FR2866040A1 - Vertical prefabricated unit for building walls in housing construction, has insulating layer moving with respect to bearing structure and packaged plaster plate type fine coat, where unit is assembled by single pouring of concrete - Google Patents

Abstract

The unit has a bearing structure (37) in reinforced concrete, and for housing a trough (55), posts, a sealing joint (85), a chamfer (40), a groove (44) and a cavity. An insulating layer (38) is moved with respect to the structure and a packaged plaster plate type fine coat (39) to assure a baffle permitting air tightness. The unit is assembled by single pouring of concrete. An independent claim is also included for a method of fabricating units.

Description

2866040 1

  The present invention relates to a range of modular vertical prefabricated elements for the elevation of walls during the construction of housing in traditional so-called heavy materials and the manufacturing process of these elements.

  None of the current solutions in heavy materials makes it possible to cumulate a lower cost with a fast delay, a total customization, a top-of-the-range finish and excellent technical characteristics in term of thermal and acoustic insulation, durability and mechanical resistance .

  The prefabricated elements according to the invention make it possible to erect walls to build houses at lower cost, with aesthetic characteristics, thermal and acoustic insulation, solidity and compliance with unsurpassed seismic standards, with an extremely short delay , and a total freedom of form and style.

  The one-piece design of the elements of the invention and the method of manufacturing the elements make it possible to obtain a low manufacturing cost price by the use of inexpensive materials such as reinforced concrete, expanded polystyrene and gypsum board, in respective minimum quantities per wall surface and by limiting the number of intermediate handling.

  The main integrated functions in the elements of the invention make it possible to obtain a very low cost of raising the outer and inner load-bearing walls thanks to a low manufacturing cost of the elements and thanks to a very low implementation cost. obtained by the method of assembly of the elements and the reduced number of handling and transport.

  The complementary functions integrated into the elements of the invention make it possible to obtain a very low cost of construction of a dwelling, thanks to a very low cost of raising the walls and thanks to the cost of the electrical work. , plumbing, insulation, interior lining, interior and exterior finishes, installation of joinery and realization of openings very reduced by the very design of the elements of the range.

  The aforementioned features of the invention can significantly reduce the duration of masonry work, electricity, plumbing, insulation, interior lining, interior and exterior finishes, installation of joinery and making openings. In addition, there are no longer delays due to successive drying of adhesives, capping and 2866040 2 other mortars, since the elements are assembled by a single concrete pour. These reductions in drying times and drying times make it possible to considerably reduce the construction time and thus reduce the financial costs.

  Finally, the design of the elements and in particular the small total thickness of the insulated and finished walls make it possible to considerably improve the ratio between the outside surface, which can not be used but which consumes the surface area of the ground, the floor area, the slabs and the roof, and the interior, habitable, which also has the effect of lowering the cost of construction.

  The characteristics of reinforced thermal and acoustic insulation of the constructions made with the elements of the invention are obtained by the very composition of the elements as well as by their method of connection and integration in the construction. The elements allow insulation of the construction without thermal bridges.

  The characteristics of solidity and respect of the seismic standards of the constructions made with the elements of the invention are obtained thanks to the evolved forms of the structures of the elements which allow the economic realization of stiffening posts and horizontal chaining with important sections.

  To allow an infinity of combinations, the range of the invention consists of several modular prefabricated modular elements, which, by joining together, make it possible to perform virtually all types of construction plans. The range contains straight elements, corner elements and elements for openings such as windows and doors. The standardization of the elements of the range allows the creation of a library for the ordinary assisted design or the collage of labels representing the elements, in order to facilitate the design of the plans of the construction and its modifications. This ease of design reduces the study time and thus the cost of developing plans.

  Each element of the range has the following common characteristics: - The height of the element corresponds to the gross height between two slabs, between foundations and slab or between slab and roof, often of the order of 2.70 m, - Its total thickness close to 25 cm is composed of 3 main layers related (a hollow reinforced concrete supporting structure, a 2866040 3 thick thick expanded polystyrene type insulation, a thick plasterboard hardboard for interior finishing), - The nominal length of each element is multiple of the same length of the order of 60 cm, - At the high end, a channel U 'acts as formwork for the casting of the horizontal chain of reinforced concrete, - A l' inside the U-shape, the iron mesh reinforcing the supporting structure forms two closed loops to allow the attachment of the element during handling and maintenance with the juxtaposed element before the concrete pour, - At the low end, a groove serves as a guide for the positioning and alignment of elements on the slab or foundation during assembly on site.

  - The reinforced concrete outer layer can be made with a finish ready to paint or ready to coat, with a beveled surface on each edge to accommodate the joint material or to create an aesthetic groove.

  - The inner layer gypsum plasterboard or other is made with a finish ready to be jointed and painted, with a bevelled surface on each edge to accommodate the joint material. This layer contains markings and pre-cuts for the various built-in technical boxes such as sockets, switches, junction boxes, wall lights and water connections).

  - The junctions between the elements are performed after assembly on the site by sinking into a cavity, formed by the juxtaposition of two elements and sealed with a linear joint, a liquid concrete or by injecting an expandable material such as polyurethane foam , The insulation layer is pre-machined to hold reservations for electrical, plumbing and other electrical service ducts. Its maximum thickness close to 10 cm ensures excellent thermal and sound insulation, without any thermal bridge. It is a few centimeters shorter than the supporting structure so as to leave a small passage for the ducts at ground level, in the thickness of the insulation and the floor screed.

  - In the middle of each corner element, a cylindrical form acts as formwork for the casting of vertical reinforced concrete stiffening columns, with an opening at the connection with the U-shape for the horizontal chaining and with the low groove positioning.

  - The elements for openings contain suitable locations for joinery and rolling shutters. The thresholds or window sills as well as the embrasures are integral parts of the reinforced concrete support structure. The embedding of the joinery is designed to avoid thermal bridges, by eliminating the contacts between the supporting structure and the inner part of the frames, - The corner elements make it possible to produce free shapes with various internal and external angles. . They all include a vertical formwork for stiffening post.

  Most elements are realized with two other variants: - In hollow concrete, without insulation or doubling, in thickness close to 20 cm, for the external walls of the non-habitable parts (garage, basement, workshop) or outside (terrace, shelters, pool house). These elements are designed to ensure perfect continuity with insulated walls.

  - In hollow concrete with a small insulation and a doubling in plasterboard on both sides for the interior walls and load bearing, in thickness of 20 cm. The connection between these walls and the insulated walls is without thermal bridges.

  All the elements can be realized with different heights, following the types of constructions desired and also with upper cuts inclined according to the slopes of the roofs, for the realization of the possible pinions.

  The elements of the invention allow to erect a level of housing without any stacking, but only by juxtaposition. The elements are placed on a slab or a foundation with a dry mortar, and the technical ducts are embedded as and when they are assembled. The electrical and sanitary boxes are installed as and when laying elements and ducts, dry, without tools other than simple screwdriver, because the cuts are obtained by breaking the marked area of the top coat. When all the elements of the same level are laid, the round irons for the stiffening posts and for the horizontal chaining are judiciously laid according to the study of reinforced concrete. These round irons join the shorter round iron already waiting and which will be capped elements with formwork poles. The rigidity of the entire construction is obtained in a single pour of liquid concrete for filling the cavities obtained between all the elements after their assemblies, stiffening posts, and horizontal chaining. Prior to this casting, care should be taken to maintain all the elements vertically using force struts in each corner and straps around the perimeter. This unique casting can be combined with the pouring of the upper slab and possible sub-beams, if the construction comprises several floors. Until the house is out of water, a protective film covers the interior finishing layer, except when it is waterproofed. The mason no longer needs to handle thousands of rubble or brick with hundreds of mortar wheelbarrows. The plasterer no longer needs to handle, cut and glue the insulating panels and doubling walls to be limited to the realization of internal joints between the elements, and the corners of ceilings and crawling. The electrician and the plumber no longer need to bleed and bore holes in the walls, to insert ducts and boxes and to re-seal the bled, to limit themselves to value-added work with the design. of the circuit, the passage of wires or pipes in ducts, connections and connections and distributions.

  The accompanying drawings illustrate the invention; - Figure 1 shows in perspective with partial sections a right element of the present invention.

  - Figure 2a shows in section along a horizontal plane the right element of length close to 60 cm of the present invention.

  - Figure 2b shows in section along a horizontal plane the detail of a junction between two elements of the present invention.

  - Figure 3 shows in front views the right element 60 of the present invention.

  FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view of the straight element of the present invention; FIG. 5 is a sectional view along a horizontal plane of two other straight elements of double and single length of the present invention.

  - Figure 6 shows in section the corner elements of the range, with external and internal multiple angles of 22.5, a half-length on either side of the axis.

  - Figure 7 shows a section along a horizontal plane of the window elements and doors.

  - Figures 8a and 8b show in front view and in section along a vertical plane a window edge element.

  - Figures 9a and 9b show in front view and in section along a vertical plane a window middle element, in two parts.

  - Figures 10a and 10b show in front view and in section along a vertical plane a door block member, of double length.

  - Figures 11a and 11b show in section embodiments of embodiment 10 of the element.

  - Figures 12a, 12b and 13 are sectional elements for interior walls, insulated and with an interior finish on both sides.

  - Figure 14 shows in section several elements for interior walls, with a double length, with an angle of 90, for the junction with other elements, end.

  - Figures 15a to 15d and 16a to 16b show in section the method of manufacturing a right element, in the different stages.

  - Figures 17, 18, 19 and 20 represent the elements for external walls or non-insulated premises such as garage, shelter, ...

  - Figures 21 and 22 show an example of a construction plan made from the elements of the invention.

  - Figures 23 and 24 show in sections along a vertical plane an example of integration of the elements of the range with foundations, slabs, floors and roofs.

  In Figure 1, which shows a straight element (1) of length 60 cm and thickness 25 cm, there are three constituent layers (37, 38 and 39). The carrier structure (37) has a constant thickness of 3 to 4 cm and a normal thickness of 14 cm. With 4 uprights, the carrier structure (37) contains 3 recesses (46). All elements of the range have the same junction groove (44). FIGS. 1 and 2 show the detail of this junction groove (44), with a narrowing (70) of the recess (45) formed by the junction of two elements to ensure a definitive locking of the assembly after casting of the concrete . In these figures, it is noted that the insulating layer (38) is offset relative to the carrier structure (37) and the finishing layer (39), so as to ensure, during assembly a baffle ensuring the airtightness. The outgoing portion (42) will be housed in the re-entrant portion (43). At its reentrant portion (43), the insulation (38) contains a groove (49) along the entire length. This groove (49) is dimensioned to receive the electrical sheaths up to 3 cm in diameter in the direction of the height of the elements. After assembly, it is seen in Figure 2b that the groove (49) is completely closed. On the outer face of all the elements, side bearing structure (37), can be seen in Figures 1 and 2a at each edge a bevel (40). On the top layer (39), there is also at each edge a bevel (41). In Figure 2b, there is the outer joint (77), which may be made with a mortar or other material, but which will not be essential for sealing. It also distinguishes, as in Figures 1 and 2a, the linear seal (85) which allows the cavity (45) constituted by the assembly of 2 modules to be sealed. This seal is not essential, but it keeps the facade clean during casting. In Figure 2b, there is also the internal joint (76) for finishing smoothing.

  In Figures 1, 2a, 3 and 4, there are different reservations. The electrical embedding boxes are all located on the edge of the machining for the sheath (49), with a machining of the insulation (38) and a marking of the topcoat (39). Figures 1, 3 and 4, there are the position in height and face of the electrical connection boxes (54), switches (48) and outlets (50). The cutout (54) is provided for 3 types of commercial boxes (diameter 6.5 cm, 8.5 cm and 12 x 12 cm square). The cutout (48) is provided for a standard double vertical commercial box diameter 6.5 cm. The cutout (50) is provided for a horizontal double standard box diameter 6.5 cm. Figures 1, 3 and 4 also distinguish the sanitary reservations composed of a hot water inlet (52), a cold water inlet (51) and a wastewater outlet (53). ). Arrivals (51) and (52) are 15 cm apart. The machining is done to accommodate a standard output for PE pipe and connection. The machining (53), located lower and in the middle of the arrivals (51) and (52) is made to accommodate a bend and a PVC tube wastewater. The cutouts (50), (51), (52), (53) and (54) are made only on the face in contact with the insulation (38) of the finishing layer (39), at a corresponding depth at half the thickness of the layer (39), so as to allow their openings by simple breakage and to remain invisible when they are not used.

  In Figures 1 and 4, there is a bottom clearance (57) for receiving the ducts and pipes in the direction of the length of the elements.

  In these same Figures 1 and 4, there is a top U channel (55) designed to receive a horizontal chain with a large section. Therefore, at this level the carrier structure (37) is widened (86) gradually, and the insulation (38) is reduced accordingly. But there is still enough insulation to remove the thermal bridge at this location. At the bottom of Figure 4, there is a small inverted U-shaped groove (56), which will be used to align the elements together during installation. To do this, it suffices to insert in the support (slab or foundation), a guide (118) shown in Figures 23 and 24 of opposite form. To improve the stability during the installation of the element, there is shown in Figure 1 at the bottom of the element an enlargement (71). To enable the handling of the element, in FIG. 1, two hooking loops (74) made at the ends of the welded mesh blades (72) can be distinguished by means of a single loop inside the cavity (55). whose two ends are sealed in the concrete of the supporting structure (37). In this Figure 1, we note that the junction of the chute (55) and grooves (44) is open, so as to allow the filling of the recess (45) formed by the two grooves (44) of two juxtaposed elements and also to secure the whole. It is the same at the posts (47) visible in Figure 5.

  In Figure 5, there are two straight elements (2) and (3). The element (2) is distinguished by a double length, but with a continuity of aesthetics with the presence of a false joint consisting of two bevels (40) or any similar cavity. The element (3) is distinguished by the presence, in its supporting structure (37) of a formwork for vertical stiffening post (47), of significant section, with an extra thickness in the middle of the supporting structure (92) and a reduction in thickness at the level of the insulation (38), still without creating a thermal bridge.

  In Figure 6, there are outgoing corner elements at 90 (4), 45 (5), 67.5 (6) and 22.5 (7). There are also angles at 90 (8), 45 (9), 67.5 (10) and 22.5 (11). Other angles are not represented. All these elements have a formwork for vertical stiffener post 2866040 9 (47), of the same section and located at the axis. They are all composed of two identical edges, half a length in relation to the axis. They have the same characteristics as the element (3) of FIG.

  In Figure 7, there are several elements for the openings. The element (17) represents an outer gate block element. This element contains a rebate (59) for an entrance door or service frame, with the presence of insulation (37) on the periphery of the frame (78) to eliminate the thermal bridge. The support structure (37) of this element incorporates in the mass a frame (64) in excess, with the outer finish of the recess (60) and the threshold (66).

  As for all the other elements of the range, the element (17) has the same general characteristics as the element (1). In this same figure, there are also right window elements (16) and (13), central (14) and left (15) and (12). On these elements we distinguish the integrated window support (65), the frame (64) and the embrasure (60). As for the element (17), there are the rabbet (58) for a window frame, and the insulation on the periphery (77). With right and left elements of several widths and one or more central elements (14), a multitude of window dimensions can be obtained. The right, left and central elements are made with different heights of support or threshold, but always the same height of lintel.

  In Figure 8a, there is a front view of a right window element (15) with its support (65), its frame (64) and its lintel (63). In FIG. 8b, the three layers (carrier structure (37), insulator (38) and finishing layer (39) are divided into sections.The supporting structure (37) of the element (15) integrates on its upper part with the inside of its lintel (63) with an external and internal extra thickness a volume (62) intended to receive a roller shutter.This volume (62) is closed by an insulating sub-face presented in detail in FIG. In this figure 8b, there is also a groove (61) integrated in the two lateral faces of the window panel, and intended to receive a slideway for guiding and holding the shutter (84).

  Figures 9a and 9b show the same views for the central window element (14). The connection of the elements (15), (14) and (16) will be done in the factory or on site, after shoring the element (14). The holding of the whole is obtained with the casting of the horizontal chaining. It will simply reinforce the reinforcement at the lintel in the formwork (55).

  In FIG. 9c, the underside (82) of the trunk (62) of the shutter (84), which incorporates the screen (83), is enlarged in detail. On this detail, at the bottom of the lintel (63), there is a clearance in half-cylinder (81) serving as a drop of water, so as to prevent the water, during rain, from sliding towards the underside (82). ).

  FIGS. 10a and 10b show a front view and a vertical section of the door element (17), and in particular the reservations in the supporting structure (37) for an external electric box (79) for the doorbell and a another for a lamp (80). In Figure 10b, it is distinguished, in particular, that the door member (17) does not contain a rolling shutter box.

  In Figures 11a, there is a variant of straight element, with an open bearing structure (37) with 4 uprights (75), an insulator (38) and a topcoat (39).

  In FIG. 1 lb, there is a variant of straight element with formwork of stiffening post (47).

  In Figure 12a, there is a variant of straight element for inner load-bearing walls (32). These elements have a symmetrical and central carrier structure (37). On either side of this structure, there is a small thickness of insulation (38) nevertheless very sufficient for the insulation between heated rooms, and providing excellent acoustic insulation. The two insulating layers (38) are covered with a finishing layer (39), with the edges and markings identical to the other elements. The reservations for the ducts (49) and the boxes (48) are identical. On the other hand, these elements for interior walls are all identical, from one face to the other.

  In Figure 12b, there is a straight member for interior walls (33) with formwork for stiffening post (47). In this case, the extra thickness (98) causes the removal of the insulation at the post (47), which is not a problem for an interior wall.

  In Figure 13, there is a vertical section of the element (32), with the formwork of the horizontal chaining (55), the reservations on both sides for the recess boxes (54) and the sheaths (49) and (57). ).

  In Figures 15 to 15 d, there are different steps of the method of manufacturing a right element (1). In Figure 15a, there is a mold open in 3 parts. A base base (69), a right side (88) and a left side (87). Initially, the finished face of the finishing layer (39) is previously marked and machined at the bottom of the footprint of the base (69). The glue (39 ') is applied to the back of the layer (39). Then we put the insulation (38) previously machined. The mold is closed by bringing the two sides (88) and (87) against the insulation (38). We lock the whole. In Figure 15b, there is the closed mold, with the inside of the finishing layer (39), the glue (39 ') and the insulation (38). The preformed welded mesh (73) is then deposited in the mold. Then pour in the right amount of liquid concrete (68). Immediately after the filling and before the start of the setting of the concrete, the reinforced concrete half-structure (67) is placed in the mold. This half structure (67) will have been molded independently and in a traditional manner. The maintaining in good position of the half-structure (67) with respect to the finishing layer (39) is obtained thanks to the two stops (91) present on both sides (87) and (88). Figure 15c shows the mold in its drying phase. In Figure 15d, there is the demolding operation, after opening the sides (87) and (88). The cast concrete (68) will have adhered to the insulation while forming, with the half-structure (67), a one-piece, hollow structure (37). Figure 16a shows the upper (89) and lower (90) portions of the mold. These parts make it possible to make the particular shapes at the top and bottom of the elements. In Figure 16b, there is a top view of the mold in its entirety, with the base base (69) the sides (88) and (87) the bottom (90) and the top (89). By changing the positions of the high and low parts (89) and (90), elements with other heights can be easily made without modifying the mold components. With this manufacturing process, the mold remains dry at the bottom and demolding is extremely easy.

  In Figure 15b, there is, within the half-structure (67) welded mesh (72), the ends (99) overflow. Thus, these ends (99) may, if necessary for an even more solid manufacturing variant, for buildings of high heights, for example, be previously welded to the lattice (73) of the other half-structure. For variants of non-insulated exterior walls or load-bearing interior walls, the manufacturing process is similar, with or without gypsum boards or insulation at different stages.

  In the construction variant with the reinforced concrete structure according to FIG. 11a or 11b, the manufacturing method is of the traditional type, with a single mold for producing the structure. In FIG. 17, various right-hand elements are distinguished. single (18), double (19), end (28) connection (29) and pillar (30) for the elevation of uninsulated outer walls, such as garage or basement. These elements are only composed of their carrier structure (37), with reservations for the connection boxes (48) and for the ducts (49). The reservations are obtained by inserting, in the mold, pieces of polystyrene or similar rigid foam easy to cut in the appropriate places. The element (17) of double length contains in its middle bevels (40). Their width close to 20 cm allows to have in all these elements for non-insulated walls a volume (46) of large and sufficient hollow to allow the casting of stiffening posts (47). In Figure 18, it is noted in vertical section the element (18) with its formwork for the horizontal chaining (55) and the reservoirs of recess boxes (54), (48) and (50) and sheaths (49). ). In Figure 19, there are corner elements of these uninsulated outer walls. Corner elements at 90 (20), 45 (22), 67.5 (21) and 22.5 (23) are distinguished. The other angles are not represented. All these elements have a formwork for vertical stiffening post (47), of the same section and located at the axis. They are all composed of two identical edges, half a length in relation to the axis. They have the same characteristics as the element (18) of Figure 17. In Figure 20, there are the garage door element (26) with frame (64) and embrasure (60) finished, and an element service door (27) and two examples of window elements (24) and (25).

  In Figure 21, there is a ground floor plan, with a non-insulated area consisting of a garage (93) and a storeroom (94) and a heated insulated area (95). The exterior walls of the garage and storeroom are made with elements (18), (19), (20), (24), (26) and (29). The outer walls of the heated portion (95) are made of elements (1), (2), (3), (4), (5), (8), (12), (13), (14) , (15), (16) and (17). The awning of the entrance is made with two column elements (30). The interior bearing walls are made with the elements (31), (32), (34) and (35).

  To support the floor, there are sub-beams (96) which are supported on stiffening posts elements (5), (3) and (4).

  In Figure 22, there is a floor plan that can be built on the ground floor of Figure 21. It distinguishes a heated volume (97) and a terrace (98). It distinguishes all the elements mentioned in FIG. 21, with a different result 2866040 13. With the two figures 21 and 22, we distinguish the simplicity of general design. It is left total freedom for light interior partitions. Those skilled in the art will notice, in these two figures, the scope of the invention in terms of modularity.

  In Figure 23, there is a vertical section of a facade of a two-level house composed of elements of the invention (1). The construction is made from a foundation plate (112) on which can be inserted before taking a riser (11) rubble rubble. After filling the rubble with concrete, insert the positioning and alignment bars (118). There is a traditional floor in girder and hourdi (101) with peripheral fine rubble (103) and thin insulation (105). Under this floor, a ceiling insulation (104) behind a finishing layer (39) ensures, with the insulation (38) under the floor screed (100) an insulation without thermal bridges at this slab. On the floor of the ground floor, the insulation (38) under the yoke (100) and on the pavement (110) also ensures the absence of thermal bridge, especially at the junction (116). Under the roof, a 20 cm thick glass wool insulation (104) placed between the traditional framework or the trusses (108) and the finishing layer (39) also ensures perfect thermal insulation without thermal bridges. In this figure, there is shown an example of an overflow genoise roof (106).

  In Figure 24, there is a similar section of facade, but with a high basement from walled concrete walls (109), which could have been raised with elements (18) to (30) of the range presented on the board 6/8. In this figure we can see a light wooden beam floor (102) resting on the sub-beams (39) on one side and on planks (not shown) on the outside walls. The floor surface is made of wood blade (103), and the underside can be smoothened and united with a finishing layer (39). This floor principle has excellent thermal characteristics, without thermal bridge at the junction (117) and is very economical. In this case, the elements (1) are superimposed directly, after inserting the positioning bars (118) in the horizontal chaining directly after the casting. Those skilled in the art will notice, in these two other figures, the advanced characteristics of the thermal and sound insulation of the invention.

Claims (10)

  1) Standard prefabricated elements (1), vertical and modular for the elevation of walls in housing constructions characterized in that they comprise 5 3 successive solid layers: a hollow supporting structure (37) of reinforced concrete and making office formwork for the horizontal chaining (55), the stiffening posts (47) and the sealed connection (85) and final connection (40, 44 and 45) of the elements between them and having an alignment groove (56) during laying a thick rigid insulating layer (38) offset (42 and 43) with respect to the carrier structure (37) and the finishing layer (39) to provide a baffle for airtightness, and a layer (39) of fine gypsum board type or other type for interior finishing.   2) Elements according to claim 1 characterized in that the various elements (2 to 17) form a complete range and they all have identical nominal dimensions in height and thickness, and identical, complementary or multiple in length, and that they have the 2 identical junction edges.   3)) Elements according to any one of claims 1 and 2 characterized in that some elements have shapes for the realization of all types of angles (4 to 11).   4) Elements according to any one of the preceding claims characterized in that certain elements of the range have openings for the doors or windows (12 to 17) and they comprise: isolated rabbets (77) and (78) ) to receive and maintain the frame frames (58 and 59), a lintel integrated into the supporting structure (37) with an over-thickness (63) in which there is a recess (62) for receiving shutters (84); ), and an insulating underface (82) with a housing for a roll screen (83), a board (60) with a groove (61) for the guide profile of the shutter a frame of the board (63 and 64). ), the window sills (65) or the door sills (66) integrated in the supporting structure (37), always with a layer of insulation (38) between the outer part of the supporting structure (37) thus completed and the inner finishing layer (39).   5) Elements according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the insulation layer (38) is machined to house the built-in electrical boxes (48, 50 and 54), the sanitary connections (51, 52 and 53) and the sleeves (49 and 57) and that the finishing layer (39) is marked and pre-cut to allow the finishing layer to be cut in the contour of the electric boxes (48, 50 and 54) and the sanitary connections (51, 52 and 53) used.   6) Elements according to any preceding claim characterized in that the carrier structure (37) has an exterior finish with, over the entire height of the two edges and at its center for the elements of double length (2), a shrinkage of any shape (40) so as to form, after assembly, an aesthetic groove or to perform, by filling this groove, a smooth seal (77) to the mortar or other material.   7) Elements according to any one of the preceding claims characterized in that the finishing layer (39) has a recess (41) over the entire height of the two edges of the inner face, so as to form, after assembly, a groove to perform, by filling, the internal joint (75) for finishing smoothing.   8) Elements according to any one of the preceding claims characterized in that they comprise a fastening system that can be achieved with the welded mesh (72) of the carrier structure (37) projecting into the cavity intended for horizontal chaining (55). ) so as to form two closed loops (74) for handling and for temporary connection with the juxtaposed elements before pouring concrete.   9) Elements according to any preceding claim characterized in that their total thickness is close to 25 cm with a thickness of insulation (37) close to 10 cm and that their total height is equal to the height of the level of l dwelling.   10) A method of manufacturing elements according to any one of the preceding claims characterized by the following steps: * prior molding of an open half-structure of reinforced concrete (67) with a welded mesh (72) * deposited in a mold ( 69) open of the finishing layer (39) previously pre-cut, facing to decorate at the bottom * gluing (39 ') of the finishing layer * depositing the insulation (38) previously machined, at the bottom of the mold, on the finishing layer (39) glued (39 ') * closing and locking the mold by moving the sides (87) and (88) and the upper and lower parts (89) and (90) * removes the second welded mesh (73) ) pre-formed * filling in the mold the right amount of liquid concrete (68) * depositing the open half-structure (67) in the mold, as a reference against stops (91), before setting the concrete (68) After drying the concrete, the element (1) thus produced is demolded easily after opening. opening of the mold and immediately ready for use.