EP4061879A1 - Kationenaustauscher- und anionenaustauscherpolymere und -(blend)membranen aus hochfluorierte aromatische gruppen enthaltenden polymeren mittels nucleophiler substitution - Google Patents
Kationenaustauscher- und anionenaustauscherpolymere und -(blend)membranen aus hochfluorierte aromatische gruppen enthaltenden polymeren mittels nucleophiler substitutionInfo
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- EP4061879A1 EP4061879A1 EP20810888.6A EP20810888A EP4061879A1 EP 4061879 A1 EP4061879 A1 EP 4061879A1 EP 20810888 A EP20810888 A EP 20810888A EP 4061879 A1 EP4061879 A1 EP 4061879A1
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- Prior art keywords
- polymers
- reaction
- basic
- perfluorinated
- compounds
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- C08F8/00—Chemical modification by after-treatment
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- C08J9/00—Working-up of macromolecular substances to porous or cellular articles or materials; After-treatment thereof
- C08J9/28—Working-up of macromolecular substances to porous or cellular articles or materials; After-treatment thereof by elimination of a liquid phase from a macromolecular composition or article, e.g. drying of coagulum
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- B01D61/42—Electrodialysis; Electro-osmosis ; Electro-ultrafiltration; Membrane capacitive deionization
- B01D61/44—Ion-selective electrodialysis
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- C08F212/00—Copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by an aromatic carbocyclic ring
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- C08J5/2231—Synthetic macromolecular compounds based on macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions involving unsaturated carbon-to-carbon bonds
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- C08J5/2243—Synthetic macromolecular compounds based on macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions involving unsaturated carbon-to-carbon bonds obtained by introduction of active groups capable of ion-exchange into compounds of the type C08J5/2231
- C08J5/225—Synthetic macromolecular compounds based on macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions involving unsaturated carbon-to-carbon bonds obtained by introduction of active groups capable of ion-exchange into compounds of the type C08J5/2231 containing fluorine
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- H01M8/1018—Polymeric electrolyte materials
- H01M8/102—Polymeric electrolyte materials characterised by the chemical structure of the main chain of the ion-conducting polymer
- H01M8/1023—Polymeric electrolyte materials characterised by the chemical structure of the main chain of the ion-conducting polymer having only carbon, e.g. polyarylenes, polystyrenes or polybutadiene-styrenes
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Definitions
- the present invention relates to new anion exchange polymers and (blend) membranes made from polymers containing highly fluorinated aromatic groups by means of nucleophilic substitution and processes for their production by means of nucleophilic aromatic substitution and their areas of application in membrane processes, in particular in electrochemical membrane processes such as fuel cells, electrolysis and redox flow batteries.
- the authors also have the activating effect of the perfluorinated Building blocks on the CF bond shown by a “click” reaction between thiol group-based nucleophiles and poly (pentafluorostyrene).
- Another example of a nucleophilic aromatic substitution reaction on F-containing aromatics is the reaction of a polymer made from decafluorobiphenyl and 4,4'-thiodibenzenethiol, in which the S-bridges had previously been oxidized to sulfone bridges with H 2 O 2 , with NaSH, at all F of the octafluorobiphenyl building block of the polymer had been replaced by SH groups.
- the SH groups were then oxidized with H 2 O 2 to SO 3 H groups, with hypersulfonated aromatic polymers being obtained; Shogo Takamuku, Andreas Wohlfarth, Angelika Manhart, Petraffer, Patric Jannasch, Polym. Chem., 2015, 6, 1267-1274.
- An example of the nucleophilic substitution of a polymer with aromatic F activated for nucleophilic substitution in the side chain is a publication by Guiver, Kim et al, in which the F of the 4-fluorosulfonphenyl side group was nucleophilically substituted by the strong N-base tetramethylguanidine (Dae Sik Kim, Andrea Labouriau, Michael D. Guiver, Yu Seung Kim, Chem.
- anion exchange polymers can be obtained which are characterized by high chemical stabilities and which therefore can be used advantageously in electrochemical applications such as alkaline or acidic fuel cells, alkaline or acidic electrolysers, or redox flow batteries.
- FIG. 1 shows the reaction according to the invention of a perfluorinated aryl with a strong organic secondary N-base.
- FIG. 2 shows non-limiting examples of perfluorinated low molecular weight arenes which can be used according to the invention.
- FIG. 3 shows non-limiting examples of perfluorinated high molecular weight arenes (polymers) which can be used according to the invention.
- FIG. 4 shows non-limiting examples of strong N bases for the S N Ar reaction with perfluorinated arenes.
- FIG. 5 shows the production of anion exchange polymers with guanidinium groups based on poly (pentafluorostyrene); a) partial substitution of the 4-F of PPFSt with tetramethylguanidine followed by alkylation; b) Substitution of the 4-F of PPFSt with 4-fluorothiophenol, followed by oxidation, followed by reaction with tetramethylguanidine, followed by alkylation.
- FIG. 6 shows the reaction of an alkali metal amide with a perfluorinated arene (S N Ar ), followed by quaternization of the tertiary amino groups formed with an alkylating agent (haloalkane, benzyl halide, dialkyl sulfate, etc.).
- an alkylating agent haloalkane, benzyl halide, dialkyl sulfate, etc.
- FIG. 7 shows non-limiting examples of lithium amides for the S N Ar reaction with perfluorinated arenes.
- FIG. 8 shows the reaction of poly (pentafluorostyrene) with lithium-2, 2, 6, 6- tetramethylpiperidine-1-id (a) and reaction of poly (pentafluorostyrene) substituted with 4-fluorothiophenol and subsequently oxidized with lithium-2, 2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-id (b) followed by alkylation of these polymers.
- FIG. 9 shows the reaction schemes for the reaction of perfluoroarenes with secondary or tertiary N-bases or secondary N-amides and a second nucleophile.
- Figure 10 shows the reaction of PPFSt with hexanethiol, followed by oxidation, followed by reaction with tetramethylguanidine, followed by alkylation with dimethyl sulfate.
- Figure 11 shows the reaction of poly (pentafluorostyrene) with tetramethylguanidine, followed by reaction (a) with 1- (2-dimethylaminoethyl) -5-mercaptotetrazole, followed by quaternization with methyl iodide, or (b) with 4-fluorothiophenol followed by oxidation with H 2 O 2 , followed by phosphonation with tris (trimethylsilyl) phosphite.
- FIG. 12 shows the reaction of poly (pentafluorostyrene) with lithium-2, 2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-id and Na 2 S, followed by alkylation with hexyl iodide as a “one-pot reaction”.
- FIG. 13 shows the reaction of polymer according to the invention with tertiary N-basic groups with halomethylated polymer with quaternization and covalent crosslinking.
- FIG. 14 shows the blending of a polymer according to the invention with N-basic groups with a halomethylated and a sulfonated polymer with the formation of covalent and ionic crosslinking points.
- FIG. 15 shows the 19 F-NMR spectrum of PPFSt-TMG (top) and PPFSt (bottom).
- FIG. 16 shows the 1 H-NMR spectrum of M-PPFSt-TMG (top) and PPFSt-TMG (bottom).
- FIG. 17 shows the modification of PPFSt with tetramethylguanidine and its methylation.
- FIG. 18 shows the synthesis of M-PPFSt-TBF-OX-TMG.
- FIG. 19 shows the 19 F-NMR spectrum of PPFSt (top) and PPFSt-TBF (bottom).
- FIG. 20 shows the 1 H-NMR spectrum of PPFSt-TBF-OX (top) and PPFSt-TBF (bottom).
- FIG. 21 shows the 1 H-NMR spectrum of PPFSt-TBF-OX-TMG (top) and M-PPFSt-TBF-OX-TMG (bottom).
- FIG. 22 shows photographs of prepared mixing membranes.
- FIG. 23 shows CE (a), VE (b) and EE (c) of blend membranes and a Nafion 212 membrane.
- FIG. 24 shows the self-discharge time of mixed membranes and a Nafion 212 membrane.
- FIG. 25 shows a long-term cycling test of blend membranes and of a Nafion 212 membrane.
- FIG. 26 shows the 1 H-NMR spectra of PPFSt-MTZ-TMG (top) and PPFSt-MTZ (bottom).
- FIG. 27 shows the reaction scheme for the production of a crosslinked membrane (a) and a photo of a crosslinked PPFSt-MTZ membrane (b).
- FIG. 28 shows the post-modification of PPFSt with mercaptohexyl and tetramethylguanidine units.
- FIG. 29 shows the 19 F-NMR spectrum of PPFSt-TH.
- FIG. 30 shows the 1 H-NMR spectrum of PPFSt-TH.
- FIG. 31 shows the 1 H-NMR spectrum of PPFSt-TH-TMG.
- FIG. 32 shows the 1 H-NMR spectrum of M-PPFSt-TH-TMG.
- FIG. 33 shows the photograph of a prepared M-PPFSt-TH-TMG membrane.
- FIG. 34 shows the PA doping results of membranes.
- Figure 35 shows the thermal stabilities of polymers.
- Figure 36 shows the FT-IR spectra of polymers.
- Figure 37 shows the fuel cell performance of m-PBI (a) and M-PPFSt-TH-TMG (b).
- FIG. 38 shows the characteristics of the M-PPFSt-TH-TMG membrane over time.
- FIG. 39 shows the short-term stability of M-PPFSt-TH-TMG at constant current density in the fuel cell.
- the first embodiment of the invention relates to the reaction of a perfluorinated aryl with a strong organic secondary or tertiary N-base, it being possible for the perfluorinated aryl to be a low molecular weight compound, an oligomer or a polymer.
- the first embodiment of the invention is shown in FIG. If a secondary amine is reacted with the fluorinated arene, 1 or any F is nucleophilically exchanged for the amine, with the H + (s) further amine molecule (s) split off during the S N Ar reaction protonating. In the second step, the resulting tertiary amino group is quaternized by an alkylating agent.
- the polymers according to the invention are simultaneously crosslinked by the quaternization.
- a tertiary amine low or high molecular weight
- a quaternary ammonium salt is formed as an anion exchange group in one step.
- the S N Ar reaction results in crosslinked anion exchange membranes.
- Non-limiting examples of suitable low molecular weight perfluorinated arylenes are shown in FIG. 2, and non-limiting examples of polymeric perfluorinated arylenes are shown in FIG. 3.
- Non-limiting examples of suitable secondary or tertiary N-bases are shown in FIG. 4.
- FIG. 5 shows the production of an anion exchange polymer with guanidinium anion exchange groups based on poly (pentafluorostyrene).
- the reaction of poly (pentafluorostyrene) with tetramethylguanidine is shown in step a), followed by an alkylation of the polymer modified with the guanidine.
- step b) the poly (pentafluorostyrene) is first reacted with 4-fluorobenzenethiol, followed by oxidation of the S-bridges to SO 2 -bridges with hydrogen peroxide, followed by the reaction with tetramethylguanidine and finally the alkylation with dimethyl sulfate.
- the second embodiment of the invention relates to strong N-bases in which an NH bond has been replaced by an N-alkali metal bond.
- These alkali metal nitrogen compounds are alkali metal amides.
- the alkali metal can be Li, Na, K, Rb or Cs, Li being preferred.
- the alkali metal amides react with the perfluorinated arene (low molecular weight, oligomer or polymer) with nucleophilic alkali metal F exchange (S N Ar ), as shown in FIG.
- S N Ar nucleophilic alkali metal F exchange
- the tertiary basic N-compounds formed are then alkylated with an alkylating agent.
- any alkylating agent can be selected as desired, the preferred alkylating agents being haloalkanes, benzyl halides and dialkyl sulfates.
- any alkali metal amides can be reacted with the perfluoroarenes according to the invention.
- Lithium amides are preferred in the invention. A non-limiting selection of lithium amides is shown in FIG.
- FIG. 8 shows the second embodiment of the invention using the example of the reaction of poly (pentafluorostyrene) with lithium-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-id (step a)) and the example of the reaction of with 4-fluorothiophenol substituted and subsequently oxidized poly (pentafluorostyrene) with lithium-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-id (step b)), the poly (pentafluorostyrene) s substituted with the piperidine being alkylated to the anion exchange polymer in a last step .
- the particular advantage of these polymers is the good spatial shielding of the quaternized N by the methyl groups of the 1,2,2,6,6-pentamethylpiperidinium cation, which gives these polymers very good stability in an alkaline medium (if the counterion is OH-) making them excellent and long-term stable anion conductors in alkaline anion exchange membrane electrolysis (AEME) or in alkaline anion exchange membrane fuel cells (AEMFC).
- AEME alkaline anion exchange membrane electrolysis
- AEMFC alkaline anion exchange membrane fuel cells
- a third embodiment of the invention relates to the substitution of additional F of the low molecular weight, oligomeric or high polymeric tertiary amino groups or perfluoroarenes containing quaternary ammonium groups by other nucleophiles.
- the type of nucleophile or nucleophile substituting the F is in principle not restricted, all nucleophiles that react with perfluoroarenes with nucleophilic exchange of the F are suitable.
- the low molecular weight, oligomeric and polymeric substances obtained in the third embodiment of the invention are shown schematically in FIG. 9 when the low molecular weight, oligomeric or polymeric compound containing tertiary amino groups or quaternary ammonium salts is reacted with a second nucleophile.
- the nucleophile can also contain more than 1 S H or SC group.
- - P OSi (CH 3 ) 3 ) 3 (tris (trimethylsilyl) phosphite)
- AL 2 S and ALSH alkali metal counterion
- the third embodiment for obtaining the low molecular weight, oligomeric and polymeric compounds according to the invention can be obtained in the following order:
- the low molecular weight, oligomeric or polymeric perfluoroarene is first reacted with the second nucleophile. If the second nucleophile is RSH or RSC, the resulting thioether bridge can then be oxidized to the sulfone bridge. If the nucleophile is AL 2 S or ALSH, the resulting SH group can be oxidized to form the SO 3 H group. This is followed by the reaction with the secondary or tertiary N-base or the secondary N-amide, followed by alkylation in the case of secondary N-bases or secondary N-amides.
- This reaction sequence is exemplified by the reaction of poly (pentafluorostyrene) with hexanethiol, followed by oxidation of the thio to the sulfone bridge, followed by reaction with tetramethylguanidine, followed by quaternization with dimethyl sulfate, in the figure 10 shown.
- the particular advantage of this polymer is that the hexylsulfone group serves as an integrated “plasticizer” functional group of this polymer, with which the brittleness of the anion exchange polymer is significantly reduced, which is very advantageous for the use of this anion exchange polymer in a membrane fuel cell.
- the softening effect of the alkyl sulfone group is stronger the longer the alkyl chain.
- the low molecular weight, oligomeric or polymeric perfluoroarene is first reacted with the secondary or tertiary basic N-compound or the secondary N-amide, optionally followed by an N-alkylation to the quaternary N-salt, followed by the reaction with the second nucleophile .
- This reaction sequence is shown in three non-limiting examples: (a) on the basis of the reaction of a partially fluorinated aromatic polysulfone with tetramethylguanidine, followed by phosphonation with tris (trimethylsilyl) phosphite, in FIG.
- Blend membranes Polymers in all of the above three embodiments work well with other suitable polymers Let the diaphragm membranes move.
- blend membranes - Polymers of the 1st and 2nd embodiment (polymeric perfluorinated arenes with quaternary N-basic groups (see Figure 1 and Figure 6)) are blended with basic polymers in any mixing ratio, the The choice of basic polymers is not restricted, but polybenzimidazoles are preferred because of their high mechanical, thermal and chemical stability.
- Anion exchanger blends are obtained in which the basic blend component is used for mechanical, thermal and chemical stabilization of the blend.
- - Polymers of the 1st and 2nd embodiment polymeric perfluorinated arenes with tertiary N-basic groups (see Figure 1 and Figure 6) are with
- - Polymers of the 1st and 2nd embodiment polymeric perfluorinated arenes with tertiary N-basic groups (see Figure 1 and Figure 6) are in any
- PPFSt (1 g, 5, 15 mmol) was dispersed in DMAc (20 ml) in DMAc (20 ml) for 2 hours at 130 ° C. in a three-necked round bottom flask equipped with a condenser, argon inlet and outlet. After cooling to room temperature, tetramethylguanidine (2.97 g, 25.8 mmol) was added to the reaction solution. The reaction solution was stirred at 130 ° C. for 24 hours. Then the polymer was precipitated by dripping the polymer solution into water. The polymer obtained was washed several times with plenty of water and dried in an oven at 60 ° C. for 24 hours. A degree of substitution of 100% was confirmed by 19F-NMR, with 2 peaks being shown after the reaction (ortho and meta positions) (FIG. 15). 1.1.2 Quaternization of PPFSt-TMG (M-PPFSt-TMG)
- PPFSt-TMG The quaternization of PPFSt-TMG was carried out by methylation using dimethyl sulfate.
- PPFSt-TMG (1 g, 3.45 mmol) was dissolved in 20 ml of DMAc in a round-bottom flask equipped with a septum, condenser, argon inlet and outlet for 3 hours at room temperature under an argon atmosphere.
- dimethyl sulfate (1 ml, 10.4 mmol
- the reaction mixture was stirred at 90 ° C. for 16 hours. After cooling to room temperature, the polymer solution was precipitated in acetone. The polymer obtained was washed twice with acetone and dried in an oven at 60 ° C.
- PPFSt-TBF PPFSt (1 g, 5.2 mmol) was dissolved in 40 ml of methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) in a 100 ml three-necked flask equipped with an argon inlet, outlet and condenser. After complete dissolution of PPFSt, triethylamine (7.82 g, 15 equivalents to PPFSt) and 4-fluorobenzenethiol (1.65 ml, 3 equivalents to PPFSt) were added to a polymer solution. The reaction mixture was then held at 75 ° C. for 24 hours. The synthesized polymer was obtained by precipitation in methanol. The polymer was washed several times with methanol and dried in an oven at 60 ° C. for 18 hours; almost complete substitution as determined by 19 F-NMR.
- MEK methyl ethyl ketone
- PPFSt-TBF-OX Synthesis of PPFSt-TBF-OX: PPFSt-TBF (3 g, 10 mmol) was dispersed in 60 ml of trifluoroacetic acid in a flask equipped with a condenser. Then 10 ml of hydrogen peroxide (30% in water, 100 mmol) was added dropwise to a reaction flask. A reaction solution was stirred at 30 ° C for 72 hours, followed by 1 hour at 110 ° C. After cooling to room temperature, the reaction solution was poured into water to obtain the polymer. The polymer obtained was washed several times with water and dried in an oven at 60 ° C. for 18 hours; chemical shift of the aromatic range indicates successful oxidation of sulfide to sulfone.
- PPFSt-TBF-OX-TMG Synthesis of PPFSt-TBF-OX-TMG: PPFSt-TBF-OX (3.34 g, 10 mmol) was dissolved in DMAc in a three-necked flask equipped with an argon inlet, outlet and condenser. After complete dissolution, TMG (10 ml, 80 mmol) was added to the polymer solution and stirred at 130 ° C. for 20 hours. The polymer was then isolated by precipitation in water. The polymer obtained was washed several times with water and dried in an oven at 60 ° C. for 24 hours; partial guanidization confirmed by 1 H-NMR: 3 peaks in the aromatic range and one strong peak in 2.6 ppm due to N-CH 3 from tetramethylguanidine groups.
- Synthesis of M-PPFSt-TBF-OX-TMG The methylation of PPFSt-TBF-OX-TMG was carried out with dimethyl sulfate (DMS) in DMAc. PPFSt-TBF-OX-TMG was dissolved in DMAc. After complete dissolution, DMS was added to a polymer reaction solution and the temperature was increased to 90 ° C. The reaction was stirred mechanically at this temperature for 20 hours. Then the polymer was obtained by precipitation in acetone.
- DMS dimethyl sulfate
- Blend membrane preparation M-PPFSt-TMG polymer was dissolved in DMSO as a 5% strength by weight polymer solution. %. F 6 PBI was dissolved in DMSO at 80 ° C. as a 5% strength by weight solution. The two polymer solutions were mixed together in specific proportions as described in the table. A polymer blend solution was poured onto a glass plate and placed in a convection oven at 80 ° C. for 24 hours to evaporate the solvent. The resulting mixed membranes were peeled off the glass plate by immersion in deionized water. The mixing membranes were stored in a zipper bag for further use. Mixing membranes of M-PPFSt-TBF-OX-TMG with F 6 PBI were produced in the same way. Table 2: Blend membrane preparation of M-PPFSt-TMG with F 6 PBI
- the grafting of 1- (2-dimethylaminoethyl) -5-mercaptotetrazole onto poly (pentafluorostyrene) was carried out according to the literature (if published, degree of substitution: 30%). Tetramethylguanidine was introduced onto partially grafted PPFSt-MTZ. 1 g of partially substituted PPFSt-MTZ was dissolved in 20 ml of DMAc, which was equipped with a condenser, an argon inlet and an argon outlet. After completely dissolving at 90 ° C for 1 hour, tetramethylguanidine was added into the polymer solution and kept at 130 ° C for 24 hours. The polymer solution was precipitated in water. The polymer obtained (PPFSt-MTZ-TMG) was washed several times with water and dried in an oven at 60 ° C. for 24 hours.
- Methylation The methylation was carried out with dimethyl sulfate at 90 ° C. However, a precipitate was observed at this temperature.
- the IEC of XL-M-PPFSt-MTZ was 0.28 mmol / g and the conductivity measured in 1 MH 2 SO 4 was 1.77 ⁇ 0.18 mS / cm. Even the IEC and conductivity were lower compared to mixed membranes.
- the networking among The use of dithiol compounds is a possible manufacturing route to obtain the mechanically stable membranes, since the homo-M-PPFSt-MTZ polymer membrane was mechanically unstable.
- PPFSt-TH 8 g, 31.6 mmol was dissolved in DMAc (200 ml) in a 500 ml 3-neck flask with a condenser and argon flow at 130 ° C for 2 hours. After cooling to room temperature, TMG (19.8 ml, 158 mmol) was added dropwise to the polymer solution and reacted at 130 ° C. for 24 hours. After cooling, the brownish reaction solution was precipitated dropwise in deionized water in order to obtain the polymer. The polymer was isolated by filtration and washed several times with deionized water. The final polymer was dried in a forced air oven at 60 ° C for 24 hours.
- Figure 31 shows the 1 H NMR (400 MHz, THF-d8, ppm). 5.3 Methylation reaction between the product from 4.5.2 (PPFSt-TH-TMG) and dimethyl sulfate (DMS)
- PPFSt-TH-TMG (7 g, 24 mmol) was dissolved in DMAc (150 ml). After complete dissolution, DMS (20.5 ml, 72.1 mmol) was added to the reaction solution with a syringe. The reaction was held at 90 ° C. for 12 hours with vigorous stirring. The reaction solution was then added dropwise to diethyl ether and washed twice with diethyl ether and once with deionized water. The resulting polymer was dried in a vacuum oven at 60 ° C. under 1 mbar for 24 hours.
- Figure 32 shows the 1 H NMR (400 MHz, THF-d8, ppm).
- An m-PBI was dissolved as 5.2% by weight in DMAc.
- the m-PBI solution was poured onto a glass plate and the solvent evaporated in a forced air oven at 80 ° C. for 24 hours.
- the membrane was then pulled off the glass plate by soaking it in a water bath.
- the resulting membrane was dried at 90 ° C. for 12 hours and stored in a zipper bag before use.
- a 5 wt% polymer solution of M-PPFSt-TH-TMG was prepared by dissolving in DMAc.
- the solution was poured onto a Teflon plate and placed in a forced air oven at 60 ° C. for 24 hours to evaporate the solvent.
- the membrane was removed from the glass support by immersion in water.
- the resulting membrane was conditioned by 10% by weight aqueous sodium chloride solution at 60 ° C. for 3 days, followed by immersion in deionized water at 60 ° C. for 1 day, washed intensively with deionized water and then stored in a zip-fastener bag before further use (Figure 33).
- the PA doping was carried out by determining the weight before and after the doping in aqueous PA solutions of different concentrations. Before the PA doping, the membranes were dried at 6 ° C. for 24 hours, followed by their measurement Dry matter. The dried membrane samples were immersed in PA solutions at room temperature for 24 hours. The membrane samples were removed from the PA solution and blotted with a paper towel to remove phosphoric acid on the surfaces. The doped membranes were then weighed ( Figure 34).
- W after membrane weight after PA doping
- W dry membrane weight before PA doping
- Acid doping level (ADL) PA / functional group [(W after - W dry ) x 0.85 / 97.99] / [(W dry / IEC of the membrane) x 1000] W after : membrane weight after PA doping W dry : membrane dry weight IEC : ion exchange capacity
- the degree of substitution was calculated from the integral ratios between substituted and unsubstituted aromatic rings in NMR spectra.
- the theoretical ion exchange capacity (CEC) of membranes was calculated from the function of the IEC with the degree of substitution (obtained from the NMR).
- thermogravimetric analysis was carried out using a NETZSCH TGA, model STA 499C, coupled with FT-IR; carried out.
- the temperature was increased at a heating rate of 20 ° C. per minute under an oxygen and nitrogen mixture atmosphere (oxygen: 56 ml / min, nitrogen: 24 ml / min). (Figure 35).
- FT-IR spectra were used at room temperature as a function of the wavenumber range from 4000 to 400 cm -1 with 64 scans and the Attenuated total internal reflection mode (ATR) recorded using a Nicolet iS5 FTIR spectrometer ( Figure 36).
- MEA membrane electrode assembly
- GDE gas diffusion electrode
- the MEA was installed in a commercially available single cell which was locked with a torque of 3 Nm.
- Fuel cell tests were performed on a commercial test station (Scribner 850e, Scribner Associates Inc.). The fuel cell performance was examined with non-humidified gases on both the anode and the cathode side under ambient pressure.
- the flow rates of H 2 at the anode and air at the cathode were 0.25 and 1.25 l / min, respectively ( Figures 37, 38, and 39).
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| DE102019008024.6A DE102019008024A1 (de) | 2019-11-18 | 2019-11-18 | Kationenaustauscher- und Anionenaustauscherpolymere und -(blend)membranen aus hochfluorierte aromatische Gruppen enthaltenden Polymeren mittlels nucleophiler Substitution |
| PCT/EP2020/082403 WO2021099315A1 (de) | 2019-11-18 | 2020-11-17 | Kationenaustauscher- und anionenaustauscherpolymere und -(blend)membranen aus hochfluorierte aromatische gruppen enthaltenden polymeren mittels nucleophiler substitution |
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| US12370495B2 (en) * | 2021-06-17 | 2025-07-29 | Ut-Battelle, Llc | Fluorinated nanoporous molecular sieve membranes for efficient gas separation |
| DE102021003229A1 (de) * | 2021-06-23 | 2022-12-29 | Riva Power Systems GmbH & Co. KG | Neuartige phosphonierte Fluorelastomere (pFKMs), phosphonierte Perfluorelastomere (pFFKMs), deren Herstellungsverfahren und Ihre Anwendung in Elektromembrananwendungen |
| DE102022105790A1 (de) * | 2022-03-11 | 2023-09-14 | Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH | Stoff, Verfahren zur Herstellung eines Stoffs, Membran und Verwendung einer Membran |
| DE102022105724B4 (de) | 2022-03-11 | 2025-04-24 | Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH | Stoff, Membran, Verwendung einer Membran und Verfahren zur Herstellung eines Stoffs |
| CN115911479B (zh) * | 2022-12-14 | 2024-10-29 | 吉林大学 | 一种碱性电解质及其制备方法和应用 |
| CN119633619B (zh) * | 2024-12-12 | 2025-07-25 | 同舟纵横(厦门)流体技术有限公司 | 一种交联双极膜及其制备方法和应用 |
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| US3793266A (en) * | 1970-08-06 | 1974-02-19 | Texaco Inc | Method for preparing amine derivatives of fluorinated polystyrenes |
| US5624963A (en) * | 1993-06-02 | 1997-04-29 | Geltex Pharmaceuticals, Inc. | Process for removing bile salts from a patient and compositions therefor |
| DE19817374A1 (de) * | 1998-04-18 | 1999-10-21 | Univ Stuttgart Lehrstuhl Und I | Engineering-Ionomerblends und Engineering-Ionomermembranen |
| US8492049B2 (en) * | 2009-09-14 | 2013-07-23 | Los Alamos National Security, Llc | Anion exchange polymer electrolytes |
| US9242243B2 (en) * | 2009-09-24 | 2016-01-26 | Georgia Tech Research Corporation | Anion exchange polyelectrolytes |
| DE102011015212A1 (de) * | 2011-03-25 | 2012-09-27 | Universität Stuttgart | Phosphonierte fluorierte Monomere und Polymere |
| CN108192119B (zh) * | 2017-12-29 | 2020-12-25 | 南京理工大学 | 交联型磺化聚芳醚质子交换膜的制备方法 |
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