EP4376146A1 - Lithiumsekundärbatterie - Google Patents

Lithiumsekundärbatterie Download PDF

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Publication number
EP4376146A1
EP4376146A1 EP23749918.1A EP23749918A EP4376146A1 EP 4376146 A1 EP4376146 A1 EP 4376146A1 EP 23749918 A EP23749918 A EP 23749918A EP 4376146 A1 EP4376146 A1 EP 4376146A1
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Prior art keywords
positive electrode
negative electrode
active material
lithium
secondary battery
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French (fr)
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Young Deok Kim
Dae Soo Kim
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LG Energy Solution Ltd
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LG Energy Solution Ltd
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
    • H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
    • H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
    • H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
    • H01M4/131—Electrodes based on mixed oxides or hydroxides, or on mixtures of oxides or hydroxides, e.g. LiCoOx
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
    • H01M4/134—Electrodes based on metals, Si or alloys
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
    • H01M4/362—Composites
    • H01M4/364—Composites as mixtures
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
    • H01M4/38—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of elements or alloys
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
    • H01M4/38—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of elements or alloys
    • H01M4/386—Silicon or alloys based on silicon
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
    • H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
    • H01M4/50—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese
    • H01M4/505—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing manganese for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiMn2O4 or LiMn2OxFy
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
    • H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
    • H01M4/52—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron
    • H01M4/525—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing iron, cobalt or nickel for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiNiO2, LiCoO2 or LiCoOxFy
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
    • H01M4/58—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy; of polyanionic structures, e.g. phosphates, silicates or borates
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
    • H01M4/58—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy; of polyanionic structures, e.g. phosphates, silicates or borates
    • H01M4/5825—Oxygenated metallic salts or polyanionic structures, e.g. borates, phosphates, silicates, olivines
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M2004/021—Physical characteristics, e.g. porosity, surface area
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
    • H01M2010/4292—Aspects relating to capacity ratio of electrodes/electrolyte or anode/cathode
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a lithium secondary battery, and more particularly, to a lithium secondary battery including a negative electrode active material consisting of silicon.
  • a lithium secondary battery includes a positive electrode, a negative electrode, a separator interposed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode, an electrolyte, an organic solvent, and the like.
  • an active material layer including a positive electrode active material or a negative electrode active material may be formed.
  • the positive electrode active material a lithium-containing metal oxide such as lithium iron phosphate or a lithium nickel-based oxide is generally used, and as the negative electrode active material, a carbon-based active material or a silicon-based active material, which does not contain lithium, is used.
  • a silicon-based active material has a capacity which is about 10 times higher than that of a carbon-based active material, and thus has an advantage of implementing a high energy density even with a thin electrode.
  • the silicon-based active material accompanies rapid volume expansion/contraction due to a change in crystal structure caused by lithium intercalation/deintercalation during battery charging and discharging, and accordingly, there is a problem in that electrical contacts between particles are broken, thereby degrading lifespan properties of the lithium secondary battery.
  • a pulverization phenomenon of silicon particles is accelerated due to a change in volume caused by a rapid change in potential in a negative electrode high-potential region (a region exceeding 0.6 V), which is a main cause of degradation in lifespan of a battery.
  • the present invention is to solve the above problems, and an object of the present invention is to minimize the degradation in energy density of a cell to which a silicon negative electrode active material is applied, and to implement excellent lifespan properties of the cell by using a positive electrode having a specific discharge behavior.
  • a lithium secondary battery which includes a positive electrode including a positive electrode active material layer and a negative electrode including a negative electrode active material layer, wherein the negative electrode active material layer includes a negative electrode active material, and the negative electrode active material consists of silicon, and in a graph of capacity-voltage measured by manufacturing a half-cell including the positive electrode and a lithium metal electrode and then discharging the half-cell at a constant current of 0.1 C, an inflection point appears in a region in which a voltage is 3.3 V to 3.7 V, and the capacity of the positive electrode at the inflection point is 3% to 25% of the capacity of the positive electrode at a final charge voltage.
  • a lithium secondary battery according to the present invention uses silicon as a negative electrode active material, and uses a positive electrode having a discharge behavior satisfying specific conditions, so that even when a relatively low cut-off voltage is applied, a negative electrode high-potential region (a region exceeding 0.6 V) in which the volume of silicon changes rapidly may be avoided.
  • a negative electrode high-potential region a region exceeding 0.6 V
  • lithium iron phosphate and a lithium nickel-based oxide having a theoretical efficiency close to 100% are used as a positive electrode active material of the lithium secondary battery according to the present invention
  • a discharge region of the lithium iron phosphate may be used when discharging the battery, if necessary, so that the loss in cell energy density may be minimized.
  • the lithium secondary battery according to the present invention may include 100 parts by weight of a lithium nickel-based oxide and 5 parts by weight to 20 parts by weight of lithium iron phosphate as a positive electrode active material.
  • a positive electrode having desired discharge properties may be provided, and since the lithium nickel-based oxide with a relatively high reaction potential is discharged earlier than the lithium iron phosphate, so that most of the lithium nickel-based oxide may be discharged near the cut-off voltage.
  • the present invention may maximally utilize the capacity of the lithium nickel-based oxide, which is relatively expensive compared to the lithium iron phosphate, and thus has an advantage in terms of material costs.
  • a part when a part is said to include a certain component, it means that the part may further include another component rather than excluding another component unless otherwise stated.
  • a and/or B means A, or B, or A and B.
  • % means wt% unless otherwise noted.
  • D 50 means a particle diameter corresponding to 50% of the volume accumulation in a particle diameter distribution curve of particles.
  • the D 50 be measured by, for example, a laser diffraction method.
  • the laser diffraction method generally enables measurement of a particle diameter from a sub-micron region to several millimeters, so that results of high reproducibility and high resolution may be obtained.
  • specific surface area is measured by a BET method, and specifically, may be calculated from the adsorption amount of nitrogen gas under a liquid nitrogen temperature (77K) using Belsorp-mino II of BEL Japan Co.
  • a cut-off voltage or a final discharge voltage (hereinafter, referred to as a "cut-off voltage") of a lithium secondary battery means a voltage of the lithium secondary battery at a point at which the discharge of the lithium secondary battery ends.
  • a lithium secondary battery includes a positive electrode including a positive electrode active material layer and a negative electrode including a negative electrode active material layer, wherein the negative electrode active material layer includes a negative electrode active material, and the negative electrode active material consists of silicon, and in a graph of capacity-voltage measured by manufacturing a half-cell including the positive electrode and a lithium metal electrode and then discharging the half-cell at a constant current of 0.1 C, an inflection point appears in a region in which a voltage is 3.3 V to 3.7 V, and the capacity of the positive electrode at the inflection point is 3% to 25% of the capacity of the positive electrode at a final charge voltage.
  • FIG. 1 illustrates a graph and a table showing a negative electrode discharge potential value, cell energy density, and battery lifespan properties measured by changing a cut-off voltage in a lithium secondary battery in which a lithium nickel-based oxide is used as a positive electrode active material and silicon (pure Si 100%) is used as a negative electrode active material.
  • a lithium nickel-based oxide is used as a positive electrode active material
  • silicon pure Si 100%
  • FIG. 1 in the case of the lithium secondary battery to which a silicon negative electrode is applied, even when the negative electrode discharge potential at a cut-off voltage slightly increases to a level of 0.05 V to 0.1 V, it can be confirmed that the lifespan properties of the battery are greatly reduced by about 100 cycles or more. This is because when the discharge potential of the negative electrode increases during the discharge process, silicon expansion occurs rapidly.
  • FIG. 1 illustrates a graph and a table showing a negative electrode discharge potential value, cell energy density, and battery lifespan properties measured by changing a cut-off voltage in a lithium secondary battery in which a lithium nickel-based
  • the present inventors have repeatedly conducted research, and as a result, have found that when a positive electrode having a specific discharge behavior is applied as a positive electrode of a lithium secondary battery to which a silicon negative electrode active material is applied, it is possible to avoid using a negative electrode high potential region in which the rapid expansion of silicon occurs even when a relatively low cut-off voltage is applied, thereby minimizing degradation in cell energy density and implementing excellent lifespan properties, and have completed the present invention.
  • the lithium secondary battery of the present invention includes a positive electrode including a positive electrode active material layer and a negative electrode including a negative electrode active material layer, wherein the negative electrode active material layer includes a negative electrode active material, and the negative electrode active material consists of silicon, and in a graph of capacity-voltage measured by manufacturing a half-cell including the positive electrode and a lithium metal electrode and then discharging the half-cell at a constant current of 0.1 C, an inflection point appears in a region in which a voltage is 3.3 V to 3.7 V, and the capacity of the positive electrode at the inflection point is 3% to 25% of the capacity of the positive electrode at a final charge voltage.
  • the lithium secondary battery according to the present invention includes a negative electrode in which a negative electrode active material consists of silicon, a positive electrode having the above-described discharge behavior, a separator interposed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode, and an electrolyte.
  • the negative electrode according to an embodiment of the present invention may include a negative electrode active material layer.
  • the negative electrode according to the present invention may include a negative electrode current collector, and the negative electrode active material layer positioned on at least one surface of the negative electrode current collector.
  • the negative electrode current collector is not particularly limited as long as it has high conductivity without causing a chemical change in a battery, and for example, copper, stainless steel, aluminum, nickel, titanium, fired carbon, copper or stainless steel that is surface-treated with one of carbon, nickel, titanium, silver, and the like, an aluminum-cadmium alloy, and the like may be used.
  • the negative electrode current collector may typically have a thickness of 3 ⁇ m to 500 ⁇ m, and as in the case of the positive electrode current collector, microscopic irregularities may be formed on the surface of the negative electrode current collector to improve the adhesion of a negative electrode active material.
  • the negative electrode current collector may be used in various forms such as a film, a sheet, a foil, a net, a porous body, a foam, a non-woven body, and the like.
  • the negative electrode active material layer is positioned on at least one surface of the negative electrode current collector, and may include a negative electrode active material. Additionally, the negative electrode active material layer may further include a negative electrode conductive material and a negative electrode binder in addition to the negative electrode active material, if necessary.
  • the negative electrode active material is for causing an electrochemical reaction by being coupled to lithium ions moving from the positive electrode during battery charging.
  • the negative electrode active material according to the present invention may be made of silicon (Si). Since the silicon has an excellent capacity compared to other silicon-based particles such as SiOx, Si-C, or the like, when silicon is used alone as a negative electrode active material, a lithium secondary battery having a high energy density may be implemented.
  • a positive electrode having a specific discharge behavior is applied, which is to be described later, so that even when a relatively low cut-off voltage is applied, a negative electrode high-potential region (a region exceeding 0.6 V) in which the volume of silicon changes rapidly may be avoided, thereby minimizing the change in silicon volume, and increasing the use capacity of the positive electrode during discharging to minimize the degradation in cell energy density.
  • the average particle diameter D 50 of silicon may be 5 ⁇ m to 20 ⁇ m, specifically 5 ⁇ m to 18 ⁇ m, and more preferably 5 ⁇ m to 15 ⁇ m.
  • the average particle diameter D 50 of the silicon satisfies the above numerical range, it is advantageous in terms of securing the capacity retention rate of the battery since it is easy to control the volume expansion during charging and discharging.
  • the average particle diameter of the silicon particles is too small, the specific surface area of the particles increases excessively, causing the viscosity of a negative electrode slurry to rise excessively. Accordingly, the dispersion of particles constituting the negative electrode slurry is not facilitated.
  • the size of a silicon-based active material is too small, the contact area between silicon particles and conductive materials is reduced by a composite composed of a conductive material and a binder in a negative electrode slurry, thereby increasing the possibility of a conductive network being disconnected, so that the capacity retention rate is lowered.
  • the surface of the negative electrode becomes not smooth, and accordingly, the current density is not uniform during charging and discharging.
  • the silicon particles are too large, the phase stability of the negative electrode slurry becomes unstable, so that the processability is degraded. Accordingly, the capacity retention rate of the battery is degraded.
  • the BET specific surface area of silicon may be 0.1 m 2 /g to 5 m 2 /g, specifically 0.2 m 2 /g to 4 m 2 /g, and more specifically 0.3 m 2 /g to 3.5 m 2 /g , and when the BET specific surface area of the silicon satisfies the above numerical range, side reactions with the electrolyte may be prevented, so that it is possible to improve the initial efficiency and lifespan properties of the battery.
  • the silicon may be present in a crystalline or amorphous form, and preferably not porous.
  • the pure silicon particles may be spherical or fragmented particles, but are not limited thereto, and may have a fiber structure, or may be present in the form of a silicon-containing film or coating.
  • the silicon may be included in the negative electrode active material layer in an amount of 60 wt% to 99 wt%, specifically 65 wt% to 98 wt%, and more specifically 70 wt% to 95 wt%.
  • a sufficient negative electrode energy density is secured while maintaining the content of the negative electrode conductive material and the negative electrode binder at a desirable level, so that the battery capacity of the negative electrode may be improved.
  • the negative electrode conductive material is used to impart conductivity to an electrode, and any conductive material may be used without particular limitation as long as it has electron conductivity without causing a chemical change in a battery to be constituted.
  • Specific examples thereof may include graphite such as natural graphite or artificial graphite; a carbon-based material such as carbon black, acetylene black, Ketjen black, channel black, furnace black, lamp black, thermal black, carbon fiber, and a carbon nanotube; metal powder or metal fiber of such as copper, nickel, aluminum, and silver; a conductive whisker such as a zinc oxide whisker and a potassium titanate whisker; a conductive metal oxide such as a titanium oxide; or a conductive polymer such as a polyphenylene derivative, and any one thereof or a mixture of two or more thereof may be used.
  • the negative electrode conductive material may be included in the negative electrode active material layer in an amount of 1 wt% to 15 wt%, specifically 2 wt% to 13 wt%, and more specifically 5 wt% to 12 wt%.
  • the electrical conductivity of the negative electrode may be improved by securing a negative electrode conductive network.
  • the negative electrode binder serves to improve the bonding between negative electrode active material particles and the adhesion between the negative electrode active material and the negative electrode current collector.
  • Specific examples thereof may include polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), a polyvinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene copolymer (PVDF-co-HFP), polyvinyl alcohol, polyacrylonitrile, carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), starch, hydroxypropyl cellulose, regenerated cellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyethylene, polypropylene, an ethylene-propylene-diene monomer (EPDM), a sulfonated EPDM, styrene-- butadiene rubber (SBR), fluorine rubber, or various copolymers thereof, and any one thereof or a mixture of two or more thereof may be used.
  • PVDF polyvinylidene fluoride
  • PVDF-co-HFP polyvin
  • the negative electrode binder may be included in the negative electrode active material layer in an amount of 1 wt% to 15 wt%, specifically 2 wt% to 13 wt%, and more specifically 5 wt% to 12 wt%.
  • the negative electrode active material particles are smoothly bonded to minimize the problem of volume expansion of the negative electrode active material, and the negative electrode active material may be well attached to the negative electrode current collector.
  • a negative electrode discharge potential value at a cut-off voltage of the lithium secondary battery according to the present invention may be 0.6 V or lower, specifically 0.1 V to 0.5 V, and more specifically 0.1 V to 0.4 V.
  • the negative electrode discharge potential is a negative electrode discharge potential in the first charging and discharging cycle of the lithium secondary battery.
  • the lifespan properties of the battery may be improved by not passing through a high-potential region in which the volume of silicon changes rapidly during charging and discharging.
  • the negative electrode discharge potential value or the negative electrode discharge curve graph may be measured by manufacturing a half-cell using the negative electrode applied to the lithium secondary battery of the present invention and a lithium metal electrode, and then discharging the half-cell at a constant current.
  • the positive electrode of the lithium secondary battery according to the present invention has an inflection point appearing in a region in which a voltage is 3.3 V to 3.7 V, specifically 3.3 V to 3.6 V, and more specifically 3.3 V to 3.5 V, and has a discharge behavior in which the capacity of the positive electrode at the inflection point appears at a level of 3% to 25%, specifically 4% to 23%, and more specifically 4% to 20% of the capacity of the positive electrode at a final charge voltage.
  • the inflection point means that the secondary derivative of a potential value with respect to a capacitance value is 0 in a discharge curve graph of the half-cell, and the presence of such an inflection point indicates that the voltage value changes rapidly in the corresponding voltage region. Since the voltage of the positive electrode of the present invention rapidly decreases in a region of 3.3 V to 3.7 V during discharging, it is possible to avoid using a high-potential region in which silicon expansion is caused even at a relatively low cut-off voltage, and accordingly, the use capacity range of the positive electrode increases, so that the degradation in cell energy density may be minimized.
  • the capacity of the positive electrode at the inflection point is greater than 25% of the capacity of the positive electrode at the final charge voltage, there is a problem in that when the lithium secondary battery is discharged to the inflection point, an unused capacity of the positive electrode increases, so that the cell energy density of the lithium secondary battery is lowered.
  • the capacity of the positive electrode at the inflection point is less than 3% of the capacity of the positive electrode at the final charge voltage, there is a problem in that when the lithium secondary battery is discharged to the inflection point, a negative electrode high-potential region (a region exceeding 0.6 V) in which the volume of silicon changes rapidly is used, thereby degrading the lifespan properties of the battery.
  • the positive electrode may include a positive electrode active material layer.
  • the positive electrode according to the present invention may include a positive electrode current collector, and the positive electrode active material layer positioned on at least one surface of the positive electrode current collector.
  • the positive electrode current collector is not particularly limited as long as it has conductivity without causing a chemical change in the battery.
  • the current collector stainless steel, aluminum, nickel, titanium, fired carbon, or aluminum or stainless steel that is surface-treated with one of carbon, nickel, titanium, silver, and the like may be used.
  • the positive electrode current collector may have a thickness of 3 ⁇ m to 500 ⁇ m, and microscopic irregularities may be formed on the surface of the positive electrode current collector to improve adhesion with respect to the positive electrode active material layer.
  • the positive electrode current collector may be used in various forms such as a film, a sheet, a foil, a net, a porous body, a foam, a non-woven body, and the like.
  • the positive electrode active material layer is positioned on at least one surface of the positive electrode current collector, and may include a positive electrode active material. Additionally, the positive electrode active material layer may further include a conductive material, a binder, and a dispersant in addition to the positive electrode active material, if necessary.
  • the positive electrode active material layer according to the present invention may include two types of positive electrode active materials having different reaction potentials.
  • the positive electrode active material layer may include lithium iron phosphate and a lithium nickel-based oxide as the positive electrode active material.
  • the lithium nickel-based oxide may be a compound represented by Formula 1 below.
  • Formula 1 Li x [Ni y Co z M 1 w M 2 v ]O 2-p A p
  • M 1 may be Mn, Al, or a combination thereof
  • M 2 may be one or more elements selected from the group consisting of W, Cu, Fe, V, Cr, Ti, Zr, Zn, Al, In, Ta, Y, La, Sr, Ga, Sc, Gd, Sm, Ca, Ce, Nb, Mg, B, and Mo
  • A may be one or more elements selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, I, At, and S.
  • the lithium nickel-based oxide may be Li[Ni 0.6 Co 0.2 Mn 0.2 ]O 2 , Li[Ni 0.8 Co 0.1 Mn 0.1 ]O 2 , Li[Ni 0.5 Co 0.2 Mn 0.3 ]O 2 , or the like, but is not limited thereto.
  • the lithium nickel-based oxide may be included in the negative electrode active material layer in an amount of 82 wt% to 94 wt%, specifically 82 wt% to 92 wt%, and more specifically 82 wt% to 89 wt%.
  • a sufficient positive electrode energy density is secured, so that the battery capacity of the positive electrode may be secured.
  • the average particle diameter D 50 of lithium nickel-based oxide may be 4 ⁇ m to 20 ⁇ m, specifically 5 ⁇ m to 20 ⁇ m, and more preferably 5 ⁇ m to 15 ⁇ m.
  • a high compression density is implemented when the lithium nickel-based oxide is mixed with lithium iron phosphate to be described later, so that an effect of improving the cell energy density may be obtained.
  • the BET specific surface area of the lithium nickel-based oxide may be 0.1 m 2 /g to 2.0 m 2 /g, specifically 0.3 m 2 /g to 1.5 m 2 /g, and more specifically 0.5 m 2 /g to 1.5 m 2 /g.
  • the lithium iron phosphate may be a compound represented by Formula 2 below.
  • M may include one or more elements selected from the group consisting of Al, Mg, Ni, Co, Mn, Ti, Ga, Cu, V, Nb, Zr, Ce, In, Zn, and Y
  • X may include any one or two or more elements selected from the group consisting of F, S, and N.
  • a, b, and c may respectively be -0.5 ⁇ a ⁇ 0.5, 0 ⁇ b ⁇ 0.5, and 0 ⁇ c ⁇ 0.1, specifically -0.3 ⁇ a ⁇ 0.3, 0 ⁇ b ⁇ 0.3, and 0 ⁇ c ⁇ 0.05.
  • the lithium iron phosphate may be LiFePO 4 having an olivine crystal structure.
  • the lithium iron phosphate may be included in the positive electrode active material layer in an amount of 4 wt% to 16 wt%, specifically 6 wt% to 16 wt%, and more specifically 9 wt% to 16 wt%.
  • the lithium iron phosphate may be included in a content of 5 parts by weight to 20 parts by weight, specifically 7 parts by weight to 20 parts by weight, and more specifically 10 parts by weight to 20 parts by weight based on 100 parts by weight of the lithium nickel-based oxide.
  • a positive electrode having the above-described discharge behavior may be manufactured.
  • the content of the lithium iron phosphate is too small, the negative electrode potential at the cut-off voltage increases, thereby reducing the effect of improving lifespan properties, and when the cut-off voltage is increased in order to improve the lifespan properties, the use capacity of the positive electrode decreases, so that the cell energy density is reduced.
  • the content of the lithium iron phosphate is too large, due to an increase in the amount of the positive electrode active material, the cell volume increases, so that the cell energy density is degraded.
  • the average particle diameter D 50 of the lithium iron phosphate may be 3 ⁇ m to 10 ⁇ m, specifically 3 ⁇ m to 9 ⁇ m, and more specifically 4 ⁇ m to 9 ⁇ m.
  • the average particle diameter D 50 of the lithium iron phosphate satisfies the above range, particle aggregation between the lithium iron phosphate is prevented, and also, since the average particle diameter of the lithium iron phosphate and the average particle diameter of the lithium nickel-based oxide are similar to each other, the lithium iron phosphate and the lithium nickel-based oxide may be uniformly mixed. As a result, a positive electrode in which a positive electrode active material is uniformly distributed may be formed.
  • the ratio of the average particle diameter D 50 of the lithium iron phosphate to the average particle diameter D 50 of the lithium nickel-based oxide may be 0.5 to 1.5, specifically 0.5 to 1.2, and more specifically 0.5 to 1.0.
  • the average particle diameter of the lithium iron phosphate and the average particle diameter of the lithium nickel-based oxide are similar to each other, so that the lithium iron phosphate and lithium nickel-based oxide may be uniformly mixed, which makes it possible to prevent the energy density of the positive electrode from being locally non-uniform.
  • the BET specific surface area of the lithium iron phosphate may be 5 m 2 /g to 20 m 2 /g, specifically 7 m 2 /g to 18 m 2 /g, and more specifically 8 m 2 /g to 16 m 2 /g.
  • the lithium nickel-based oxide when a combination of the lithium nickel-based oxide and the lithium iron phosphate combination is used as a positive electrode active material, the lithium nickel-based oxide is discharged earlier than the lithium iron phosphate during discharging, so that most of the lithium nickel-based oxide may be discharged near the cut-off voltage.
  • the present invention may maximally utilize the capacity of the lithium nickel-based oxide, which is relatively expensive compared to the lithium iron phosphate, and thus is advantageous in terms of material costs.
  • the lithium secondary battery according to the present invention includes lithium iron phosphate, which is a positive electrode active material having a theoretical efficiency close to 100%, and thus may utilize a discharge region of the lithium iron phosphate during battery discharging, if necessary. Therefore, the loss in energy density caused by the addition of the lithium iron phosphate to the lithium nickel-based oxide may be minimized.
  • lithium iron phosphate is a positive electrode active material having a theoretical efficiency close to 100%, and thus may utilize a discharge region of the lithium iron phosphate during battery discharging, if necessary. Therefore, the loss in energy density caused by the addition of the lithium iron phosphate to the lithium nickel-based oxide may be minimized.
  • the positive electrode active material may be included in the positive electrode active material layer in an amount of 85 wt% to 99 wt%, specifically 90 wt% to 99 wt%, and more specifically 93 wt% to 99 wt%.
  • the positive electrode active material satisfies the above range, a sufficient positive electrode energy density is secured, so that the battery capacity of the positive electrode may be improved.
  • a positive electrode conductive material is not particularly limited as long as it has conductivity without causing a chemical change in the battery, and for example, graphite; carbon black such as carbon black, acetylene black, Ketjen black, channel black, furnace black, lamp black, and thermal black; a conductive fiber such as carbon fiber and metal fiber; metal powder such as fluorocarbon powder, aluminum powder, and nickel powder; a conductive whisker such as zinc oxide and potassium titanate; a conductive metal oxide such as titanium oxide; a conductive material such as a polyphenylene derivative, or the like may be used.
  • carbon black such as carbon black, acetylene black, Ketjen black, channel black, furnace black, lamp black, and thermal black
  • a conductive fiber such as carbon fiber and metal fiber
  • metal powder such as fluorocarbon powder, aluminum powder, and nickel powder
  • a conductive whisker such as zinc oxide and potassium titanate
  • a conductive metal oxide such as titanium oxide
  • a conductive material such as a polyphen
  • a commercially available positive electrode conductive material may include acetylene black series of Chevron Chemical Company, Denka Black of Denka Singapore Private Limited, products of Gulf Oil Company, etc., Ketjen black, EC series of Armak Company, Vulcan XC-72 of Cabot Company, and Super P of Timcal Company.
  • the positive electrode conductive material may be carbon nanotube.
  • the positive electrode conductive material may be included in the positive electrode active material layer in an amount of 0.1 wt% to 5.0 wt%, specifically 0.1 wt% to 3.0 wt%, and more specifically 0.3 wt% to 2.0 wt%.
  • the electrical conductivity of the positive electrode may be improved by securing a positive electrode conductive network.
  • a positive electrode binder serves to assist in coupling between a positive electrode active material, a conductive material, and the like, and coupling to a current collector.
  • Specific examples thereof may include polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), polyvinyl alcohol, carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), starch, hydroxypropyl cellulose, regenerated cellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyethylene, polypropylene, an ethylene-propylene-diene monomer (EPDM), a sulfonated EPDM, styrene-butadiene rubber, fluorine rubber, or various copolymers thereof, and any one thereof or a mixture of two or more thereof may be used.
  • PVDF polyvinylidene fluoride
  • CMC carboxymethyl cellulose
  • EPDM ethylene-propylene-diene monomer
  • EPDM ethylene-propylene-diene monomer
  • sulfonated EPDM sty
  • the positive electrode binder may be included in the positive electrode active material layer in an amount of 0.5 wt% to 5.0 wt%, specifically 1.0 wt% to 4.0 wt%, and more specifically 1.0 wt% to 3.5 wt%.
  • a contact area between the positive electrode binder and the positive electrode active material increases, so that excellent positive electrode adhesion may be secured.
  • a positive electrode dispersant suppresses a phenomenon in which lithium iron phosphate is excessively aggregated in a positive electrode slurry composition, and enables the lithium iron phosphate to be effectively dispersed and present in a prepared positive electrode active material layer.
  • a positive electrode dispersant may include a hydrogenated nitrile-based copolymer, and specifically, the positive electrode dispersant may be a hydrogenated nitrile-based copolymer.
  • the hydrogenated nitrile-based copolymer may be a copolymer including an ⁇ , ⁇ -unsaturated nitrile-derived structural unit and a hydrogenated conjugated diene-derived structural unit, or may be a copolymer including an ⁇ , ⁇ -unsaturated nitrile-derived structural unit, a conjugated diene-derived structural unit, and hydrogenated conjugated diene-derived structural unit.
  • ⁇ , ⁇ -unsaturated nitrile monomer for example, acrylonitrile or methacrylonitrile may be used, and any one thereof or a mixture of two or more thereof may be used.
  • conjugated diene-based monomer for example, conjugated diene-based monomers having 4 to 6 carbon atoms such as 1,3-butadiene, isoprene, 2,3-methyl butadiene, or the like may be used, and any one thereof or a mixture of two or more thereof may be used.
  • the hydrogenated nitrile-based copolymer may be a hydrogenated nitrile-based butadiene rubber (H-NBR).
  • H-NBR hydrogenated nitrile-based butadiene rubber
  • the positive electrode dispersant may be included in the positive electrode active material layer in an amount of 1.5 wt% or less, specifically 0.1 wt% to 1.0 wt%, and more specifically 0.2 wt% to 0.8 wt%.
  • the positive electrode dispersant satisfies the above range, aggregation of the positive electrode conductive material in the positive electrode active material layer is suppressed, so that a positive electrode conductive network may be improved.
  • the positive electrode may be manufactured according to a typical method for manufacturing a positive electrode, except that the above-described positive electrode active material is used. Specifically, the positive electrode may be manufactured by preparing a positive electrode slurry composition including the above-described positive electrode active material, a positive electrode conductive material, a positive electrode binder, and/or a positive electrode dispersant, and then applying the positive electrode slurry composition on a positive electrode current collector, followed by drying and rollpressing the composition.
  • the positive electrode may also be manufactured by casting the positive electrode slurry composition on a separate support, and then laminating a film obtained by being peeled off from the support on a positive electrode current collector.
  • the lithium secondary battery according to the present invention may include a separator between the negative electrode and the positive electrode.
  • the separator may be used without particular limitation as long as it is commonly used as a separator in a lithium secondary battery, and particularly, a separator having excellent moisture-retention capability for an electrolyte solution while having low resistance to ion movement in an electrolyte is preferable.
  • a porous polymer film for example, a porous polymer film manufactured using a polyolefin-based polymer such as an ethylene homopolymer, a propylene homopolymer, an ethylene/butene copolymer, an ethylene/hexene copolymer, or an ethylene/methacrylate copolymer, or a stacked structural body having two or more layers thereof may be used.
  • a typical porous non-woven fabric for example, a non-woven fabric formed of glass fiber having a high melting point, polyethylene terephthalate fiber, or the like may be used.
  • the separator may be a porous thin film having a pore diameter of 0.01 ⁇ m to 10 ⁇ m and a thickness of 5 ⁇ m to 300 ⁇ m.
  • the lithium secondary battery according to an embodiment of the present invention may include a non-aqueous electrolyte.
  • the non-aqueous electrolyte may include an organic solvent and a lithium salt commonly used in the art, but is not particularly limited.
  • any organic solvent may be used as the organic solvent without particular limitation as long as it may serve as a medium through which ions involved in an electrochemical reaction of the battery may move.
  • an ester-based solvent such as methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, ⁇ -butyrolactone, and ⁇ -caprolactone
  • an ether-based solvent such as dibutyl ether or tetrahydrofuran
  • a ketone-based solvent such as cyclohexanone
  • an aromatic hydrocarbon-based solvent such as benzene and fluorobenzene
  • a carbonate-based solvent such as dimethyl carbonate (DMC), diethyl carbonate (DEC), methylethyl carbonate (MEC), ethylmethyl carbonate (EMC), ethylene carbonate (EC), and propylene carbonate (PC), and the like may be used.
  • a carbonate-based solvent is preferable, and a mixture of a cyclic carbonate (e.g., ethylene carbonate or propylene carbonate) having a high ionic conductivity and a high dielectric constant, which may increase charging/discharging performance of the battery, and a low-viscosity linear carbonate-based compound (e.g., ethylmethyl carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, or diethyl carbonate) is more preferable.
  • a cyclic carbonate e.g., ethylene carbonate or propylene carbonate
  • a low-viscosity linear carbonate-based compound e.g., ethylmethyl carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, or diethyl carbonate
  • any compound may be used as the lithium salt without particular limitation as long as it is a compound capable of providing lithium ions used in a lithium secondary battery.
  • the lithium salt LiPF 6 , LiClO 4 , LiAsF 6 , LiBF 4 , LiSbF 6 , LiAlO 4 , LiAlCl 4 , LiCF 3 SO 3 , LiC 4 F 9 SO 3 , LiN(C 2 F 5 SO 3 ) 2 , LiN(C 2 F 5 SO 2 ) 2 , LiN(CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 .
  • LiCl, Lil, LiB(C 2 O 4 ) 2 or the like may be used.
  • the lithium salt is included in the electrolyte in a concentration of about 0.6 mol% to about 2 mol%.
  • non-aqueous electrolyte according to the present invention may additionally include, although not required, additives in order to further improve the physical properties of the secondary battery.
  • Examples of such an additive may include at least one selected from the group consisting of a cyclic carbonate-based compound, a halogen-substituted carbonate-based compound, a nitrile-based compound, a sultone-based compound, a sulfate-based compound, a phosphate-based compounds, a borate-based compound, a benzene-based compound, an amine-based compound, a silane-based compound, and a lithium salt-based compound.
  • the cyclic carbonate-based compound may be, for example, vinylene carbonate (VC), vinylethylene carbonate (VEC), or the like.
  • the halogen-substituted carbonate-based compound may be, for example, fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) and the like.
  • the nitrile-based compound may be, for example, succinonitrile, adiponitrile, hexanetricyanide, 1,4-dicyano-2-butene, and the like.
  • the sultone-based compound may be, for example, 1,3-propanesultone, 1,3-propenesultone, or the like.
  • the sulfate-based compound may be, for example, ethylene sulfate (ESA), trimethylene sulfate (TMS), methyl trimethylene sulfate (MTMS), or the like.
  • ESA ethylene sulfate
  • TMS trimethylene sulfate
  • MTMS methyl trimethylene sulfate
  • the phosphate-based compound may be, for example, one or more compounds selected from the group consisting of lithium difluoro(bisoxalato)phosphate, lithium difluorophosphate, tetramethyl trimethyl silyl phosphate, trimethyl silyl phosphite, tris(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)phosphate, and tris(trifluoroethyl)phosphite.
  • the borate-based compound may be, for example, tetraphenylborate, lithium oxalyldifluoroborate (LiODFB), or the like.
  • the benzene-based compound may be, for example, fluorobenzene or the like
  • the amine-based compound may be triethanolamine, ethylenediamine, or the like
  • the silane-based compound may be tetravinylsilane or the like.
  • the lithium salt-based compound is a compound different from the lithium salt included in the non-aqueous electrolyte solution, and may be one or more compounds selected from the group consisting of LiPO 2 F 2 , LiODFB, lithium bisoxalatoborate (LiB(C 2 O 4 ) 2 ) (LiBOB), and LiBF 4 .
  • additives may be used alone, or two or more thereof may be mixed and used.
  • the total amount of the additive may be 1 wt% to 20 wt%, preferably 1 wt% to 15 wt% based on the total weight of the electrolyte solution.
  • the lithium secondary battery of the present invention may be manufactured by disposing a separator between a positive electrode and a negative electrode to form an electrode assembly, putting the electrode assembly into a cylindrical battery case or a prismatic battery case, and then injecting an electrolyte into the case.
  • the lithium secondary battery may be manufactured by stacking the electrode assembly, putting a resultant product obtained by impregnating the electrode assembly with an electrolyte into a battery case, followed by sealing the battery case.
  • any battery case commonly used in the art may be adopted as the battery case, and there is no limitation in the appearance thereof according to the use of a battery, and for example, the appearance may be a cylindrical shape, a square shape, a pouch shape, a coin shape, or the like.
  • the cell energy density of the lithium secondary battery according to the present invention may be 650 Wh/L or greater, specifically 650 Wh/L to 800 Wh/L, and more specifically 670 Wh/L to 800 Wh/L.
  • a high-capacity battery may be easily implemented.
  • the lithium secondary battery according to an embodiment of the present invention may be used in a battery cell which is used as a power source for a small-sized device, and may also be preferably used as a unit cell in a medium-and-large-sized battery module including a plurality of battery cells.
  • a medium-and-large-sized battery module including a plurality of battery cells.
  • the above medium-and large-sized device may include electric vehicles, hybrid electric vehicles, plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, electric power storage systems (ESSs), and the like, and particularly, the lithium secondary battery may be usefully used in hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), batteries for renewable energy storage, and the like, which are areas in which high power is required.
  • HEVs hybrid electric vehicles
  • the solid content of the negative electrode slurry was 50 wt%.
  • the negative electrode slurry was applied on one surface of a copper (Cu) metal thin film having a thickness of 20 ⁇ m at a loading amount of 8.5 mAh/cm 2 and then vacuum-dried. Thereafter, the dried negative electrode slurry was roll-pressed, dried in a vacuum oven at 130 °C for 12 hours, and then punched to manufacture a negative electrode.
  • Cu copper
  • Li[Ni 0.6 Co 0.2 Mn 0.2 ]O 2 having an average particle diameter D 50 of 10 ⁇ m, and 15 parts by weight of LiFePO 4 having an average particle diameter D 50 of 7 ⁇ m were mixed to prepare a positive electrode active material.
  • the prepared positive electrode active material, a carbon nanotube (CNT) conductive material, a polyvinylidene fluoride (PVdF) binder, and a hydrogenated nitrile-based butadiene rubber (H-NBR) dispersant were added to a N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP) solvent at a weight ratio of 97.0 : 1.0 : 1.5 : 0.5 and stirred to prepare a positive electrode slurry.
  • NMP N-methylpyrrolidone
  • the positive electrode slurry was applied on one surface of an aluminum thin film having a thickness of 20 ⁇ m at a loading amount of 4.5 mAh/cm 2 , and then vacuum-dried at 130 °C for 10 hours.
  • the dried positive electrode slurry was roll-pressed, dried in a vacuum oven at 130 °C for 12 hours, and then punched to manufacture a positive electrode.
  • a lithium secondary battery was manufactured in the same manner as in Example 1, except that LiFePO 4 was mixed in 5 parts by weight when preparing a positive electrode active material.
  • a lithium secondary battery was manufactured in the same manner as in Example 1, except that LiFePO 4 was not used when preparing a positive electrode active material.
  • a lithium secondary battery was manufactured in the same manner as in Example 1, except that LiFePO 4 was mixed in 30 parts by weight when preparing a positive electrode active material.
  • Negative electrode active material Positive electrode active material
  • EC ethylene carbonate
  • EMC ethylmethyl carbonate
  • the negative electrode-half cell manufactured as described above was charged to 0.005 V with a constant current CC of 0.1 C, and then discharged to 1.0 V with a constant current CC of 0.1 C to measure a change in capacity-voltage so as to obtain a discharge curve graph of the negative electrode.
  • a positive electrode-half cell was manufactured in the same manner as the method for manufacturing a half cell for measuring the discharge curve of the negative electrode, except that the positive electrode prepared in each of Examples 1 and 2 and Comparative Examples 1 and 2, and a lithium (Li) metal electrode cut into a circular shape were used.
  • the positive electrode-half cell manufactured as described above was charged to 4.3 V with a constant current CC of 0.1 C, and then discharged to 2.5 V with a constant current CC of 0.1 C to measure a change in capacity-voltage so as to obtain a discharge curve graph of the positive electrode.
  • FIG. 2 is a discharge curve graph of the half-cell manufactured using each of the positive electrode and the negative electrode manufactured in Example 1
  • FIG. 3 is a discharge curve graph of the half-cell manufactured using each of the positive electrode and the negative electrode manufactured in Example 2
  • FIG. 4 is a discharge curve graph of the half-cell manufactured using each of the positive electrode and the negative electrode manufactured in Comparative Example 1
  • FIG. 5 is a discharge curve graph of the half-cell manufactured using each of the positive electrode and the negative electrode manufactured in Comparative Example 2.
  • the positive electrode capacity (0.5 mAh) at the inflection point is about 11% of the positive electrode capacity (4.5 mAh) at the final charge voltage
  • the positive electrode capacity (0.2 mAh) at the inflection point is about 4.7% of the positive electrode capacity (4.25 mAh) at the final charge voltage.
  • the positive electrode capacity (1.5 mAh) at the inflection point is about 27% of the positive electrode capacity (5.5 mAh) at the final charge voltage.
  • the batteries of Examples 1 and 2 do not use the high-potential region of the negative electrode, but the battery of Comparative Example 1 uses the high-potential region of the negative electrode.
  • the negative electrode potential is 0.4 V or less at a cut-off voltage that was set such that the discharge capacity of the positive electrode is 4 mAh, whereas in the case of Comparative Example 1, the negative electrode potential is as high as 0.8 V or greater at the cut-off voltage.
  • the negative electrode potential at a cut-off voltage is high as in Comparative Example 1, the negative electrode potential increases during a discharging process, thereby causing rapid expansion of silicon, and accordingly, lifespan properties are significantly degraded. Meanwhile, in the case of Comparative Example 2, as illustrated in FIG. 5 , the negative electrode potential at the cut-off voltage is as low as 0.4 V or less, so that silicon expansion may be suppressed, but the cut-off voltage (positive electrode potential-negative electrode potential) is very high at a level of 3.3 V, so that it is expected that the cell energy density will be significantly reduced.

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