HUP0303188A2 - Eljárás kémiai-mechanikai megmunkálásra és felületsimításra - Google Patents
Eljárás kémiai-mechanikai megmunkálásra és felületsimításraInfo
- Publication number
- HUP0303188A2 HUP0303188A2 HU0303188A HUP0303188A HUP0303188A2 HU P0303188 A2 HUP0303188 A2 HU P0303188A2 HU 0303188 A HU0303188 A HU 0303188A HU P0303188 A HUP0303188 A HU P0303188A HU P0303188 A2 HUP0303188 A2 HU P0303188A2
- Authority
- HU
- Hungary
- Prior art keywords
- workpiece
- smoothing
- machining
- chemical
- mechanical machining
- Prior art date
Links
- 238000003754 machining Methods 0.000 title abstract 5
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 title abstract 2
- 238000009499 grossing Methods 0.000 abstract 4
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 abstract 3
- 238000007739 conversion coating Methods 0.000 abstract 2
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000006731 degradation reaction Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000007493 shaping process Methods 0.000 abstract 1
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B24—GRINDING; POLISHING
- B24B—MACHINES, DEVICES, OR PROCESSES FOR GRINDING OR POLISHING; DRESSING OR CONDITIONING OF ABRADING SURFACES; FEEDING OF GRINDING, POLISHING, OR LAPPING AGENTS
- B24B37/00—Lapping machines or devices; Accessories
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B24—GRINDING; POLISHING
- B24B—MACHINES, DEVICES, OR PROCESSES FOR GRINDING OR POLISHING; DRESSING OR CONDITIONING OF ABRADING SURFACES; FEEDING OF GRINDING, POLISHING, OR LAPPING AGENTS
- B24B37/00—Lapping machines or devices; Accessories
- B24B37/04—Lapping machines or devices; Accessories designed for working plane surfaces
- B24B37/042—Lapping machines or devices; Accessories designed for working plane surfaces operating processes therefor
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B24—GRINDING; POLISHING
- B24B—MACHINES, DEVICES, OR PROCESSES FOR GRINDING OR POLISHING; DRESSING OR CONDITIONING OF ABRADING SURFACES; FEEDING OF GRINDING, POLISHING, OR LAPPING AGENTS
- B24B33/00—Honing machines or devices; Accessories therefor
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B24—GRINDING; POLISHING
- B24B—MACHINES, DEVICES, OR PROCESSES FOR GRINDING OR POLISHING; DRESSING OR CONDITIONING OF ABRADING SURFACES; FEEDING OF GRINDING, POLISHING, OR LAPPING AGENTS
- B24B37/00—Lapping machines or devices; Accessories
- B24B37/11—Lapping tools
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B24—GRINDING; POLISHING
- B24B—MACHINES, DEVICES, OR PROCESSES FOR GRINDING OR POLISHING; DRESSING OR CONDITIONING OF ABRADING SURFACES; FEEDING OF GRINDING, POLISHING, OR LAPPING AGENTS
- B24B5/00—Machines or devices designed for grinding surfaces of revolution on work, including those which also grind adjacent plane surfaces; Accessories therefor
- B24B5/36—Single-purpose machines or devices
- B24B5/42—Single-purpose machines or devices for grinding crankshafts or crankpins
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C22/00—Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive liquid, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals
- C23C22/73—Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive liquid, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals characterised by the process
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23F—NON-MECHANICAL REMOVAL OF METALLIC MATERIAL FROM SURFACE; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL; MULTI-STEP PROCESSES FOR SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL INVOLVING AT LEAST ONE PROCESS PROVIDED FOR IN CLASS C23 AND AT LEAST ONE PROCESS COVERED BY SUBCLASS C21D OR C22F OR CLASS C25
- C23F3/00—Brightening metals by chemical means
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Finish Polishing, Edge Sharpening, And Grinding By Specific Grinding Devices (AREA)
- ing And Chemical Polishing (AREA)
- Polishing Bodies And Polishing Tools (AREA)
- Chemical Treatment Of Metals (AREA)
- Electrical Discharge Machining, Electrochemical Machining, And Combined Machining (AREA)
- Gear Processing (AREA)
- Grinding And Polishing Of Tertiary Curved Surfaces And Surfaces With Complex Shapes (AREA)
- Milling Processes (AREA)
- Dental Preparations (AREA)
Abstract
A találmány tárgya eljárás kémiai-mechanikai megmunkálásra ésfelületsimításra. Az eljárás során egy munkadarab felületén konverziósbevonatot hoznak létre, és ezt viszonylagos mozgás révén egyszerszámmal eltávolítják. Ezzel a munkadarabot szabaddá teszik továbbireakcióhoz az aktív vegyszerrel. Kis mechanikai erőket alkalmaznakúgy, hogy munkadarab képlékeny alakváltozári határát,nyírószilárdságát, szakítószilárdságát és/vagy termikusdegradációjának hőmérsékletét nem lépik túl. Minthogy a kémiai-mechanikai megmunkálási és felületsimítási folyamat kis érintkezésierőt és/vagy kis sebességet igényel a konverziós bevonateltávolításához, ezért a berendezés tömege, bonyolultsága és költségejelentősen csökkenthető a hagyományos megmunkáló berendezéshez képest,ugyanakkor a megmunkálás pontossága és szabatossága jelentősennövelhető. A találmány alkalmas a fém eltávolítási sebességének nagyonpontos szabályozására, és alkalmazható csak a munkadarab felületéneksimítására, vagy kívánat esetén a munkadarab felületének simításávalegyidejűleg a munkadarab alakítására és/vagy méretre készítésére is. Ó
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US26775601P | 2001-02-08 | 2001-02-08 | |
PCT/US2002/003694 WO2002062528A2 (en) | 2001-02-08 | 2002-02-07 | Chemical mechanical machining and surface finishing |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
HUP0303188A2 true HUP0303188A2 (hu) | 2003-12-29 |
Family
ID=23020012
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
HU0303188A HUP0303188A2 (hu) | 2001-02-08 | 2002-02-07 | Eljárás kémiai-mechanikai megmunkálásra és felületsimításra |
Country Status (19)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (2) | US20020106978A1 (hu) |
EP (1) | EP1358044B1 (hu) |
JP (1) | JP2004530040A (hu) |
KR (1) | KR20030085529A (hu) |
CN (1) | CN1491146A (hu) |
AT (1) | ATE416065T1 (hu) |
BR (1) | BR0206813A (hu) |
CA (1) | CA2435732A1 (hu) |
CZ (1) | CZ20032027A3 (hu) |
DE (1) | DE60230114D1 (hu) |
ES (1) | ES2317993T3 (hu) |
HU (1) | HUP0303188A2 (hu) |
IL (2) | IL157290A0 (hu) |
MX (1) | MXPA03007106A (hu) |
PL (1) | PL363342A1 (hu) |
RU (1) | RU2290291C2 (hu) |
SK (1) | SK8982003A3 (hu) |
WO (1) | WO2002062528A2 (hu) |
ZA (1) | ZA200305319B (hu) |
Families Citing this family (26)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
FR2832160B1 (fr) * | 2001-11-15 | 2005-01-14 | Atofina | PROCEDE DE TRAVAIL OU MISE EN FORME DES METAUX EN PRESENCE DE LUBRIFIANTS AQUEUX A BASE D'ACIDE METHANESULFONIQUE (AMS) ou D'UN SEL HYDROSOLUBLE D'AMS |
ATE551153T1 (de) * | 2003-05-30 | 2012-04-15 | Rem Technologies | Verfahren für das superfinish eines hohlen zahnrades |
US20050202921A1 (en) * | 2004-03-09 | 2005-09-15 | Ford Global Technologies, Llc | Application of novel surface finishing technique for improving rear axle efficiency |
US7229565B2 (en) * | 2004-04-05 | 2007-06-12 | Sikorsky Aircraft Corporation | Chemically assisted surface finishing process |
ES2213500B1 (es) * | 2004-05-04 | 2005-05-01 | Delphi Diesel Systems S.L. | Prodecimiento de obtencion de un recubrimiento mediante fosfatado en una pieza de hierro o acero, y pieza de hierro o acero correspondiente. |
US7690312B2 (en) * | 2004-06-02 | 2010-04-06 | Smith Timothy G | Tungsten-iron projectile |
US7037175B1 (en) * | 2004-10-19 | 2006-05-02 | Cabot Microelectronics Corporation | Method of sharpening cutting edges |
CN101184868A (zh) * | 2005-04-06 | 2008-05-21 | 雷姆技术公司 | 高密度碳化物的超级抛光 |
ATE484698T1 (de) | 2005-12-02 | 2010-10-15 | United Technologies Corp | Zahnrad mit verbesserter oberflächengüte |
US7820068B2 (en) * | 2007-02-21 | 2010-10-26 | Houghton Technical Corp. | Chemical assisted lapping and polishing of metals |
ES2530193T3 (es) | 2007-08-28 | 2015-02-27 | Rem Technologies, Inc. | Procedimiento para inspección y reconstrucción de componentes de ingeniería |
US10179388B2 (en) * | 2009-05-12 | 2019-01-15 | Rem Technologies, Inc. | High throughput finishing of metal components |
US8172716B2 (en) | 2009-06-25 | 2012-05-08 | United Technologies Corporation | Epicyclic gear system with superfinished journal bearing |
US9784316B2 (en) | 2011-12-13 | 2017-10-10 | Aktiebolaget Skf | Process for preparing a protective layer on a tribological surface of a mechanical component |
CN103526197B (zh) | 2012-07-05 | 2016-03-16 | 通用电气公司 | 维修元件的方法 |
CN103454394A (zh) * | 2013-09-11 | 2013-12-18 | 西安航空动力股份有限公司 | 一种航空发动机正齿轮硬化面缺陷的判定方法 |
CN103567848A (zh) * | 2013-10-10 | 2014-02-12 | 广东电网公司东莞供电局 | 一种清除硅橡胶互感器硅伞套表面老化层的方法 |
CN113278957B (zh) * | 2013-10-17 | 2024-04-16 | 凯密特尔有限责任公司 | 制备用于冷成型的金属成型体的方法 |
EP3115149B1 (en) * | 2015-07-08 | 2018-03-14 | Scania CV AB | Method of grinding a workpiece having a cylindrical bearing surface and method for determining processing parameters |
PL3417090T3 (pl) | 2016-02-15 | 2022-01-10 | Rem Technologies, Inc. | Obróbka chemiczna przedmiotów obrabianych wytwarzanych przyrostowo |
KR20190043155A (ko) | 2016-08-24 | 2019-04-25 | 피피지 인더스트리즈 오하이오 인코포레이티드 | 금속 기판을 처리하기 위한 알칼리성 조성물 |
US10792781B2 (en) | 2018-04-13 | 2020-10-06 | Bell Helicopter Textron Inc. | Masking tool system and method |
US10927959B2 (en) | 2019-02-27 | 2021-02-23 | Caterpillar Inc. | Method and appliance for making isotropically finished seal ring of seal assembly for machine |
DE102019126669A1 (de) * | 2019-10-02 | 2021-04-08 | Profilator Gmbh & Co. Kg | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum Glätten der Zahnflanken der Zähne verzahnter Werkstücke |
CN110512200B (zh) * | 2019-10-10 | 2020-09-15 | 黄鸿珊 | 一种五金件磷化发黑设备 |
CN113211006B (zh) * | 2021-04-08 | 2022-04-22 | 浙江先导精密机械有限公司 | 一种机械手臂的凸台倾角加工方法 |
Family Cites Families (30)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
NL59186C (hu) * | 1938-03-04 | |||
US2453429A (en) * | 1944-11-30 | 1948-11-09 | Sr Daniel A Gorman | Surface treatment of metals |
US2933437A (en) * | 1956-05-29 | 1960-04-19 | Bell Telephone Labor Inc | Chemical lapping method |
US3291667A (en) * | 1961-04-10 | 1966-12-13 | North American Aviation Inc | Etching process for selectively forming workpiece surfaces |
FR1543792A (fr) * | 1966-12-29 | 1900-01-01 | Ibm | Métallisation de matières plastiques |
US3593410A (en) * | 1967-11-21 | 1971-07-20 | Robert A Taylor | Method for casting and finishing tools or dies |
US3734837A (en) * | 1969-07-08 | 1973-05-22 | Hughes Aircraft Co | Method of hardening polished aluminum surfaces |
US4181540A (en) * | 1978-05-26 | 1980-01-01 | Whirlpool Corporation | Metal surface treatment method |
US4491500A (en) * | 1984-02-17 | 1985-01-01 | Rem Chemicals, Inc. | Method for refinement of metal surfaces |
US4569720A (en) * | 1984-05-07 | 1986-02-11 | Allied Corporation | Copper etching system |
US4758025A (en) * | 1985-06-18 | 1988-07-19 | Mobil Oil Corporation | Use of electroless metal coating to prevent galling of threaded tubular joints |
US4705594A (en) * | 1986-11-20 | 1987-11-10 | Rem Chemicals, Inc. | Composition and method for metal surface refinement |
JPS63288620A (ja) * | 1987-05-22 | 1988-11-25 | Kobe Steel Ltd | アルミニウムの電解複合超鏡面加工方法 |
US4818333A (en) * | 1987-08-03 | 1989-04-04 | Rem Chemicals, Inc. | Metal surface refinement using dense alumina-based media |
US4844749A (en) * | 1987-12-11 | 1989-07-04 | Foreman Robert W | Reagent bath for and method of treating a workpiece surface |
US4910844A (en) * | 1988-12-12 | 1990-03-27 | Eastman Kodak Company | Method for finishing the surface of an aluminum roller |
USRE34272E (en) * | 1989-05-04 | 1993-06-08 | Rem Chemicals, Inc. | Method and composition for refinement of metal surfaces |
US5158629A (en) * | 1989-08-23 | 1992-10-27 | Rem Chemicals, Inc. | Reducing surface roughness of metallic objects and burnishing liquid used |
US5225038A (en) * | 1990-08-09 | 1993-07-06 | Extrude Hone Corporation | Orbital chemical milling |
US5114548A (en) * | 1990-08-09 | 1992-05-19 | Extrude Hone Corporation | Orbital electrochemical machining |
US5330558A (en) * | 1993-03-31 | 1994-07-19 | Henkel Corporation | Method for removing chromium containing coatings from aluminum substrates |
US5503481A (en) * | 1993-12-09 | 1996-04-02 | The Timken Company | Bearing surfaces with isotropic finish |
US5972792A (en) * | 1996-10-18 | 1999-10-26 | Micron Technology, Inc. | Method for chemical-mechanical planarization of a substrate on a fixed-abrasive polishing pad |
US5958288A (en) * | 1996-11-26 | 1999-09-28 | Cabot Corporation | Composition and slurry useful for metal CMP |
US6068787A (en) * | 1996-11-26 | 2000-05-30 | Cabot Corporation | Composition and slurry useful for metal CMP |
US6177026B1 (en) * | 1998-05-26 | 2001-01-23 | Cabot Microelectronics Corporation | CMP slurry containing a solid catalyst |
US6378206B1 (en) * | 1998-10-29 | 2002-04-30 | Sumitomo Heavy Industries, Ltd. | Method of fabricating pin retaining ring for internal gear, internal meshing planetary gear structure, and hydraulic motor pump |
US6732606B1 (en) * | 2000-06-30 | 2004-05-11 | Eaton Corporation | Polished gear surfaces |
KR100804035B1 (ko) * | 2000-08-01 | 2008-02-18 | 아이신에이더블류 가부시키가이샤 | 기어, 그리고 기어의 치면 다듬질가공방법 및 장치 |
US6656293B2 (en) * | 2001-12-10 | 2003-12-02 | Caterpillar Inc | Surface treatment for ferrous components |
-
2002
- 2002-02-07 US US10/071,533 patent/US20020106978A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2002-02-07 IL IL15729002A patent/IL157290A0/xx not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2002-02-07 EP EP02709413A patent/EP1358044B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2002-02-07 SK SK898-2003A patent/SK8982003A3/sk unknown
- 2002-02-07 MX MXPA03007106A patent/MXPA03007106A/es active IP Right Grant
- 2002-02-07 KR KR10-2003-7010467A patent/KR20030085529A/ko not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2002-02-07 JP JP2002562519A patent/JP2004530040A/ja active Pending
- 2002-02-07 CA CA002435732A patent/CA2435732A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2002-02-07 DE DE60230114T patent/DE60230114D1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2002-02-07 ES ES02709413T patent/ES2317993T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2002-02-07 RU RU2003127071/02A patent/RU2290291C2/ru not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2002-02-07 BR BR0206813-3A patent/BR0206813A/pt not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2002-02-07 HU HU0303188A patent/HUP0303188A2/hu unknown
- 2002-02-07 CZ CZ20032027A patent/CZ20032027A3/cs unknown
- 2002-02-07 CN CNA028047672A patent/CN1491146A/zh active Pending
- 2002-02-07 AT AT02709413T patent/ATE416065T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2002-02-07 PL PL02363342A patent/PL363342A1/xx unknown
- 2002-02-07 WO PCT/US2002/003694 patent/WO2002062528A2/en active Application Filing
-
2003
- 2003-07-09 ZA ZA200305319A patent/ZA200305319B/en unknown
- 2003-08-06 IL IL157290A patent/IL157290A/en unknown
-
2004
- 2004-12-15 US US11/012,518 patent/US20050164610A1/en not_active Abandoned
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
IL157290A0 (en) | 2004-02-19 |
ZA200305319B (en) | 2004-10-18 |
PL363342A1 (en) | 2004-11-15 |
WO2002062528A2 (en) | 2002-08-15 |
ATE416065T1 (de) | 2008-12-15 |
RU2003127071A (ru) | 2005-03-10 |
KR20030085529A (ko) | 2003-11-05 |
US20050164610A1 (en) | 2005-07-28 |
RU2290291C2 (ru) | 2006-12-27 |
EP1358044B1 (en) | 2008-12-03 |
BR0206813A (pt) | 2004-02-03 |
ES2317993T3 (es) | 2009-05-01 |
DE60230114D1 (de) | 2009-01-15 |
MXPA03007106A (es) | 2004-10-15 |
US20020106978A1 (en) | 2002-08-08 |
CN1491146A (zh) | 2004-04-21 |
SK8982003A3 (en) | 2004-05-04 |
IL157290A (en) | 2007-06-03 |
JP2004530040A (ja) | 2004-09-30 |
EP1358044A2 (en) | 2003-11-05 |
CA2435732A1 (en) | 2002-08-15 |
WO2002062528A3 (en) | 2003-02-27 |
CZ20032027A3 (cs) | 2004-03-17 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
HUP0303188A2 (hu) | Eljárás kémiai-mechanikai megmunkálásra és felületsimításra | |
JP2001030037A (ja) | 被加工物側面を均等にプレスするための型、及びチタン又はチタン合金製高生体親和性人工骨 | |
EP0947258A3 (en) | Round die type form rolling apparatus | |
JP2007075929A (ja) | 多指ロボットハンドの制御方法 | |
HUP0200233A2 (en) | Method for forming metal parts by cold deformation | |
ABEBE | THEORETICAL ANALYSIS OF THE BASIC MECHANICS OF ORTHOGONAL METAL CUTTING AND ABRASIVE PROCESSES (PLOUGHING) | |
Roempler et al. | Carbon and Hardness Profiles in the Surface Layer--Additional Module for Diffusion Controller | |
Stuwe | Microstructure of metals of the severe plastic deformation | |
JPH0446651A (ja) | タービン翼の製造方法 | |
TW202420430A (zh) | 拋光台板及拋光台板的製造方法 | |
Leroy | Surface Analysis Applied to the Processing of Steel Strip | |
Hairy et al. | R&D in aluminum foundries | |
Laliberte | Dynamic modeling and control of a multi-robot system during assembly of flexible payloads with kinematic uncertainty. | |
Blaich | Quality Control for Bending of Sheet Metals on Die Bending Presses | |
Ike | Production of surface microgeometry by combining ion-beam etching and coining process | |
JPH03294028A (ja) | 非晶質金属箔の3次元形状付加加工法 | |
Reynoldson et al. | Development of low temperature surface treatment | |
Grant | Forming of beryllium | |
Kamiya et al. | Ti-4. 5 Al-3 V-2 Fe-2 Mo denture base processed by superplastic forming | |
Laux et al. | Investigations on the Strength Behavior of Artificially Hardenable Hot Working Steels | |
WO2004098340A3 (fr) | Tete d’abrasion pour l’equipement du bras d’un robot | |
RU2001105561A (ru) | Датчик температуры в поверхностном слое заготовки при механической обработке | |
Shimizu et al. | Penalty method contact-friction algorithm and expression of tools by B-spline function--penalty method contact algorithm and rigid plastic FEM. I | |
WO2004031431A3 (de) | Verfahren und vorrichtung zur herstellung von metalllegierungskörpern mit lokalisierten kleinen korngrössen | |
Wagstaff | Single and multi-wire induction heating in the wire industry |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
FA9A | Lapse of provisional patent protection due to relinquishment or protection considered relinquished |