EP3168379B1 - Air tight exterior wall for the construction of thermally passive buildings - Google Patents

Description

The invention relates to an airtight outer wall for the construction of thermally passive buildings comprising the features of claim 1. The construction of timber frame buildings is increasingly used, but by implementing sections of walls , industrially prepared in the workshop and which, on the site, can be moved and positioned with the help of expensive lifting means. The document FR 2 994 577 A1 discloses an outer wall of buildings comprising the features of the preamble of claim 1.

A first object of the invention is to provide elements and components easily manipulated by an editor, to eliminate all recourse to lifting means, expensive and slowing down the construction.

Furthermore, in any wood frame construction, to reduce heat exchange of the building built with the outside, it is known to double the outer walls by insulating layers that are reported from the outside or the inside, sometimes by providing an air gap between the structural wall and its insulation facing.

In practice, and with the best of intentions to obtain a good coefficient of insulation by the walls, it is frequent that the professionals finishing the construction, for example by laying electricity, networks of various fluids, sanitary, heating and air conditioning, or by providing the installation of finishing facings, use fastening means placing the structural walls in communication with the walls of insulation or facing. This has the disadvantages of breaking the airtightness, creating dew points in the insulation and creating thermal bridges that promote heat losses and reduce the gains made by the construction.

Moreover, when there is a space between the walls to improve the insulation, it is common that this space is put to advantage by the trades following the construction to set up electrical and fluidic conductors, thus creating thermal bridges that not only deflect the function of space, but oppose its isolation function.

Another object of the invention is therefore to remedy this diversion of use in providing a building kit integrating into its walls, and from the outset, the networks whose subsequent installation is at the origin of the insulation defects .

A final object of the invention is to define the plan and the exact positioning of the wet and dry networks and to facilitate subsequent interventions without having to proceed with the destruction of the walls.

To this end, it is described a kit of composite elements and wood frame for the construction of thermally passive buildings, comprising at least one wall P1, insulating and wood frame, formed by airtight assembly of components whose dimensions and weight allow their carriage by a man, said wall being disposed without contact and at a distance of about 20 millimeters from another wall P2, internal or external, existing or formed by assembly of wood frame components containing the fluidic networks, these two walls delimiting between them a still air space surrounding the building, including in its areas with doors, French windows and windows.

This kit thus makes it possible to create an airtight, structural and normally external wall associated with another wall, generally an inner wall, with which it delimits an air space that not only goes around the building without thermal bridges with the other wall, but, in addition, is not likely to be stopped, since the fluidic and electrical networks are already provided in one of the walls and can not be cause of obstruction.

The manu-portable character of the components increases the commercial outlet of the kit and allows its use by individual manufacturers.

This low mass advantage is also favorable for the reconstruction of premises in which the airtight wall P1 is doubling an existing wall.

• pour la formation de plancher et plafond, a) des poutres périphériques de chainage assemblées par des pièces de connexions à des solives en délimitant des travées de pas constants, et b) des caissons isolants, encastrés dans ces travées et fixés avec étanchéité aux poutres et solives,
• pour la réalisation de parois extérieures P1, c) des panneaux structurant, isolants et rectangulaires, et d) des poteaux extérieurs d'angle, positionnés et liés les uns par rapport aux autres par pénétration de tenons, formés sur au moins deux cotés perpendiculaires, dans des mortaises ménagées sur les cotés en vis-à-vis des autres éléments, cette pénétration assurant, dans les liaisons verticales, la compression de joints d'étanchéité sous des efforts d'interpénétration générés par des connecteurs fixés sur les champs verticaux,
• pour la réalisation de parois intérieures P2, e) des panneaux intérieurs rectangulaires et f) des poteaux intérieurs d'angle, positionnés et liés latéralement entre eux par pénétration de tenons et mortaises ménagées verticalement sur leurs deux champs, ces panneaux intérieurs étant traversés d'un bord latéral à l'autre par des canaux, conduits ou gaines de réception des réseaux fluidiques, électriques, de chauffage et/ou de climatisation, chaque réseau étant équipés de moyens de raccordement étanche ou de connexion avec ceux des panneaux juxtaposés ;
• et des ferrures de butée, respectivement basses et hautes, fixables au plafond et au plancher, pour former entre les deux parois un espace K de valeur constante.

In one embodiment, the kit comprises

• for the formation of floor and ceiling, a) peripheral chaining beams assembled by connecting pieces to joists by delimiting spans of constant steps, and b) insulating caissons, embedded in these spans and fixed to the beams and joists,
• for the production of external walls P1, c) structuring, insulating and rectangular panels, and d) external corner posts, positioned and connected to each other by tenon penetration, formed on at least two perpendicular sides, in mortises formed on the sides vis-à-vis the other elements, this penetration ensuring, in the connections vertical, the compression of seals under interpenetration forces generated by connectors fixed on the vertical fields,
• for the production of interior walls P2, e) rectangular interior panels and f) interior corner posts, positioned and linked laterally to each other by penetration of tenons and mortises vertically arranged on their two fields, these interior panels being traversed by a lateral edge to the other by channels, ducts or ducts receiving fluidic, electrical, heating and / or air conditioning, each network being equipped with sealing connection means or connection with those juxtaposed panels;
• and abutment fittings, respectively low and high, fixable to the ceiling and the floor, to form between the two walls a K space of constant value.

This arrangement makes it possible to industrialize the manufacture of the components of the kit and to facilitate its implementation. In particular and thanks to the fact that the networks are connectable manually between two juxtaposed panels, the use of professionals to install the networks remains limited to the verification of the installation and the connections to the networks. This reduces finishing times and costs.

• un connecteur pour mortaise ayant une section transversale en U apte à être inséré et fixé par son âme dans le fond de la mortaise longitudinale d'un panneau, ce connecteur comportant un axe transversal parallèle à son âme, reliant ses ailes et disposé à distance de son âme,
• et un connecteur pour tenon en forme de U, apte à être inséré dans une découpe localisée du tenon longitudinal d'un panneau, et dont les ailes, aptes à pénétrer entre les ailes du connecteur de mortaise, présentent des lumières débouchantes inclinées vers le bas, aptes à venir s'accrocher sur l'axe du connecteur de mortaise du panneau juxtaposé, pour générer un effort de rapprochement du tenon dans la mortaise, assurant la compression d'un joint d'étanchéité à l'air disposé au fond de cette mortaise.

Advantageously, the standard connectors providing the connection between outer panels comprise two complementary elements, namely:

• a mortise connector having a U-shaped cross section adapted to be inserted and fixed by its core in the bottom of the longitudinal mortise of a panel, this connector having a transverse axis parallel to its core, connecting its wings and disposed at a distance from his soul,
• and a U-shaped stud connector, adapted to be inserted into a localized cutout of the longitudinal tenon of a panel, and whose wings, which are able to penetrate between the wings of the mortise connector, have downwardly sloping downward lumens , able to hang on the axis of the mortise connector of the juxtaposed panel, to generate a force of approaching the post in the mortise, ensuring the compression of an air seal arranged at the bottom of this mortise.

This arrangement ensures the airtightness of the junction between two outer panels, from their assembly, while allowing their subsequent disassembly, without having to perform destructive maneuvers.

According to another characteristic of the invention, the wings of each of the stop fittings have unequal widths, the wing intended to come in the gap K between the outer wall P1 and the inner wall P2, having a width allowing it to come into contact against the outer panel to ensure the transverse and vertical positioning of the inner panel.

This arrangement ensures the existence of a constant value range between the walls, even with unprepared fitters.

• un avant dernier panneau, présentant verticalement, d'un coté, un tenon ou mortaise, avec connecteurs standards, et, de l'autre coté, une face d'appui avec un épaulement extérieur, portant un connecteur spécial,
• un dernier panneau, présentant, verticalement et de chaque coté, une face d'appui avec un épaulement intérieur, ces deux épaulements portant des connecteurs spéciaux complémentaires de ceux portés par l'avant dernier panneau et par le poteau.

Advantageously, it also comprises special components to ensure the connection with clamping of the outer panels at the beginning or end of laying on a special post waiting, having a bearing surface and an outer shoulder, namely:

• a penultimate panel, presenting vertically, on one side, a tenon or mortise, with standard connectors, and, on the other side, a bearing surface with an external shoulder, carrying a special connector,
• a final panel, having, vertically and on each side, a bearing face with an inner shoulder, these two shoulders bearing special connectors complementary to those worn by the penultimate panel and the post.

• Figure 1 est une vue en perspective montrant une partie des composants assemblés pour former un angle rentrant et un angle sortant dans un bâtiment à deux niveaux avec terrasse,
• Figures 2 et 3 sont des vues en perspective de deux connecteurs pour l'assemblage des composants du plancher,
• Figure 4 est une vue partielle en perspective montrant l'usage des connecteurs de figures 2 et 3,
• Figures 5 et 6 sont des vues en perspective des connecteurs courants, respectivement pour mortaise et pour tenon, assurant l'assemblage des panneaux extérieurs, avec compression de joint,
• Figure 7 est une vue partielle montrant en perspective le début de la construction des planchers et de l'ossature à partir des pièces du kit,
• Figures 8 et 9 sont des vues partielles en perspective des champs des panneaux extérieurs montrant l'implantation des connecteurs des figures 5 et 6,
• Figure 10 est une vue partielle en perspective illustrant le mode d'assemblage des connecteurs,
• Figure 11 est une vue en coupe verticale d'un bâtiment construit avec les composants du kit,
• Figures 12 à 14 sont des vues en coupe des planchers selon XII-XII, XIII-XIII et XIV-XIV de figure 11,
• Figure 15 est un vue partielle et éclatée en coupe horizontale des parois dans un angle rentrant,
• Figure 16 est un vue partielle éclatée en coupe horizontale des éléments de parois spéciaux pour le départ et la fin de la pose des composants de parois dans un angle rentrant,
• Figures 17 à 20 sont des vues en perspective, respectivement, d'un panneau plein extérieur, d'un panneau de porte extérieur, d'un panneau plein intérieur et d'un panneau de porte intérieur,
• Figures 21 à 24 sont des vues en perspective éclatée montrant les composants, respectivement, d'un panneau plein extérieur, d'un panneau de porte extérieur, d'un panneau plein intérieur et d'un panneau de porte intérieur, selon les figures 17 à 20 ,
• Figures 25a et 25b sont des vues en perspective de poteaux extérieurs, respectivement pour angle rentrant et pour angle saillant,
• Figures 26 et 27 sont des vues en perspective d'un poteau d'angle intérieur, respectivement à l'état monté et à l'état démonté,
• Figures 28 et 29 sont des vues en perspective des connecteurs d'extrémités assurant la liaison des panneaux spéciaux en début et fin de pose,
• Figure 30 est une vue en perspective illustrant la liaison par accrochage des connecteurs d'extrémités selon les figures 28 et 29,
• Figure 31 est une vue en perspective éclatée des composants pour la construction de l'acrotère du bâtiment,
• Figures 32 et 33 sont des vues en perspective éclatée des panneaux de début et de fin de pose, respectivement, extérieurs et intérieurs, sur les poteaux spéciaux, avec les connecteurs d'extrémité,
• Figure 34 est une vue partielle en coupe montrant à échelle agrandie l'orientation des connecteurs spéciaux sur les épaulements de l'avant-dernier et du dernier panneau, s'appliquant aux panneaux extérieurs et intérieurs,
• Figure 35 est une vue en perspective d'un poteau intérieur standard pour angle rentrant.

Other features and advantages will become apparent from the claims and the description which follows, given with reference to the attached schematic drawing, showing an embodiment of the kit according to the invention.

• Figure 1 is a perspective view showing a portion of the components assembled to form a re-entrant angle and an outgoing angle in a two-storey terrace building,
• Figures 2 and 3 are perspective views of two connectors for assembling floor components,
• Figure 4 is a partial perspective view showing the use of Figures 2 and 3 ,
• Figures 5 and 6 are perspective views of the current connectors, respectively for mortise and tenon, assuring the assembly of the outer panels, with compression of joint,
• Figure 7 is a partial view showing in perspective the beginning of the construction of the floors and the frame from the parts of the kit,
• Figures 8 and 9 are partial perspective views of the outer panel fields showing the location of the connectors of the Figures 5 and 6 ,
• Figure 10 is a partial perspective view illustrating the connector assembly mode,
• Figure 11 is a vertical sectional view of a building constructed with the kit components,
• Figures 12 to 14 are sectional views of the floors according to XII-XII, XIII-XIII and XIV-XIV of figure 11 ,
• Figure 15 is a partial and exploded view in horizontal section of the walls in a reentrant angle,
• Figure 16 is an exploded partial view in horizontal section of the special wall elements for the departure and the end of the laying of the wall components in a re-entrant angle,
• Figures 17 to 20 are perspective views, respectively, of a solid exterior panel, an exterior door panel, a solid interior panel and an interior door panel,
• Figures 21 to 24 are exploded perspective views showing the components, respectively, of a solid exterior panel, an exterior door panel, a solid interior panel, and an interior door panel, according to the Figures 17 to 20 ,
• Figures 25a and 25b are perspective views of outer columns, respectively for re-entrant angle and for salient angle,
• Figures 26 and 27 are perspective views of an inner corner post, respectively in the assembled state and in the disassembled state,
• Figures 28 and 29 are perspective views of the end connectors providing the connection of the special panels at the beginning and the end of the laying,
• Figure 30 is a perspective view illustrating the connection by hooking of the end connectors according to the Figures 28 and 29 ,
• Figure 31 is an exploded perspective view of the components for the construction of the acroterium of the building,
• Figures 32 and 33 are exploded perspective views of the beginning and end panels, respectively, exterior and interior, on the special columns, with the end connectors,
• Figure 34 is a partial sectional view showing on an enlarged scale the orientation of the special connectors on the shoulders of the penultimate and the last panel, applying to the outer and inner panels,
• Figure 35 is a perspective view of a standard interior pole for re-entrant angle.

• des poutres de chainage 1, des longrines de refend 2, des solives 3, des pièces de fixation 4 et 5, et des caissons 6 pour la formation de planchers bas N0, de niveau 1 N1 et de terrasse NT, (montrés figures 1 à 16),
• des panneaux extérieurs, pleins 7, et 8 pour porte fenêtre ou fenêtre, (figures 11, 15 et 16),
• des panneaux intérieurs pleins 9 et 10 pour porte fenêtre et fenêtre, (visibles figures 19 et 20),
• des poteaux extérieurs 12b, pour angle saillant, (figure 25b), et des poteaux extérieurs 12a pour angle rentrant,
• des poteaux intérieurs 13b pour angle saillant (figure 26) et des poteaux intérieurs 13a pour angle rentrant, (figure 35),
• des panneaux bas 14 et poteaux bas 15 pour acrotère, (Figures 1, 7 et 31)
• des connecteurs courants, respectivement, 16 pour mortaise et 17 pour tenons (figures 5 et 6),
• des connecteurs spéciaux 18 et 19 pour connexion de panneaux spéciaux en début et fin de pose (figures 28, 29 et 30),
• des panneaux spéciaux de début et de fin de pose, respectivement, extérieurs 22 et 23 (figure 32) et intérieurs 24 et 25, (figure 33),
• des poteaux de début et de fin de pose, respectivement 26 pour panneaux spéciaux extérieurs 22 et 23, et 27 pour panneaux spéciaux intérieurs 24 et 25,
• un profilé 28 en T à ailes inégales pour positionnement au sol des panneaux intérieurs et un profilé 29 en T retourné à ailes inégales, pour positionnement au plafond des mêmes panneaux intérieurs 9, 10, 24 et 25, (figures 11 et 23).

In general, to form a building the kit includes:

• chaining beams 1, slats 2, joists 3, fasteners 4 and 5, and boxes 6 for the formation of low floors N0, level 1 N1 and terrace NT, (shown in FIG. Figures 1 to 16 )
• outer panels, solid 7, and 8 for door window or window, ( figures 11 , 15 and 16 )
• solid interior panels 9 and 10 for window and window doors, (visible Figures 19 and 20 )
• outer posts 12b, for projecting angle, ( figure 25b ), and outer posts 12a for re-entrant angle,
• inner posts 13b for salient angle ( figure 26 ) and interior posts 13a for a re-entrant angle, ( figure 35 )
• low panels 14 and low columns 15 for acroterium, ( Figures 1 , 7 and 31 )
• current connectors, respectively, 16 for mortise and 17 for tenons ( Figures 5 and 6 )
• special connectors 18 and 19 for connection of special panels at the beginning and end of installation ( Figures 28, 29 and 30 )
• special panels of beginning and end of laying, respectively, outside 22 and 23 ( figure 32 ) and interiors 24 and 25, ( figure 33 )
• posts for beginning and end of laying, respectively 26 for exterior special panels 22 and 23, and 27 for interior special panels 24 and 25,
• an unequal-wing T-profile 28 for floor positioning of the interior panels and an inverted-flange T-shaped profile 29 for ceiling positioning of the same interior panels 9, 10, 24 and 25, ( figures 11 and 23 ).

This non-exhaustive inventory is completed by the detailed description of each component in the case of its application to the construction of a building with a terrace floor. As shown by figures 1 , 4 and 7 , the chaining beams 1 rest on either studs 30 via fasteners 4 or on a base, not shown. The figure 2 shows that each piece 4 is constituted by a folded metal sheet U to receive the beam 1. It also has in one of its wings a central opening 4a bordered by fins 4b adapted to receive a sill 2. Its soul 4c is secured to a vertical rod 4d by which it is fixed on a stud 30.

The joists 3 are fixed on the beams 1 and 2 by a piece 5 which, as shown in FIG. figure 5 , is formed by metal sheet folded in L forming a vertical core 5a, a lower bracket 5b and two lateral wings 5c reinforcement.

The connection of each of these parts 4 and 5 with the wooden components 1, 2 and 3 is provided by screws 11 passing through holes in these parts.

The parts 5 are spaced with a constant pitch so that the spaces between joists define spans S adapted to receive boxes 6.

The figures 1 , 4 and 11 , show that the upper face of the beams 1 and 2, as well as the lower face, are provided with a mortise 33, adapted to receive pins 34 formed at the bottom of each outer panel 12.

Each box 6 has a length twice its width which is equal to the functional clearance near the width of a span S in which it must fit vertically. As the boxes are assembled with cross-joints between bays, the kit also includes closure boxes having a shorter length, for example of square shape in 6s to the figure 1 .

The Figures 12 to 13 show that each box is constituted by a parallelepipedal envelope formed by rectangular wooden panels 6a to 6c assembled by cleats 6d. The interior space is filled with an insulating foam 48, cast in situ.

The panel 6a forming the upper wall is wider than the width of a span in order to have longitudinal edges 6g overflowing and covering the load-bearing joists 3. The underside of these overflows is an airtight seal 36 which is compressed on the faces of the joists when the casing 6 is fixed on them by screws 37.

The end-to-end junction of the boxes 6 in each span S is made airtight by a seal 38 (visible figure 1 ), compressed to the pose.

At levels N1 and NT, the bottom panels 6c which constitute the ceiling of the underlying level are bordered by panels 20 fixed on the joists 3 to ensure the continuity of the ceiling.

To the Figures 12 and 13 caissons 6 comprise longitudinal ducts 39 which, embedded in their insulating foam 48 and communicating with holes formed in their end faces, facilitate the introduction of cables or conduits of electrical or fluidic networks.

It follows from the foregoing that the laying of the caissons 6, whether at the lowest level N0, the intermediate level N1 and the upper level NT terrace, is easily achieved with components of short lengths and weight and easily movable by one fitter, and provides floors offering excellent thermal insulation and air.

The wall panels P1 and P2 will now be described, which, due to different positioning and mounting modes, comprise outer panels 7 and 8 and inner panels 9 and 10. Each series comprises solid panels 7 and 9, and panels 8 and 10 with opening 49 bordered by a window frame or door window. The vertical dimension of the outer and inner panels is constant, for example of 250 centimeters, but their width, which is constant for a type of panel, for example of partition, door, door window, window, varies according to the use, for example from 40 centimeters to 220 centimeters for double-leafed French doors.

Standard exterior panels, solid 7 and with opening 8, shown Figures 17 and 18 , have in common to have on one vertical side, on the top and on the underside of the protruding tenons 34, while the other vertical side has a mortise 42. Each of these standard panels is formed, as shown in detail in FIGS. figures 21 and 22 , by a wooden structure composed of uprights 43, sleepers 44, lateral poles 45a and 45b having one a tenon 34 and the other a mortise 42, and two smooth, respectively high 46 and low 47, provided each of a tenon 34 turned towards the outside of the panel. At least the side of the panel facing outward is closed by a plate 40, plywood, OSB or other, which can receive all facings 21, as shown at the top of the figure 11 .

This wood frame delimits between its components rectangular volumes which are filled with insulating foam, injected in situ or from blocks 48 embedded in these volumes.

The figure 22 shows that the outer panel of the window door has the same components 43 to 48, but that the upper part of the panel, extending above the opening 49, is reinforced by a lintel 50 composed of posts 50a and inclined spacers 50b ensuring the resistance of the lintel. Triangular volumes between posts and spacers are lined with injected insulating foam 48a. The lower rail 47 is thinned at 47a at the bottom of the opening 49 to reduce the gene generated by its presence, while maintaining its spacer function between the two sides of the door.

The connection between outer panels 7 and 8 is provided by the connectors 16 and 17, made of sheet metal. As shown in figure 5 , each connector 16, called mortise connector, has a U-shaped cross section, with a core 16a and two wings 16b. Those ci carry a transverse axis 52, parallel to the core 16a but at a distance from it. These connectors are intended to be fixed in the bottom of the mortises 42 of the outer panels, for example three mortise, namely two near the edges, respectively upper and lower, and one in the middle. As shown figure 8 airtight seals 53 are glued to the bottom of the mortise 42.

Each connector 17 for tenon also has a U-shaped cross section and comprises a core 17a and two wings 17b, able to be inserted between the wings 16b of the mortise connector. Each wing 17b has a light 54 which, opening and inclined downwards, is adapted to engage on the axis 52 of a connector 16. The figure 9 shows that each connector 17 is fixed by its core 17a in a cutout 55 made in the lateral tenon 34 of each panel 7 and 8 and in front of the connectors 16.

When an outer panel 7 or 8 is mounted on a floor, it is positioned by its lower tenon 34 which engages in the mortise 33 of the beam, while its lateral tenon 34 is inserted into the mortise 42 of a panel already laid.

For its assembly with a panel installed, the panel is raised from the height of the slots 54 of the connectors 17, to facilitate the engagement of these lights on the pins 52 of the connectors 16 in place. During the engagement, consisting in lowering the panel according to the arrow 31 of figure 10 , the edges of the lights 54, sliding on the axes 52, communicate to the reported panel a movement towards the installed panel, movement which causes the pin 34 to compress the seal 53 disposed at the bottom of the mortise 42.

The repetition of this assembly between solid panels 7 and panels 8 with opening 49, total or partial, makes it possible to obtain an airtight linear wall, since the mortises of vertical connections, high and low, are also equipped with joints. 53 airtightness, visible figure 11 .

The change of direction of the wall during assembly requires the use of external posts 12a for external projecting angle and 12b for external angle re-entrant, ( figures 7 and 15 ).

All posts, exterior and interior, standard or special, have a common general shape and present, as shown Figures 25a and 25b , a rectangular cross section with two vertical faces 56a and 56b forming a right angle, a third vertical face 56c and a fourth vertical face 56d comprising the functional elements.

To the figure 25a , the face 56d of the outside pole for re-entrant angle comprises a mortise 58 with seal 61, while the face 56c has a projecting projection 57. The outer post for projecting angle of the figure 25b comprises projecting from its face 56d a stud 57 while its face 56c comprises the vertical mortise 58.

The pins 57 are able to penetrate the mortises 42 of the outer panels 7 and 8 and are interrupted locally by cutouts 59 for the connectors 16 for tenon, these cuts having the same vertical distribution as those of the panels. The bottom of the mortises 58 receives connectors 17 for mortise able to cooperate with the connectors 16 for tenon 16 panels. This bottom also carries a compressible seal 61 ( figure 15 ).

Each of the ends, respectively lower and upper, of the posts of Figures 25a and 25b , is provided with a l-shaped pin 60 protruding outwards, that is to say respectively downwards and upwards.

Each post is positioned on the mortise 33 of the beam and is connected to its panels 7 or 8 by interpenetration of its connectors 16 and 17.

When all the outer panels and posts of the outer wall P1 are laid, the chaining beams 1 are placed on them and the floor of the upper level N1 is constructed. The assembly continues until the installation of the NT terrace floor as shown figure 7 representing the wood frame of the building. It is from this stage of construction that the inner wall P2 is put in place.

As shown by Figures 19 and 20 , and in more detail figures 23 and 24 , the inner panels have the same wood frame with amount 43, cross 44, side post 45a with 34 stud and side post 45a and 45b with mortise 42, but the rails are different. Those high 65 have a groove 66 opening upwards and the lower groove 67 are flat, without tenon or grooves. The facing plates 68 are arranged against the inner face of the panel and the foam 48 filling the interior volumes of the panels have reserves extending on the uprights and side posts.

• en partie supérieure et tournée vers l'extérieur, une réserve transversale 70 dans laquelle peut être encastrée une gaine tubulaire 71 de chauffage et/ou de climatisation par air,
• en partie inférieure et tournée vers l'intérieur, une réserve transversale 72, recevant une plinthe multicanaux 73 pour le passage des fluides et de l'électricité, la plinthe étant associée à un couvercle amovible 73a,
• et, latéralement et au moins pour les panneaux avec porte, des canaux verticaux 74 pour passage des conduits 75 de réseaux électriques d'alimentation et de commande, ces canaux débouchant dans des logements 76 d'accueil de boitier 77 de renvoi ou de commande.

In more detail, and as shown to figures 23 and 24 each inner panel 9 and 10 comprises:

• in the upper part and facing outwards, a transverse reserve 70 in which can be embedded a tubular sheath 71 for heating and / or air conditioning,
• in the lower part and facing inwards, a transverse reserve 72, receiving a multichannel skirting 73 for the passage of fluids and electricity, the plinth being associated with a removable cover 73a,
• and, laterally and at least for the panels with a door, vertical channels 74 for the passage of ducts 75 of electrical supply and control networks, these channels opening into receiving receptacles 76 housing 76 return or control.

The figure 24 shows clearly that, in a door panel 10, the vertical channels 74 are connected, in the upper part and between the foam 48 and smooth high 65, by a channel 80 for establishing a continuous circuit between the entry point A and the exit point B, arranged at the foot of the panel.

At each of these points A and B, the ends of the networks arranged in sections of plinth 73 are equipped with connection means 81 allowing, as soon as the panel is attached, to connect its section of networks to those already installed.

The ducts 71 for heating or air conditioning, which are embedded in the panels 9 and 10, are provided at one of their ends with a seal 78, for example mortise side. Thus, when placing an inner panel against an inner panel posed with mortise 42 pending, the engagement of its tenon 34 in the mortise 42 ensures the plating and compression of the seal 78 waiting between the ends of the sections of sheath 71.

During its installation, each inner panel cooperates with shaped fittings 28 and 29, indicated in the inventory of the kit.

The fitting 29 is T-shaped and is intended to be fixed to the ceiling. It comprises a vertical bar 29a, adapted to receive the groove 66 of the upper arm of an inner panel. These two wings 29b are unequal widths. The one intended to be turned towards the interior of the building has a width equal to half the thickness of one panel, while the other, intended to bear against the outer wall, has a greater width so as to form between the walls, respectively outer and inner, an interval K ( figures 11 and 15 ) of constant value. In practice, an interval of the order of 20 millimeters makes it possible to constitute a still air layer increasing the value of the insulation provided by the walls.

It is the same for the fitting 28 which, intended to be fixed on the floor, has a T-shaped profile turned or L, with a horizontal flange 28b facing the outer wall and intended to come into contact with it to position the panel and delimit the value K of the gap between the inner wall P2 and the outer wall P1.

During its installation, each inner panel is raised so that the groove 66 of its upper arm 65 is lugged on the bar 29a of the fitting 29, and is lowered so that, while maintaining a partial upper burying, the base of the panel bears against the vertical wing 28a of the fitting 28.

In this position, shown figure 19 , the inner panel 9 or 10 is perfectly held before being fixed to the fittings 28 and 29 by horizontal screws 82 s affecting only the vertical wings 28a and 29a of these profiles.

Before fixing by screwing, and as the standard interior panels do not have connectors 16 and 17, the last installed panel is applied against the already installed so that the post 34 is completely in the mortise 48 and the contact area between panels be limited to supporting edge against edge of these panels.

As shown figure 1 and 15 the inner panels 9 and 10 cooperate with interior columns 13a for recessed angle and 13b for salient angle which coincide, respectively, with an outer post 12b for projecting angle and an outer post 12a for a re-entrant angle.

Each inner pole leaving 13b thus has, as shown figure 26 , a rectangular cross section, with two vertical faces 56a and 56b, forming a right angle, a third vertical face 56c with a vertical pin 57 and a fourth vertical face in which is formed a vertical mortise 58.

In the inner post 13a for re-entrant angle, shown figure 35 , the mortise 58 opens from the face 56d while the pin 57 protrudes from the face 56c.

These two standard interior columns are distinguished from the outer posts 12a and 12b in that the tenon and the mortise are continuous, no longer need cutouts to install the connectors 16 and 17.

They are also differentiated, in the lower part, by the presence of a plane face, not visible in the figures, and, in the upper part, as shown on figure 26 by two grooves 83a and 83b. These grooves are perpendicular to each other and are parallel to the faces defining the right angle. They are intended to be fitted on the bars 29a of the T-fittings 29.

The figure 15 shows that the elements of the inner wall P2 assemble longitudinally exclusively by tenon and mortise interlocking panels 9 and 10, without concern for airtightness between panels, since this is provided by the outer wall and guaranteed by the stagnant still air gap in the K interval.

In practice, to facilitate assembly and to prevent handling deteriorate this type of post, it is made in two parts J1 and J2 shown figure 27 for a post for re-entrant angle. These parts are assembled by interlocking a longitudinal pin 84 of J1 in a longitudinal groove 85 of J2.

The figures 1 , 7 and 30 show that the terrace floor NT is constituted by the standard floor N0, but that its chaining beams 1 support acroterion panels 14 and acroterion posts 15, of the same composition as the outer panels but having a lower height than these and are provided on each side closure plates 40 and 68. These elements are placed alone, without inner wall, and are capped, respectively, by covers 86 and by an angle cap 87. The inner groove formed in foot of the acroterion panels 14, receives on the terrace a piece 88, of wood and of triangular section, softening the curvature which must be given to the sealing membrane 89 ( figure 11 ) covering the terrace and the acroteria.

The laying of each of the two walls, respectively, outer and inner, necessarily begins with the installation of a starting post and is carried out in the same direction for each of these walls, as shown by the arrow 92 to the figure 1 .

The starting post of the outer wall has, in its field facing the direction of construction, and as shown figure 32 , a mortise 42 equipped with connectors 16 for mortises with axis 52. In this way, the field of the panel to come against the post comprises a pin 34 equipped with connector 17 each having lights 54 inclined downwards to catch on the axes 52. This attachment requires to communicate to the panel being laid a horizontal movement at the same time as a vertical movement. However, such movements are not possible to put the last panel in the width that is left between the edge of the penultimate panel and the last post, if it has a field with connectors 17 to be crooked on axes 52.

To remedy this and to obtain that the last outer panel can be placed, the invention provides for replacing the last standard panel by two special panels, respectively, before last 22 and last 23, having all both the same width as a normal panel, and to replace the standard connectors 16 and 17 by special metal connectors 18 and 19.

The figures 16 , 32 and 34 show that the penultimate outer panel 22 has on one side a standard pin 34, with connectors 17, and on the other side a vertical face bordered on the outer side by a shoulder 95, while the last panel 23 has on each side a vertical face lined inwards by a shoulder 97.

The connector 18, shown in figure 28 , has in its wall 18a a buttonhole 18b, whose edges 18c are flaring upwards. In the embodiment shown, the wall 18a is that of a tubular body of rectangular section adapted to be housed and fixed by screws against the inner face of the shoulder 95 of the penultimate panel 22.

Special connector 19, shown figure 29 , is constituted by a vertical plate 19a integral with a shouldered button 19b, protruding forward of the plate and adapted to cooperate with the buttonhole 18b. It is fixed by screws against the faces facing outwards of the two shoulders 97 of the last panel 23.

In an alternative embodiment, the connectors 18 and 19 are fixed to the shoulders in a reverse manner.

These special outer panels 22 and 23 are used with a post 26 end wall section, having an outer side a shoulder 98. On its face facing inward are fixed connectors 18, the same number and with the same vertical positions than the connectors 19 of the last panel 23.

When mounting an end of the outer wall section, the penultimate panel 22 is first put in place and connected to the normal panel 7 or 8 by engaging the standard connectors 17 on those 16 waiting, in a complex movement upward and transverse, then the last special panel 23 is put in place, after being raised to bring the buttons 19b at the top of the buttonhole 18. Then, and as shown by the arrow 110 to the figure 34 , the panel 23 is lowered at the same time as it is applied from the inside against the shoulders 95 of the penultimate panel and 98 of the post. At the end of installation, the last panel 23 is linked to the buttonholes 18 by its buttons 19.

The figure 16 shows that this connection is completed by fixing, on the junction areas between special panels 22-23 and between panel 23 and special post 26, external reinforcing metal plates 99, and a bracket 100 in the corner of the post 26. These plates are screwed.

The figures 16 and 33 show the special interior panels 24 and 25 and the re-in angle post 27 used to allow the end of laying of the inner wall sections.

The penultimate panel 24 has, on a vertical edge, a tenon 34 and on the other edge, and on the outer side, a shoulder 102, while the last inner panel 25 has, on the inner side, two shoulders 103. The post 27, which has the same transverse configuration as the special post 26 for outer panels, is equipped with a shoulder 104.

As this wall does not have connectors, the establishment of the special panels 24 and 25 between a standard panel 9 or 10 and the post 27, is made by fitting the pin 34 of the penultimate panel 24 in the mortise 42 of the standard panel, then by plating the shoulders 103 of the last panel 25 against that 102 of the penultimate panel 24 and 104 of the post 27. Again, and as shown in FIG. figure 16 , the connection is reinforced by a metal plate 105 and, optionally by an angle, screwed both on the elements placed.

The outer elements, described above for the end of laying a wall section, can also be used for a wall departure P1.

• la division du mur en deux parois distinctes et sans contact, et la division de chaque paroi P1 et P2 en panneaux, permet d'assurer l'étanchéité à l'air et la performance thermique minimale à 50 KWh/m² par la paroi extérieure P1 et d'obtenir, par la cloison intérieure P2, un complément de performance pour atteindre le niveau « passif », de l'ordre de 15 KWh/m²,
• en décomposant les parois P1 et P2 en panneaux de dimensions standards, il permet de réaliser ces composants de façon industrielle.
• en limitant leurs dimensions, volumes et poids, il les rend portables par un homme et facilite leur transport et leur manipulation, sans recours à des moyens de levage, et permet leur utilisation par des constructeur individuel ;
• en n'utilisant que des composants en bois ou à ossature bois, associés à un garnissage en mousse à très grand coefficient d'isolation, il limite l'empreinte écologique de la construction, tout en améliorant la performance thermique ;
• en définissant, par les ferrures 28 et 29, l'intervalle K entre paroi P1 et P2, il garantit l'obtention d'une couche d'air, immobile entre ces parois et entourant toute la construction, il permet de parvenir à un bâtiment thermiquement passif ;
• en intégrant aux panneaux intérieurs, standard et spéciaux les divers réseaux électriques et fluidiques, il réduit le temps de construction et, surtout, évite que les corps de métiers intervenant après construction des parois, puissent procéder à des perçages, découpages et installations créant des ponts thermiques altérant l'isolation, ou installent, dans la lame d'air, des réseaux diminuant l'influence positive de cette lame ;
• l'assemblage transversal et vertical des composants, par tenons et mortaises, est simple et rapide et permet de réduire le temps de construction ;
• les fixations de chaque panneau des parois P1 et P2 sont réalisées par des vis qui ne pénètrent pas dans l'intervalle K, pour ne pas générer de ponts thermiques entre les deux parois,
• il permet la construction, la rénovation, l'évolution et le démontage de bâtiments allant jusqu'à trois niveaux.

It is clear from the whole of this description that the kit according to the invention has the following advantages:

• the division of the wall into two distinct and non-contact walls, and the division of each wall P1 and P2 into panels, makes it possible to ensure the airtightness and the minimum thermal performance at 50 KWh / m ² by the outer wall P1 and to obtain, through the internal partition P2, additional performance to reach the "passive" level, of the order of 15 KWh / m ² ,
• by breaking down the walls P1 and P2 into panels of standard dimensions, it makes it possible to produce these components industrially.
• by limiting their size, volume and weight, it makes them portable by a man and facilitates their transport and handling, without recourse to lifting means, and allows their use by individual constructors;
• by using only wood or wood-framed components, combined with foam insulation with a very high insulation coefficient, it limits the ecological footprint of the building while improving thermal performance;
• by defining, by the fittings 28 and 29, the gap K between the walls P1 and P2, it ensures the obtaining of a layer of air, immobile between these walls and surrounding the entire construction, it allows to reach a building thermally passive;
• By integrating the various electrical and fluidic networks into the interior, standard and special panels, it reduces the time of construction and, above all, prevents the trades involved after the construction of the walls from drilling, cutting and installing bridges. thermals altering the insulation, or install, in the air space, networks decreasing the positive influence of this blade;
• the transverse and vertical assembly of the components, by tenons and mortises, is simple and fast and makes it possible to reduce the time of construction;
• the fasteners of each panel of the walls P1 and P2 are made by screws which do not penetrate into the interval K, so as not to generate thermal bridges between the two walls,
• it allows the construction, renovation, evolution and dismantling of buildings up to three levels.

Claims (14)

1. Air-impermeable exterior wall for the construction of thermally-passive buildings, including at least one timber-frame insulating wall (P1) and another timber-frame wall (P2), internal or external, with the two walls (P1, P2) enclosing an immobile air gap (K) surrounding the building, with the said exterior wall being characterized in that:

   - the wall (P1) is composed of an air-impermeable mortise-and-tenon assembly of wall ties (1), long beams (2), panels (7, 8) and columns (12) of which the dimensions and weight make them man-portable,

   - the other wall (P2) being composed of an assembly of panels (9, 10) and columns (13) and containing the fluid networks, said other wall (P2) being positioned at a distance of around 20 millimeters from the wall (P1), with no contact or thermal bridges, notably without fixation means and electrical and fluid, putting the walls in communication in the space between the two walls (P1, P2), with the said immobile air gap (K) surrounding the building, including within the areas in which the panels (7, 8, 9, 10) have doors, French windows and windows.
2. Air-impermeable external wall in accordance with claim 1, characterized in that it incorporates:

   • for the floor and ceiling formation, a) peripheral wall tie beams (1) assembled together by connecting parts (4 and 5) with joists (3), forming cross-spans positioned at equal distances with mortise (33) in the upper and lower face; and

   • b) flush-mounted insulating caissons (6) in these cross-spans, secured impermeably to the beams and joists (1, 2 and 3);

   • for the production of external walls (P1), c) structuring, insulating and rectangular panels (7 and 8) and d) corner columns (12) positioned and connected to each other through the penetration of tenons (34), formed on at least 2 perpendicular sides, within the mortises (42) produced in the opposing sides of the other parts (1, 2, 3, 7 and 8), with this penetration producing, in the vertical joins, the compression of sealing gaskets (58) under the effect of the interpenetration stresses generated by connectors (16 and 17) secured on the vertical fields of the panels (7 and 8);

   • for the production of internal walls (P2), e) rectangular internal panels (9 and 10) and f) corner internal columns (13) positioned and laterally interconnected through the penetration of tenons (34) and mortises (42) positioned vertically on their two vertical fields, with these internal panels (9, 10) being traversed from one lateral edge to the other by channels (70), ducts (71) or shafts (75) to accommodate fluid, power, heating and/or air-conditioning networks, with each network being equipped with means of impermeable joining (78) or connection (81) with those of the juxtaposed internal panels (9 and 10);

   • and arrestor brackets - respectively bottom (28) and securable to the floor, and top (29) and securable to the ceiling - to form a space (K) of constant value between the two walls (P1, P2).
3. Air-impermeable external wall in accordance with claim 2, characterized in that each floor caisson (6) has a length twice that of its width, is composed of an oblong casing in wood (6a to 6d) filled with insulating foam (48) and incorporates an upper wall (6a) protruding longitudinally from the width of the caisson, with this wall (6a) bearing on the lower face of its protrusions an air-impermeable seal (36) that comes into compression against the beams (1, 2) and joists (3) that bear the caisson.
4. Air-impermeable external wall in accordance with claim 3, characterized in that it incorporates air-impermeable seals (38) able to enter between the end faces of the caissons (6) that are in tightened contact in a cross-span (S).
5. Air-impermeable external wall in accordance with claim 2, characterized in that the standard connectors between external panels incorporate two complementary elements, namely:

   • one connector (16) for mortise having a U-shaped transversal cross-section that can be inserted and fixed through its core (16a) into the bottom of the longitudinal mortise (42) of a panel, with this connector incorporating a transversal shaft (52) parallel to its core and connecting its wings (16b) at a distance from its core (16a);

   • and one connector (17) for tenon of U-shape, that can be inserted into a local cutout void (59) in the longitudinal tenon (34) of a panel (7 or 8), and of which the wings (17a), being able to enter between the wings (16b) of the mortise connector (16), and having downwardly-inclined opening lights (54) able to attach to the shaft (52) of the mortise connector (16) of the juxtaposed panel, to generate a force closening the tenon within the mortise (42), ensuring the compression of an air-impermeable seal (53) positioned at the bottom of the said mortise.
6. Air-impermeable external wall in accordance with claim 2, characterized in that each external panel (7 or 8) is composed of uprights (43) and cross-struts (44) in wood assembled, firstly, between lateral columns (45a and 45b), of which one has a tenon (34) and the other has a mortise (42), and, secondly, between two slats - respectively top (46) and bottom (47) each of which has a tenon (34) turned towards the exterior of the panel and, in addition, one external plate (40) covering the entire panel, with these components enclosing between them voids filled with the insulating foam (48).
7. Air-impermeable external panel in accordance with claim 2, characterized in that each internal panel (9 or 10) is composed of uprights (43) and cross-struts (44) in wood assembled, firstly, between lateral columns (45a and 45b), of which one has a tenon (34) and the other has a mortise (42), and, secondly, between two slats respectively top (65) and bottom (67) with the top slat (65) being endowed with an upwardly-open groove (66) flush-mounted within an arrestor bracket (29) attached to the ceiling, whereas the bottom slat (67) is flat and able to come to bear against an arrestor bracket (28) connected to the floor and, in addition, a facing plate (68) covering the entire panel, with these components enclosing between them voids filled with insulating foam (48).
8. Air-impermeable external wall in accordance with claim 7, characterized in that the wings of each of the arrestor brackets (28 and 29) have unequal widths, with the wing (28b and 29b) intended to fit within the gap (K) between the external wall (P1) and the internal wall (P2), having a width that allows it to come into contact with the external panel (7 or 8) to ensure the transversal and vertical positioning of the internal panel (9 or 10).
9. Air-impermeable external panel in accordance with claim 7, characterized in that each internal panel (9 and 10) incorporates:

   • at the top, a transversal void (70) in which a tubular heating and/or air-conditioning pipe (71) fits, of which one end is associated with an impermeable seal (78) that compresses when a juxtaposed internal panel is mounted;

   • at the bottom, a transversal void (72) accommodating a multi-channeled plinth (73) providing throughway for fluids and electrical power;

   • and, laterally, at least in the case of the panels with a door, vertical ducts (74) providing throughway for electrical power and control networks.
10. Air-impermeable external wall in accordance with claim 2, characterized in that each exterior column (12a) for an inward corner or for an outward corner (12b) has a rectangular transversal cross-section with two vertical faces (56a and 56b) forming a right angle, with a third functional vertical face (56c) and a fourth functional face (56d) having either a salient vertical tenon (57) locally interrupted by connectors (16) for tenon, or a vertical mortise (58), with the bottom of this mortise locally containing connectors (16) for mortise and a compressible impermeable seal (61), while its bottom extremity and its upper extremity are each endowed with a tenon (60) turned respectively upwards and downwards.
11. Air-impermeable external wall in accordance with claim 7, characterized in that each interior column (13a) for an inward corner or for an outward corner (13b) has a rectangular transversal cross-section with two vertical faces forming a right angle, with a third vertical face having a salient continuous tenon (57), and with a fourth vertical face in which there is a continuous vertical mortise (58), whereas its bottom extremity is flat and its upper extremity is endowed with grooves (83a and 83b) that, being perpendicular in relation to each other and parallel with the faces forming the right angle of the column, can fit into the arrestor bracket (29) secured to the ceiling.
12. Air-impermeable external wall in accordance with claim 2, characterized in that it also incorporates special components (22, 23) providing a connection with locking for the external panels (7 and 8) at the beginning or end of mounting on a waiting special column (26) having one bearing face and one exterior shoulder (98), namely:

    • one before-last panel (22) having vertically on one side a tenon (34) with standard connectors (17 or 16) and, on the other side, one face with an external shoulder (95), bearing a special connector (18);

    • one last panel (23) with, vertically and on each side, one bearing face with an internal shoulder (97), with these two shoulders (97) bearing special connectors (19) being complementary to those (18) borne on the before-last panel (22) and by the column (26).
13. Air-impermeable external wall in accordance with claim 12, characterized in that the special connectors incorporate two complementary items, namely:

    • one connector (18) of which the body has a button panel (18b) with edges (18c) forming an upwardly-open V-shape;

    • and a setting connector (19) composed of a plate (19a) on which there is a salient shouldered button (19b) that can fit vertically into the button panel (18b) of the other connector.
14. Air-impermeable external wall in accordance with claim 2, characterized in that the terrace floor (NT) incorporates:

    • firstly, parapet wall panels (14) and parapet wall columns (15) that, being of lower height than the subjacent structuring exterior parts (7-8 and 12a-12b) are capped respectively with capping tiles (86) and corner caps (87);

    • and, secondly, with a part (88) in wood and of triangular cross-section that can be laid on the terrace and at the foot of the panels (14) to soften the curve that must be given to a sealing membrane (89) covering the terrace and the parapet walls.

Images