HK1018419A1 - Polyalkylaluminoxane compositions formed by non-hydrolytic means - Google Patents
Polyalkylaluminoxane compositions formed by non-hydrolytic meansInfo
- Publication number
- HK1018419A1 HK1018419A1 HK99103575A HK99103575A HK1018419A1 HK 1018419 A1 HK1018419 A1 HK 1018419A1 HK 99103575 A HK99103575 A HK 99103575A HK 99103575 A HK99103575 A HK 99103575A HK 1018419 A1 HK1018419 A1 HK 1018419A1
- Authority
- HK
- Hong Kong
- Prior art keywords
- aluminoxane
- composition
- carbon
- compositions formed
- hydrolytic
- Prior art date
Links
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 title abstract 7
- 230000003301 hydrolyzing effect Effects 0.000 title abstract 2
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 abstract 3
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract 2
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract 2
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 abstract 2
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 abstract 2
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract 1
- 125000005234 alkyl aluminium group Chemical group 0.000 abstract 1
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 150000001732 carboxylic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 abstract 1
- 150000002576 ketones Chemical class 0.000 abstract 1
- 230000009466 transformation Effects 0.000 abstract 1
- JLTRXTDYQLMHGR-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimethylaluminium Chemical compound C[Al](C)C JLTRXTDYQLMHGR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract 1
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
- C08F10/00—Homopolymers and copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
- B01J31/02—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides
- B01J31/12—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides containing organo-metallic compounds or metal hydrides
- B01J31/14—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides containing organo-metallic compounds or metal hydrides of aluminium or boron
- B01J31/143—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides containing organo-metallic compounds or metal hydrides of aluminium or boron of aluminium
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
- B01J31/16—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing coordination complexes
- B01J31/1616—Coordination complexes, e.g. organometallic complexes, immobilised on an inorganic support, e.g. ship-in-a-bottle type catalysts
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
- B01J31/16—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing coordination complexes
- B01J31/22—Organic complexes
- B01J31/2282—Unsaturated compounds used as ligands
- B01J31/2295—Cyclic compounds, e.g. cyclopentadienyls
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J37/00—Processes, in general, for preparing catalysts; Processes, in general, for activation of catalysts
- B01J37/02—Impregnation, coating or precipitation
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
- C07F5/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 3 or 13 of the Periodic Table
- C07F5/06—Aluminium compounds
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
- C07F5/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 3 or 13 of the Periodic Table
- C07F5/06—Aluminium compounds
- C07F5/061—Aluminium compounds with C-aluminium linkage
- C07F5/066—Aluminium compounds with C-aluminium linkage compounds with Al linked to an element other than Al, C, H or halogen (this includes Al-cyanide linkage)
- C07F5/068—Aluminium compounds with C-aluminium linkage compounds with Al linked to an element other than Al, C, H or halogen (this includes Al-cyanide linkage) preparation of alum(in)oxanes
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
- C08F4/00—Polymerisation catalysts
- C08F4/42—Metals; Metal hydrides; Metallo-organic compounds; Use thereof as catalyst precursors
- C08F4/44—Metals; Metal hydrides; Metallo-organic compounds; Use thereof as catalyst precursors selected from light metals, zinc, cadmium, mercury, copper, silver, gold, boron, gallium, indium, thallium, rare earths or actinides
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J2531/00—Additional information regarding catalytic systems classified in B01J31/00
- B01J2531/40—Complexes comprising metals of Group IV (IVA or IVB) as the central metal
- B01J2531/48—Zirconium
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
- C08F4/00—Polymerisation catalysts
- C08F4/42—Metals; Metal hydrides; Metallo-organic compounds; Use thereof as catalyst precursors
- C08F4/44—Metals; Metal hydrides; Metallo-organic compounds; Use thereof as catalyst precursors selected from light metals, zinc, cadmium, mercury, copper, silver, gold, boron, gallium, indium, thallium, rare earths or actinides
- C08F4/60—Metals; Metal hydrides; Metallo-organic compounds; Use thereof as catalyst precursors selected from light metals, zinc, cadmium, mercury, copper, silver, gold, boron, gallium, indium, thallium, rare earths or actinides together with refractory metals, iron group metals, platinum group metals, manganese, rhenium technetium or compounds thereof
- C08F4/619—Component covered by group C08F4/60 containing a transition metal-carbon bond
- C08F4/61912—Component covered by group C08F4/60 containing a transition metal-carbon bond in combination with an organoaluminium compound
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
- C08F4/00—Polymerisation catalysts
- C08F4/42—Metals; Metal hydrides; Metallo-organic compounds; Use thereof as catalyst precursors
- C08F4/44—Metals; Metal hydrides; Metallo-organic compounds; Use thereof as catalyst precursors selected from light metals, zinc, cadmium, mercury, copper, silver, gold, boron, gallium, indium, thallium, rare earths or actinides
- C08F4/60—Metals; Metal hydrides; Metallo-organic compounds; Use thereof as catalyst precursors selected from light metals, zinc, cadmium, mercury, copper, silver, gold, boron, gallium, indium, thallium, rare earths or actinides together with refractory metals, iron group metals, platinum group metals, manganese, rhenium technetium or compounds thereof
- C08F4/619—Component covered by group C08F4/60 containing a transition metal-carbon bond
- C08F4/61916—Component covered by group C08F4/60 containing a transition metal-carbon bond supported on a carrier, e.g. silica, MgCl2, polymer
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
- Toxicology (AREA)
- Transition And Organic Metals Composition Catalysts For Addition Polymerization (AREA)
- Polymers With Sulfur, Phosphorus Or Metals In The Main Chain (AREA)
- Polymerization Catalysts (AREA)
- Catalysts (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US08/576,892 US5831109A (en) | 1995-12-22 | 1995-12-22 | Polyalkylaluminoxane compositions formed by non-hydrolytic means |
| PCT/US1996/019980 WO1997023288A1 (en) | 1995-12-22 | 1996-12-18 | Polyalkylaluminoxane compositions formed by non-hydrolytic means |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| HK1018419A1 true HK1018419A1 (en) | 1999-12-24 |
Family
ID=24306444
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| HK99103575A HK1018419A1 (en) | 1995-12-22 | 1999-08-17 | Polyalkylaluminoxane compositions formed by non-hydrolytic means |
Country Status (12)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US5831109A (ko) |
| EP (1) | EP0966322B1 (ko) |
| JP (1) | JP4112005B2 (ko) |
| KR (1) | KR100417968B1 (ko) |
| CN (1) | CN1093138C (ko) |
| AT (1) | ATE289868T1 (ko) |
| AU (1) | AU1421097A (ko) |
| DE (1) | DE69634424T2 (ko) |
| ES (1) | ES2238701T3 (ko) |
| HK (1) | HK1018419A1 (ko) |
| TW (1) | TW581768B (ko) |
| WO (1) | WO1997023288A1 (ko) |
Families Citing this family (40)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US6127302A (en) * | 1997-12-09 | 2000-10-03 | Union Carbide Chemicals & Plastics Technology Corporation | Unbridged monocyclopentadienyl metal complex catalyst and a process for polyolefin production |
| US5962362A (en) | 1997-12-09 | 1999-10-05 | Union Carbide Chemicals & Plastics Technology Corporation | Unbridged monocyclopentadienyl metal complex catalyst and a process for polyolefin production |
| US6159889A (en) * | 1997-12-09 | 2000-12-12 | Union Carbide Chemicals & Plastics Technology Corporation | Unbridged monocyclopentadienyl metal complex catalyst and a process for polyolefin production |
| US6015766A (en) * | 1997-12-18 | 2000-01-18 | Mobil Oil Corporation | Catalyst systems for olefin polymerization based on metallocene complexes and oligoalkylaluminates with sterically hindered alkyl groups as cocatalysts |
| US6153550A (en) * | 1997-12-18 | 2000-11-28 | Mobile Oil Corporation | Olefin polymerization catalyst based on metallocene complexes and perfluorinated oligoaryl derivatives of aluminates |
| US6013820A (en) * | 1998-03-18 | 2000-01-11 | Albemarle Corporation | Alkylaluminoxane compositions and their preparation |
| US6936306B1 (en) | 1998-03-30 | 2005-08-30 | William Marsh Rice University | Chemical control over ceramic porosity using carboxylate-alumoxanes |
| US6369183B1 (en) | 1998-08-13 | 2002-04-09 | Wm. Marsh Rice University | Methods and materials for fabrication of alumoxane polymers |
| US7220804B1 (en) * | 2000-10-13 | 2007-05-22 | Univation Technologies, Llc | Method for preparing a catalyst system and its use in a polymerization process |
| US6518445B1 (en) | 2000-12-15 | 2003-02-11 | Albemarle Corporation | Methylaluminoxane compositions, enriched solutions of such compositions, and the preparation thereof |
| CA2473934C (en) | 2002-01-24 | 2011-01-04 | William Marsh Rice University | Ferroxanes, membranes and ceramics made therefrom |
| EP1348722A1 (fr) * | 2002-03-25 | 2003-10-01 | SOLVAY POLYOLEFINS EUROPE - BELGIUM (Société Anonyme) | Procédé pour la polymérisation des alpha-oléfines |
| US6986943B1 (en) | 2002-06-12 | 2006-01-17 | Tda Research, Inc. | Surface modified particles by multi-step addition and process for the preparation thereof |
| US7244498B2 (en) | 2002-06-12 | 2007-07-17 | Tda Research, Inc. | Nanoparticles modified with multiple organic acids |
| US6933046B1 (en) | 2002-06-12 | 2005-08-23 | Tda Research, Inc. | Releasable corrosion inhibitor compositions |
| US6887517B1 (en) | 2002-06-12 | 2005-05-03 | Tda Research | Surface modified particles by multi-step Michael-type addition and process for the preparation thereof |
| US7193100B2 (en) * | 2003-12-31 | 2007-03-20 | Albemarle Corporation | Haloaluminoxane compositions, their preparation, and their use in catalysis |
| JP4476657B2 (ja) * | 2004-03-22 | 2010-06-09 | 東ソー・ファインケム株式会社 | ポリメチルアルミノキサン調製物、その製造方法、重合触媒およびオレフィン類の重合方法 |
| FR2917308B1 (fr) * | 2007-06-18 | 2009-12-04 | Centre Nat Rech Scient | Systeme catalytique, procede de fabrication et utilisation |
| CN102239187B (zh) | 2008-11-11 | 2014-04-30 | 东曹精细化工株式会社 | 固体状聚甲基铝氧烷组合物及其制造方法 |
| WO2011078923A1 (en) | 2009-12-23 | 2011-06-30 | Univation Technologies, Llc | Methods for producing catalyst systems |
| EP2570437B1 (en) | 2010-05-11 | 2018-07-04 | Tosoh Finechem Corporation | Solid support-polymethylaluminoxane complex, method for producing same, olefin polymerization catalyst, and method for producing polyolefin |
| CA2737713C (en) * | 2011-04-20 | 2018-10-30 | Nova Chemicals Corporation | Activation for oligomerization |
| CN103182156B (zh) * | 2011-12-28 | 2016-04-06 | 中国石油天然气股份有限公司 | 烷基铝生产过程中危险废弃物的回收处理方法 |
| KR102009005B1 (ko) | 2012-03-28 | 2019-10-23 | 토소 화인켐 가부시키가이샤 | 작은 입자 직경을 갖는 고체상 폴리메틸알루미녹산 조성물의 제조방법 |
| CN103539873A (zh) * | 2012-07-11 | 2014-01-29 | 苏州亚培克生物科技有限公司 | 固体活化剂体系及其制备方法 |
| RU2699786C2 (ru) | 2013-02-08 | 2019-09-11 | Митсуи Кемикалс, Инк. | Твёрдая полиалюмоксановая композиция, катализатор полимеризации олефинов, способ получения олефиновых полимеров и способ получения твёрдой полиалюмоксановой композиции |
| KR102311466B1 (ko) * | 2013-10-28 | 2021-10-12 | 누리온 케미칼즈 인터내셔널 비.브이. | 알킬알루미늄과 알릴 알코올의 반응에 의한 알루미녹산의 제조 방법 |
| US10323047B2 (en) | 2015-04-24 | 2019-06-18 | Akzo Nobel Chemicals International B.V. | Process to prepare aluminoxanes |
| JP6259549B1 (ja) * | 2016-04-05 | 2018-01-10 | 東ソー・ファインケム株式会社 | 固体状ｐｍａｏ組成物およびその製造方法 |
| JP6940939B2 (ja) * | 2016-09-21 | 2021-09-29 | 大日本印刷株式会社 | パターン形成方法及び凹凸構造体の製造方法 |
| SG11202001743RA (en) * | 2017-10-31 | 2020-05-28 | Exxonmobil Chemical Patents Inc | Toluene free silica supported single-site metallocene catalysts from in-situ supported alumoxane formation in aliphatic solvents |
| US11161922B2 (en) | 2017-10-31 | 2021-11-02 | Exxonmobil Chemical Patents Inc. | Toluene free silica supported single-site metallocene catalysts from in-situ supported MAO formation in aliphatic solvents |
| JP7216958B2 (ja) * | 2019-02-28 | 2023-02-02 | 国立大学法人広島大学 | 高純度固体アルミノキサン及びその製造方法 |
| WO2021066550A1 (ko) * | 2019-09-30 | 2021-04-08 | 주식회사 엘지화학 | 하이드록시기 함유 화합물을 이용한 폴리알킬알루미녹산 함유 용액의 정제방법 및 이를 이용한 촉매 조성물 |
| CN111662398A (zh) * | 2020-06-19 | 2020-09-15 | 上海东化环境工程有限公司 | 一种改性烷基铝氧烷、制备方法及用于聚烯烃聚合反应的催化剂 |
| EP4247821A1 (en) | 2020-11-23 | 2023-09-27 | ExxonMobil Chemical Patents Inc. | Non-hydrolytic preparation of smao and catalysts |
| WO2022108971A1 (en) | 2020-11-23 | 2022-05-27 | Exxonmobil Chemical Patents Inc. | Toluene free supported methylalumoxane precursor |
| US20240018278A1 (en) | 2020-11-23 | 2024-01-18 | ExxonMobil Technology and Engineering Company-Chem | Improved Process to Prepare Catalyst from In-Situ Formed Alumoxane |
| EP4247825A1 (en) | 2020-11-23 | 2023-09-27 | ExxonMobil Chemical Patents Inc. | Metallocene polypropylene prepared using aromatic solvent-free supports |
Family Cites Families (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE3240383A1 (de) * | 1982-11-02 | 1984-05-03 | Hoechst Ag, 6230 Frankfurt | Verfahren zur herstellung von oligomeren aluminoxanen |
| CA1304746C (en) * | 1987-08-31 | 1992-07-07 | The Dow Chemical Company | Preparation of polyhydrocarbylaluminoxanes |
| US5066631A (en) * | 1990-10-16 | 1991-11-19 | Ethyl Corporation | Hydrocarbon solutions of alkylaluminoxane compounds |
| US5235081A (en) * | 1992-03-18 | 1993-08-10 | Ethyl Corporation | Method of removing gel forming materials from methylaluminoxanes |
| JPH0730091B2 (ja) * | 1991-09-06 | 1995-04-05 | 東ソー・アクゾ株式会社 | アルミノキサン類の製造方法 |
| US5329032A (en) * | 1992-03-18 | 1994-07-12 | Akzo Chemicals Inc. | Polymethylaluminoxane of enhanced solution stability |
| US5728855A (en) * | 1995-10-19 | 1998-03-17 | Akzo Nobel Nv | Modified polyalkylaluminoxane composition formed using reagent containing carbon-oxygen double bond |
-
1995
- 1995-12-22 US US08/576,892 patent/US5831109A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1996
- 1996-12-18 CN CN96180050A patent/CN1093138C/zh not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1996-12-18 AT AT96944390T patent/ATE289868T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1996-12-18 AU AU14210/97A patent/AU1421097A/en not_active Abandoned
- 1996-12-18 KR KR10-1998-0704892A patent/KR100417968B1/ko not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1996-12-18 EP EP96944390A patent/EP0966322B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1996-12-18 ES ES96944390T patent/ES2238701T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1996-12-18 DE DE69634424T patent/DE69634424T2/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1996-12-18 JP JP52373997A patent/JP4112005B2/ja not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1996-12-18 WO PCT/US1996/019980 patent/WO1997023288A1/en active IP Right Grant
-
1997
- 1997-05-06 TW TW086106014A patent/TW581768B/zh not_active IP Right Cessation
-
1999
- 1999-08-17 HK HK99103575A patent/HK1018419A1/xx not_active IP Right Cessation
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| EP0966322B1 (en) | 2005-03-02 |
| DE69634424D1 (de) | 2005-04-07 |
| KR19990076769A (ko) | 1999-10-15 |
| DE69634424T2 (de) | 2006-05-11 |
| KR100417968B1 (ko) | 2004-03-19 |
| TW581768B (en) | 2004-04-01 |
| CN1093138C (zh) | 2002-10-23 |
| CN1209080A (zh) | 1999-02-24 |
| ATE289868T1 (de) | 2005-03-15 |
| JP4112005B2 (ja) | 2008-07-02 |
| ES2238701T3 (es) | 2005-09-01 |
| EP0966322A4 (en) | 2000-06-28 |
| EP0966322A1 (en) | 1999-12-29 |
| JP2000505785A (ja) | 2000-05-16 |
| WO1997023288A1 (en) | 1997-07-03 |
| US5831109A (en) | 1998-11-03 |
| AU1421097A (en) | 1997-07-17 |
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Effective date: 20061218 |