IL104226A - Minimized standard of atomic frequency - Google Patents
Minimized standard of atomic frequencyInfo
- Publication number
- IL104226A IL104226A IL10422692A IL10422692A IL104226A IL 104226 A IL104226 A IL 104226A IL 10422692 A IL10422692 A IL 10422692A IL 10422692 A IL10422692 A IL 10422692A IL 104226 A IL104226 A IL 104226A
- Authority
- IL
- Israel
- Prior art keywords
- container
- vapor
- microwave signal
- light
- resonator
- Prior art date
Links
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 claims description 22
- TVFDJXOCXUVLDH-UHFFFAOYSA-N caesium atom Chemical compound [Cs] TVFDJXOCXUVLDH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 15
- 230000008878 coupling Effects 0.000 claims description 14
- 238000010168 coupling process Methods 0.000 claims description 14
- 238000005859 coupling reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 14
- 229910052792 caesium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 13
- 230000004044 response Effects 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 210000004027 cell Anatomy 0.000 description 70
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 57
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 description 17
- 239000003989 dielectric material Substances 0.000 description 12
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 9
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 7
- 230000005283 ground state Effects 0.000 description 7
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 6
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 6
- 239000004065 semiconductor Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 5
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 description 5
- 239000003513 alkali Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 4
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 4
- 229910052701 rubidium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- IGLNJRXAVVLDKE-UHFFFAOYSA-N rubidium atom Chemical compound [Rb] IGLNJRXAVVLDKE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000003993 interaction Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000005086 pumping Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000010453 quartz Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000010980 sapphire Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052594 sapphire Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 230000035945 sensitivity Effects 0.000 description 3
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon dioxide Inorganic materials O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000005672 electromagnetic field Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000005284 excitation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000010791 quenching Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000000171 quenching effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000004804 winding Methods 0.000 description 2
- 241000931526 Acer campestre Species 0.000 description 1
- RZVAJINKPMORJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetaminophen Chemical compound CC(=O)NC1=CC=C(O)C=C1 RZVAJINKPMORJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ORILYTVJVMAKLC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Adamantane Natural products C1C(C2)CC3CC1CC2C3 ORILYTVJVMAKLC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JBRZTFJDHDCESZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N AsGa Chemical compound [As]#[Ga] JBRZTFJDHDCESZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000012935 Averaging Methods 0.000 description 1
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001218 Gallium arsenide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000006978 adaptation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052783 alkali metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000001340 alkali metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000005388 borosilicate glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000013590 bulk material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 210000002421 cell wall Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004891 communication Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000151 deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005670 electromagnetic radiation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005538 encapsulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005530 etching Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 description 1
- PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold Chemical compound [Au] PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052737 gold Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010931 gold Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000002955 isolation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000155 isotopic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000116 mitigating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052758 niobium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010955 niobium Substances 0.000 description 1
- GUCVJGMIXFAOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N niobium atom Chemical compound [Nb] GUCVJGMIXFAOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005457 optimization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000035515 penetration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000005297 pyrex Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002629 repopulating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000523 sample Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002269 spontaneous effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000006641 stabilisation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011105 stabilization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004936 stimulating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002459 sustained effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- GUVRBAGPIYLISA-UHFFFAOYSA-N tantalum atom Chemical compound [Ta] GUVRBAGPIYLISA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G04—HOROLOGY
- G04F—TIME-INTERVAL MEASURING
- G04F5/00—Apparatus for producing preselected time intervals for use as timing standards
- G04F5/14—Apparatus for producing preselected time intervals for use as timing standards using atomic clocks
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
- H03L—AUTOMATIC CONTROL, STARTING, SYNCHRONISATION OR STABILISATION OF GENERATORS OF ELECTRONIC OSCILLATIONS OR PULSES
- H03L7/00—Automatic control of frequency or phase; Synchronisation
- H03L7/26—Automatic control of frequency or phase; Synchronisation using energy levels of molecules, atoms, or subatomic particles as a frequency reference
Landscapes
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Spectroscopy & Molecular Physics (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Stabilization Of Oscillater, Synchronisation, Frequency Synthesizers (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US07/815,677 US5192921A (en) | 1991-12-31 | 1991-12-31 | Miniaturized atomic frequency standard |
| US07/966,209 US5327105A (en) | 1991-12-31 | 1992-10-26 | Gas cell for a miniaturized atomic frequency standard |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| IL104226A true IL104226A (en) | 1995-08-31 |
Family
ID=27123986
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| IL10422692A IL104226A (en) | 1991-12-31 | 1992-12-24 | Minimized standard of atomic frequency |
Country Status (7)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US5327105A (enExample) |
| EP (1) | EP0550240B1 (enExample) |
| JP (1) | JPH05300016A (enExample) |
| CA (1) | CA2086021A1 (enExample) |
| IL (1) | IL104226A (enExample) |
| MX (1) | MX9207305A (enExample) |
| TW (1) | TW248597B (enExample) |
Families Citing this family (68)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US5517157A (en) * | 1993-04-27 | 1996-05-14 | Ball Corporation | Evanescent-field interrogator for atomic frequency standards |
| US5420826A (en) * | 1993-10-18 | 1995-05-30 | Westinghouse Electric Corp. | Optical correlator and method of using same |
| US5442326A (en) * | 1994-09-09 | 1995-08-15 | Westinghouse Electric Corporation | Atomic time standard with piezoelectric stabilization of diode laser light source |
| US5656189A (en) * | 1994-12-02 | 1997-08-12 | Efratom Time And Frequency Products, Inc. | Heater controller for atomic frequency standards |
| US5489821A (en) * | 1994-12-27 | 1996-02-06 | Ball Corporation | Lamp oscillator for atomic frequency standards |
| US5670914A (en) * | 1995-09-25 | 1997-09-23 | Northrop Grumman Corporation | Miniature atomic frequency standard |
| EP0911919A1 (en) * | 1995-09-29 | 1999-04-28 | Observatoire Cantonal De Neuchatel | Atomic frequency standard |
| US5657340A (en) * | 1996-04-19 | 1997-08-12 | The Aerospace Corporation | Rubidium atomic clock with fluorescence optical pumping and method using same |
| US5896105A (en) * | 1997-06-23 | 1999-04-20 | Northrop Grumman Corporation | Distributed phased array antenna system |
| US6320472B1 (en) | 1999-01-26 | 2001-11-20 | Kernco, Inc. | Atomic frequency standard |
| US6215366B1 (en) * | 1999-05-05 | 2001-04-10 | Kernco, Inc. | Metallic cell for optically activated atomic frequency standards |
| US6265945B1 (en) * | 1999-10-25 | 2001-07-24 | Kernco, Inc. | Atomic frequency standard based upon coherent population trapping |
| US6426679B1 (en) | 2000-12-14 | 2002-07-30 | Northrop Grumman Corporation | Miniature, low power atomic frequency standard with improved rf frequency synthesizer |
| US6806784B2 (en) | 2001-07-09 | 2004-10-19 | The National Institute Of Standards And Technology | Miniature frequency standard based on all-optical excitation and a micro-machined containment vessel |
| US6831522B2 (en) | 2001-07-09 | 2004-12-14 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of Commerce | Method of minimizing the short-term frequency instability of laser-pumped atomic clocks |
| US6643311B2 (en) * | 2001-10-23 | 2003-11-04 | William F. Krupke | Diode-pumped alkali laser |
| US6570459B1 (en) * | 2001-10-29 | 2003-05-27 | Northrop Grumman Corporation | Physics package apparatus for an atomic clock |
| JP3811079B2 (ja) * | 2002-02-05 | 2006-08-16 | 富士通株式会社 | 原子発振器 |
| US6865007B2 (en) | 2002-03-19 | 2005-03-08 | Dicos Technologies Inc. | Complex frequency response filter and method for manufacturing the same |
| WO2004081586A2 (en) * | 2003-03-11 | 2004-09-23 | Princeton University | Method and system for operating an atomic clock with reduced spin-exchange broadening of atomic clock resonances |
| US20050007118A1 (en) * | 2003-04-09 | 2005-01-13 | John Kitching | Micromachined alkali-atom vapor cells and method of fabrication |
| US7064835B2 (en) * | 2003-09-02 | 2006-06-20 | Symmetricom, Inc. | Miniature gas cell with folded optics |
| DE10355866B3 (de) * | 2003-11-27 | 2005-04-14 | Jenoptik Laser, Optik, Systeme Gmbh | Optische Anordnung zur Gewinnung eines Messsignals für die Leistungsmessung bei Lasern |
| US7400207B2 (en) * | 2004-01-06 | 2008-07-15 | Sarnoff Corporation | Anodically bonded cell, method for making same and systems incorporating same |
| EP1906271B1 (en) | 2005-07-21 | 2011-05-04 | Seiko Epson Corporation | Portable clock and electronic device |
| CN100580584C (zh) | 2005-07-21 | 2010-01-13 | 精工爱普生株式会社 | 便携式钟表以及电子设备 |
| JP4605508B2 (ja) * | 2005-12-28 | 2011-01-05 | セイコーエプソン株式会社 | 原子周波数取得装置および原子時計 |
| JP2009129955A (ja) * | 2007-11-20 | 2009-06-11 | Epson Toyocom Corp | 光学系及び原子発振器 |
| US7893780B2 (en) * | 2008-06-17 | 2011-02-22 | Northrop Grumman Guidance And Electronic Company, Inc. | Reversible alkali beam cell |
| JP5375279B2 (ja) | 2008-06-18 | 2013-12-25 | セイコーエプソン株式会社 | 原子発振器 |
| US8541627B2 (en) * | 2008-08-29 | 2013-09-24 | Exxonmobil Chemical Patents Inc. | Hydroformylation process including catalyst recycle |
| CH703111A1 (fr) * | 2010-05-07 | 2011-11-15 | Suisse Electronique Microtech | Dispositif pour horloge atomique. |
| WO2011026251A1 (fr) | 2009-09-04 | 2011-03-10 | Csem Centre Suisse D'electronique Et De Microtechnique S.A. | Dispositif pour horloge atomique |
| WO2011026252A1 (fr) | 2009-09-04 | 2011-03-10 | Csem Centre Suisse D'electronique Et De Microtechnique S.A. | Dispositif pour horloge atomique |
| EP2498150A1 (fr) | 2011-03-09 | 2012-09-12 | CSEM Centre Suisse D'electronique Et De Microtechnique SA | Horloge atomique |
| US8756976B2 (en) | 2011-09-13 | 2014-06-24 | Honeywell International Inc. | Systems and methods for gettering an atomic sensor |
| US8854146B2 (en) | 2012-01-31 | 2014-10-07 | Honeywell International Inc. | Systems and methods for external frit mounted components |
| EP2629158A1 (en) * | 2012-02-16 | 2013-08-21 | Université de Neuchâtel | Microwave resonator, quantum sensor, and atomic clock |
| US9285249B2 (en) | 2012-10-04 | 2016-03-15 | Honeywell International Inc. | Atomic sensor physics package with metal frame |
| US9249656B2 (en) | 2012-11-15 | 2016-02-02 | Baker Hughes Incorporated | High precision locked laser operating at elevated temperatures |
| JP6119294B2 (ja) * | 2013-02-18 | 2017-04-26 | セイコーエプソン株式会社 | 量子干渉装置、原子発振器および移動体 |
| JP5713039B2 (ja) * | 2013-03-04 | 2015-05-07 | セイコーエプソン株式会社 | 原子発振器 |
| US9410885B2 (en) | 2013-07-22 | 2016-08-09 | Honeywell International Inc. | Atomic sensor physics package having optically transparent panes and external wedges |
| US9312869B2 (en) * | 2013-10-22 | 2016-04-12 | Honeywell International Inc. | Systems and methods for a wafer scale atomic clock |
| PL3102983T3 (pl) | 2014-02-06 | 2019-02-28 | Orolia Switzerland Sa | Urządzenie dla zegara atomowego |
| US9429918B2 (en) * | 2014-06-20 | 2016-08-30 | Texas Instruments Incorporated | Atomic clocks and magnetometers with vapor cells having condensation sites in fluid communication with a cavity to hold a vapor condensation away from an optical path |
| CN105762643B (zh) * | 2016-04-19 | 2019-02-19 | 中国科学院电子学研究所 | 一种双层结构的碱金属蒸气室 |
| CN107229213B (zh) * | 2016-12-14 | 2019-12-06 | 北京无线电计量测试研究所 | 一种用于小型氢原子钟的蓝宝石加载微波腔 |
| US10649408B2 (en) | 2017-12-29 | 2020-05-12 | Texas Instruments Incorporated | Molecular atomic clock with wave propagating rotational spectroscopy cell |
| US10859980B2 (en) * | 2017-12-29 | 2020-12-08 | Texas Instruments Incorporated | Molecular atomic clock with wave propagating rotational spectroscopy cell |
| US10754302B2 (en) | 2017-12-29 | 2020-08-25 | Texas Instruments Incorporated | Molecular atomic clock with wave propagating rotational spectroscopy cell |
| US11180844B2 (en) | 2018-07-02 | 2021-11-23 | Government Of The United States Of America, As Represented By The Secretary Of Commerce | Process for making alkali metal vapor cells |
| US11899406B2 (en) | 2020-01-07 | 2024-02-13 | The Regents Of The University Of Colorado, A Body Corporate | Devices, systems, and methods for fabricating alkali vapor cells |
| RU2747165C1 (ru) * | 2020-06-16 | 2021-04-28 | Общество с ограниченной ответственностью «Атомикс» (ООО «Атомикс») | Квантовый стандарт частоты с лазерной оптической накачкой |
| DE102021113198A1 (de) | 2021-05-20 | 2022-11-24 | Endress + Hauser Wetzer Gmbh + Co. Kg | In situ Temperatur Kalibration |
| DE102021113199A1 (de) | 2021-05-20 | 2022-11-24 | Endress+Hauser SE+Co. KG | Remote Sensoranordnung |
| DE102021113201A1 (de) | 2021-05-20 | 2022-11-24 | Endress+Hauser SE+Co. KG | Remote Kommunikationsanordnung |
| DE102021113200A1 (de) | 2021-05-20 | 2022-11-24 | Endress+Hauser SE+Co. KG | Detektion paramagnetischer Stoffe in Fluiden |
| DE102021113369A1 (de) | 2021-05-21 | 2022-11-24 | Endress+Hauser Conducta Gmbh+Co. Kg | pH-Sensor |
| DE102021117837A1 (de) | 2021-07-09 | 2023-01-12 | Endress+Hauser Conducta Gmbh+Co. Kg | Leitfähigkeitssensor |
| DE102021117833A1 (de) | 2021-07-09 | 2023-01-12 | Endress+Hauser Flowtec Ag | Leitfähigkeitssensor |
| DE102021120974A1 (de) | 2021-08-11 | 2023-02-16 | Endress+Hauser Flowtec Ag | Inline-Messgerät für die Analyse eines Mediums |
| DE102021120973A1 (de) | 2021-08-11 | 2023-02-16 | Analytik Jena Gmbh | Küvette für die Analyse einer als Tropfen bereitgestellten flüssigen oder pastösen Probe anhand von Kernspinresonanzen der Probe |
| DE102021120975A1 (de) | 2021-08-11 | 2023-02-16 | Analytik Jena Gmbh | Reaktionsgefäß für die Analyse einer flüssigen oder pastösen Probe anhand ihrer Kernspinresonanzen |
| DE102021120972A1 (de) | 2021-08-11 | 2023-02-16 | Analytik Jena Gmbh | Vorrichtung für die Analyse einer als Tropfen bereitgestellten flüssigen oder pastösen Probe anhand von Kernspinresonanzen der Probe |
| DE102021120976A1 (de) | 2021-08-11 | 2023-02-16 | Analytik Jena Gmbh | Mikrotiterplatte |
| DE102021134237A1 (de) | 2021-12-22 | 2023-06-22 | Endress+Hauser Flowtec Ag | Vorrichtung zur Analyse von Verunreinigungen oder Fremdkörpern |
| DE102021134246A1 (de) | 2021-12-22 | 2023-06-22 | Endress + Hauser Flowtec Ag | Mikrowellenmessvorrichtung |
Family Cites Families (11)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3248666A (en) * | 1963-03-12 | 1966-04-26 | Gtc Kk | Optically pumped combination gas cell and microwave resonating cavity |
| US4425653A (en) * | 1980-07-01 | 1984-01-10 | Hewlett-Packard Company | Atomic beam device using optical pumping |
| US4462006A (en) * | 1981-07-20 | 1984-07-24 | Rockwell International Corporation | Method for stabilizing the resonance frequency of a rubidium frequency standard |
| US4494085A (en) * | 1982-04-28 | 1985-01-15 | Eg&G, Inc. | Miniaturized atomic frequency standard having both filter cell and absorption cell in resonator cavity |
| US4476445A (en) * | 1982-05-18 | 1984-10-09 | Eg&G, Inc. | Methods and apparatus for rapid and accurate frequency syntonization of an atomic clock |
| US4495478A (en) * | 1983-02-16 | 1985-01-22 | Litton Systems, Inc. | Cavity resonator for atomic frequency standard |
| US4482259A (en) * | 1983-05-26 | 1984-11-13 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Air Force | Laser clock |
| US4961119A (en) * | 1986-05-23 | 1990-10-02 | Irish Ernest E | Harmonic optical oscillator |
| FR2627909A1 (fr) * | 1988-02-29 | 1989-09-01 | Oscilloquartz Sa | Etalon de frequence passif |
| FR2628226B1 (fr) * | 1988-03-03 | 1991-06-07 | Rech Const Electro Et | Horloge atomique |
| JPH0783265B2 (ja) * | 1989-08-21 | 1995-09-06 | 新技術事業団 | レーザ励起ルビジウム原子発振器 |
-
1992
- 1992-10-26 US US07/966,209 patent/US5327105A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1992-12-12 TW TW081109975A patent/TW248597B/zh active
- 1992-12-16 MX MX9207305A patent/MX9207305A/es unknown
- 1992-12-22 CA CA002086021A patent/CA2086021A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 1992-12-22 EP EP92311698A patent/EP0550240B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1992-12-24 IL IL10422692A patent/IL104226A/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1992-12-24 JP JP4357461A patent/JPH05300016A/ja not_active Withdrawn
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| TW248597B (enExample) | 1995-06-01 |
| US5327105A (en) | 1994-07-05 |
| JPH05300016A (ja) | 1993-11-12 |
| MX9207305A (es) | 1993-06-01 |
| CA2086021A1 (en) | 1993-07-01 |
| EP0550240A1 (en) | 1993-07-07 |
| EP0550240B1 (en) | 1998-08-26 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| KB | Patent renewed | ||
| RH1 | Patent not in force |