EP4013455A1 - Reduktion der knochenresorption, insbesondere bei chronischen gelenkerkrankungen - Google Patents
Reduktion der knochenresorption, insbesondere bei chronischen gelenkerkrankungenInfo
- Publication number
- EP4013455A1 EP4013455A1 EP20757584.6A EP20757584A EP4013455A1 EP 4013455 A1 EP4013455 A1 EP 4013455A1 EP 20757584 A EP20757584 A EP 20757584A EP 4013455 A1 EP4013455 A1 EP 4013455A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- tlr7
- inhibitor
- mir
- sevs
- pharmaceutical composition
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
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Definitions
- the present invention relates to a TLR7 / 8 inhibitor for reducing bone resorption, in particular in chronic joint diseases, and a pharmaceutical composition comprising the inhibitor.
- the invention also relates to a method for predicting the severity of the course of rheumatoid arthritis in a patient.
- Bone resorption is mediated by osteoclasts and plays an important role in various diseases.
- a negative influence of bone resorption has been described, particularly in connection with joint diseases. This applies to acute joint diseases such as arthritis, but also particularly chronic joint diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and osteoarthritis.
- RA rheumatoid arthritis
- Excessive bone resorption also plays an important role in other diseases such as periodontitis or in the case of poorly or non-growing implants.
- arthropathies are the most common chronic diseases of older people in Germany.
- the pathology of arthropathies is complex and multifactorial, but the pathogenesis generally involves inflammation of the joints, accompanied by bone resorption, leading to chronic pain and physical impairment.
- Two of the most common types of arthropathies are rheumatoid arthritis and arthrosis.
- Rheumatoid arthritis is characterized by the infiltration of immune cells into the synovial fluid, which leads to local inflammation and bone resorption. Osteoarthritis is caused by daily wear and tear on the joints or by traumatic damage. Older people are therefore most often affected. Half of all women and a third of all men develop osteoarthritis after the age of 60. There is currently no curative treatment for any of the diseases mentioned. Today's therapies are aimed solely at reducing pain and maintaining patient mobility.
- the present invention is therefore based on the object of providing substances for the curative treatment of diseases which are associated with excessive bone resorption.
- diseases are, in particular, acute or chronic joint diseases as well as paradontitis and disorders of the growth of implants.
- diseases are in particular bone metastasis and psoriatic arthritis.
- the present invention lies in particular, the task of reducing the bone resorption associated with the diseases.
- the object is achieved in particular by a TLR7 / 8 inhibitor for use to reduce bone resorption in diseases associated with excessive bone resorption, in particular in diseases selected from the group consisting of chronic joint diseases, acute joint diseases and periodontitis , and / or in the event of implant growth disorders.
- the object is also achieved by a TLR7 / 8 inhibitor for use in reducing bone resorption in diseases which are associated with excessive bone resorption, in particular in diseases selected from the group consisting of bone metastasis and psoriasis arthritis.
- TLRs toll-like receptors form a family of receptors that belong to the group of type I transmembrane glycoproteins. So far, 13 TLRs have been identified, of which TLRs 1 to 10 are expressed in humans. Of particular interest are TLR7 and TLR8, which due to their similarities are generally addressed together as TLR7 / 8. TLR7 / 8 are endosomal receptors, especially for single-stranded RNA (ssRNA (English: single stranded RNA)).
- ssRNA Single-stranded RNA
- TLR7 / 8 makes a decisive contribution to osteoclast differentiation and thus to bone resorption, especially in chronic joint diseases, so that an inhibition of TLR7 / 8 can be used to reduce bone resorption.
- TLR7 / 8 can be inhibited directly by corresponding direct inhibitors such as, for example, ODN 2087, or indirectly, for example by inhibiting miR-574-5p.
- miR-574-5p belongs to the class of so-called microRNAs (miRs), a class of small, non-coding RNAs with a function in gene regulation.
- Extracellular miRs are secreted in so-called small extracellular vesicles (sEVs, for “small extracellular vesides”) in human body fluids such as synovial fluid, so that they are protected from breakdown by ribonucleases (Cheng L, Sharples RA, Scicluna BJ and Hill AF (2014). "Exosomes provide a protective and enriched source of miRNA for biomarker profiling compared to intracellular and cell-free blood.” J Extracell Vesicles 3).
- miRs bind to their target mRNA and in a sequence-dependent manner ensure their translational repression or degradation.
- Ambros V. (2004). “The functions of animal microRNAs.” Nature 431: 350-355; Lytle JR, Yario TA and Steitz JA (2007).
- “Target mRNAs are repressed as efficiently by microRNA-binding sites in the 5 'UTR as in the 3' UTR. "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 104: 9667-9672).
- miRs can also activate gene expression by binding to RNA binding proteins and inhibiting their functions (Eiring AM, Harb JG, Neviani P., Garton C., Oaks JJ, Spizzo R., Liu S., Schwind S., Santhanam R., Hickey CJ, Becker H., Chandler JC,
- TLR7 / 8 Toll-like receptor 7/8
- the activation of TLR7 / 8 was recently described as an alternative mode of action of the two miRs miR-29b and miR-21 in connection with lung cancer (Fabbri M., Paone A., Calore F., Galli R., Gaudio E., Santhanam R., Lovat F., Fadda P., Mao C., Nuovo GJ, Zanesi N., Crawford M., Ozer GH, Wernicke D., Alder H., Caligiuri MA, Nana -Sinkam P, Perrotti D and Croce CM (2012).
- MicroRNAs bind to Toll-like receptors to induce prometastatic inflammatory response.
- Exosome-delivered microRNAs promote IFN- a secretion by human plasmacytoid DCs via TLR7.
- JCI Insight 3 MiR-574-5p has also already been identified as a TLR7 / 8 ligand (WO 2017/079983 A1).
- miR-574-5p plays a decisive role in connection with bone resorption, in particular in chronic joint diseases.
- miR-574-5p from sEVs from the synovial fluid of patients with rheumatoid arthritis leads to an increased osteoclast differentiation via activation of TLR7 / 8, as explained in detail in the example section. This is particularly surprising because so far there has been an inhibition tion of osteoclast differentiation by TLR7 / 8 agonists had been assumed (Miya-moto A. et al (2012) R848, a toll-like receptor 7 agonist, inhibits osteoclast differentiation but not survival or bone-resorbing function of mature osteoclasts).
- the present invention thus relates to a TLR7 / 8 inhibitor for use in reducing bone resorption in diseases associated with excessive bone resorption, in particular in diseases selected from the group consisting of chronic joint diseases, acute joint diseases and periodontitis, and / or if there are problems with the growth of implants.
- TLR7 / 8 inhibitors are preferred for use to reduce bone resorption in chronic joint diseases.
- the invention also relates to a TLR7 / 8 inhibitor for use in reducing bone resorption in diseases associated with excessive bone resorption, in particular in diseases selected from the group consisting of bone metastasis and psoriatic arthritis.
- the TLR7 / 8 inhibitors of the present invention reduce bone resorption, in particular by means of an inhibition of osteoclast genesis or osteoclast differentiation, preferably in diseases from the group consisting of chronic joint diseases, acute joint diseases and periodontitis, and / or in disorders of the growth of implants .
- the preferred acute joint disease is arthritis.
- the TLR7 / 8 inhibitors of the present invention reduce bone resorption, in particular by means of an inhibition of osteoclast genesis or osteoclast differentiation, preferably also in diseases from the group consisting of bone metastasis and psoriatic arthritis.
- the chronic joint disease is preferably selected from the group consisting of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.
- the chronic disease rheumatoid arthritis is particularly preferred.
- TLR7 / 8 inhibitors inhibitors of TLR7 and / or TLR8 are referred to as TLR7 / 8 inhibitors.
- a TLR7 / 8 inhibitor can therefore be, for example, an inhibitor of TLR7 but not an inhibitor of TLR8.
- a TLR7 / 8 inhibitor can be an inhibitor of TLR8 but not an inhibitor of TLR7.
- a TLR7 / 8 inhibitor is both an inhibitor of TLR7 and an inhibitor of TLR8.
- TLR7 / 8 can be inhibited in a variety of ways.
- the TLR7 / 8 inhibitor is preferably selected from the group consisting of low molecular weight compounds (English: small molecules) and oligonucleotides.
- Preferred oligonucleotides are selected from the group consisting of IRS-661 (SEQ ID NO: 21; Dynayax Technologies), IRS-954 (SEQ ID NO: 22; Dynayax Technologies (Barrat et al., 2005, 2007; Guiducci et al., 2010)), DV-1179 (Dynayax Technologies (Zhu et al., 2011; Suarez-Farinas et al., 2013)), IMO-3100 (Idera (Zhu et al., 2011; Suarez-Farinas et al., 2013 )), IMO-8400 (Idera (Jiang et al., 2012; Zhu et al., 2012), IMO-9200 (Idera / Vivelix), IHN-ODN-24888 (SEQ ID NO: 23; Coley Pharmaceutical GmbH (Rommler at al., 2013, 2015)), ODN 2087 (SEQ ID NO: 24; ODN 2088 Control (
- TLR7 / 8 primarily recognize nucleic acid structures of dsRNA, ssRNA and CpG-DNA. Therefore, oligonucleotides, especially the above-mentioned oligonucleotides, can bind to TLR7 / 8 and act as inhibitors of TLR7 / 8 by hindering the binding of TLR7 / 8 to activating ligands and thereby the activation of TLR7 / 8 inhibit.
- oligonucleotides with inhibitory effects on TLR7 / 8 act as indirect inhibitors without direct physical interaction with TLR7 / 8, as described below.
- Such indirect inhibitors are preferably in particular a single-stranded RNA complementary to miR-574-5p or a single-stranded RNA analogue (AntagomiR) complementary to miR-574-5p, in particular selected from the group consisting of LNA (English: “Locked nucleic acid”), BNA (English: “bridged nucleic acid”), PMO (English: “phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligomer”) and PNA (English: “peptide nucleic acid”).
- LNA is particularly preferred.
- PNA is particularly preferred.
- the inhibitor is particularly preferably an miR-574-5p PNA AntagomiR.
- a TLR7 / 8 inhibitor for the purposes of the present invention can be a direct or an indirect inhibitor.
- a direct TLR7 / 8 inhibitor is a component which enters into direct physical interaction with TLR7 / 8 and thereby leads to an inhibition of TLR7 / 8.
- Such direct TLR7 / 8 inhibitors are known to the person skilled in the art and can accordingly be obtained without problems.
- Such direct TLR7 / 8 inhibitors are described, for example, in Gao W., Xiong, Y., Li Q., Yang H. (2017). "Inhibition of Toll-Like Receptor Signaling as a Promising Therapy for Inflammatory Diseases: A Journey from Molecular to Nano Therapeutics.” Frontiers in Physiology, Volume 8, Article 508. However, their use for reducing bone resorption, especially in chronic joint diseases, was previously unknown.
- a direct TLR7 / 8 inhibitor of the present invention for use to reduce bone resorption in diseases selected from the group comprising, preferably consisting of chronic joint diseases, acute joint diseases and periodontitis, and / or in disorders of the ongrowth of Implants
- the invention also relates to a direct TLR7 / 8 inhibitor of the present invention for use in reducing bone resorption in diseases selected from the group comprising, preferably consisting of bone metastasis and psoriatic arthritis.
- An indirect TLR7 / 8 inhibitor of the present invention is a component which leads to an inhibition of TLR7 / 8 by inhibiting one or more TLR7 / 8 agonists and / or activating one or more TLR7 / 8 antagonites.
- Inhibition of TLR7 / 8 agonists and / or activation of TLR7 / 8 antagonists can take place through direct physical interaction with the corresponding TLR7 / 8 agonists and / or TLR7 / 8 antagonists. According to the invention, however, it is also possible for TLR7 / 8 agonists to be inhibited and / or TLR7 / 8 antagonists to be activated by acting on appropriate regulatory elements such as promoters and / or enhancers.
- TLR7 / 8 inhibitors which inhibit one or more TLR7 / 8 agonists are particularly preferred.
- TLR7 / 8 agonists to be inhibited are preferably selected from the group consisting of miR-574-5p, miR-21 / 29a, let-7 and combinations thereof.
- Very particularly preferred indirect TLR7 / 8 inhibitors are miR-574-5p inhibitors.
- the inhibitor is preferably a single-stranded RNA that is completely complementary to miR-574-5p or a single-stranded RNA analogue that is completely complementary to miR-574-5p (Anta- gomiR), in particular selected from the group consisting of LNA (English: “locked nucleic acid”), BNA (English: “bridged nucleic acid”), PMO (English: “phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligomer”) and PNA (English : "Peptide nucleic acid”).
- LNA is particularly preferred.
- PNA is particularly preferred.
- the preferred sequence of such an inhibitor is shown in SEQ ID NO: 25.
- the corresponding PNA sequence is shown in SEQ ID NO: 27.
- the inhibitor is particularly preferably an miR-574-5p PNA AntagomiR.
- the inhibitor can also be a single-stranded RNA complementary to miR-574-5p or a single-stranded RNA analogue (AntagomiR) complementary to miR-574-5p, in particular selected from the group consisting of LNA (locked nucleic acid "), BNA (English:” bridged nucleic acid “), PMO (English:” phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligomer ”) and PNA (English:” peptide nucleic acid "), whereby the RNA or the RNA analogue is completely complementary to miR-574-5p, but does not cover the entire sequence of miR-574-5p.
- LNA locked nucleic acid
- BNA English:” bridged nucleic acid "
- PMO English:” phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligomer
- PNA English:” peptide nucleic acid "
- sequence of a particularly preferred inhibitor is shown as an RNA sequence in SEQ ID NO: 26 and as a PNA sequence in SEQ ID NO: 28.
- sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 26 and 28 are five residues shorter.
- miR-574-5p inhibitors are also in accordance with the invention.
- the invention also includes so-called “miRNA sponge” and “miRNA decoy”. These are nucleic acid molecules that contain tandem binding sites for miR-574-5p. As a result, they act as competitive inhibitors of miR-574-5p (Ebert and Sharp, 2010 and US 2017/0044541 A1).
- the miR-574-5p inhibitor is preferably selected from the group comprising, preferably consisting of AntagomiR, miRNA sponge and miRNA decoy. AntagomiR is particularly preferred.
- miR-574-5p inhibitors that do not interact directly with miR-574-5p, but instead act on regulatory elements of miR-574-5p, for example on its promoter and / or enhancer.
- the extent of osteoclast differentiation can preferably be used as a measure of the extent of bone resorption.
- Appropriate procedures for determining the Effect of a substance on osteoclast differentiation are well known to those skilled in the art. Particularly suitable methods are also described in detail in the present example section and are also known from the literature.
- it is advantageous if the osteoclast differentiation in CD14 + monocytes or M2-like macrophages is induced with the aid of a TLR7 / 8 agonist (preferably miR-574-5p) in the presence or absence of the potentially inhibitory substance to be tested, with the desired inhibitory effect can be determined when, in the presence of the substance to be tested, a significantly lower osteoclast differentiation can be observed compared to the absence of the substance.
- Other test methods are also possible.
- the extent of osteoclast differentiation and / or the extent of bone resorption can alternatively or additionally be examined in an animal model, in particular an arthritis mouse model such as CIA (collagen-induced arthritis).
- the present invention also relates to a pharmaceutical composition
- a pharmaceutical composition comprising a TLR7 / 8 inhibitor according to the invention, in particular an indirect TLR7 / 8 inhibitor, particularly preferably an miR-574-5p inhibitor.
- the pharmaceutical composition preferably contains carriers which are selected from the group consisting of cell penetrating peptides (CPPs), nanocarriers (NCs) and / or cholesterol, or from the group consisting of nanocarriers (NCs) ) and / or cholesterol.
- the carrier substances are preferably NCs.
- Preferred NCs are nanoparticles (NPs).
- Particularly preferred are the carrier substances nanoparticles, in particular special iron oxide nanoparticles, gold nanoparticles and / or silver nanoparticles.
- Iron oxide nanoparticles, in particular superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs, English: superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles) are particularly preferred.
- Iron oxide nanoparticles are biodegradable so that the particles do not accumulate excessively in the body. Another advantage of iron oxide nanoparticles is that they can be enriched in the desired body region, in particular in an affected joint, by applying an external magnetic field, even with systemic administration (for example intravenously).
- the nanoparticles of the invention preferably have a diameter in a range from 5 nm to 100 nm, more preferably 7.5 nm to 75 nm, more preferably from 10 nm to 50 nm, for example 15 nm to 40 nm or 20 nm to 30 nm , in particular about 25 nm.
- the small diameter of the nanoparticles is particularly advantageous for their permeability to the membrane.
- the diameter of the nanoparticles can be determined using dynamic light scattering (DLS), for example. or by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), the diameter in the case of an SEM determination preferably being the Martin diameter.
- DLS dynamic light scattering
- SEM scanning electron microscopy
- the pharmaceutical composition very particularly preferably contains carriers, the carriers being cell penetrating peptides (CPPs).
- CPPs are polycationic peptides that have a number of advantages.
- Optional CPPS are penetratin, TAT (transactivator of transcription), MAP (model amphiphatic peptide), polyarginine (e.g. R3, R4, R5, R6, R7, R8, R9, R10, R11 or R12), pVEC, Transportan, MPG, and Combinations of these.
- a particularly preferred CPP is (N-terminus) - GRK- KRWFRRRRMKWKK- (C-terminus) (SEQ ID NO: 29).
- CPPs enable simple upscaling, in particular using solid-phase synthesis methods.
- CPPs are associated with membrane permeability and nucleolar accumulation.
- the inhibitor is preferably present in conjugated form to the carrier substances.
- the inhibitor is particularly preferably covalently bound to the carrier.
- the inhibitor is particularly preferably a miR-574-5p PNA AntagomiR.
- Particularly preferred is a miR-574-5p PNA AntagomiR covalently bound to CPP, in particular an miR-574-5p PNA AntagomiR bound to CPP by means of a PEG linker.
- the compounds covalently bound to CPP are bioorthogonal. They enable stronger hybridization and an increased half-life.
- the PEG linker can have one or more ethylene glycol units. In one embodiment, the PEG linker contains one ethylene glycol unit, two or more ethylene glycol units, or three or more ethylene glycol units. The solubility can be adjusted by a suitable choice of the linker length.
- the TLR7 / 8 inhibitor in particular a miR-574-5p-AntagomiR, can be bound to lysine or a modified lysine. This is especially true for PNA-AntagomiR.
- the C-terminal end of a PNA-AntagomiR is particularly preferably bound to modified lysine, the modification of the lysine preferably being that an amide group (-CONH2) is present instead of the carboxyl group (-COOH).
- This is advantageous for the synthesis of the PNA by means of solid phase synthesis.
- the solubility of the PNA is increased.
- the inhibitor is particularly preferably densely packed on the carrier. This results in particularly good accessibility to the membrane. In addition, the stability is increased.
- the surface density of the TLR7 / 8 inhibitor on the carrier, in particular an miR-574-5p inhibitor (preferably AntagomiR) on the nanoparticles is preferably at least 10 10 molecules per cm 2 , more preferably at least 10 11 molecules per cm 2 preferably at least 10 12 molecules per cm 2 .
- the surface density is preferably at most 10 14 molecules per cm 2 , more preferably at most 5 * 10 13 molecules per cm 2 , more preferably at most 2 * 10 13 Molecules per cm 2 .
- the surface density can, for example, be in a range from 5 to 150, in particular 10 to 70 AntagomiR oligonucleotides per 10 nm of particles.
- the present invention also relates to a method for producing a pharmaceutical composition of the invention, comprising the following steps: a) providing a TLR7 / 8 inhibitor according to the invention, in particular an indirect TLR7 / 8 inhibitor, particularly preferably a miR-574-5p- Inhibitor, b) coupling of the TLR7 / 8 inhibitor to a carrier which is selected from the group consisting of cell penetrating peptides (CPPs), nanocarriers (NCs) and / or cholesterol, or from the group consisting of nanocarriers (NCs) and / or cholesterol, in particular on NPs, particularly preferably on NPs, which are selected from the group consisting of iron oxide nanoparticles, gold nanoparticles and / or silver nanoparticles, quite be especially preferably on iron oxide nanoparticles or on cell penetrating peptides (CPPs).
- a carrier which is selected from the group consisting of cell penetrating peptides (CPPs), nanocarrier
- the coupling according to step b) is preferably carried out via click chemistry, for example as described in Cutler J. I., Zheng D., Xu X., Giljohann D. A., Mirkin C. A. (2010). "Polyvalent Oligonucleotide Iran Oxide Nanoparticle“ Click ”Conjugates.” Nano Ladder 10: 1477-1480.
- Carriers, in particular nanoparticles which are in aminated form, are particularly preferably reacted with azidobutyrate or azidoacetate, so that a free azide group results.
- the azide group is then preferably used to bind the inhibitor to the carrier.
- the azide group can bond with modified nucleotides, preferably with a 1: 1 stoichiometry.
- the miR-574-5p inhibitors according to the invention are preferably RNA or RNA analogs, so that these inhibitors are particularly effective via appropriately modified nucleotides, in particular at the 5 'end or at the 3' end (preferably at the 5 ' -End), can be coupled to appropriately modified carrier materials, in particular nanoparticles, particularly preferably iron oxide nanoparticles.
- a particularly preferred nucleotide modification in this context is a terminal alkyne group, in particular at the 5‘ end of the nucleotide.
- the coupling according to step b) to CPPs is preferably carried out by means of a PEG linker.
- a PEG linker Within the scope of the present invention, it is possible to synthesize CPP and TLR7 / 8 inhibitor separately and then to couple them. It is preferred, however, to build up the entire construct continuously, monomer by monomer. Embodiments in which the inhibitor is an miR-574-5p PNA AntagomiR are particularly preferred.
- the CPP-PNA construct is preferably constructed starting with the most C-terminal PNA monomer (or the modified lysine, which is still more C-terminal) and ending with the N-terminal amino acid of the CPP part.
- the present invention also relates to a method for predicting the severity of the disease progression of rheumatoid arthritis in a patient comprising the following steps: a) Determination of the miR-574-5p content in sEVs (small extracellular vesicles) in a patient sample, b) comparison of the content determined in step a) with the content of miR-574-5p in sEVs in samples of one or more comparison patients with known disease progression, c) prognosis of the severity of the disease progression based on the comparison result.
- the patient sample can for example be a sample of the synovial fluid or a blood sample, in particular a plasma sample.
- the patient sample is particularly preferably a sample of the synovial fluid.
- the sEVs are preferably synovial sEVs.
- the miR-574-5p content is preferably determined using RT-qPCR.
- the present invention also relates to the use of a TLR7 / 8 inhibitor for reducing bone resorption in diseases selected from the group comprising, preferably consisting of chronic joint diseases, acute joint diseases and parodontitis, and / or in disorders of the growth of implants .
- the use for reducing bone resorption in chronic joint diseases is preferred.
- the present invention also relates to the use of a TLR7 / 8 inhibitor for reducing bone resorption in diseases which are selected from the group comprising, preferably consisting of bone metastasis and psoriatic arthritis.
- the present invention also relates to a method for reducing bone resorption in diseases associated with excessive bone resorption, in particular in diseases selected from the group consisting of chronic joint diseases, acute joint diseases and periodontitis, and / or in disorders of growth of implants, the method comprising the step of administering an inventive Comprises a moderate TLR7 / 8 inhibitor.
- the disease is in particular a chronic joint disease which is selected from the group consisting of rheumatoid arthritis and arthrosis.
- the diseases can also be or include bone metastasis or psoriatic arthritis.
- Figure 1 shows schematically the isolation of sEVs with differential ultracentrifugation.
- Figure 2 shows schematically the induction of osteoclast genesis.
- Figure 3 shows a significant concentration-dependent increase in osteoclasts when sEVs are added to monocytes (Figure 3A) or to M2-like macrophages (Figure 3B).
- the results are given as mean value + SEM ("Standard error of the mean"). Differences were classified as significant for p ⁇ 0.05 (indicated as * for p ⁇ 0.05, ** for p ⁇ 0.01, *** for p ⁇ 0.001).
- Figure 4 shows the content of various miRs in the isolated vesicles, determined with the aid of RT-qPCR.
- a high content of miR-574-5p (SEQ ID NO: 4) was found both in the sEVs from the serum and in the sEVs from the synovial fluid (FIGS. 4A and 4B). The results are given as the mean + SEM.
- Figure 5 shows the intracellular level and sEV level of the displayed miRs with and without 24-hour stimulation with IL-1ß (10 ng / ml) and / or TNFa (10 ng / ml).
- Figure 6 shows intracellular levels (Figure 6A) and secretion (Figure 6B) of miR-574-5p during osteoclast differentiation.
- Figure 7A shows the miR-574-5p content in miR-574-5p oe sEVs and in a control (ScrC sEVs).
- Figure 7B shows the results of an RNase protection experiment, according to which the RNase degradation of miR-574-5p can be significantly increased by adding a detergent.
- Figure 8 shows the results of treatment with 1 pg / ml miR-574-5p oe sEVs or ScrC sEVs at different times of differentiation.
- the miR-574-5p oe sEVs lead to a significant increase in the number of osteoclasts when added to monocytes or M2-like macrophages ( Figures 8A and 8B).
- Figure 8C When added to pre-osteoclasts, however, no significant increase in the number of osteoclasts was observed (Figure 8C).
- Figure 9 shows that neither miR-574-5p alone nor miR-574-5p in the presence of synthetic liposomal vehicles (Lipofectamine® 2000) leads to a stimulation of osteoclast genesis.
- Figure 10 shows a direct interaction of miR-574-5p with TLR8 using MST (English: “micoscale thermophoresis”). The dissociation constant K D was 30.8 ⁇ 5.2 nM ( Figures 10A and 10B). However, there is no specific interaction between TLR8 and miR-16-5p ( Figures 10A and 10B).
- Figures 10C and 10D show that addition of the TLR7 / 8 inhibitor ODN 2087 cancels the effect of miR-574-5p on CD14 + monocytes and M2-like macrophages.
- Figures 10E and 10F show the influence of the TLR7 / 8 ligand R848 on osteoclast genesis.
- FIG. 11 shows the relative IL-23 and IFNa mRNA levels after stimulation of CD14 + monocytes with the specified substances in the presence or absence of the TLR7 / 8 inhibitor ODN 2087.
- Figure 12 schematically shows the structure of a PNA-AntagomiR (3) coupled to CPP (1).
- the PNA-AntagomiR (3) is bound to the cell-penetrating peptide (1) by means of a PEG linker (2).
- Figure 13 shows the results of an MTT assay for testing cytotoxicity, the viability being plotted on the y-axis. Neither the negative control ( Figure 13A) nor the miR-574-5p PNA AntagomiR ( Figure 13B) showed any significant toxicity.
- Figure 14 shows that the CPP-coupled miR-574-5p PNA AntagomiR leads to a concentration-dependent reduction in osteoclast genesis.
- SEVs small extracellular vesicles, sEVs
- sEVs small extracellular vesicles, sEVs
- ACPAs American-citrullinated protein antibodies
- ACPAs are associated with a more severe course of the disease.
- the vesicles were isolated using differential ultracentrifugation ( Figure 1).
- TEM transmission electron microscopy
- sEVs were also isolated from the serum of the patients.
- CD14 + monocytes were isolated from PMBCs (“peripheral blood mononuclear cells”) from healthy donors and treated with M-CSF (“recombinant human macrophage colony-stimulating factor”), RANK-L (English: “receptor activator”) of NF-kB ligand ”) and different concentrations of the isolated sEVs. Both freshly isolated monocytes and differentiated M2-like macrophages were stimulated with the sEVs isolated from the synovial fluid ( Figure 2).
- osteoclast marker TRAP American Type II osteoclast marker
- the results show that the isolated sEVs induce osteoclast differentiation in a concentration-dependent manner.
- the content of various miRs in the isolated vesicles was determined with the aid of RT-qPCR.
- a high content of miR-574-5p (SEQ ID NO: 4) was found both in the sEVs from the serum and in the sEVs from the synovial fluid (FIGS. 4A and 4B). The results are given as the mean + SEM.
- the content of the other miRs tested was significantly lower.
- the primers were obtained from Qiagen (Hilden, Germany) (catalog number MS00043617 for miR-574; MS0031493 for miR-16; MS00031486 for miR-155; and MS00003535 for miR-146a).
- Non-human cel-miR-39-3p (SEQ ID NO: 5), which was added to the samples at a final concentration of 200 nM for this purpose, was used as a control to normalize the extracellular content.
- the primers were also from Qiagen (catalog number MS00019789).
- the results show a selective accumulation of miR-574-5p in sEVs from patients with rheumatoid arthritis.
- Synovial fibroblasts were obtained from ACPA-negative and ACPA-positive rheumatoid arthritis patients. Intracellular levels and sEV levels of the above-mentioned miRs were determined using RT-qPCR with and without stimulation with IL-1ß (10 ng / ml) and / or TNFa (10 ng / ml) for 24 hours (FIGS. 5A and 5B). The sEVs were isolated from the cell culture supernatants. To normalize the extracellular content, cel-miR-39-3p was always used. To normalize the intracellular content, snRNA U6 (SEQ ID NO: 20) was always used as an endogenous control.
- the primers were also from Qiagen (catalog number MS00033740).
- miR-146a-5p served as a positive control, as its induction by stimulation with I L-1 ß is known (Stanczyk J., Pedrioli DM L, Brentano F., Sanchez-pernaute O., Kolling C., Gay RE, Detmar M., Gay S. and Kyburz D. (2008). "Altered Expression of MicroRNA in Synovial Fibroblasts and Synovial Tissue in Rheumatoid Arthritis.” Arthritis Rheum 58: 1001-1009). No significant stimulation-related differences could be observed for the other miRs.
- ACPA ACPA-negative
- ACPA + ACPA-positive
- FIG. 5D significantly increased amounts of miR-574-5p were found in sEVs of SFs from ACPA-positive patients compared to ACPA-negative patients, so that the content of extracellular miR-574-5p increases with the severity of the Can be related to the course of the disease.
- M2 macrophages also secrete miR-574-5p in sEVs (Figure 6). While the intracellular level remains essentially unchanged during osteoclast differentiation (Figure 6A), significant secretion no longer takes place after 6, 9 or 12 days of differentiation ( Figure 6B). So pre-osteoclasts and osteoclasts do not contribute significantly to miR-574-5p in sEVs.
- SFs and monocytes but not pre-osteoclasts and osteoclasts, contribute to miR-574-5p in sEVs.
- sEVs with engineered miR-574-5p level contribute to miR-574-5p in sEVs.
- miR-574-5p is therefore found in the vesicles that protect against RNase degradation and is only accessible for RNase degradation when released by the detergent. This experiment shows that the miR-574-5p is mainly in the sEVs and is therefore protected from degradation by RNases. The addition of the detergent enables the miR to be broken down by “destroying” the sEVs.
- Uptake of the constructed sEVs by cells miR-574-5p oe sEVs were stained with the fluorescent dye 3,3'-dioctadecyloxacarbocyanine perchlorate (DiO) and their uptake in CD14 + monocytes was examined with confocal microscopy. Uptake of the colored vesicles into the cells was observed after 20 minutes. The maximum number of stained sEVs in the cells was reached after 40 minutes. Similar results were obtained for HeLa cells.
- DiO 3,3'-dioctadecyloxacarbocyanine perchlorate
- Isolated human CD14 + monocytes were treated with 1 pg / ml miR-574-5p oe sEVs or ScrC sEVs at different times of differentiation ( Figures 8A, 8B, 8C).
- the ScrC sEVs also lead to a significant increase in the number of osteoclasts when added to monocytes or M2-like macrophages ( Figures 8A and 8B). This is likely to be due to the miR-574-5p also present there, whose content is, however, lower by a factor of 15 compared to the miR-574-5p oe sEVs ( Figure 7A), so that the stimulation of osteoclast genesis is about 1.2-fold with ScrC sEVs is significantly lower than with miR-574-5p oe sEVs with around 1.7-fold.
- an increase in osteoclast genesis can be achieved by adding the known TLR7 / 8 ligand R848 (Invivogen, San Diego, USA).
- the effect of R848, however, is strongly dependent on the concentration. While a significant increase in the number of osteoclasts can be observed at 10 ng / ml, a reduction in the number of osteoclasts occurs at 1000 ng / ml. 100 ng / ml R848 when added to monocytes lead to an increase in the number of osteoclasts, but when added to M2-like macrophages, to a decrease ( Figures 10E and 10F). The effect could be neutralized by adding the TLR7 / 8 inhibitor ODN 2087. As with miR-574-5p ( Figure 8C), no significant increase in osteoclast genesis was observed when the TLR7 / 8 agonist R848 was added to pre-osteoclasts.
- CD14 + monocytes were obtained with sEVs from the synovial fluid of ACPA-positive patients with rheumatoid arthritis (4 pg / ml), with miR-574-5p oe sEVs (1 pg / ml) or with ScrC sEVs (1 pg / ml), respectively 4 hours stimulated.
- the total RNA was then isolated and the mRNA levels of IL-23, IL-8, INF ⁇ , IL-1 ⁇ and TNF ⁇ were analyzed with RT-qPCR.
- These cytokines are for it known to influence osteoclast differentiation (Amarasekara DS, Yun H., Kim S., Lee N. and Rho J. (2018).
- a miR-574-5p PNA AntagomiR was covalently bound to a cell-penetrating peptide (CPP) via a PEG linker (see scheme in Figure 12).
- the miR-574-5p PNA AntagomiR is a single-stranded RNA analogue that is complementary to miR-574-5p, namely a so-called “peptide nucleic acid” (PNA).
- PNA peptide nucleic acid
- the AntagomiR is completely complementary to miR-574-5p, but does not cover the entire sequence of miR-574-5p.
- the AntagomiR sequence is shown in SEQ ID NO: 28.
- the AntagomiR sequence was linked C-terminally to a modified Ly sin.
- the modification consisted in the fact that instead of the carboxyl group (-COOH) an amide group (-CONH2) was present.
- the modified lysine is used for anchoring to the resin framework during the synthesis (see next paragraph). As a spacer to the resin, the modified lysine improves the efficiency of the first critical coupling. In addition, the modified lysine increases the solubility of the CPP-PNA construct.
- Standard solid phase synthesis methods were used.
- the entire CPP-PNA construct was built on a resin framework, as all the synthetic building blocks used are compatible with one another. The synthesis took place from the C-terminal to the N-terminal direction.
- the most C-terminal synthetic building block (here modified lysine) was first immobilized on a resin framework.
- the next N-terminal synthesis building block was then with the one on the resin immobilized synthesis building block brought to reaction. This reaction cycle was repeated for each building block so that the macromolecule on the resin grows building block by building block.
- the finished CPP-PNA construct would be detached from the resin scaffold.
- the CPP-PNA construct used can be represented as follows (from N-terminus to C-terminus): GRKKRWFRRRRMKWKK- (eg1) -ctcacacacacacactca (K-CONH2).
- the first part is the CPP (SEQ ID NO: 29).
- the expression (eg-1) describes the PEG linker, which in the present case exactly comprises an ethylene glycol unit. This is followed by the PNA AntagomiR of SEQ ID NO: 28.
- the construct contains a modified lysine with an amide group (-CONH2) instead of a carboxyl group (-COOH).
- the modified lysine is described by the expression (K-CONH2).
- the cytotoxicity was tested with an MTT assay in which the eponymous dye MTT (3- (4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl) -2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) is used.
- MTT 3- (4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl) -2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide
- a negative control a PNA with a sequence not complementary to miR-574-5p was tested (SEQ ID NO: 30), which was also bound to CPP by means of the PEG linker.
- the used CPP-PNA construct of the negative control can be represented as follows (from N-terminus to C-terminus): GRKKRWFRRRRMKWKK- (eg1) -gctattaccttaacccag (K-NH2).
- the negative control differs from the construct according to the invention described above only with regard to the PNA sequence.
- the influence of the CPP-coupled miR-574-5p PNA AntagomiR on osteoclast genesis was tested.
- the scheme of induction of osteoclast genesis is shown in Figure 2. This scheme was adapted so that on day 1 the CPP-coupled miR-574-5p PNA AntagomiR (CPP-PNA) was added in concentrations of 10 mM or 20 pM. The negative control was carried out without the addition of CPP-PNA (0 pm CPP-PNA). The results are shown in FIG.
- the CPP-coupled miR-574-5p PNA Anta gomiR leads to a concentration-dependent reduction in osteoclast genesis. Freshly isolated human monocytes were also used for this experiment.
Abstract
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