JP2003102594A - Vapor/liquid water absorption heat-generating bedding - Google Patents

Abstract

PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a bedding having improved heat generation speed, heat generation temperature, heat generation retention properties, and dew condensation prevention properties when absorbing vapor or liquid water by giving vapor or liquid water-absorbing properties to the bedding. SOLUTION: In the bedding, a wadding and/or a side to which highly hygroscopic fine particles adhere is used. In the vapor/liquid water absorption heat- generating bedding, the maximum temperature increase when absorbing vapor or liquid water is 3 deg.C or higher, and preferably the heat generation when absorbing vapor water is retained for 30 minutes or longer and/or the heat generation when absorbing liquid water is retained at least for one minute. Further, the maximum temperature increase when absorbing liquid water is 8 deg.C or higher.

Description

Detailed Description of the Invention

[0001]

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to beddings, and more particularly to beddings such as futons and cushioning materials having a moisture absorption / water absorption exothermic performance capable of achieving effective heat storage and heat retention under a cold environment such as winter.

[0002]

2. Description of the Related Art General clothing, cold clothing,
Various sports clothing and uniforms for low temperature warehouses have been put to practical use. Conventional methods for improving heat retention include the use of hollow cross-section fibers and ultrafine fibers to increase the air layer with low thermal conductivity, aluminum vapor deposition that reflects body heat, the use of coating or metal sputtering, and metal oxidation. A method of expecting a far infrared effect by kneading materials and ceramics (JP-A-63-105107, JP-A-7-
No. 331584), and a method of mixing a hygroscopic heat-generating fiber with a fabric or batting by spinning, mixing, or the like (JP-A-6-2940).
No. 06, JP-A-8-197661, etc.) or a vinyl monomer such as acrylic acid or methacrylic acid is introduced into the surface or inside of the fiber by a graft polymerization method to introduce a carboxylic acid terminal into the fiber or metal chloride such as sodium chloride. There have been various proposals for a method of imparting. However, none of these methods has sufficient heat-heating ability, and in addition, no bedding has been proposed that exhibits effective heat storage heat retention and dew condensation prevention by taking such moisture absorption / water absorption heat generation as a cut-off point. .

[0003]

DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION The present invention provides excellent moisture absorption or water absorption and is excellent in heat generation rate, heat generation temperature, heat generation retention property, and dew condensation prevention property during moisture absorption or water absorption.
A water-absorbing and heat-generating bedding is provided.

[0004]

The present invention has the following technical constitution for solving the above problems. That is, 1. A bedding using a batting and / or a side material to which highly hygroscopic fine particles are adhered, wherein the maximum temperature rise during moisture absorption and / or water absorption is 3 ° C. or higher, and a hygroscopic / water-absorption exothermic bedding.

2. The moisture-absorption / water-absorption exothermic bedding according to the first aspect, characterized in that heat generation during moisture absorption is maintained for 30 minutes or more and / or heat generation during water absorption is maintained for 1 minute or more.

3. 3. The moisture-absorption / water-absorption exothermic bedding according to the first or second aspect, wherein the maximum temperature rise during water absorption is 8 ° C. or higher.

4. The hygroscopic / water-absorbing exothermic bedding according to any one of the first to third aspects, wherein the highly hygroscopic fine particles are organic fine particles.

5. The highly hygroscopic organic fine particles are polystyrene-based, polyacrylonitrile-based, polyacrylic acid ester-based, or polymethacrylic acid ester-based vinyl polymers, and have sulfonic acid groups, carboxylic acid groups, phosphoric acid groups, or their metals. The hygroscopic / water-absorbing exothermic bedding according to the fourth aspect, which is a cross-linked polymer having at least one hydrophilic group of a salt and cross-linked with any of divinylbenzene, triallyl isocyanate or hydrazine.

6. Highly hygroscopic fine particles have an average particle size of 2 μm
The moisture-absorption / water-absorption exothermic bedding according to any one of the first to fifth features, wherein

7. 7. The hygroscopic / water-absorbing heat-generating bedding according to any one of 1 to 6, wherein the highly hygroscopic fine particles are fixed to the batting or the side material via a hydrophilic resin.

8. 8. The hygroscopic / water-absorbing heat-generating bedding according to any one of 1 to 7, wherein the mass ratio of the highly hygroscopic fine particles and the hydrophilic resin is 1/1 to 19/1.

[0012]

BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION Embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail below. The bedding in the present invention, a quilt, a skin quilt, a hard cotton type quilt, a bed pad,
Bed pad, baby bed, mattress, pillow, cushion material.

In the present invention, the objects to be subjected to moisture absorption / water absorption are fiber structures such as short fibers and knits, woven fabrics and nonwoven fabrics, and the materials thereof are polyester, polyamide, polyacrylonitrile, polyethylene and polypropylene. -Based, polybutylene terephthalate-based, polytetramethylene terephthalate-based, polyurethane-based, polyphenylene sulfide-based synthetic fibers, rayon, acetate and other chemical fibers, cotton, hemp, silk, wool, feathers and other natural fibers, or a mixture of these materials Is. These fibers and fiber structures are used as bedding and batting for bedding.

The highly hygroscopic particles (also referred to as highly hygroscopic / water-absorbing exothermic particles) of the present invention are not particularly limited in terms of their chemical structure as long as they are particles that exhibit heat generation when they absorb or absorb water. . For example, inorganic type such as hygroscopic silica,
Alternatively, various organic fine particles such as hygroscopic polyurethane-based, polyamide-based, polyester-based, and polyacrylate-based can be applied, and particularly highly hygroscopic / water-absorbing exothermic organic fine particles are preferable, for example, polystyrene-based and polyacrylonitrile. System, polyacrylic acid ester-based, polymethacrylic acid ester-based vinyl polymer, sulfonic acid group, carboxylic acid group, phosphoric acid group, or
Crosslinked polymer fine particles having at least one hydrophilic group of those metal salts and crosslinked with either divinylbenzene, triallyl isocyanate or hydrazine.

The particle size of the highly hygroscopic fine particles is preferably as small as possible from the viewpoint of moisture absorption / water absorption heat generation rate / heat generation efficiency, uniform adhesion, texture and abrasion resistance, and an average particle diameter of less than 2 μm is more preferable.

Examples of the method for imparting highly hygroscopic fine particles of the present invention include a method of directly kneading into fibers and a method of adhering to the surface layer of knitted fabric, woven fabric, non-woven fabric or the like via a binder resin. From the viewpoint of heat generation efficiency, the latter method of attaching via a binder resin is preferable.

As the binder resin, a usual impregnation method,
Examples include silicone-based, urethane-based, acrylic-based, polyester-based resins that can be applied to the padding method, coating method, and spray method, and are not particularly limited, but are excellent in hydrophilicity and moisture permeability, and have high moisture absorption / water absorption heat-generating fine particles. Those that do not impair hygroscopicity are preferred. Further, various crosslinking agents may be used in combination in the system of these highly hygroscopic / water-absorbing exothermic particles and the hydrophilic resin binder in order to improve durability.

The compounding ratio of the highly hygroscopic / water-absorbing exothermic fine particles and the hydrophilic resin and the amount of these adhering to each other greatly influence the hygroscopic / water-absorbing exothermicity. The compounding ratio of the highly hygroscopic / water-absorbing exothermic fine particles and the hydrophilic resin is slightly different depending on the hydrophilic level of the hydrophilic resin, but it is desirable to use the compounding ratio of 1/1 to 19/1, and particularly, the compounding ratio of the hydrophilic resin is small. The more excellent moisture absorption / water absorption exothermicity can be exhibited. However, when the hydrophilic resin is extremely small, or when the hydrophilic resin is not used in combination, the abrasion resistance of the highly hygroscopic / water-absorbing heat-generating fine particles adhered to the surface of the structure is deteriorated and the particles easily fall off.

The exothermicity of the moisture-absorbing / water-absorbing exothermic fiber structure of the present invention is based on the heat of adsorption reaction generated when the substance absorbs moisture or absorbs water, and the hygroscopic property of the highly hygroscopic / water-absorbing fine particles contained in the fiber structure. Capacity and / or water absorption capacity and amount of deposition. That is, the higher the moisture absorption / water absorption fine particles, and the finer the particles, the greater the heat production due to the adsorbed moisture and the faster the heat generation rate. Of course, since such a moisture absorption / water absorption is possessed by the structure base material alone, in order to realize more effective moisture absorption / water absorption exothermicity, the hygroscopicity of the applied moisture absorption / water absorption exothermic fine particles is preferably 25% or more, More preferably, it is 40% or more. Therefore, in order to obtain effective moisture absorption / water absorption exothermicity, the moisture absorption / water absorption exothermic fiber structure of the present invention is stored with a moisture absorption rate as low as possible, and more preferably in a state close to a completely dry (absolute dry) state. It is essential. Conversely, the fibrous structure that has adsorbed moisture above the saturated moisture absorption rate and has completed heat generation is cooled by heat dissipation and drops to the initial temperature, but if it is dried again to remove the adsorbed water, the original excellent moisture absorption is obtained. / Water absorption exothermicity is re-developed.

The moisture absorption exothermicity in the vapor phase heats up at an appropriate rate and maintains the exothermicity for a relatively long time, whereas the water absorption exothermicity in the liquid phase gives a rapid exothermicity, while the adsorbed water If the amount is too large, the remarkable heat generation effect may not be obtained, so it is important to control the amount of attached water.

According to the present invention, the type and amount of highly hygroscopic / water-absorbing exothermic particles are optimized, and the fibrous structure adhered via a proper hydrophilic resin binder has a maximum temperature at the time of moisture absorption and / or water absorption. The temperature rise is 3 ° C or higher, preferably 4 ° C or higher, more preferably 5 ° C or higher, the maximum temperature rise is 8 ° C or higher when absorbing water, and the heat generation when absorbing moisture is 30 minutes or longer and the heat generation when absorbing water. For 30 seconds or more, and more preferably for 1 minute or more, an excellent moisture / water absorption exothermic property is obtained.

The fiber structure of the present invention has, in addition to these excellent high moisture / water absorption exothermic properties, antibacterial and deodorant properties, antibacterial properties, deodorizing properties, nonenal deodorizing properties, pH buffering properties, antistatic properties, It is also possible to develop multifunctional properties such as SR antifouling property and acid rain resistance.

By using the side cloth and / or batting obtained as described above in at least a part of the bedding, a bedding which can reduce the feeling of stuffiness can be obtained. It is possible to use it only on the skin side as the side material, and as the batting (in the case of the spread futon, it is also possible to use it by mixing or laminating it with batting which has not been subjected to the above-mentioned processing. It is recommended to use it on the skin side in the case of a hanging futon, on the skin side for the purpose of improving the environment in the bed in the case of a flooring futon, and on the flooring side in case of using it to prevent dew condensation.

[0024]

The present invention is described in detail below with reference to examples, but the present invention is not limited to these.
Below, what is described simply as part and% means on a mass basis. Further, the measurement and evaluation of the fiber structure in this example were performed by the following methods.

<Absolute dry mass> After drying the sample at 110 ° C. for 6 hours, the sample was put in a desiccator containing silica gel and kept at 20 ° C.
After adjusting the temperature in a 65% RH environment, mass measurement was performed. <Hygroscopicity> The mass was measured after the temperature and humidity were adjusted for 24 hours in an environment of 20 ° C. and 65% RH, and calculated from the following formula. Moisture absorption rate (%) = {(moisture absorption mass-excess dry mass) / excess dry mass}
× 100

<Heat absorption by moisture absorption> After drying at 110 ° C. for 6 hours,
Put in a desiccator containing silica gel and let it dry 5
After mounting a temperature sensor (for example, manufactured by Anritsu Keiki Co., Ltd .; 540K MD-5 type) on a measurement sample of cm × 5 cm, 2
A temperature recorder (for example, manufactured by Anritsu Keiki Co., Ltd .; DATA COLLECTOR) for moisture absorption and heat generation under 0 ° C. and 95% RH environment (for example, desiccator containing saturated aqueous solution of potassium sulfate).
AM-7052 type). <Water absorption exothermicity> After attaching a temperature sensor to the measurement sample of 5 cm x 5 cm in the absolutely dry state, ion-exchanged water equivalent to 50% of the sample mass for 3 to 5 seconds was placed in an environment of 20 ° C and 65% RH. After uniformly spraying in the meantime, the water absorption exothermicity was measured with a temperature recorder. The water absorption heat generation time and the water absorption heat generation retention time (minutes) above the maximum water absorption heat generation temperature and the sample temperature before water absorption were evaluated.

<Dew Condensation> A 5 cm × 5 cm sample was put into a desiccator having an internal volume of 10 to 15 liters, and the lid was left open in a room at 20 ° C. and 80% for temperature control and humidity control. . After 24 hours, the desiccator lid is closed, and the desiccator is moved to the environment kept at 10 ° C. within 5 minutes. One hour after that, the lid was opened and the dew condensation state of the sample was confirmed.

[Example 1] Polyethylene terephthalate-based polyester long-fiber processed yarn (165 dtex / 48)
A plain weave fabric having 120 pieces and 80 pieces in the width of f) was subjected to normal relaxing scouring, dispersion dyeing, and drying, and then used as a base fabric for the highly hygroscopic / water-absorbing exothermic lateral fabric of the present invention.

Next, highly hygroscopic / water-absorbing exothermic organic fine particles were produced by the following method. 350 parts of a water-soluble polymer of methacrylic acid / sodium p-styrenesulfonate = 70/30 and 35 parts of sodium sulfate were dissolved in 6500 parts of water and charged into a polymerization tank equipped with a paddle type stirrer. Next, 2,750 parts of methyl acrylate 2750 parts and divinylbenzene 330 parts were added.
-Azobis- (2,4-dimethylvaleronitrile) 15
Part was melted and charged into a polymerization tank, while stirring at 400 rpm,
Polymerization was carried out at 60 ° C. for 2 hours to obtain a copolymer having a polymerization rate of 88%. 100 parts of the polymer was dispersed in 900 parts of water, 110 parts of caustic soda was added thereto, and the reaction was carried out at 90 ° C. for 2.5 hours to hydrolyze the methyl ester part of methyl acrylate to obtain a carboxyl group. 4.6 meq / g
A crosslinked polymer having The obtained polymer was dispersed in water, washed, dehydrated, pulverized and classified to obtain highly hygroscopic / water-absorbing exothermic particles. The resulting highly hygroscopic / water-absorbing exothermic organic fine particles had a hygroscopicity of 50% at 20 ° C. and 65% RH and an average particle diameter of 0.8 μm.

As a hydrophilic resin binder, 95 parts of an aqueous dispersion containing 20% of such highly hygroscopic / water-absorbing exothermic fine particles was added as T.
F-3500 (Kao's hydrophilic silicone binder;
Solid content 40%) 4 parts and Aquaprene WS105 (Meissei Chemical Industry hydrophilic urethane binder; solid content 4)
0%) Immerse the above base cloth in the processing padding solution containing 1 part, and use a mangle to process the solution with a wet pickup rate of 100.
%, Then dried at 120 ° C. and dry-heat set at 180 ° C. for 1 minute to obtain a fiber structure. Table 1 shows the moisture absorption / water absorption exothermic properties of the obtained fibrous structure. Excellent heat absorption by moisture absorption / heat absorption by water absorption was obtained as compared with the unprocessed product. Using this fiber structure as a side fabric, a futon (filling: fineness 6.6 dtex, fiber length 64 mm, solid round cross section polyester 1.5 kg, width 1.5 m, length 2 m) was obtained. This hanging futon was excellent in heat retention and heat absorption as well as heat absorption rate, heat generation temperature, and heat generation retention time, which were superior to those of a futon in which an unprocessed fiber structure was arranged.

[Example 2] The same base fabric as in Example 1 was used as the base fabric of Example 2.

The highly hygroscopic / water-absorbing exothermic organic fine particles used in Example 2 were produced by the following method. Acrylonitrile 4
50 parts, 40 parts of methyl acrylate, 16 parts of sodium p-styrenesulfonate and 118 parts of water were charged into an autoclave, and 0.5% of di-tert-butyl peroxide was added as a polymerization initiator to the whole monomer. After that, the mixture was sealed, and then the polymerization reaction was carried out at 150 ° C. for 20 minutes under stirring, followed by cooling to about 90 ° C. with stirring to obtain an average particle size of 1.
An aqueous dispersion of raw material fine particles of 4 μm (measured by a light scattering photometer) was obtained. Hydrazine was added to this aqueous dispersion so that the concentration in the bath was 35%, crosslinking treatment was performed at 102 ° C. for 2 hours, and then caustic soda was added so that the concentration in the bath was 10%.
After hydrolyzing at 02 ° C. for 5 hours, dialysis in running water, desalting, drying, pulverization, and classification were performed to obtain highly hygroscopic / water-absorbing exothermic organic fine particles. The resulting highly hygroscopic / water-absorbing exothermic organic fine particles had a hygroscopicity of 45% at 20 ° C. and 65% RH, and an average particle diameter of 0.9 μm.

As a hydrophilic resin binder, 95 parts of an aqueous dispersion containing 20% of such highly hygroscopic / water-absorbing exothermic fine particles was used as a hydrophilic resin binder.
F-3500 (Kao's hydrophilic silicone binder;
The above base cloth is dipped in a processing padding solution containing 5 parts of solid content (40%), squeezed with a mangle so that the processing solution wet pickup rate is 120%, and then dried at 120 ° C.
The fiber structure was obtained by dry heat setting at 170 ° C. for 1 minute. Table 1 shows the moisture absorption / water absorption exothermic properties of the obtained fibrous structure. Excellent heat absorption by moisture absorption / heat absorption by water absorption was obtained as compared with the unprocessed product. Using this fiber structure as a side fabric, a futon (filling: fineness: 6.6 dtex, fiber length: 64 mm, solid round cross section polyester: 1.5 kg, width: 1.5 m, length: 2 m) was obtained. This hanging futon was excellent in heat retention and heat absorption as well as heat absorption rate, heat generation temperature and heat generation retention time, which were superior to those of a futon in which an unprocessed fiber structure was arranged.

[Example 3] A hollow polyester short fiber (three-dimensional crimped yarn) with 6.6 decitex and a fiber length of 64 mm cut was opened, and after carding, needle punching was applied so that there would be no problem in the subsequent step, and a nonwoven fabric ( Basis weight = 500 g / m ² )
Got

Then, 95 parts of an aqueous dispersion containing 20% of highly hygroscopic / water-absorbing exothermic organic fine particles obtained in Example 1 was added as a hydrophilic binder with TF-3500 (hydrophilic silicon binder manufactured by Kao Corporation; (40% min) The above non-woven fabric is dipped in 5 parts of processing padding solution, squeezed with a mangle so that the processing solution wet pickup rate is 100%, dried at 120 ° C, and set at 170 ° C for 1 minute dry heat. Then, a fiber structure was obtained. Table 1 shows the moisture absorption / water absorption exothermic properties of the obtained fibrous structure. Excellent heat absorption by moisture absorption / heat absorption by water absorption was obtained as compared with the unprocessed product. A spread pad using this fibrous structure as batting (comparative example 1 was used for the side fabric, width 1 m, length 2 m) was obtained. This spread pad was excellent in heat retention and heat absorption as well as heat absorption rate, heat generation temperature and heat generation retention time, which were superior to those of a spread pad in which an unprocessed fiber structure was arranged.

[Example 4] A plain-woven fabric made of 100% cotton spun yarn of 10th count was subjected to ordinary desizing, bleaching with hydrogen peroxide, mercerizing, dyeing with a reactive dye, washing,
The dry set woven fabric was used as the base fabric.

Next, 90 parts of an aqueous dispersion containing 20% of highly hygroscopic / water-absorbing exothermic organic fine particles obtained in Example 1 was used as a hydrophilic binder with TF-3500 (hydrophilic silicone binder manufactured by Kao Corporation; solid). 40%) 3.5 parts, fiber-reactive type glyoxal-based resin (dimethylol hydroxyethylene urea; solid content 80%) 6 parts, magnesium chloride-based acidic catalyst 0.5 parts, and the above-mentioned base cloth to the processing padding liquid. Dip and squeeze with a mangle so that the machining liquid pickup rate is 100%, then dry at 120 ° C and
A fibrous structure was obtained by dry heat setting at 70 ° C. for 1 minute. Table 1 shows the moisture absorption / water absorption exothermic properties of the obtained fibrous structure. Excellent heat absorption by moisture absorption / heat absorption by water absorption was obtained as compared with the unprocessed product. Hanging futon using this fiber structure as a side material (filling: fineness 6.6 dtex, fiber length 64 mm, solid round cross section polyester 1.5 kg, width: 1.5 m, length 2 m)
Got This hanging futon was excellent in heat retention and heat absorption as well as heat absorption rate, heat generation temperature and heat generation retention time, which were superior to those of a futon in which an unprocessed fiber structure was arranged.

[Comparative Example 1] Table 1 shows the results of the plain weave fabric alone using the polyester continuous fiber textured yarn described in Example 1. As compared with Examples 1 and 2, no moisture absorption / water absorption exothermic effect was observed.

[Comparative Example 2] Table 1 shows the results of the hollow polyester short fiber nonwoven fabric described in Example 3 alone. As compared with Example 3, no moisture absorption / water absorption exothermic effect was observed.

Comparative Example 3 The cotton spun yarn 1 described in Example 4
The results for the 00% pile fabric alone are shown in Table 1. Although some heat absorption due to moisture absorption / water absorption was observed, it was inferior to that of Example 4.

Comparative Example 4 Using the plain weave fabric of Example 1, an aqueous dispersion 9 containing 20% of highly hygroscopic / water-absorbing exothermic fine particles.
Amino-modified silicone resin binder (solid content 40 parts)
%) Soak the base cloth in 5 parts of the working fluid, squeeze it with a mangle so that the wet pick-up rate of the working fluid is 100%, dry it at 120 ° C, and dry heat set at 180 ° C for 1 minute to structure Got the body The moisture absorption / water absorption exothermic properties of the obtained structure are shown in Table 1. The exothermic heat of moisture absorption / exothermic heat of water absorption was inferior to those of the examples.

[0042]

[Table 1]

[0043]

According to the present invention, the highly hygroscopic and exothermic fine particles are attached to the knitted fabric, the woven fabric, and the short fibers through a small amount of the hydrophilic resin, whereby the external environment, the human body or artificial moisture (water vapor) and By absorbing moisture (liquid) and quickly and stably generating heat, a moisture-absorbing / water-absorbing exothermic structure suitable for bedding can be obtained easily and stably.

─────────────────────────────────────────────────── ─── Continuation of front page (51) Int.Cl. ⁷ Identification code FI theme code (reference) D06M 23/08 D06M 23/08 F term (reference) 3B096 AC16 AD04 3B102 BA12 4L031 AA02 AA04 AA05 AA14 AA17 AA18 AA20 AA22 AB34 BA33 DA21 4L033 AA02 AA03 AA05 AA07 AA08 AB07 AC07 AC15 CA13 CA18

Claims (8)

[Claims] 1. A bedclothing using batting and / or lateral material to which highly hygroscopic fine particles are adhered, wherein the maximum temperature rise during moisture absorption and / or water absorption is 3 ° C. or higher. Water absorbing and heat generating bedding. 2. The moisture-absorption / water-absorption exothermic bedding according to claim 1, wherein the heat generation during moisture absorption is maintained for 30 minutes or more, and / or the heat generation during water absorption is maintained for 1 minute or more. 3. The moisture-absorbing / water-absorbing exothermic bedding according to claim 1, wherein the maximum temperature rise during water absorption is 8 ° C. or higher. 4. The hygroscopic / water-absorbing exothermic bedding according to claim 1, wherein the highly hygroscopic fine particles are organic fine particles. 5. The highly hygroscopic organic fine particles are polystyrene-based,
Polyacrylonitrile-based, polyacrylic ester-based,
Any vinyl polymer of polymethacrylic acid ester type, having a sulfonic acid group, a carboxylic acid group, a phosphoric acid group, or at least one hydrophilic group of metal salts thereof,
The hygroscopic / water-absorbing exothermic bedding according to claim 4, which is a cross-linked polymer cross-linked with either divinylbenzene, triallyl isocyanate or hydrazine. 6. The hygroscopic / water-absorbing exothermic bedding according to claim 1, wherein the highly hygroscopic fine particles have an average particle diameter of less than 2 μm. 7. The hygroscopic / water-absorbing exothermic bedding according to any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein the highly hygroscopic fine particles are fixed to the batting or the side fabric via a hydrophilic resin. 8. The mass ratio of the highly hygroscopic fine particles to the hydrophilic resin is 1/1 to 19/1.
The hygroscopic / water-absorbing exothermic bedding according to any one of 1.