nitrogen, phosphoric acid, potash), the shortage will be fertilized. However, since the current cultivated soil is in an excessive state, the reference value (Fig. It is preferable to lower the level until the above is reached. In that case, for example, the nitrogen component can be easily removed by flooding, and the fertilization of phosphoric acid and potassium should be suppressed or stopped until the reference value is reached.
[0024]
Ridge, and after several days, for example, 4-5 days, if possible, install a drip irrigation pipe on the side near the planting hole (5-8 cm, preferably 5-6 cm) on the ridge and use a stopper. Fix the pipe. The top is covered and laid with a black-and-white multi-sheet or other multi-sheet for agricultural and horticultural use having herbicidal, waterproof and breathable properties, and the sheet is fixed.
[0025]
Thereafter, the crop is sown or planted through holes or voids provided in the multi-sheet for agricultural and horticultural use, drip irrigation is started to promote survival, germination, and cultivation is started.
[0026]
Even if the cultivation is continued, the growth of the crop is in good condition because the soil is in a completely nutrient state.When observing the surface of the germinating new leaves, the leaf surface shines, while the roots A little excavation confirms that Nichinen is growing at a great momentum. The uptake of carbon dioxide also increases, photosynthesis takes place vigorously, and the crops are vigorous in immunity, so they grow healthy without causing disease and pests. There is no breeding and therefore no weeding work is required. Of course, it is not necessary to use pesticides such as insecticides and fungicides in addition to herbicides. In the unlikely event that burglars or larvae of the moth are found at night or when powdery mildew or gray mold disease occurs, for example, Green Safe (commercially available from Eisai Seikaken Co., Ltd.) is sprayed on the foliage 200-400 times in the morning. If it is carried out continuously for three days, it will disappear, which will save labor and help prevent and reduce environmental and food pollution.
[0027]
According to the present invention, photosynthesis becomes active. For example, it was confirmed that the photosynthesis action was enhanced only by using bittern, especially bittern containing high selenium alone. That is, when a 200-fold solution of Green Safe (product of Eisai Seikaken Co., Ltd .: EGS) was sprayed onto the komatsuna once a day, three times every three days, the leaves grew shiny and the leaves shine. The green color of the leaves also became darker, and an increase in chlorophyll was observed. Furthermore, not only the photosynthesis effect of the green safe was visually confirmed, but also ₂ Was actually measured, and photosynthesis was very active. ₂ Data was obtained with increased uptake.
[0028]
That is, after the last application of Green Safe, CO ₂ The absorption (ppm) was measured, and the results are shown in FIG. 2 and Table 2 below. EGS indicates a green safe application zone.
[0029]

[0030]
As mentioned above, the photosynthetic rate is CO ₂ As a result of comparison by the amount of absorption, a clear difference in the amount of absorption between the control group and the EGS group was confirmed up to 10 minutes. Therefore, it was confirmed that the photosynthesis rate was faster in the EGS section, and bittern was the photosynthesis promoter or CO2. ₂ It was also confirmed that it could be used as an absorbent (or absorption enhancer).
[0031]
Further, as described above, bitterns, particularly bitterns containing high selenium (eg, green safe) have been found for the first time to have both insecticidal and bactericidal activities even when used alone. In other words, it was confirmed that all of the cabbage larvae of the moth and the beetle larvae, which were pests of cabbage, were killed when the 200-fold green safe solution was sprayed once in the morning from the leaves for three consecutive days. A 400-fold solution was also effective. For aphids and mites, soil analysis was used to supplement copper and zinc deficiencies with mineral agents (for example, mineral power and merit: Eisai Seikaken Co., Ltd. products), and the green safe was sprinkled with a 1500-fold diluted solution in soil. In the case of foliar spraying, it was confirmed that all of them were killed by spraying once in the morning with a single use of Green Safe 400 times solution for three days.
[0032]
In fact, it was confirmed that the dwarf beetle larvae were all killed only by immersing the beetle larvae in the green safe 200-fold solution for only 5 seconds, while the worms were not killed when immersed in water for 5 seconds (FIG. 3: substitute for drawing) Photo). Similarly, the microscopic examination confirmed that the tissues were destroyed and deformed by immersing the cabbage butterfly larvae in the Green Safe 200x solution for only 5 seconds. On the other hand, there was no change when immersed in water for 5 seconds. It was not recognized (FIG. 4: a photograph as a substitute for a drawing, and the upper row is a micrograph at an increased magnification). Therefore, bitterns, especially bitterns with high selenium content (eg, green safe) can be used as insecticides and acaricides (ie, natural insecticides, acaricides).
[0033]
Furthermore, as described above, bitterns, especially bitterns containing high selenium (for example, green safe) have also been confirmed for the first time to have a bactericidal action even when used alone. That is, it was also confirmed that powdery mildew and gray mold disease disappeared by continuously spraying the 200 times green safe solution in the morning and evening and the morning of the next day three times in total.
[0034]
In fact, microscopic examination confirmed that powdery mildew mycelia were significantly killed by immersion in Green Safe 200 × solution for 10 seconds as compared with no treatment (FIG. 5: substitute photograph for drawing). Therefore, bittern, especially bittern containing high selenium (eg, green safe) can be used as a bactericide (ie, a natural bactericidal substance).
[0035]
The present inventor has focused mainly on the fact that plant plague is caused particularly by fine root (root hair) damage due to fertilization and drought, and taking into account the above-mentioned new findings, generally, to give green safe to soil. Irrigation with 400-2000-fold solution, preferably 1000-1800-fold solution, usually around 1500-fold solution, and if necessary, green safe 200-600-fold solution, usually around 400-fold solution once in the morning 3) Continuous spraying for 3 days may be performed by foliar spraying.
[0036]
During the cultivation period, usually it is not necessary to perform any other work as long as an appropriate amount of water is irrigated, but if the tree vigor is weakened due to fatigue, weather, etc., using a mixing machine, etc. Depending on the growth of the mineral agent and / or ultra-trace mineral agent, the former may be watered about 600 times and the latter may be watered about 1500 times.
[0037]
In particular, when an ultra-trace amount of mineral agent is irrigated, the germination power becomes strong, the survival rate at the time of planting is increased, the leaves become thicker and the luster comes out. In addition, rooting power is promoted, selective absorptive power is enhanced, and immunity is enhanced, so that it is less susceptible to pests and insects, and crops grow healthy. If it becomes necessary to further control pests and insects, a mineral agent, particularly an ultra-trace amount of mineral agent (for example, Green Safe) may be sprayed onto the leaves.
[0038]
The amount of irrigation for each crop is shown below. For other crops, the amount of irrigation may be determined as appropriate with reference to the following examples of irrigation.
[0039]
(1) Tomatoes have a low fruiting rate when there is a lot of water, the tree grows large, and the balls tend to crack. Starting from the top of the ridge height and getting wet up to 1/3, if the tree height increases, the amount of water should be gradually increased.
{Circle around (2)} As for the peppers and shishito, the amount of water should be slightly increased according to the amount of water from the position where the height of the ridge is half of the height of the ridge. This is about the same for cucumber and bitter melon.
{Circle around (3)} As for the eggplant, the entire 3/3 ridge may be wet at any time if the amount of the result increases from the position wet to 2/3 of the height of the ridge. It will be the best harvest.
4) Leafy vegetables (spinach, komatsuna, shungiku, cabbage, Chinese cabbage, etc.) are moistened to 1/2 of the ridge at first and moistened to 2/3 of the ridge according to the growth, so that delicious and fresh food can be obtained, and cold winter Harvest in cold weather. Harvesting is possible up to -10 ° C, and harvesting of leafy vegetables has been confirmed even at -15 ° C in Minamioguni, Kumamoto Prefecture.
[0040]
In addition, at the time of irrigation, in addition to water, when necessary, a mineral agent or an ultra-trace amount of a mineral agent may be mixed and watered, or if desired, liquid fertilizer or pesticides may be mixed and watered. You may.
[0041]
Although the present invention has been described by taking ridge cultivation as an example, the present invention can be widely applied to other cultivation methods without ridge cultivation, and the effect is further enhanced by using an insect repellent net. .
[0042]
In the present invention, depending on the type, size, planting method, etc. of the crop, the size, position, and shape of the holes in the multi-sheet can be appropriately changed. The number, location, size, etc., of drip holes can be changed as appropriate. In addition to crops that are cultivated independently one by one, they are cultivated continuously in rows like wheat and leek. The cultivation method according to the present invention can be freely applied to crops.
[0043]
Therefore, the target crops of the present invention widely include fruit trees, fruits and vegetables, cereals and other various crops, and non-limiting examples thereof include the following.
[0044]
Citrus fruits such as oranges, navels, oranges, and decopons; grapes, apples, oysters, chestnuts, kiwis, plums, peaches, fruit trees such as plums, cherries, and pears; Fruit vegetables such as bitter melon, strawberry, melon, watermelon, pumpkin, eggplant, tomato, pepper, etc .; Root vegetables such as radish, carrot, burdock, etc .; Leek, garlic, chive, medicinal carrot, udo, potato, sweet potato, yam Etc .; grains such as wheat, upland rice, soybeans, red beans, and sesame.
[0045]
Hereinafter, examples of the present invention will be described.
[0046]
Embodiment 1
Tomatoes (variety: Hana Queen) were cultivated in a plastic greenhouse (Tamana City, Kumamoto Prefecture). First, a commercially available primary manure containing nitrogen, phosphoric acid, and potassium was applied according to a conventional method, and a 200-fold diluted solution of a mineral agent (the above-described metal salt solution) was applied at 300 L per 10a, and plowed. Before ridged, 4Kg of ultra-trace mineral agent (Natural bittern containing high selenium described above "Green Safe": trade name of Eisai Seikaken Co., Ltd.) was diluted 300 times, irrigated, cultivated and then used for tomato. Was ridged.
[0047]
Four days later (April 1, 2002), a drip irrigation tube was placed on the 5 cm side of the planting hole on the ridge. On top of that, a black-and-white multi (agricultural multi-sheet: a commercially available product obtained by laminating a white moisture-permeable polyethylene sheet on the above-mentioned black polyester nonwoven fabric) was fixed.
[0048]
Tomato seedlings were planted one by one in circular planting holes spaced at 50 cm intervals, and drip watering was performed with a commercially available automatic watering device (sale: ISO agricultural equipment) to promote survival and germination. At the beginning of the cultivation, the amount of watering should be as low as about 1/3 of the height of the ridge, and if the height of the tree increases as the cultivation progresses and the tomato grows, And deepened the amount of water.
[0049]
Since the soil is in a completely nutrient state, the tomato grows smoothly only by irrigating an appropriate amount of water, and when the surface of the germinating new leaf is observed, it is confirmed that the leaf surface is shiny. Drilling a little into the root soil confirmed that the new roots were growing at a great momentum. As described above, since the tomato has a strong immunity, it grew healthy without attracting pests. No weed propagation was observed. Therefore, no pesticides, fungicides or herbicides were used.
[0050]
However, it was recognized that the tree vigor was weakened a little, so a 600-fold diluted solution of the mineral agent (“Merit”: a product of Eisai Seikaken Co., Ltd.) described above on April 10 and an ultra-trace mineral agent (green) Safe) was automatically irrigated with a 1500-fold diluted solution using a mixing machine.
[0051]
On April 17, the tomatoes were plucked and the amino acid content was measured immediately. As a result, tomato cultivated by this method has almost all amino acid contents increased compared to tomato cultivated in exactly the same manner (control) except for the drip irrigation and the irrigation of minerals and ultra-trace minerals. In particular, phenylalanine and leucine, which produce strong umami, increased, and among them, leucine increased about twice.
[0052]
When the obtained tomato was subjected to a raw meal, it was confirmed that the tomato had a rich flavor and richness. In addition, since the amount of irrigation was appropriate, the fruiting rate was high, the tree was not prolonged, and no cracking of the ball was observed.
[0053]
【The invention's effect】
According to the present invention, crops are grown healthy while preventing or significantly reducing the growth of weeds by drip irrigation using a multi-sheet for agriculture having waterproof, moisture-permeable properties such as black and white mulch. Thus, it is possible to achieve an increase in the yield, an increase in the sugar content of the harvest, an increase in the umami, an increase in the body, and the like.
[0054]
In addition, the use of pesticides and fungicides, as well as herbicides, is not necessary or the amount of use is greatly reduced, enabling organic cultivation, pesticide-free or reduced pesticide cultivation, and the application of pesticides and weed removal. Such work is not required or is greatly reduced, and a great deal of labor can be saved in agriculture. In addition, it is possible for women and the elderly to fully perform agriculture without requiring a heavy burden. Moreover, it is environmentally friendly and helps prevent food pollution. Further, when a mineral agent and / or a trace amount mineral agent are used, the effect of the present invention is further enhanced.
[0055]
The present invention is to control fertilization so that the balance of a large amount of essential elements, minerals, and ultra-trace minerals is adjusted, and more specifically, by adjusting to an appropriate range shown in FIG. However, the mineral balance is often lost due to the lack of ultra-trace minerals, so these can be replenished by irrigation or, if desired, by foliar spraying), without using any pesticides, and without causing any crop damage. It is the first thing that succeeded in realizing healthy cultivation with pest control. In other words, the present invention realizes a completely new cultivation system in which phytonutrients are used without pesticides, disease and pests are controlled by vitality (ie, the immunity of the plant itself), and crops are cultivated in a healthy manner. It was the first successful one.
[0056]
Further, as described above, according to the present invention, various effects of improving the quality of fruits are exhibited. For example, in Muscat, the taste is enhanced by improving the amino acid composition, in cherries, the ball is enlarged, and the pear (la. In France), in addition to the enlargement of balls (usually around 350 g → 700 g), the sugar content (usually 13-16 → 20) and the increase in shelf life (usually those harvested in October only last until December) According to this law, it will last until about March).
[0057]
Further, with regard to the sugar content, according to the present invention, it is possible to increase the sugar content of Decopon to 16 degrees and Satsuma mandarin to 14 degrees. The temperature increased to 20 degrees, and it was also confirmed that Aalsmeron maintained the freshness for 17 months at 17 degrees or more.
[Brief description of the drawings]
FIG. 1 shows a suitable available nutrient area of arable soil.
FIG. 2 CO in Komatsuna ₂ The change in the amount of absorption is shown.
FIG. 3 shows the actual state of a young larva of a caterpillar treated with green safe (drawing substitute photograph).
FIG. 4 is a microscopic photograph of a cabbage butterfly larva subjected to green safe treatment (a photograph as a substitute for a drawing).
FIG. 5 is an actual micrograph of powdery mildew mycelium subjected to green safe treatment (a photograph as a substitute for a drawing).

Claims (10)

A method for cultivating agricultural and horticultural crops, comprising covering agricultural and horticultural soil with a multi-sheet having herbicidal properties, waterproofness, and air permeability, and irrigating it with drip irrigation. The method according to claim 1, further comprising applying a mineral and / or a trace amount of mineral. 3. The method according to claim 2, wherein bitter bitter is used as the micro trace mineral. As a multi-sheet, a plurality of material layers are laminated, and a multi-sheet for agricultural and horticultural use comprising a light-colored film layer and a dark-colored layer is used, according to any one of claims 1 to 3, The described method. 5. The method according to claim 4, wherein the light-colored film layer is a plastic film layer having air permeability, and the dark-colored layer is a dark-colored non-woven fabric layer having a synthetic resin fiber as a main material and exhibiting a dark color. The method according to claim 4 or 5, wherein an agricultural and horticultural multi-sheet is used as the multi-sheet.
A multi-sheet used to cover horticultural soil,
A plurality of material layers are laminated,
A dark-colored nonwoven fabric layer that is disposed on the soil-side surface during use, is obtained by a spunbond spinning method, has a synthetic resin fiber as a main material, and exhibits a dark color,
A multi-sheet for agriculture and horticulture, comprising a light-colored film layer which is disposed on the surface opposite to the non-woven fabric layer and is made of a polyolefin film having moisture permeability and exhibits a light color. The method according to claim 5, wherein an agricultural and horticultural multi-sheet in which the dark nonwoven fabric layer is black and the light color film layer is white is used. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein the cultivation is further performed using an insect net. The fertilization management according to any one of claims 1 to 8, wherein a balance of a large amount of essential elements (nitrogen, phosphoric acid, potassium), a trace element (mineral), and a trace element (ultra trace mineral) is adjusted. A method for cultivating agricultural and horticultural crops by controlling at least one of weeds, diseases and insects without using pesticides by using phytonutritional methods. The method according to claim 9, further comprising foliar spraying minerals and / or ultra-trace minerals when necessary.

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