EP3966207B1 - Phenylaminopyrimidine amide autophagy inhibitors and methods of use thereof - Google Patents

Phenylaminopyrimidine amide autophagy inhibitors and methods of use thereof Download PDF

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Publication number
EP3966207B1
EP3966207B1 EP20729420.8A EP20729420A EP3966207B1 EP 3966207 B1 EP3966207 B1 EP 3966207B1 EP 20729420 A EP20729420 A EP 20729420A EP 3966207 B1 EP3966207 B1 EP 3966207B1
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Prior art keywords
amino
propyl
phenyl
pyrimidin
trifluoromethyl
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German (de)
English (en)
French (fr)
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EP3966207A1 (en
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Daniel L. Flynn
Yu Mi AHN
Timothy Caldwell
Lakshminarayana Vogeti
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Deciphera Pharmaceuticals LLC
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Deciphera Pharmaceuticals LLC
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Priority to EP23206773.6A priority Critical patent/EP4342469A3/en
Priority to HRP20231730TT priority patent/HRP20231730T1/hr
Priority to RS20231266A priority patent/RS65019B1/sr
Priority to SI202030312T priority patent/SI3966207T1/sl
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    • C07D403/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00
    • C07D403/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00 containing two hetero rings
    • C07D403/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00 containing two hetero rings linked by a chain containing hetero atoms as chain links
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    • C07D413/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
    • C07D413/14—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms containing three or more hetero rings
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    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/41—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having five-membered rings with two or more ring hetero atoms, at least one of which being nitrogen, e.g. tetrazole
    • A61K31/4164—1,3-Diazoles
    • A61K31/4184—1,3-Diazoles condensed with carbocyclic rings, e.g. benzimidazoles
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    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
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    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/435—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
    • A61K31/44—Non condensed pyridines; Hydrogenated derivatives thereof
    • A61K31/445—Non condensed piperidines, e.g. piperocaine
    • A61K31/4523—Non condensed piperidines, e.g. piperocaine containing further heterocyclic ring systems
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    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/495—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with two or more nitrogen atoms as the only ring heteroatoms, e.g. piperazine or tetrazines
    • A61K31/505—Pyrimidines; Hydrogenated pyrimidines, e.g. trimethoprim
    • A61K31/506—Pyrimidines; Hydrogenated pyrimidines, e.g. trimethoprim not condensed and containing further heterocyclic rings
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    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/495—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with two or more nitrogen atoms as the only ring heteroatoms, e.g. piperazine or tetrazines
    • A61K31/505—Pyrimidines; Hydrogenated pyrimidines, e.g. trimethoprim
    • A61K31/519—Pyrimidines; Hydrogenated pyrimidines, e.g. trimethoprim ortho- or peri-condensed with heterocyclic rings
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/535—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with at least one nitrogen and one oxygen as the ring hetero atoms, e.g. 1,2-oxazines
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    • A61K45/06—Mixtures of active ingredients without chemical characterisation, e.g. antiphlogistics and cardiaca
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
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    • C07D401/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings
    • C07D401/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings linked by a chain containing hetero atoms as chain links
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    • C07D401/14—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing three or more hetero rings
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    • C07D413/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms containing two hetero rings
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    • C07D471/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with one nitrogen atom, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D463/00
    • C07D471/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with one nitrogen atom, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D463/00 in which the condensed system contains two hetero rings
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    • C07D487/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D477/00 in which the condensed system contains two hetero rings
    • C07D487/04—Ortho-condensed systems
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    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
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    • C07D487/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D477/00 in which the condensed system contains two hetero rings
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    • A61K2300/00—Mixtures or combinations of active ingredients, wherein at least one active ingredient is fully defined in groups A61K31/00 - A61K41/00
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
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Definitions

  • Autophagy (literally meaning "self eating") is a process that enables cells to recycle cellular organelles, proteins, stored lipids, glucagon, and other materials for the purpose of generating nutrients under periods of stress. These cellular contents are recycled by engulfment in vesicles called autophagosomes. Autophagosomes subsequently merge with lysosomes that degrade the autophagosomal contents for recycling of nutrients to the cell. Tumor cells are prone to activate autophagy, as these cells have a high metabolic demand, experience cellular stress, and frequently are in hypoxic environments with limited blood flow and nutrient supply.
  • chemotherapy and targeted therapies have been shown to induce autophagy as a treatment resistance mechanism, and combination of autophagy inhibition (by genetic loss of function mutations in autophagy genes or by pharmacologic means) with chemotherapeutic regimens has been shown to suppress tumor growth and trigger tumor cell apoptosis to a greater extent than single agent chemotherapy.
  • Mutant Ras proteins drive approximately 30 percent of all human cancers - including 95 percent of pancreatic cancers and 45 percent of colorectal cancers, and treatment of these mutant Ras cancers is currently an area of high unmet medical need. Mutant Ras cancers are highly proliferative and depend on basal levels of autophagy for survival, suggesting that inhibition of autophagy in these "autophagy addicted" cancers is a viable therapeutic approach.
  • ULK1 kinase is the initiating protein of autophagy and is a serine/threonine kinase.
  • the ULK1 kinase complex is activated in response to cellular stress including nutrient deprivation and energy depletion.
  • Nutrient deprivation activates ULK kinase activity through inhibition of mTORCl
  • energy depletion activates ULK kinase activity through activation by AMP-activated protein kinase AMPK.
  • kinase dead mutants of ULK kinase block initiation of canonical autophagy, suggesting that small molecule inhibitors of ULK kinase activity would be able to block autophagy.
  • ULK1 inhibits autophagy in cancer cells, relieving FOX3A turn-over and upregulation of the pro-apoptotic protein PUMA.
  • ULK1 kinase activity has been shown to be required for Bcl-2-L-13 mediated mitophagy (autophagy of damaged mitochondria).
  • ULK1 and ULK2 kinases have also been demonstrated to rewire cancer cell glucose metabolism. ULK inhibitors may also find utility in blocking these noncanonical protumoral activities of ULK.
  • Autophagy is also upregulated in host cells and tissues in cancer. Autophagy in pancreatic tissue stellate cells was demonstrated to support tumor growth. Pancreatic stellate cells were shown to support pancreatic cancer tumor metabolism through autophagic alanine secretion. Inhibition of host tissue autophagy was demonstrated to lead to a depletion in circulating arginine (a required amino acid for tumor metabolism and growth) through liver -mediated increases in arginase secretion. Activation of ULK1 kinase was also shown to inactivate the STING pathway in immune cells through inhibitory phosphorylation of STING, mediating a negative feedback mechanism for limiting an innate immune cell response mediated by interferons. Thus, not only is autophagy activated in tumor cells (cancer cell autonomous), but also in other cells in the tumor microenvironment or host tissues (cancer call nonautonomous) to support tumor survival and growth.
  • Mutant Ras cancers are addicted to autophagy. In pancreatic cancer, mutant Ras signals predominantly through the MAPKAP pathway. Mutant Ras activates RAF kinases, which in turn activate MEK kinases, which finally activate ERK kinases: mutant Ras ⁇ RAF ⁇ MEK ⁇ ERK. Despite mutant Ras signaling through the MAPKAP pathway, inhibitors of this pathway have provided no or little clinical benefit in clinical trials when used as single agents. It has been recently reported that inhibition of the MAPKAP pathway induces autophagy as a compensatory survival mechanism. When MEK inhibitors were combined with the autophagy inhibitor hydroxychloroquine, there was synergistic activity leading to regression of a number of mutant Ras or mutant BRAF cancers.
  • LRRK2 kinase Mutations in the gene encoding LRRK2 kinase are causative of Parkinson's disease. LRRK2 point mutations are found in both familial (inherited) as well as sporadic Parkinson's disease patients. The most common mutation of LRRK2 in Parkinson's disease is LRRK2 G2019S. These mutations in LRRK2 are gain-of-function mutations that cause overactivation of LRRK2 signaling.
  • Ongoing autophagy is a process that is used by brain neuronal cells to maintain health and homeostasis. Autophagy is a process by which cells identify, localize, and destroy aged organelles and structural elements within cells, and particularly in the case of proteins known to aggregate in neurons, autophagy eliminates such toxic protein aggregates to maintain neuronal health. LRRK2 activity suppresses autophagy, and the LRRK2 G2019S gain-of-function mutant even moreso suppresses autophagy and has been linked to aggressive forms of Parkinson's disease.
  • LRRK2 kinase activity has also been linked to immunoinflammatory diseases including colitis and Crohn's disease and inflammatory bowel disease.
  • LRRK2 is present in antigen-presenting cells including dendritic cells.
  • LRRK2 activity has been shown to be important in Dectin-1 mediated innate immune responses, including an activation of the NFkB pathway and increased TNF-alpha production in dendritic cells of patients with Crohn's disease.
  • Inhibitors of LRRK2 are sought for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases including Parkinson's disease, and also are sought for the treatment of gastrointestinal diseases including Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, and inflammatory bowel disease.
  • Described herein are compounds that are inhibitors of autophagy, pharmaceutical compositions, and their use as agents in the treatment of disorders such as cancer, processes for their preparation, and pharmaceutical compositions containing them as an active ingredient.
  • Such pharmaceutical compositions may comprise the compound as the sole active agent or in combination with other active agents in the presence of a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
  • the described compounds are inhibitors of ULK kinase activity, including ULK1 and ULK2 activity.
  • alkyl refers to a saturated straight or branched hydrocarbon.
  • exemplary alkyl groups include, but are not limited to, straight or branched hydrocarbons of 1-6, 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, or 1-2 carbon atoms, referred to herein as C 1 -C 6 alkyl, C 1 -C 5 alkyl, C 1 -C 4 alkyl, C 1 -C 3 alkyl, and C 1 -C 2 alkyl, respectively.
  • Exemplary alkyl groups include, but are not limited to, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, 2-methyl-1-butyl, 3-methyl-2-butyl, 2-methyl-1-pentyl, 3-methyl-1-pentyl, 4-methyl-1-pentyl, 2-methyl-2-pentyl, 3-methyl-2-pentyl, 4-methyl-2-pentyl, 2,2-dimethyl-1-butyl, 3,3-dimethyl-1-butyl, 2-ethyl-1-butyl, butyl, isobutyl, t-butyl, pentyl, isopentyl, neopentyl, hexyl, etc.
  • alkenyl refers to an unsaturated straight or branched hydrocarbon having at least one carbon-carbon double bond.
  • alkenyl groups include, but are not limited to, a straight or branched group of 2-6 or 3-4 carbon atoms, referred to herein as C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, and C 3 -C 4 alkenyl, respectively.
  • alkenyl groups include, but are not limited to, vinyl, allyl, butenyl, pentenyl, etc.
  • alkoxy refers to a straight or branched alkyl group attached to oxygen (alkyl-O-).
  • exemplary alkoxy groups include, but are not limited to, alkoxy groups of 1-6 or 2-6 carbon atoms, referred to herein as C 1 -C 6 alkoxy, and C 2 -C 6 alkoxy, respectively.
  • Exemplary alkoxy groups include, but are not limited to methoxy, ethoxy, isopropoxy, etc.
  • alkoxyalkyl refers to a straight or branched alkyl group attached to oxygen, attached to a second straight or branched alkyl group (alkyl-O-alkyl-).
  • exemplary alkoxyalkyl groups include, but are not limited to, alkoxyalkyl groups in which each of the alkyl groups independently contains 1-6 carbon atoms, referred to herein as C 1 -C 6 alkoxy-C 1 -C 6 alkyl.
  • Exemplary alkoxyalkyl groups include, but are not limited to methoxymethyl, 2-methoxyethyl, 1-methoxyethyl, 2-methoxypropyl, ethoxymethyl, 2-isopropoxyethyl etc.
  • alkynyl refers to an unsaturated straight or branched hydrocarbon having at least one carbon-carbon triple bond.
  • exemplary alkynyl groups include, but are not limited to, straight or branched groups of 2-6, or 3-6 carbon atoms, referred to herein as C 2 -C 6 alkynyl, and C 3 -C 6 alkynyl, respectively.
  • exemplary alkynyl groups include, but are not limited to, ethynyl, propynyl, butynyl, pentynyl, hexynyl, methylpropynyl, etc.
  • cyano refers to the radical -CN.
  • cycloalkyl or a “carbocyclic group” as used herein refers to a saturated or partially unsaturated hydrocarbon group of, for example, 3-6, or 4-6 carbons, referred to herein as C 3 -C 6 cycloalkyl or C 4 -C 6 cycloalkyl, respectively.
  • exemplary cycloalkyl groups include, but are not limited to, cyclohexyl, cyclopentyl, cyclopentenyl, cyclobutyl or cyclopropyl.
  • cycloalkoxy refers to a cycloalkyl group attached to oxygen (cycloalkyl-O-).
  • exemplary cycloalkoxy groups include, but are not limited to, cycloalkoxy groups of 3-6 carbon atoms, referred to herein as C 3 -C 6 cycloalkoxy groups.
  • Exemplary cycloalkoxy groups include, but are not limited to, cyclopropoxy, cyclobutoxy, cyclopentoxy, cyclohexyloxy, etc.
  • halo or halogen as used herein refer to F, Cl, Br, or I.
  • heteroaryl refers to a monocyclic aromatic 5 or 6 membered ring system containing one or more heteroatoms, for example one to three heteroatoms, such as nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. Where possible, said heteroaryl ring may be linked to the adjacent radical though carbon or nitrogen. Examples of heteroaryl rings include but are not limited to furan, thiophene, pyrrole, thiazole, oxazole, isothiazole, isoxazole, imidazole, pyrazole, triazole, pyridine or pyrimidine etc.
  • heterocyclyl or “heterocyclic group” are art-recognized and refer to saturated or partially unsaturated, 4-10 membered ring structures, including monocyclic, bridged or fused rings, and whose ring structures include one to three heteroatoms, such as nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. Where possible, heterocyclyl rings may be linked to the adjacent radical through carbon or nitrogen. Examples of heterocyclyl groups include, but are not limited to, pyrrolidine, piperidine, morpholine, thiomorpholine, piperazine, oxetane, azetidine, tetrahydrofuran or dihydrofuran etc.
  • lactam refers to cyclic amides of amino carboxylic acids, having a 1-azacycloalkan-2-one structure, or analogues having unsaturation or heteroatoms replacing one or more carbon atoms of the ring.
  • alpha-lactam refers to a lactam comprised of a 3-membered ring.
  • a “beta-lactam” refers to a lactam comprised of a 4-membered ring.
  • a "gamma-lactam” refers to a lactam comprised of a 5-membered ring.
  • a “delta-lactam” refers to a lactam comprised of a 6-membered ring.
  • epsilon-lactam refers to a lactam comprised of a 7-membered ring.
  • a “combination therapy” is a treatment that includes the administration of two or more therapeutic agents, e.g., a compound of Formula I and a MAPKAP pathway inhibitor, to a patient in need thereof.
  • “Individual,” “patient,” or “subject” are used interchangeably and include any animal, including mammals, preferably mice, rats, other rodents, rabbits, dogs, cats, swine, cattle, sheep, horses, or primates, and most preferably humans.
  • the compounds described herein can be administered to a mammal, such as a human, but can also be administered to other mammals such as an animal in need of veterinary treatment, e.g., domestic animals ( e.g., dogs, cats, and the like), farm animals ( e.g., cows, sheep, pigs, horses, and the like) and laboratory animals ( e.g. , rats, mice, guinea pigs, and the like).
  • a “MAPKAP pathway inhibitor” is an inhibitor of the MAP kinase signaling pathway.
  • Inhibitors of this pathway include Ras inhibitors (e.g. AMG-510, MRTX 849), RAF inhibitors (e.g. dabrafenib, vemurafenib, LY3009120), MEK inhibitors (e.g. trametinib, binimetinib, selumetinib, cobimetinib), and ERK inhibitors (e.g. ulixertinib, SCH772984, LY3214996).
  • Ras inhibitors e.g. AMG-510, MRTX 849
  • RAF inhibitors e.g. dabrafenib, vemurafenib, LY3009120
  • MEK inhibitors e.g. trametinib, binimetinib, selumetinib, cobimetinib
  • ERK inhibitors
  • “Pharmaceutically or pharmacologically acceptable” include molecular entities and compositions that do not produce an adverse, allergic or other untoward reaction when administered to an animal, or a human, as appropriate.
  • preparations should meet sterility, pyrogenicity, and general safety and purity standards as required by FDA Office of Biologies standards.
  • compositions may also contain other active compounds providing supplemental, additional, or enhanced therapeutic functions.
  • composition refers to a composition comprising at least one compound as disclosed herein formulated together with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable salt(s) refers to salts of acidic or basic groups that may be present in compounds used in the compositions.
  • Compounds included in the present compositions that are basic in nature are capable of forming a wide variety of salts with various inorganic and organic acids.
  • the acids that may be used to prepare pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts of such basic compounds are those that form non-toxic acid addition salts, i.e., salts containing pharmacologically acceptable anions, including, but not limited to, malate, oxalate, chloride, bromide, iodide, nitrate, sulfate, bisulfate, phosphate, acid phosphate, isonicotinate, acetate, lactate, salicylate, citrate, tartrate, oleate, tannate, pantothenate, bitartrate, ascorbate, succinate, maleate, gentisinate, fumarate, gluconate, glucaronate, saccharate, formate, benzoate, glutamate, methane sulfonate, ethanesulfonate, benzenesulfonate, p -toluenesulfonate and pamoate (i.e., 1,1'-m
  • Compounds included in the present compositions that are acidic in nature are capable of forming base salts with various pharmacologically acceptable cations.
  • Examples of such salts include alkali metal or alkaline earth metal salts, particularly calcium, magnesium, sodium, lithium, zinc, potassium, and iron salts.
  • Compounds included in the present compositions that include a basic or acidic moiety may also form pharmaceutically acceptable salts with various amino acids.
  • the compounds of the disclosure may contain both acidic and basic groups; for example, one amino and one carboxylic acid group. In such a case, the compound can exist as an acid addition salt, a zwitterion, or a base salt.
  • the compounds of the disclosure may contain one or more chiral centers and, therefore, exist as stereoisomers.
  • stereoisomers when used herein consist of all enantiomers or diastereomers. These compounds may be designated by the symbols “(+),” “(-),” “R” or “S,” depending on the configuration of substituents around the stereogenic carbon atom, but the skilled artisan will recognize that a structure may denote a chiral center implicitly.
  • the presently described compounds encompasses various stereoisomers of these compounds and mixtures thereof. Mixtures of enantiomers or diastereomers may be designated "( ⁇ )" in nomenclature, but the skilled artisan will recognize that a structure may denote a chiral center implicitly.
  • the term "therapeutically effective amount” means the amount of the subject compound that will elicit the biological or medical response of a tissue, system or animal, (e.g. mammal or human) that is being sought by the researcher, veterinarian, medical doctor or other clinician.
  • the compounds described herein are administered in therapeutically effective amounts to treat a disorder.
  • Treating includes any effect, e.g., lessening, reducing, modulating, or eliminating, that results in the improvement of the condition, disease, disorder and the like.
  • the disclosure also embraces isotopically labeled compounds which are identical to those recited herein, except that one or more atoms are replaced by an atom having an atomic mass or mass number different from the atomic mass or mass number usually found in nature.
  • isotopes that can be incorporated into compounds of the invention include isotopes of hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, sulfur, fluorine and chlorine, such as 2 H, 3 H, 13 C, 14 C, 15 N, 18 O, 17 O, 31 P, 32 P, 35 S, 18 F, and 36 Cl, respectively.
  • a compound of the disclosure may have one or more H atom replaced with deuterium.
  • Individual enantiomers and diasteriomers of compounds of the present invention can be prepared synthetically from commercially available starting materials that contain asymmetric or stereogenic centers, or by preparation of racemic mixtures followed by resolution methods well known to those of ordinary skill in the art. These methods of resolution are exemplified by (1) attachment of a mixture of enantiomers to a chiral auxiliary, separation of the resulting mixture of diastereomers by recrystallization or chromatography and liberation of the optically pure product from the auxiliary, (2) salt formation employing an optically active resolving agent, (3) direct separation of the mixture of optical enantiomers on chiral liquid chromatographic columns or (4) kinetic resolution using stereoselective chemical or enzymatic reagents.
  • Racemic mixtures can also be resolved into their component enantiomers by well-known methods, such as chiral-phase liquid chromatography or crystallizing the compound in a chiral solvent.
  • Stereoselective syntheses a chemical or enzymatic reaction in which a single reactant forms an unequal mixture of stereoisomers during the creation of a new stereocenter or during the transformation of a pre-existing one, are well known in the art.
  • Stereoselective syntheses encompass both enantio- and diastereoselective transformations, and may involve the use of chiral auxiliaries. For examples, see Carreira and Kvaemo, Classics in Stereoselective Synthesis, Wiley-VCH: Weinheim, 2009 .
  • Described herein is a compound represented by Formula I: or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, enantiomer, stereoisomer, or tautomer thereof, wherein: W is CH or N; X is CH or N; Y is C(R 3 ) or N; R 1 is selected from the group consisting of halogen, cyano, C 1 -C 5 alkyl, and C 3 -C 5 cycloalkyl, wherein each C 1 -C 5 alkyl and C 3 -C 5 cycloalkyl may be optionally substituted by one, two or three independent occurrences of fluorine; R 2 is selected from the group consisting of H, halogen, cyano, C 1 -C 5 alkyl, C 3 -C 6 cycloalkyl, C 2 -C 5 alkenyl, C 2 -C 5 alkynyl, C 1 -C 5 alkoxy, and C 1 -C 5 alkoxy-C 2 -C 5 alkyl, where
  • W is N.
  • X is CH and Y is N.
  • X is CH and Y is C(R 3 ).
  • Z is selected from: wherein V is selected from the group consisting of oxygen, CH 2 , and NR 6 ; each occurrence of R 34 is independently selected from H and R 36 , wherein each occurrence of R 36 is independently selected from C 1 -C 6 alkyl and C 3 -C 6 cycloalkyl, or two R 36 are joined together with the carbon to which they are attached to form a C 3 -C 6 cycloalkyl; q is 0, 1, 2, or 3; and r is 2 or 4, provided that, if q is 0, then r is not 2.
  • Z is selected from: wherein V is selected from the group consisting of oxygen, C(R 34 ) 2 , and NR 6 ; each occurrence of R 34 is independently selected from H and R 36 , wherein each occurrence of R 36 is independently selected from C 1 -C 6 alkyl and C 3 -C 6 cycloalkyl, or two R 36 are joined together with the carbon to which they are attached to form a C 3 -C 6 cycloalkyl; q is 0, 1, 2, or 3; and r is 2 or 3, provided that, if q is 0, then r is not 2.
  • Z is selected from the group consisting of:
  • Z is selected from: wherein V is selected from the group consisting of oxygen, CH 2 , and NR 6 ; q is 0, 1, 2, or 3; and r is 2 or 3, provided that, if q is 0, then r is not 2.
  • Z is selected from the group consisting of
  • R 4 is B.
  • R 4 is selected from the group consisting of wherein u is 1 or 2.
  • R 4 is selected from the group consisting of
  • R 4 is selected from the group consisting of
  • R 4 is selected from the group consisting of
  • R 4 is D.
  • R 4 is selected from the group consisting of
  • m is 0. In some embodiments, m is 1. In some embodiments, m is 2. In some embodiments, m is 3.
  • R 1 is selected from the group consisting of halogen, C 1- C 5 alkyl, and C 3- C 5 cycloalkyl, wherein C 1- C 5 alkyl may be optionally substituted with one, two, or three occurrences of fluorine.
  • R 1 is CF 3 .
  • R 1 is CF 2 H.
  • R 1 is halogen.
  • R 1 is bromo.
  • R 1 is cyclopropyl.
  • R 2 is selected from the group consisting of H, C 3 -C 5 cycloalkyl, C 1 -C 5 alkyl, halogen, CN, C 2 -C 5 alkenyl, and C 2 -C 5 alknyl, wherein C 1 -C 5 alkyl may be optionally substituted with one, two, or three independent occurrences of fluorine.
  • R 2 is selected from the group consisting of C 1-2 alkyl and C 3-4 cycloalkyl.
  • R 2 is selected from the group consisting of chloro and bromo.
  • R 2 is selected from the group consisting of C 1- C 5 alkyl, H, and C 3 -C 4 cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, R 2 is selected from the group consisting of C 1 -C 2 alkyl and C 3 -C 4 cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, R 2 is selected from the group consisting of chloro and bromo.
  • n 3.
  • R 1 is selected from the group consisting of halogen, C 1- C 5 alkyl, and C 3 -C 5 cycloalkyl, wherein C 1 -C 5 alkyl may be optionally substituted with one, two, or three occurrences of fluorine, and C 3- C 5 cycloalkyl.
  • R 1 is CF 3 .
  • R 1 is CF 2 H.
  • R 1 is halogen.
  • R 1 is bromo.
  • R 1 is cyclopropyl.
  • R 2 is selected from the group consisting of H, C 3 -C 4 cycloalkyl, C 1 -C 5 alkyl, and halogen. In some embodiments, R 2 is selected from the group consisting of C 1 -C 2 alkyl, C 3 -C 4 cycloalkyl, bromo, and chloro.
  • R 4 is selected from the group consisting of
  • R 4 is selected from the group consisting of
  • each R 6 and R 9 is independently selected from the group consisting of H, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, and C 3 -C 6 cycloalkyl, wherein each of C 1 -C 6 alkyl and C 3 -C 6 cycloalkyl is optionally substituted by one or more independent occurrences of fluorine.
  • R 7 is H.
  • each occurrence of R 34 is independently selected from the group consisting of H and C 1 -C 5 alkyl, wherein C 1 -C 5 alkyl may be optionally substituted by one, two, or three independent occurrences of fluorine.
  • two R 34 are joined together with the carbon to which they are attached to form C 3 -C 6 cycloalkyl.
  • Z is selected from the group consisting of:
  • Z is selected from the group consisting of:
  • n 3.
  • the compound is represented by a formula selected from the group consisting of wherein each occurrence of R 1 is independently selected from the group consisting of bromo, chloro, CF 3 , CF 2 H, and cyclopropyl; each occurrence of R 2 is independently selected from the group consisting of C 1 -C 2 alkyl, C 3 -C 4 cycloalkyl, and halogen; each occurrence of R 9 is independently selected from the group consisting of H, C 1 -C 3 alkyl, and C 3 -C 5 cycloalkyl; each occurrence of R 34 is selected from the group consisting of H, C 1 -C 2 alkyl, and C 3 -C 5 cycloalkyl; and n is 3.
  • each occurrence of R 1 is CF 3 ; each occurrence of R 2 is independently selected from C 1 -C 2 alkyl, C 3 -C 4 cycloalkyl, bromo, and chloro; each occurrence of R 9 is independently selected from H and C 1 -C 3 alkyl; each occurrence of R 34 is independently selected from the group consisting of H and C 1 -C 2 alkyl; and n is 3.
  • each occurrence of R 1 is CF 3 ; each occurrence of R 2 is independently selected from C 1 -C 2 alkyl, C 3 -C 4 cycloalkyl, bromo, and chloro; each occurrence of R 9 is independently selected from H and C 1 -C 3 alkyl; each R 34 is H; and n is 3.
  • each occurrence of R 1 is CF 2 H; each occurrence of R 2 is independently selected from C 1 -C 2 alkyl, C 3 -C 4 cycloalkyl, bromo, and chloro; each occurrence of R 9 is selected from H and C 1 -C 3 alkyl; each occurrence of R 34 is independently selected from the group consisting of H and C 1 -C 2 alkyl.; and n is 3
  • each occurrence of R 1 is CF 2 H; each occurrence of R 2 is independently selected from C 1 -C 2 alkyl, C 3 -C 4 cycloalkyl, bromo, and chloro; each occurrence of R 9 is selected from H and C 1 -C 3 alkyl; each R 34 is H; and n is 3.
  • the compound is represented by a formula selected from the group consisting of wherein each occurrence of R 1 is independently selected from the group consisting of bromo, chloro, CF 3 , CF 2 H, and cyclopropyl; each occurrence of R 2 is independently selected from the group consisting of C 1 -C 2 alkyl, C 3 -C 4 cycloalkyl, and halogen; each occurrence of R 6 is independently selected from C 1 -C 3 alkyl and C 3 -C 4 cycloalkyl; each occurrence of R 9 is independently selected from the group consisting of H, C 1 -C 3 alkyl, and C 3 -C 5 cycloalkyl; and n is 3.
  • each occurrence of R 1 is CF 3 ; each occurrence of R 2 is independently selected from C 1 -C 2 alkyl, C 3 -C 4 cycloalkyl, bromo, and chloro; each occurrence of R 6 is independently selected from C 1 -C 3 alkyl and C 3 -C 4 cycloalkyl; each occurrence of R 9 is independently selected from H and C 1 -C 3 alkyl; and n is 3.
  • each occurrence of R 1 is CF 2 H; each occurrence of R 2 is independently selected from C 1 -C 2 alkyl, C 3 -C 4 cycloalkyl, bromo, and chloro; each occurrence of R 6 is independently selected from C 1 -C 3 alkyl and C 3 -C 4 cycloalkyl; each occurrence of R 9 is independently selected from H and C 1 -C 3 alkyl; and n is 3.
  • the compound is represented by a formula selected from the group consisting of wherein each occurrence of R 1 is independently selected from the group consisting of bromo, chloro, CF 3 , CF 2 H, and cyclopropyl; each occurrence of R 2 is independently selected from the group consisting of C 1 -C 2 alkyl, C 3 -C 4 cycloalkyl, and halogen; each occurrence of R 9 is independently selected from the group consisting of H, C 1 -C 3 alkyl, and C 3 -C 5 cycloalkyl; each occurrence of R 34 is selected from the group consisting of H, C 1 -C 2 alkyl, and C 3 -C 5 cycloalkyl; and n is 3.
  • each occurrence of R 1 is CF 3 ; each occurrence of R 2 is independently selected from C 1 -C 2 alkyl, C 3 -C 4 cycloalkyl, bromo, and chloro; each occurrence of R 9 is independently selected from H and C 1 -C 3 alkyl; each occurrence of R 34 is independently selected from the group consisting of H and C 1 -C 2 alkyl; and n is 3.
  • each occurrence of R 1 is CF 3 ; each occurrence of R 2 is independently selected from C 1 -C 2 alkyl, C 3 -C 4 cycloalkyl, bromo, and chloro; each occurrence of R 9 is independently selected from H and C 1 -C 3 alkyl; each R 34 is H; and n is 3.
  • each occurrence of R 1 is CF 2 H; each occurrence of R 2 is independently selected from C 1 -C 2 alkyl, C 3 -C 4 cycloalkyl, bromo, and chloro; each occurrence of R 9 is selected from H and C 1 -C 3 alkyl; each occurrence of R 34 is independently selected from the group consisting of H and C 1 -C 2 alkyl.; and n is 3
  • each occurrence of R 1 is CF 2 H; each occurrence of R 2 is independently selected from C 1 -C 2 alkyl, C 3 -C 4 cycloalkyl, bromo, and chloro; each occurrence of R 9 is selected from H and C 1 -C 3 alkyl; each R 34 is H; and n is 3.
  • the compound is represented by a formula selected from the group consisting of wherein each occurrence of R 1 is independently selected from the group consisting of bromo, chloro, CF 3 , CF 2 H, and cyclopropyl; each occurrence of R 2 is independently selected from the group consisting of C 1 -C 2 alkyl, C 3 -C 4 cycloalkyl, and halogen; each occurrence of R 6 is independently selected from C 1 -C 3 alkyl and C 3 -C 4 cycloalkyl; each occurrence of R 9 is independently selected from the group consisting of H, C 1 -C 3 alkyl, and C 3 -C 5 cycloalkyl; and n is 3.
  • each occurrence of R 1 is CF 3 ; each occurrence of R 2 is independently selected from C 1 -C 2 alkyl, C 3 -C 4 cycloalkyl, bromo, and chloro; each occurrence of R 6 is independently selected from the group consisting of C 1 -C 3 alkyl and C 3 -C 4 cycloalkyl; each occurrence of R 9 is independently selected from H and C 1 -C 3 alkyl; and n is 3.
  • each occurrence of R 1 is CF 2 H; each occurrence of R 2 is independently selected from C 1 -C 2 alkyl, C 3 -C 4 cycloalkyl, bromo, and chloro; each occurrence of R 6 is independently selected from the group consisting of C 1 -C 3 alkyl and C 3 -C 4 cycloalkyl; each occurrence of R 9 is independently selected from H and C 1 -C 3 alkyl; and n is 3.
  • the compound is represented by a formula selected from the group consisting of wherein each occurrence of R 1 is independently selected from the group consisting of bromo, chloro, CF 3 , CF 2 H, and cyclopropyl; each occurrence of R 2 is independently selected from the group consisting of C 1 -C 2 alkyl, C 3 -C 4 cycloalkyl, and halogen; each occurrence of R 34 is selected from the group consisting of H, C 1 -C 2 alkyl, and C 3 -C 5 cycloalkyl; and n is 3.
  • each occurrence of R 1 is bromo; each occurrence of R 2 is independently selected from C 1 -C 2 alkyl, C 3 -C 4 cycloalkyl, bromo, and chloro; each occurrence of R 34 is independently selected from the group consisting of H and C 1 -C 2 alkyl; and n is 3.
  • each occurrence of R 1 is bromo; each occurrence of R 2 is independently selected from C 1 -C 2 alkyl, C 3 -C 4 cycloalkyl, bromo, and chloro; each R 34 is H; and n is 3.
  • each occurrence of R 1 is CF 3 ; each occurrence of R 2 is independently selected from C 1 -C 2 alkyl, C 3 -C 4 cycloalkyl, bromo, and chloro; each occurrence of R 34 is independently selected from the group consisting of H and C 1 -C 2 alkyl; and n is 3.
  • each occurrence of R 1 is CF 3 ; each occurrence of R 2 is independently selected from C 1 -C 2 alkyl,C 3 -C 4 cycloalkyl, bromo, and chloro; each R 34 is H; and n is 3.
  • each occurrence of R 1 is CF 2 H; each occurrence of R 2 is independently selected from C 1 -C 2 alkyl, C 3 -C 4 cycloalkyl, bromo, and chloro; each occurrence of R 34 is independently selected from the group consisting of H and C 1 -C 2 alkyl; and n is 3.
  • each occurrence of R 1 is CF 2 H; each occurrence of R 2 is independently selected from C 1 -C 2 alkyl, C 3 -C 4 cycloalkyl, bromo, and chloro; each R 34 is H; and n is 3.
  • the compound is represented by a formula selected from the group consisting of wherein each occurrence of R 1 is independently selected from the group consisting of bromo, chloro, CF 3 , CF 2 H, and cyclopropyl; each occurrence of R 2 is independently selected from the group consisting of C 1 -C 2 alkyl, C 3 -C 4 cycloalkyl, and halogen; each occurrence of R 6 is independently selected from C 1 -C 3 alkyl and C 3 -C 4 cycloalkyl; and n is 3.
  • each occurrence of R 1 is bromo; each occurrence of R 2 is independently selected from C 1 -C 2 alkyl, C 3 -C 4 cycloalkyl, bromo, and chloro; each occurrence of R 6 is selected from C 1 -C 3 alkyl and C 3 -C 4 cycloalkyl; and n is 3.
  • each occurrence of R 1 is CF 3 ; each occurrence of R 2 is independently selected from C 1 -C 2 alkyl, C 3 -C 4 cycloalkyl, bromo, and chloro; each occurrence of R 6 is independently selected from C 1 -C 3 alkyl and C 3 -C 4 cycloalkyl; and n is 3.
  • each occurrence of R 1 is CF 2 H; each occurrence of R 2 is independently selected from C 1 -C 2 alkyl, C 3 -C 4 cycloalkyl, bromo, and chloro; each occurrence of R 6 is independently selected from C 1 -C 3 alkyl and C 3 -C 4 cycloalkyl; and n is 3.
  • the compound is represented by a formula selected from the group consisting of wherein each occurrence of R 1 is independently selected from the group consisting of bromo, chloro, CF 3 , CF 2 H, and cyclopropyl; each occurrence of R 2 is independently selected from the group consisting of C 1 -C 2 alkyl, C 3 -C 4 cycloalkyl, and halogen; each occurrence of R 9 is independently selected from the group consisting of H, C 1 -C 3 alkyl, and C 3 -C 5 cycloalkyl; each occurrence of R 34 is selected from the group consisting of H, C 1 -C 2 alkyl, and C 3 -C 5 cycloalkyl; and n is 3.
  • each occurrence of R 1 is CF 3 ; each occurrence of R 2 is independently selected from C 1 -C 2 alkyl, C 3 -C 4 cycloalkyl, bromo, and chloro; each occurrence of R 9 is independently selected from H and C 1 -C 3 alkyl; each occurrence of R 34 is independently selected from the group consisting of H and C 1 -C 2 alkyl; and n is 3.
  • each occurrence of R 1 is CF 3 ; each occurrence of R 2 is independently selected from C 1 -C 2 alkyl, C 3 -C 4 cycloalkyl, bromo, and chloro; each occurrence of R 9 is independently selected from H and C 1 -C 3 alkyl; each R 34 is H; and n is 3.
  • each occurrence of R 1 is CF 2 H; each occurrence of R 2 is independently selected from C 1 -C 2 alkyl, C 3 -C 4 cycloalkyl, bromo, and chloro; each occurrence of R 9 is selected from H and C 1 -C 3 alkyl; each occurrence of R 34 is independently selected from the group consisting of H and C 1 -C 2 alkyl.; and n is 3
  • each occurrence of R 1 is CF 2 H; each occurrence of R 2 is independently selected from C 1 -C 2 alkyl, C 3 -C 4 cycloalkyl, bromo, and chloro; each occurrence of R 9 is selected from H and C 1 -C 3 alkyl; each R 34 is H; and n is 3.
  • the compound is represented by a formula selected from: wherein each occurrence of R 1 is independently selected from the group consisting of bromo, chloro, CF 3 , CF 2 H, and cyclopropyl; each occurrence of R 2 is independently selected from the group consisting of C 1 -C 2 alkyl, C 3 -C 4 cycloalkyl, and halogen; each occurrence of R 6 is independently selected from C 1 -C 3 alkyl and C 3 -C 4 cycloalkyl; each occurrence of R 9 is independently selected from the group consisting of H, C 1 -C 3 alkyl, and C 3 -C 5 cycloalkyl; and n is 3.
  • each occurrence of R 1 is CF 3 ; each occurrence of R 2 is independently selected from C 1 -C 2 alkyl, C 3 -C 4 cycloalkyl, bromo, and chloro; each occurrence of R 6 is independently selected from C 1 -C 3 alkyl and C 3 -C 4 cycloalkyl; each occurrence of R 9 is independently selected from H and C 1 -C 3 alkyl; and n is 3.
  • each occurrence of R 1 is CF 2 H; each occurrence of R 2 is independently selected from C 1 -C 2 alkyl, C 3 -C 4 cycloalkyl, bromo, and chloro; each occurrence of R 6 is independently selected from C 1 -C 3 alkyl and C 3 -C 4 cycloalkyl; each occurrence of R 9 is independently selected from H and C 1 -C 3 alkyl; and n is 3.
  • the compound is represented by a formula selected from the group consisting of wherein each occurrence of R 1 is independently selected from the group consisting of bromo, chloro, CF 3 , CF 2 H, and cyclopropyl; each occurrence of R 2 is independently selected from the group consisting of C 1 -C 2 alkyl, C 3 -C 4 cycloalkyl, and halogen; each occurrence of R 34 is selected from the group consisting of H, C 1 -C 2 alkyl, and C 3 -C 5 cycloalkyl; and n is 3.
  • each occurrence of R 1 is bromo; each occurrence of R 2 is independently selected from C 1 -C 2 alkyl, C 3 -C 4 cycloalkyl, bromo, and chloro; each occurrence of R 34 is independently selected from the group consisting of H and C 1 -C 2 alkyl; and n is 3.
  • each occurrence of R 1 is bromo; each occurrence of R 2 is independently selected from C 1 -C 2 alkyl, C 3 -C 4 cycloalkyl, bromo, and chloro; each R 34 is H; and n is 3.
  • each occurrence of R 1 is CF 3 ; each occurrence of R 2 is independently selected from C 1 -C 2 alkyl, C 3 -C 4 cycloalkyl, bromo, and chloro; each occurrence of R 34 is independently selected from the group consisting of H and C 1 -C 2 alkyl; and n is 3.
  • each occurrence of R 1 is CF 3 ; each occurrence of R 2 is independently selected from C 1 -C 2 alkyl, C 3 -C 4 cycloalkyl, bromo, and chloro; each R 34 is H; and n is 3.
  • each occurrence of R 1 is CF 2 H; each occurrence of R 2 is independently selected from C 1 -C 2 alkyl, C 3 -C 4 cycloalkyl, bromo, and chloro; each occurrence of R 34 is independently selected from the group consisting of H and C 1 -C 2 alkyl; and n is 3.
  • each occurrence of R 1 is CF 2 H; each occurrence of R 2 is independently selected from C 1 -C 2 alkyl, C 3 -C 4 cycloalkyl, bromo, and chloro; each R 34 is H; and n is 3.
  • the compound is represented by a formula selected from the group consisting of wherein each occurrence of R 1 is independently selected from the group consisting of bromo, chloro, CF 3 , CF 2 H, and cyclopropyl; each occurrence of R 2 is independently selected from the group consisting of C 1 -C 2 alkyl, C 3 -C 4 cycloalkyl, and halogen; each occurrence of R 6 is independently selected from C 1 -C 3 alkyl and C 3 -C 4 cycloalkyl; and n is 3.
  • each occurrence of R 1 is bromo; each occurrence of R 2 is independently selected from C 1 -C 2 alkyl, C 3 -C 4 cycloalkyl, bromo, and chloro; each occurrence of R 6 is selected from C 1 -C 3 alkyl and C 3 -C 4 cycloalkyl; and n is 3.
  • each occurrence of R 1 is CF 3 ; each occurrence of R 2 is independently selected from C 1 -C 2 alkyl, C 3 -C 4 cycloalkyl, bromo, and chloro; each occurrence of R 6 is independently selected from C 1 -C 3 alkyl and C 3 -C 4 cycloalkyl; and n is 3.
  • each occurrence of R 1 is CF 2 H; each occurrence of R 2 is independently selected from C 1 -C 2 alkyl, C 3 -C 4 cycloalkyl, bromo, and chloro; each occurrence of R 6 is independently selected from C 1 -C 3 alkyl and C 3 -C 4 cycloalkyl; and n is 3.
  • the compound is represented by: wherein R 1 is selected from the group consisting of bromo, chloro, CF 3 , CF 2 H, and cyclopropyl; R 2 is selected from the group consisting of C 1 -C 2 alkyl, C 3 -C 4 cycloalkyl, and halogen; and R 9 is selected from the group consisting of C 1 -C 3 alkyl, H, and C 3 -C 5 cycloalkyl.
  • R 1 is CF 3 ;
  • R 2 is selected from the group consisting of C 1 -C 2 alkyl, C 3 -C 4 cycloalkyl, bromo, and chloro; and
  • R 9 is selected from C 1 -C 3 alkyl and H.
  • R 1 is bromo;
  • R 2 is selected from the group consisting of C 1 -C 2 alkyl, C 3 -C 4 cycloalkyl, bromo, and chloro; and
  • R 9 is selected from C 1 -C 3 alkyl and H.
  • R 1 is CF 2 H
  • R 2 is selected from the group consisting of C 1 -C 2 alkyl, C 3 -C 4 cycloalkyl, bromo, and chloro
  • R 9 is selected from C 1 -C 3 alkyl and H.
  • the compound is represented by: wherein R 1 is selected from the group consisting of bromo, chloro, CF 3 , CF 2 H, and cyclopropyl; R 2 is selected from the group consisting of C 1 -C 2 alkyl, C 3 -C 4 cycloalkyl, and halogen; and R 9 is selected from the group consisting of C 1 -C 3 alkyl, H, and C 3 -C 5 cycloalkyl.
  • R 1 is CF 3 ;
  • R 2 is selected from the group consisting of C 1 -C 2 alkyl, C 3 -C 4 cycloalkyl, bromo, and chloro; and
  • R 9 is selected from C 1 -C 3 alkyl and H.
  • R 1 is bromo;
  • R 2 is selected from the group consisting of C 1 -C 2 alkyl, C 3 -C 4 cycloalkyl, bromo, and chloro; and
  • R 9 is selected from C 1 -C 3 alkyl and H.
  • R 1 is CF 2 H
  • R 2 is selected from the group consisting of C 1 -C 2 alkyl, C 3 -C 4 cycloalkyl, bromo, and chloro
  • R 9 is selected from C 1 -C 3 alkyl and H.
  • the compound is represented by: wherein R 1 is selected from the group consisting of bromo, chloro, CF 3 , CF 2 H, and cyclopropyl; R 2 is selected from the group consisting of C 1 -C 2 alkyl, C 3 -C 4 cycloalkyl, and halogen; and R 9 is selected from the group consisting of C 1 -C 3 alkyl, H, and C 3 -C 5 cycloalkyl.
  • R 1 is CF 3 ;
  • R 2 is selected from the group consisting of C 1 -C 2 alkyl, C 3 -C 4 cycloalkyl, bromo, and chloro; and
  • R 9 is selected from C 1 -C 3 alkyl and H.
  • R 1 is bromo;
  • R 2 is selected from the group consisting of C 1 -C 2 alkyl, C 3 -C 4 cycloalkyl, bromo, and chloro; and
  • R 9 is selected from C 1 -C 3 alkyl and H.
  • R 1 is CF 2 H
  • R 2 is selected from the group consisting of C 1 -C 2 alkyl, C 3 -C 4 cycloalkyl, bromo, and chloro
  • R 9 is selected from C 1 -C 3 alkyl and H.
  • the compound is represented by: wherein R 1 is selected from the group consisting of bromo, chloro, CF 3 , CF 2 H, and cyclopropyl; R 2 is selected from the group consisting of C 1 -C 2 alkyl, C 3 -C 4 cycloalkyl, and halogen; and R 9 is selected from the group consisting of C 1 -C 3 alkyl, H, and C 3 -C 5 cycloalkyl.
  • R 1 is CF 3 ;
  • R 2 is selected from the group consisting of C 1 -C 2 alkyl, C 3 -C 4 cycloalkyl, bromo, and chloro; and
  • R 9 is selected from C 1 -C 3 alkyl and H.
  • R 1 is bromo;
  • R 2 is selected from the group consisting of C 1 -C 2 alkyl, C 3 -C 4 cycloalkyl, bromo, and chloro; and
  • R 9 is selected from C 1 -C 3 alkyl and H.
  • R 1 is CF 2 H
  • R 2 is selected from the group consisting of C 1 -C 2 alkyl, C 3 -C 4 cycloalkyl, bromo, and chloro
  • R 9 is selected from C 1 -C 3 alkyl and H.
  • the compound is represented by: wherein R 1 is selected from the group consisting of bromo, chloro, CF 3 , CF 2 H, and cyclopropyl; R 2 is selected from the group consisting of C 1 -C 2 alkyl, C 3 -C 4 cycloalkyl, and halogen; and R 9 is selected from the group consisting of C 1 -C 3 alkyl, H, and C 3 -C 5 cycloalkyl.
  • R 1 is CF 3 ;
  • R 2 is selected from the group consisting of C 1 -C 2 alkyl, C 3 -C 4 cycloalkyl, bromo, and chloro; and
  • R 9 is selected from C 1 -C 3 alkyl and H.
  • R 1 is bromo;
  • R 2 is selected from the group consisting of C 1 -C 2 alkyl, C 3 -C 4 cycloalkyl, bromo, and chloro; and
  • R 9 is selected from C 1 -C 3 alkyl and H.
  • R 1 is CF 2 H
  • R 2 is selected from the group consisting of C 1 -C 2 alkyl, C 3 -C 4 cycloalkyl, bromo, and chloro
  • R 9 is selected from C 1 -C 3 alkyl and H.
  • the compound is represented by: wherein R 1 is selected from the group consisting of bromo, chloro, CF 3 , CF 2 H, and cyclopropyl; and R 2 is selected from the group consisting of C 1 -C 2 alkyl, C 3 -C 4 cycloalkyl, and halogen. In some embodiments, R 1 is CF 3 ; and R 2 is selected from the group consisting of C 1 -C 2 alkyl, C 3 -C 4 cycloalkyl, bromo, and chloro.
  • R 1 is bromo; and R 2 is selected from the group consisting of C 1 -C 2 alkyl, C 3 -C 4 cycloalkyl, bromo, and chloro.
  • R 1 is CF 2 H; and R 2 is selected from the group consisting of C 1 -C 2 alkyl, C 3 -C 4 cycloalkyl, bromo, and chloro.
  • the compound is represented by: wherein R 1 is selected from the group consisting of bromo, chloro, CF 3 , CF 2 H, and cyclopropyl; and R 2 is selected from the group consisting of C 1 -C 2 alkyl, C 3 -C 4 cycloalkyl, and halogen. In some embodiments, R 1 is CF 3 ; and R 2 is selected from the group consisting of C 1 -C 2 alkyl, C 3 -C 4 cycloalkyl, bromo, and chloro.
  • R 1 is bromo; and R 2 is selected from the group consisting of C 1 -C 2 alkyl, C 3 -C 4 cycloalkyl, bromo, and chloro.
  • R 1 is CF 2 H; and R 2 is selected from the group consisting of C 1 -C 2 alkyl, C 3 -C 4 cycloalkyl, bromo, and chloro.
  • R 1 is selected from the group consisting of halogen, C 1- C 5 alkyl, and C 3- C 3 cycloalkyl, wherein C 1 -C 5 alkyl may be optionally substituted with one, two, or three occurrences of fluorine, and C 3- C 3 cycloalkyl.
  • R 1 is CF 3 .
  • R 1 is CF 2 H.
  • R 1 is halogen.
  • R 1 is bromo.
  • R 1 is cyclopropyl.
  • R 2 is selected from the group consisting of H, C 3 -C 4 cycloalkyl, C 1 -C 5 alkyl, and halogen. In some embodiments, R 2 is selected from the group consisting of C 1 -C 2 alkyl, C 3 -C 4 cycloalkyl, bromo, anc chloro.
  • R 4 is selected from the group consisting of
  • R 4 is selected from the group consisting of
  • each R 6 and R 9 is independently selected from the group consisting of H, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, and C 3 -C 6 cycloalkyl, wherein each of C 1 -C 6 alkyl and C 3 -C 6 cycloalkyl is optionally substituted by one or more independent occurrences of fluorine.
  • R 7 is H.
  • R 34 is selected from the group consisting of H and C 1 -C 5 alkyl, wherein C 1 -C 6 alkyl may be optionally substituted by one, two, or three independent occurrences of fluorine. In some embodiments, two R 34 are joined together with the carbon to which they are attached to form C 3 -C 6 cycloalkyl;
  • Z is selected from the group consisting of:
  • Z is selected from the group consisting of
  • n 3.
  • the compound is represented by a formula selected from the group consisting of wherein each occurrence of R 1 is independently selected from the group consisting of bromo, chloro, CF 3 , CF 2 H, and cyclopropyl; each occurrence of R 2 is independently selected from the group consisting of C 1 -C 2 alkyl, C 3 -C 4 cycloalkyl, and halogen; each occurrence of R 9 is independently selected from the group consisting of H, C 1 -C 3 allcyl, and C 3 -C 5 cycloalkyl; each occurrence of R 34 is selected from the group consisting of H, C 1 -C 2 alkyl, and C 3 -C 5 cycloalkyl; and n is 3.
  • each occurrence of R 1 is CF 3 ; each occurrence of R 2 is independently selected from C 1 -C 2 alkyl, C 3 -C 4 cycloalkyl, bromo, and chloro; each occurrence of R 9 is independently selected from H and C 1 -C 3 alkyl; each occurrence of R 34 is independently selected from the group consisting of H and C 1 -C 2 alkyl; and n is 3.
  • each occurrence of R 1 is CF 3 ; each occurrence of R 2 is independently selected from C 1 -C 2 alkyl, C 3 -C 4 cycloalkyl, bromo, and chloro; each occurrence of R 9 is independently selected from H and C 1 -C 3 alkyl; each R 34 is H; and n is 3.
  • each occurrence of R 1 is CF 2 H; each occurrence of R 2 is independently selected from C 1 -C 2 alkyl, C 3 -C 4 cycloalkyl, bromo, and chloro; each occurrence of R 9 is selected from H and C 1 -C 3 alkyl; each occurrence of R 34 is independently selected from the group consisting of H and C 1 -C 2 alkyl.; and n is 3
  • each occurrence of R 1 is CF 2 H; each occurrence of R 2 is independently selected from C 1 -C 2 alkyl, C 3 -C 4 cycloalkyl, bromo, and chloro; each occurrence of R 9 is selected from H and C 1 -C 3 alkyl; each R 34 is H; and n is 3.
  • the compound is represented by a formula selected from the group consisting of wherein each occurrence of R 1 is independently selected from the group consisting of bromo, chloro, CF 3 , CF 2 H, and cyclopropyl; each occurrence of R 2 is independently selected from the group consisting of C 1 -C 2 alkyl, C 3 -C 4 cycloalkyl, and halogen; each occurrence of R 6 is independently selected from C 1 -C 3 alkyl and C 3 -C 4 cycloalkyl; each occurrence of R 9 is independently selected from the group consisting of H, C 1 -C 3 allcyl, and C 3 -C 5 cycloalkyl; and n is 3.
  • each occurrence of R 1 is CF 3 ; each occurrence of R 2 is independently selected from C 1 -C 2 alkyl, C 3 -C 4 cycloalkyl, bromo, and chloro; each occurrence of R 6 is independently selected from C 1 -C 3 alkyl and C 3 -C 4 cycloalkyl; each occurrence of R 9 is independently selected from H and C 1 -C 3 alkyl; and n is 3.
  • each occurrence of R 1 is CF 2 H; each occurrence of R 2 is independently selected from C 1 -C 2 alkyl, C 3 -C 4 cycloalkyl, bromo, and chloro; each occurrence of R 6 is independently selected from C 1 -C 3 alkyl and C 3 -C 4 cycloalkyl; each occurrence of R 9 is independently selected from H and C 1 -C 3 alkyl; and n is 3.
  • the compound is represented by a formula selected from the group consisting of wherein each occurrence of R 1 is independently selected from the group consisting of bromo, chloro, CF 3 , CF 2 H, and cyclopropyl; each occurrence of R 2 is independently selected from the group consisting of C 1 -C 2 alkyl, C 3 -C 4 cycloalkyl, and halogen; each occurrence of R 9 is independently selected from the group consisting of H, C 1 -C 3 allcyl, and C 3 -C 5 cycloalkyl; each occurrence of R 34 is selected from the group consisting of H, C 1 -C 2 alkyl, and C 3 -C 5 cycloalkyl; and n is 3.
  • each occurrence of R 1 is CF 3 ; each occurrence of R 2 is independently selected from C 1 -C 2 alkyl, C 3 -C 4 cycloalkyl, bromo, and chloro; each occurrence of R 9 is independently selected from H and C 1 -C 3 alkyl; each occurrence of R 34 is independently selected from the group consisting of H and C 1 -C 2 alkyl; and n is 3.
  • each occurrence of R 1 is CF 3 ; each occurrence of R 2 is independently selected from C 1 -C 2 alkyl, C 3 -C 4 cycloalkyl, bromo, and chloro; each occurrence of R 9 is independently selected from H and C 1 -C 3 alkyl; each R 34 is H; and n is 3.
  • each occurrence of R 1 is CF 2 H; each occurrence of R 2 is independently selected from C 1 -C 2 alkyl, C 3 -C 4 cycloalkyl, bromo, and chloro; each occurrence of R 9 is selected from H and C 1 -C 3 alkyl; each occurrence of R 34 is independently selected from the group consisting of H and C 1 -C 2 alkyl.; and n is 3
  • each occurrence of R 1 is CF 2 H; each occurrence of R 2 is independently selected from C 1 -C 2 alkyl, C 3 -C 4 cycloalkyl, bromo, and chloro; each occurrence of R 9 is selected from H and C 1 -C 3 alkyl; each R 34 is H; and n is 3.
  • the compound is represented by a formula selected from the group consisting of wherein each occurrence of R 1 is independently selected from the group consisting of bromo, chloro, CF 3 , CF 2 H, and cyclopropyl; each occurrence of R 2 is independently selected from the group consisting of C 1 -C 2 alkyl, C 3 -C 4 cycloalkyl, and halogen; each occurrence of R 6 is independently selected from C 1 -C 3 alkyl and C 3 -C 4 cycloalkyl; each occurrence of R 9 is independently selected from the group consisting of H, C 1 -C 3 allcyl, and C 3 -C 5 cycloalkyl; and n is 3.
  • each occurrence of R 1 is CF 3 ; each occurrence of R 2 is independently selected from C 1 -C 2 alkyl, C 3 -C 4 cycloalkyl, bromo, and chloro; each occurrence of R 6 is independently selected from the group consisting of C 1 -C 3 alkyl and C 3 -C 4 cycloalkyl; each occurrence of R 9 is independently selected from H and C 1 -C 3 alkyl; and n is 3.
  • each occurrence of R 1 is CF 2 H; each occurrence of R 2 is independently selected from C 1 -C 2 alkyl, C 3 -C 4 cycloalkyl, bromo, and chloro; each occurrence of R 6 is independently selected from the group consisting of C 1 -C 3 alkyl and C 3 -C 4 cycloalkyl; each occurrence of R 9 is independently selected from H and C 1 -C 3 alkyl; and n is 3.
  • the compound is represented by a formula selected from the group consisting of wherein each occurrence of R 1 is independently selected from the group consisting of bromo, chloro, CF 3 , CF 2 H, and cyclopropyl; each occurrence of R 2 is independently selected from the group consisting of C 1 -C 2 alkyl, C 3 -C 4 cycloalkyl, and halogen; each occurrence of R 34 is selected from the group consisting of H, C 1 -C 2 alkyl, and C 3 -C 5 cycloalkyl; and n is 3.
  • each occurrence of R 1 is bromo; each occurrence of R 2 is independently selected from C 1 -C 2 alkyl, C 3 -C 4 cycloalkyl, bromo, and chloro; each occurrence of R 34 is independently selected from the group consisting of H and C 1 -C 2 alkyl; and n is 3.
  • each occurrence of R 1 is bromo; each occurrence of R 2 is independently selected from C 1 -C 2 alkyl,C 3 -C 4 cycloalkyl, bromo, and chloro; each R 34 is H; and n is 3.
  • each occurrence of R 1 is CF 3 ; each occurrence of R 2 is independently selected from C 1 -C 2 alkyl, C 3 -C 4 cycloalkyl, bromo, and chloro; each occurrence of R 34 is independently selected from the group consisting of H and C 1 -C 2 alkyl; and n is 3.
  • each occurrence of R 1 is CF 3 ; each occurrence of R 2 is independently selected from C 1 -C 2 alkyl, C 3 -C 4 cycloalkyl, bromo, and chloro; each R 34 is H; and n is 3.
  • each occurrence of R 1 is CF 2 H; each occurrence of R 2 is independently selected from C 1 -C 2 alkyl, C 3 -C 4 cycloalkyl, bromo, and chloro; each occurrence of R 34 is independently selected from the group consisting of H and C 1 -C 2 alkyl; and n is 3.
  • each occurrence of R 1 is CF 2 H; each occurrence of R 2 is independently selected from C 1 -C 2 alkyl,C 3 -C 4 cycloalkyl, bromo, and chloro; each R 34 is H; and n is 3.
  • the compound is represented by a formula selected from the group consisting of wherein each occurrence of R 1 is independently selected from the group consisting of bromo, chloro, CF 3 , CF 2 H, and cyclopropyl; each occurrence of R 2 is independently selected from the group consisting of C 1 -C 2 alkyl, C 3 -C 4 cycloalkyl, and halogen; each occurrence of R 6 is independently selected from C 1 -C 3 alkyl and C 3 -C 4 cycloalkyl; and n is 3.
  • each occurrence of R 1 is bromo; each occurrence of R 2 is independently selected from C 1 -C 2 alkyl, C 3 -C 4 cycloalkyl, bromo, and chloro; each occurrence of R 6 is selected from C 1 -C 3 alkyl and C 3 -C 4 cycloalkyl; and n is 3.
  • each occurrence of R 1 is CF 3 ; each occurrence of R 2 is independently selected from C 1 -C 2 alkyl,C 3 -C 4 cycloalkyl, bromo, and chloro; each occurrence of R 6 is independently selected from C 1 -C 3 alkyl and C 3 -C 4 cycloalkyl; and n is 3.
  • each occurrence of R 1 is CF 2 H; each occurrence of R 2 is independently selected from C 1 -C 2 alkyl,C 3 -C 4 cycloalkyl, bromo, and chloro; each occurrence of R 6 is independently selected from C 1 -C 3 alkyl and C 3 -C 4 cycloalkyl; and n is 3.
  • the compound is represented by a formula selected from the group consisting of wherein each occurrence of R 1 is independently selected from the group consisting of bromo, chloro, CF 3 , CF 2 H, and cyclopropyl; each occurrence of R 2 is independently selected from the group consisting of C 1 -C 2 alkyl, C 3 -C 4 cycloalkyl, and halogen; each occurrence of R 9 is independently selected from the group consisting of H, C 1 -C 3 allcyl, and C 3 -C 5 cycloalkyl; each occurrence of R 34 is selected from the group consisting of H, C 1 -C 2 alkyl, and C 3 -C 5 cycloalkyl; and n is 3.
  • each occurrence of R 1 is CF 3 ; each occurrence of R 2 is independently selected from C 1 -C 2 alkyl, C 3 -C 4 cycloalkyl, bromo, and chloro; each occurrence of R 9 is independently selected from H and C 1 -C 3 alkyl; each occurrence of R 34 is independently selected from the group consisting of H and C 1 -C 2 alkyl; and n is 3.
  • each occurrence of R 1 is CF 3 ; each occurrence of R 2 is independently selected from C 1 -C 2 alkyl,C 3 -C 4 cycloalkyl, bromo, and chloro; each occurrence of R 9 is independently selected from H and C 1 -C 3 alkyl; each R 34 is H; and n is 3.
  • each occurrence of R 1 is CF 2 H; each occurrence of R 2 is independently selected from C 1 -C 2 alkyl, C 3 -C 4 cycloalkyl, bromo, and chloro; each occurrence of R 9 is selected from H and C 1 -C 3 alkyl; each occurrence of R 34 is independently selected from the group consisting of H and C 1 -C 2 alkyl.; and n is 3
  • each occurrence of R 1 is CF 2 H; each occurrence of R 2 is independently selected from C 1 -C 2 alkyl, C 3 -C 4 cycloalkyl, bromo, and chloro; each occurrence of R 9 is selected from H and C 1 -C 3 alkyl; each R 34 is H; and n is 3.
  • the compound is represented by a formula selected from: wherein each occurrence of R 1 is independently selected from the group consisting of bromo, chloro, CF 3 , CF 2 H, and cyclopropyl; each occurrence of R 2 is independently selected from the group consisting of C 1 -C 2 alkyl, C 3 -C 4 cycloalkyl, and halogen; each occurrence of R 6 is independently selected from C 1 -C 3 alkyl and C 3 -C 4 cycloalkyl; each occurrence of R 9 is independently selected from the group consisting of H, C 1 -C 3 allcyl, and C 3 -C 5 cycloalkyl; and n is 3.
  • each occurrence of R 1 is CF 3 ; each occurrence of R 2 is independently selected from C 1 -C 2 alkyl, C 3 -C 4 cycloalkyl, bromo, and chloro; each occurrence of R 6 is independently selected from C 1 -C 3 alkyl and C 3 -C 4 cycloalkyl; each occurrence of R 9 is independently selected from H and C 1 -C 3 alkyl; and n is 3.
  • each occurrence of R 1 is CF 2 H; each occurrence of R 2 is independently selected from C 1 -C 2 alkyl, C 3 -C 4 cycloalkyl, bromo, and chloro; each occurrence of R 6 is independently selected from C 1 -C 3 alkyl and C 3 -C 4 cycloalkyl; each occurrence of R 9 is independently selected from H and C 1 -C 3 alkyl; and n is 3.
  • the compound is represented by a formula selected from the group consisting of wherein each occurrence of R 1 is independently selected from the group consisting of bromo, chloro, CF 3 , CF 2 H, and cyclopropyl; each occurrence of R 2 is independently selected from the group consisting of C 1 -C 2 alkyl, C 3 -C 4 cycloalkyl, and halogen; each occurrence of R 34 is selected from the group consisting of H, C 1 -C 2 alkyl, and C 3 -C 5 cycloalkyl; and n is 3.
  • each occurrence of R 1 is bromo; each occurrence of R 2 is independently selected from C 1 -C 2 alkyl,C 3 -C 4 cycloalkyl, bromo, and chloro; each occurrence of R 34 is independently selected from the group consisting of H and C 1 -C 2 alkyl; and n is 3.
  • each occurrence of R 1 is bromo; each occurrence of R 2 is independently selected from C 1 -C 2 alkyl,C 3 -C 4 cycloalkyl, bromo, and chloro; each R 34 is H; and n is 3.
  • each occurrence of R 1 is CF 3 ; each occurrence of R 2 is independently selected from C 1 -C 2 alkyl, C 3 -C 4 cycloalkyl, bromo, and chloro; each occurrence of R 34 is independently selected from the group consisting of H and C 1 -C 2 alkyl; and n is 3.
  • each occurrence of R 1 is CF 3 ; each occurrence of R 2 is independently selected from C 1 -C 2 alkyl, C 3 -C 4 cycloalkyl, bromo, and chloro; each R 34 is H; and n is 3.
  • each occurrence of R 1 is CF 2 H; each occurrence of R 2 is independently selected from C 1 -C 2 alkyl, C 3 -C 4 cycloalkyl, bromo, and chloro; each occurrence of R 34 is independently selected from the group consisting of H and C 1 -C 2 alkyl; and n is 3.
  • each occurrence of R 1 is CF 2 H; each occurrence of R 2 is independently selected from C 1 -C 2 alkyl, C 3 -C 4 cycloalkyl, bromo, and chloro; each R 34 is H; and n is 3.
  • the compound is represented by a formula selected from the group consisting of wherein each occurrence of R 1 is independently selected from the group consisting of bromo, chloro, CF 3 , CF 2 H, and cyclopropyl; each occurrence of R 2 is independently selected from the group consisting of C 1 -C 2 alkyl, C 3 -C 4 cycloalkyl, and halogen; each occurrence of R 6 is independently selected from C 1 -C 3 alkyl and C 3 -C 4 cycloalkyl; and n is 3.
  • each occurrence of R 1 is bromo; each occurrence of R 2 is independently selected from C 1 -C 2 alkyl, C 3 -C 4 cycloalkyl, bromo, and chloro; each occurrence of R 6 is selected from C 1 -C 3 alkyl and C 3 -C 4 cycloalkyl; and n is 3.
  • each occurrence of R 1 is CF 3 ; each occurrence of R 2 is independently selected from C 1 -C 2 alkyl,C 3 -C 4 cycloalkyl, bromo, and chloro; each occurrence of R 6 is independently selected from C 1 -C 3 alkyl and C 3 -C 4 cycloalkyl; and n is 3.
  • each occurrence of R 1 is CF 2 H; each occurrence of R 2 is independently selected from C 1 -C 2 alkyl,C 3 -C 4 cycloalkyl, bromo, and chloro; each occurrence of R 6 is independently selected from C 1 -C 3 alkyl and C 3 -C 4 cycloalkyl; and n is 3.
  • Compounds described herein can act as inhibitors of autophagy useful in the treatment of a disorder in a patient in need thereof.
  • the disorder for example, can be a tumor, e.g., a solid tumor.
  • the disorder may also be cancer.
  • Exemplary disorders also include gastrointestinal stromal tumors, esophageal cancer, gastric cancer, melanomas, gliomas, glioblastomas, ovarian cancer, bladder cancer, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, lung cancers, breast cancers, renal cancers, hepatic cancers, osteosarcomas, multiple myelomas, cervical carcinomas, cancers that are metastatic to bone, papillary thyroid carcinoma, non-small cell lung cancer, and colorectal cancers.
  • a cancer treated by the methods described herein may be a metastatic cancer.
  • the cancer is caused by a KRAS mutation.
  • the cancer has additional mutations in tumor suppressor proteins, including mutations in TP53, PTEN, CDN2A/INK4A, p16, or STAG2. In some embodiments, these additional mutations occur in one or more of TP53, PTEN, CDN2A/INK4A, p16, or STAG2.
  • the cancer is pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.
  • the cancer is lung cancer. In some embodiments, the cancer is colorectal.
  • Cellular inhibition of ULK kinase by compounds described herein may be determined by inhibition of phosphorylation of cellular ULK substrates including ATG13, ATG14, Beclin 1, or STING either in tumor cells or in non-tumor host tissues.
  • Cellular inhibition of ULK kinase by compounds described herein may be determined in host tissues including immune cells.
  • In vivo inhibition of autophagy by compounds described herein may be determined by inhibition of phosphorylation of cellular ULK substrates including ATG13, ATG14, Beclin 1, or STING either in tumor cells or in non-tumor host tissues.
  • In vivo inhibition of ULK kinase by compounds described herein may be determined in host tissues including immune cells.
  • the in vivo inhibition of autophagic flux by compounds described herein can be used as a pharmacodynamic model for monitoring the kinetics and extent of such ULK inhibition.
  • In vivo inhibition of ULK kinase by compounds described herein may be determined in pancreatic cancer-bearing animals.
  • In vivo inhibition of ULK kinase by compounds described herein may be determined in lung cancer-bearing animals.
  • In vivo inhibition of ULK kinase may be determined in colorectal cancer- bearing animals.
  • In vivo inhibition of autophagy by compounds described herein may be determined by inhibition of autophagic flux in tumor cells, or in non-tumor host tissues by monitoring inhibition of autophagosome formation, or by accumulation of autophagic proteins such as p62 or LC-III.
  • In vivo inhibition of autophagy may be determined in host tissues including immune cells.
  • the in vivo inhibition of autophagic flux can be used as a pharmacodynamic model for monitoring the kinetics and extent of such ULK inhibition.
  • Inhibition of autophagy and anti-tumor activity by compounds described herein may be evaluated in xenograft studies utilizing human RAS mutant cell lines in immunocompromised mice, for instance in SCID or nude mice. Inhibition of autophagy and anti-tumor activity by compounds described herein may be evaluated in xenograft studies utilizing human RAS mutant patient-derived tumor xenografts (PDXs) in immunocompromised mice, for instance in SCID or nude mice. Xenograft studies may include evaluation of compounds described herein in pancreatic cancer models. Inhibition of autophagy and anti-tumor activity by compounds described herein may be evaluated in syngeneic murine genetically engineered models (GEMs) of mutant RAS cancers.
  • GEMs syngeneic murine genetically engineered models
  • Inhibition of autophagy and anti-tumor activity by compounds described herein may be evaluated in the murine GEM syngeneic orthotopic pancreatic cancer model known as the KPC model (LSL-Kras G12D/+ ;LSL-Trp53 R172H/+ ;Pdx-1-Cre) or variants of the KPC model.
  • KPC model LSL-Kras G12D/+ ;LSL-Trp53 R172H/+ ;Pdx-1-Cre
  • Compounds described herein may be evaluated in xenograft or GEM cancer models in combination with a MEK inhibitor. Compounds described herein may be evaluated in xenograft or GEM cancer models in combination with a RAF inhibitor. Compounds described herein may be evaluated in xenograft or GEM cancer models in combination with an ERK inhibitor. Compounds described herein may be evaluated in xenograft or GEM cancer models in combination with a RAS G12C direct inhibitor.
  • Inhibition of autophagy and anti-tumor activity by compounds described herein may be evaluated in immunocompetent murine cancer models to assess an immunomodulatory component to the mechanism of action of ULK inhibitors.
  • the immunocompetent murine model may be the murine GEM syngeneic orthotopic pancreatic cancer model known as the KPC model (LSL-Kras G12D/+ ;LSL-Trp53 R172H/+ ;Pdx-1-Cre) or variants of the KPC model.
  • Immunomodulatory properties of compounds described herein may be evaluated in combination with a MEK inhibitor.
  • Immunomodulatory properties of compounds described herein may be evaluated in combination with a RAF inhibitor.
  • Immunomodulatory properties of compounds described herein may be evaluated in combination with an ERK inhibitor.
  • Immunomodulatory properties of compounds described herein may be evaluated in combination with a RAS G12C direct inhibitor.
  • the immunomodulatory component of ULK inhibition may be an enhanced innate immune response.
  • the immunomodulatory component of ULK inhibition may be an enhanced adaptive immune response.
  • the immunomodulatory component of ULK inhibition may be an enhanced activity of antigen-presenting cells.
  • the immunomodulatory component of ULK inhibition may be an enhanced anti-tumor activity of myeloid cells including macrophages.
  • the immunomodulatory component of ULK inhibition may be an enhanced anti-tumor activity of Natural Killer cells.
  • the immunomodulatory component of ULK inhibition may be an enhanced activity of effector T Cells, including cytotoxic T Cells.
  • a compound described herein for use in a method of treating a disorder described herein that includes: administering a therapeutically effective amount of compound described herein in a patient in need thereof, and during or after the course of administration (e.g., at discrete time points, such as one week, two weeks, or on month after initial administration of a contemplated compound) detecting the engagement of the compound with an ULK kinase, wherein detecting comprises contacting a sample obtained from the patient (including but not limited to a tumor, blood, saliva, or tissue) with a phospho-ATG13 antibody ELISA assay to detect inhibition of ULK kinase activity, e.g, based on the level of phospho-ATG13 in the sample.
  • a contemplated method comprises optionally contacting a sample obtained from the patient (including but not limited to a tumor, blood, saliva, or tissue) prior to administration of the compound with a phospho-ATG13 antibody ELISA assay, and comparing the level of phospho-ATG13 in the sample obtained prior to administration with the level of phospho-ATG13 in the sample obtained during or after the course of administration.
  • the phospho-ATG13 is p-S318ATG13.
  • a compound described herein for use in a method of treating a disorder described herein that includes: administering a therapeutically effective amount of compound described herein in a patient in need thereof, and during or after the course of administration (e.g., at discrete time points, such as one week, two weeks, or on month after initial administration of a contemplated compound) detecting the engagement of the compound with an ULK kinase, wherein detecting comprises contacting a sample obtained from the patient (including but not limited to a tumor, blood, saliva, or tissue) with a phospho-ATG14 antibody ELISA assay to detect inhibition of ULK kinase activity, e.g, based on the level of phospho-ATG14 in the sample.
  • a contemplated method comprises optionally contacting a sample obtained from the patient (including but not limited to a tumor, blood, saliva, or tissue) prior to administration of the compound with a phospho-ATG14 antibody ELISA assay, and comparing the level of phospho-ATG14 in the sample obtained prior to administration with the level of phospho-ATG14 in the sample obtained during or after the course of administration.
  • the phospho-ATG14 is p-ATG14 Ser29.
  • a compound described herein for use in a method of treating a disorder described herein that includes: administering a therapeutically effective amount of compound described herein in a patient in need thereof, and during or after the course of administration (e.g., at discrete time points, such as one week, two weeks, or on month after initial administration of a contemplated compound) detecting the engagement of the compound with an ULK kinase, wherein detecting comprises contacting a sample obtained from the patient (including but not limited to a tumor, blood, saliva, or tissue) with a p62 antibody ELISA assay to detect inhibition of ULK kinase activity, e.g, based on the level of p62 in the sample.
  • a contemplated method comprises optionally contacting a sample obtained from the patient (including but not limited to a tumor, blood, saliva, or tissue) prior to administration of the compound with a p62 antibody ELISA assay, and comparing the level of p62 in the sample obtained prior to administration with the level of p62 in the sample obtained during or after the course of administration.
  • a compound described herein for use in a method of treating a disorder described herein that includes: administering a therapeutically effective amount of compound described herein in a patient in need thereof, and during or after the course of administration (e.g., at discrete time points, such as one week, two weeks, or on month after initial administration of a contemplated compound) detecting the engagement of the compound with an ULK kinase, wherein detecting comprises contacting a sample obtained from the patient (including but not limited to a tumor, blood, saliva, or tissue) with a pBeclin antibody ELISA assay to detect inhibition of ULK kinase activity, e.g, based on the level of pBeclin in the sample.
  • a contemplated method comprises optionally contacting a sample obtained from the patient (including but not limited to a tumor, blood, saliva, or tissue) prior to administration of the compound with a pBeclin antibody ELISA assay, and comparing the level of pBeclin in the sample obtained prior to administration with the level of pBeclin in the sample obtained during or after the course of administration.
  • the compounds provided herein may be administered to patients (animals and humans) in need of such treatment in dosages that will provide optimal pharmaceutical efficacy. It will be appreciated that the dose required for use in any particular application will vary from patient to patient, not only with the particular compound or composition selected, but also with the route of administration, the nature of the condition being treated, the age and condition of the patient, concurrent medication or special diets then being followed by the patient, and other factors which those skilled in the art will recognize, with the appropriate dosage ultimately being at the discretion of the attendant physician.
  • a compound provided herein may be administered orally, subcutaneously, topically, parenterally, by inhalation spray or rectally in dosage unit formulations containing conventional non-toxic pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, adjuvants and vehicles. Parenteral administration may include subcutaneous injections, intravenous or intramuscular injections or infusion techniques.
  • Treatment can be continued for as long or as short a period as desired.
  • the compositions may be administered on a regimen of, for example, one to four or more times per day.
  • a suitable treatment period can be, for example, at least about one week, at least about two weeks, at least about one month, at least about six months, at least about 1 year, or indefinitely.
  • a treatment period can terminate when a desired result is achieved.
  • Compounds described herein can be administered in combination with one or more additional therapeutic agents to treat a disorder described herein, such as cancer.
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound described herein, one or more additional therapeutic agents, and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
  • a compound of Formula I as defined herein and one additional therapeutic agent is administered.
  • a compound of Formula I as defined herein and two additional therapeutic agents are administered.
  • a compound of Formula I as defined herein and three additional therapeutic agents are administered.
  • Combination therapy can be achieved by administering two or more therapeutic agents, each of which is formulated and administered separately.
  • a compound of Formula I as defined herein and an additional therapeutic agent can be formulated and administered separately.
  • Combination therapy can also be achieved by administering two or more therapeutic agents in a single formulation, for example a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of Formula I as one therapeutic agent and one or more additional therapeutic agents such as a MAPKAP pathway inhibitor or chemotherapeutic agent.
  • a compound of Formula I as defined herein and an additional therapeutic agent can be administered in a single formulation.
  • Other combinations are also encompassed by combination therapy. While the two or more agents in the combination therapy can be administered simultaneously, they need not be.
  • administration of a first agent (or combination of agents) can precede administration of a second agent (or combination of agents) by minutes, hours, days, or weeks.
  • the two or more agents can be administered within minutes of each other or within 1, 2, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, or 24 hours of each other or within 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14 days of each other or within 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or weeks of each other. In some cases even longer intervals are possible. While in many cases it is desirable that the two or more agents used in a combination therapy be present in within the patient's body at the same time, this need not be so.
  • Combination therapy can also include two or more administrations of one or more of the agents used in the combination using different sequencing of the component agents. For example, if agent X and agent Y are used in a combination, one could administer them sequentially in any combination one or more times, e.g., in the order X-Y-X, X-X-Y, Y-X-Y, Y-Y-X, X-X-Y-Y, etc.
  • the one or more additional therapeutic agents that may be administered in combination with a compound provided herein can be a MAPKAP pathway inhibitor.
  • MAPKAP pathway inhibitors include, for example, MEK inhibitors, ERK inhibitors, RAF inhibitors, and Ras inhibitors.
  • Exemplary MEK inhibitors include, but are not limited to, trametinib, selumetinib, cobimetinib, binimetinib, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
  • Exemplary ERK inhibitors include, but are not limited to, include, but are not limited to, ulixertinib, SCH772984, LY3214996, ravoxertinib, VX-11e, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
  • Exemplary RAF inhibitors include, but are not limited to, LY3009120, LXH254, RAF709, dabrafenib, vemurafenib, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
  • Exemplary Ras inhibitors include, but are not limited to, AMG-510, MRTX849, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
  • the compounds described herein may be administered in combination with other therapeutic agents known to treat cancers.
  • Such other therapeutic agents include radiation therapy, anti-tubulin agents, DNA alkylating agents, DNA synthesis-inhibiting agents, DNA intercalating agents, anti-estrogen agents, anti-androgens, steroids, anti-EGFR agents, kinase inhibitors, mTOR inhibitors, PI3 kinase inhibitors, cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors, CD4/CD6 kinase inhibitors, topoisomerase inhibitors, Histone Deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors, DNA methylation inhibitors, anti-HER2 agents, anti-angiogenic agents, proteasome inhibitors, PARP inhibitors, cell cycle regulating kinase inhibitors, thalidomide, lenalidomide, antibody-drug-conjugates (ADCs), immunotherapeutic agents including immunomodulating agents, targeted therapeutic agents, cancer vaccines, and CAR-T cell therapy.
  • HDAC Hi
  • the additional therapeutic agents can be chemotherapeutic agents including but not limited to an anti-tubulin agents (for example, paclitaxel, paclitaxel protein-bound particles for injectable suspension including nab-paclitaxel, eribulin, docetaxel, ixabepilone, vincristine, auristatins, or maytansinoids), vinorelbine, DNA-alkylating agents (including cisplatin, carboplatin, oxaliplatin, cyclophosphamide, ifosfamide, temozolomide), DNA intercalating agents or DNA topoisomerase inhibitors (including anthracyclines such as doxorubicin, pegylated liposomal doxorubicin, daunorubicin, idarubicin, mitoxantrone, or epirubicin, camptothecins such as topotecan, irinotecan, or exatecan), 5-
  • the additional therapeutic agents can be kinase inhibitors including but not limited to erlotinib, gefitinib, neratinib, afatinib, osimertinib, lapatanib, crizotinib, brigatinib, ceritinib, alectinib, lorlatinib, everolimus, temsirolimus, abemaciclib, LEE011, palbociclib, cabozantinib, sunitinib, pazopanib, sorafenib, regorafenib, sunitinib, axitinib, dasatinib, imatinib, nilotinib, idelalisib, ibrutinib, BLU-667, Loxo 292, larotrectinib, and quizartinib, anti-estrogen agents including but not limited to tamoxifen,
  • the additional therapeutic agents can be immunomodulatory agents including but not limited to anti-PD-1 or anti-PDL-1 therapeutics including pembrolizumab, nivolumab, atezolizumab, durvalumab, BMS-936559, or avelumab, anti-TIM3 (anti-HAVcr2) therapeutics including but not limited to TSR-022 or MBG453, anti-LAG3 therapeutics including but not limited to relatlimab, LAG525, or TSR-033, anti-4-1BB (anti-CD37, anti-TNFRSF9), CD40 agonist therapeutics including but not limited to SGN-40, CP-870,893 or RO7009789, anti-CD47 therapeutics including but not limited to Hu5F9-G4, anti-CD20 therapeutics, anti-CD38 therapeutics, STING agonists including but not limited to ADU-S100, MK-1454, ASA404, or amidobenzimidazoles, anthracyclines including but not limited to dox
  • the additional therapeutic agent is selected from a luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) analog, including goserelin and leuprolide.
  • LHRH luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone
  • the additional therapeutic agent is selected from the group consisting of selected from the group consisting of everolimus, trabectedin, abraxane, TLK 286, AV-299, DN-101, pazopanib, GSK690693, RTA 744, ON 0910.Na, AZD 6244 (ARRY-142886), AMN-107, TKI-258, GSK461364, AZD 1152, enzastaurin, vandetanib, ARQ-197, MK-0457, MLN8054, PHA-739358, R-763, AT-9263, pemetrexed, erlotinib, dasatanib, nilotinib, decatanib, panitumumab, amrubicin, oregovomab, Lep-etu, nolatrexed, azd2171, batabulin, of atumtunab, zanolimumab, edotecarin,
  • compositions comprising compounds as disclosed herein formulated together with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • pharmaceutical compositions comprising compounds as disclosed herein formulated together with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers.
  • These formulations include those suitable for oral, rectal, topical, buccal, parenteral (e.g., subcutaneous, intramuscular, intradermal, or intravenous) rectal, vaginal, or aerosol administration, although the most suitable form of administration in any given case will depend on the degree and severity of the condition being treated and on the nature of the particular compound being used.
  • disclosed compositions may be formulated as a unit dose, and/or may be formulated for oral or subcutaneous administration.
  • Exemplary pharmaceutical compositions may be used in the form of a pharmaceutical preparation, for example, in solid, semisolid or liquid form, which contains one or more of the compounds described herein, as an active ingredient, in admixture with an organic or inorganic carrier or excipient suitable for external, enteral or parenteral applications.
  • the active ingredient may be compounded, for example, with the usual non-toxic, pharmaceutically acceptable carriers for tablets, pellets, capsules, suppositories, solutions, emulsions, suspensions, and any other form suitable for use.
  • the active object compound is included in the pharmaceutical composition in an amount sufficient to produce the desired effect upon the process or condition of the disease.
  • the principal active ingredient may be mixed with a pharmaceutical carrier, e.g., conventional tableting ingredients such as corn starch, lactose, sucrose, sorbitol, talc, stearic acid, magnesium stearate, dicalcium phosphate or gums, and other pharmaceutical diluents, e.g., water, to form a solid preformulation composition containing a homogeneous mixture of a compound provided herein, or a non-toxic pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • a pharmaceutical carrier e.g., conventional tableting ingredients such as corn starch, lactose, sucrose, sorbitol, talc, stearic acid, magnesium stearate, dicalcium phosphate or gums, and other pharmaceutical diluents, e.g., water
  • a pharmaceutical carrier e.g., conventional tableting ingredients such as corn starch, lactose, sucrose, sorbitol, talc, stearic acid, magnesium stea
  • the subject composition is mixed with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, such as sodium citrate or dicalcium phosphate, and/or any of the following: (1) fillers or extenders, such as starches, lactose, sucrose, glucose, mannitol, and/or silicic acid; (2) binders, such as, for example, carboxymethylcellulose, alginates, gelatin, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, sucrose and/or acacia; (3) humectants, such as glycerol; (4) disintegrating agents, such as agar-agar, calcium carbonate, potato or tapioca starch, alginic acid, certain silicates, and sodium carbonate; (5) solution retarding agents, such as paraffin; (6) absorption accelerators, such as quaternary ammonium compounds; (7) wetting agents, such as, for example, acetyl
  • compositions may also comprise buffering agents.
  • Solid compositions of a similar type may also be employed as fillers in soft and hard-filled gelatin capsules using such excipients as lactose or milk sugars, as well as high molecular weight polyethylene glycols and the like.
  • a tablet may be made by compression or molding, optionally with one or more accessory ingredients.
  • Compressed tablets may be prepared using binder (for example, gelatin or hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose), lubricant, inert diluent, preservative, disintegrant (for example, sodium starch glycolate or cross-linked sodium carboxymethyl cellulose), surface-active or dispersing agent.
  • Molded tablets may be made by molding in a suitable machine a mixture of the subject composition moistened with an inert liquid diluent. Tablets, and other solid dosage forms, such as dragees, capsules, pills and granules, may optionally be scored or prepared with coatings and shells, such as enteric coatings and other coatings well known in the pharmaceutical-formulating art.
  • compositions for inhalation or insufflation include solutions and suspensions in pharmaceutically acceptable, aqueous or organic solvents, or mixtures thereof, and powders.
  • Liquid dosage forms for oral administration include pharmaceutically acceptable emulsions, microemulsions, solutions, suspensions, syrups and elixirs.
  • the liquid dosage forms may contain inert diluents commonly used in the art, such as, for example, water or other solvents, solubilizing agents and emulsifiers, such as ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, ethyl carbonate, ethyl acetate, benzyl alcohol, benzyl benzoate, propylene glycol, 1,3-butylene glycol, oils (in particular, cottonseed, groundnut, corn, germ, olive, castor and sesame oils), glycerol, tetrahydrofuryl alcohol, polyethylene glycols and fatty acid esters of sorbitan, cyclodextrins and mixtures thereof.
  • inert diluents commonly used in the art, such as, for example, water or other solvents, solubilizing agents and emulsifiers, such as ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, ethyl carbonate, ethyl acetate
  • Suspensions in addition to the subject composition, may contain suspending agents as, for example, ethoxylated isostearyl alcohols, polyoxyethylene sorbitol and sorbitan esters, microcrystalline cellulose, aluminum metahydroxide, bentonite, agar-agar and tragacanth, and mixtures thereof.
  • suspending agents as, for example, ethoxylated isostearyl alcohols, polyoxyethylene sorbitol and sorbitan esters, microcrystalline cellulose, aluminum metahydroxide, bentonite, agar-agar and tragacanth, and mixtures thereof.
  • Formulations for rectal or vaginal administration may be presented as a suppository, which may be prepared by mixing a subject composition with one or more suitable non-irritating excipients or carriers comprising, for example, cocoa butter, polyethylene glycol, a suppository wax or a salicylate, and which is solid at room temperature, but liquid at body temperature and, therefore, will melt in the body cavity and release the active agent.
  • suitable non-irritating excipients or carriers comprising, for example, cocoa butter, polyethylene glycol, a suppository wax or a salicylate, and which is solid at room temperature, but liquid at body temperature and, therefore, will melt in the body cavity and release the active agent.
  • Dosage forms for transdermal administration of a subject composition include powders, sprays, ointments, pastes, creams, lotions, gels, solutions, patches and inhalants.
  • the active component may be mixed under sterile conditions with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, and with any preservatives, buffers, or propellants which may be required.
  • the ointments, pastes, creams and gels may contain, in addition to a subject composition, excipients, such as animal and vegetable fats, oils, waxes, paraffins, starch, tragacanth, cellulose derivatives, polyethylene glycols, silicones, bentonites, silicic acid, talc and zinc oxide, or mixtures thereof.
  • excipients such as animal and vegetable fats, oils, waxes, paraffins, starch, tragacanth, cellulose derivatives, polyethylene glycols, silicones, bentonites, silicic acid, talc and zinc oxide, or mixtures thereof.
  • Powders and sprays may contain, in addition to a subject composition, excipients such as lactose, talc, silicic acid, aluminum hydroxide, calcium silicates and polyamide powder, or mixtures of these substances.
  • Sprays may additionally contain customary propellants, such as chlorofluorohydrocarbons and volatile unsubstituted hydrocarbons, such as butane and propane.
  • compositions and compounds of the present disclosure may alternatively be administered by aerosol. This is accomplished by preparing an aqueous aerosol, liposomal preparation or solid particles containing the compound.
  • a non-aqueous (e.g., fluorocarbon propellant) suspension could be used.
  • Sonic nebulizers may be used because they minimize exposing the agent to shear, which may result in degradation of the compounds contained in the subject compositions.
  • an aqueous aerosol is made by formulating an aqueous solution or suspension of a subject composition together with conventional pharmaceutically acceptable carriers and stabilizers.
  • the carriers and stabilizers vary with the requirements of the particular subject composition, but typically include non-ionic surfactants (Tweens, Pluronics, or polyethylene glycol), innocuous proteins like serum albumin, sorbitan esters, oleic acid, lecithin, amino acids such as glycine, buffers, salts, sugars or sugar alcohols. Aerosols generally are prepared from isotonic solutions.
  • compositions of the present disclosure suitable for parenteral administration comprise a subject composition in combination with one or more pharmaceutically-acceptable sterile isotonic aqueous or non-aqueous solutions, dispersions, suspensions or emulsions, or sterile powders which may be reconstituted into sterile injectable solutions or dispersions just prior to use, which may contain antioxidants, buffers, bacteriostats, solutes which render the formulation isotonic with the blood of the intended recipient or suspending or thickening agents.
  • aqueous and non-aqueous carriers examples include water, ethanol, polyols (such as glycerol, propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, and the like), and suitable mixtures thereof, vegetable oils, such as olive oil, and injectable organic esters, such as ethyl oleate and cyclodextrins.
  • polyols such as glycerol, propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, and the like
  • vegetable oils such as olive oil
  • injectable organic esters such as ethyl oleate and cyclodextrins.
  • Proper fluidity may be maintained, for example, by the use of coating materials, such as lecithin, by the maintenance of the required particle size in the case of dispersions, and by the use of surfactants.
  • enteral pharmaceutical formulations including a disclosed compound and an enteric material; and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient thereof.
  • Enteric materials refer to polymers that are substantially insoluble in the acidic environment of the stomach, and that are predominantly soluble in intestinal fluids at specific pHs.
  • the small intestine is the part of the gastrointestinal tract (gut) between the stomach and the large intestine, and includes the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum.
  • the pH of the duodenum is about 5.5
  • the pH of the jejunum is about 6.5
  • the pH of the distal ileum is about 7.5.
  • enteric materials are not soluble, for example, until a pH of about 5.0, of about 5.2, of about 5.4, of about 5.6, of about 5.8, of about 6.0, of about 6.2, of about 6.4, of about 6.6, of about 6.8, of about 7.0, of about 7.2, of about 7.4, of about 7.6, of about 7.8, of about 8.0, of about 8.2, of about 8.4, of about 8.6, of about 8.8, of about 9.0, of about 9.2, of about 9.4, of about 9.6, of about 9.8, or of about 10.0.
  • Exemplary enteric materials include cellulose acetate phthalate (CAP), hydroxypropyl methylcellulose phthalate (HPMCP), polyvinyl acetate phthalate (PVAP), hydroxypropyl methylcellulose acetate succinate (HPMCAS), cellulose acetate trimellitate, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose succinate, cellulose acetate succinate, cellulose acetate hexahydrophthalate, cellulose propionate phthalate, cellulose acetate maleate, cellulose acetate butyrate, cellulose acetate propionate, copolymer of methylmethacrylic acid and methyl methacrylate, copolymer of methyl acrylate, methylmethacrylate and methacrylic acid, copolymer of methylvinyl ether and maleic anhydride (Gantrez ES series), ethyl methyacrylate-methylmethacrylate-chlorotrimethylammonium ethyl acrylate copolymer, natural resins
  • kits for use by a e.g. a consumer in need of treatment of cancer include a suitable dosage form such as those described above and instructions describing the method of using such dosage form to mediate, reduce or prevent inflammation.
  • the instructions would direct the consumer or medical personnel to administer the dosage form according to administration modes known to those skilled in the art.
  • kits could advantageously be packaged and sold in single or multiple kit units.
  • An example of such a kit is a so-called blister pack.
  • Blister packs are well known in the packaging industry and are being widely used for the packaging of pharmaceutical unit dosage forms (tablets, capsules, and the like). Blister packs generally consist of a sheet of relatively stiff material covered with a foil of a preferably transparent plastic material.
  • the packaging process recesses are formed in the plastic foil.
  • the recesses have the size and shape of the tablets or capsules to be packed.
  • the tablets or capsules are placed in the recesses and the sheet of relatively stiff material is sealed against the plastic foil at the face of the foil which is opposite from the direction in which the recesses were formed.
  • the tablets or capsules are sealed in the recesses between the plastic foil and the sheet.
  • the strength of the sheet is such that the tablets or capsules can be removed from the blister pack by manually applying pressure on the recesses whereby an opening is formed in the sheet at the place of the recess. The tablet or capsule can then be removed via said opening.
  • a memory aid on the kit, e.g., in the form of numbers next to the tablets or capsules whereby the numbers correspond with the days of the regimen which the tablets or capsules so specified should be ingested.
  • a memory aid is a calendar printed on the card, e.g., as follows "First Week, Monday, Tuesday, ... etc.... Second Week, Monday, Tuesday,... " etc.
  • a “daily dose” can be a single tablet or capsule or several pills or capsules to be taken on a given day.
  • a daily dose of a first compound can consist of one tablet or capsule while a daily dose of the second compound can consist of several tablets or capsules and vice versa.
  • the memory aid should reflect this.
  • ADP is adenosine diphosphate
  • Boc is t-butylcarbonate
  • CDI carbodiimidazole
  • conc is concentrated
  • Cs 2 CO 3 cesium carbonate
  • CuI copper (I) iodide
  • DBU 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene
  • DCC is N,N'-Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide
  • DCE is dichloroethane
  • DCM is dichloromethane
  • DIEA is N , N -diisopropylethylamine
  • DMA is N,N -dimethylacetamide
  • DMAP is 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine
  • DF is N , N -dimethylformamide
  • dppf' 1,1'-bis
  • Scheme 1 illustrates an exemplary preparation of amines D-I-i, D-I-ii, and D-I-iii.
  • A-I Treatment of A-I with amine R 4 -H, which can be aliphatic or heterocyclic, in the presence of a base (e.g. Cs 2 CO 3 or K 2 CO 3 ) affords compound B-I.
  • a base e.g. Cs 2 CO 3 or K 2 CO 3
  • B-I e.g. Cs 2 CO 3 or K 2 CO 3
  • Intermediate C-I may be selectively converted to amine D-I-i where R 2b is alkenyl, alkynyl, or cycloalkyl by mild reducing conditions for example, zinc or iron metal with ammonium chloride.
  • Intermediate C-I can be fully reduced to D-I-iii by palladium catalyzed hydrogenation.
  • Intermediate B-I where R 2a is Cl, Br, alkyl, CN or alkoxy may be reduced to D-I-ii by mild reducing conditions for example, zinc or iron metal with ammonium chloride.
  • examples of X include N and CH
  • examples of Y include N, CH, and C-F where X and Y are not both N
  • examples of R 2 include alkyl and cycloalkyl
  • examples of R 4 include an N-linked alkyl and N-linked heterocylcyl with suitable optional substituents as exemplified by the tables of interemediates below.
  • Scheme 2 illustrates an exemplary preparation of amine D-II-i, D-II-ii and D-II-iii.
  • A-II commercially available starting materials
  • amine R 4 -H under reductive amination conditions (e.g. sodium cyanoborohydride or sodium triacetoxyborohydride in the presence of a catalytic amount of acetic acid in polar solvents like MeOH) affords compound B-II.
  • Intermediate C-II may be selectively converted to amine D-II-i where R 2b is alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl by mild reducing conditions for example, zinc or iron metal with ammonium chloride.
  • Intermediate C-II can be fully reduced to D-II-iii by palladium catalyzed hydrogenation.
  • Intermediate B-II where R 2a is Cl, Br, alkyl, CN or alkoxy may be reduced to D-II-ii by mild reducing conditions for example, zinc or iron metal with ammonium chloride.
  • examples of X include N and CH
  • examples of Y include N, CH, and C-F where X and Y are not both N
  • examples of R 2 include alkyl and cycloalkyl
  • examples of R 4 include an N-linked alkyl and N-linked heterocylcyl with suitable optional substituents as exemplified by the tables of interemediates below.
  • Scheme 3 illustrates an exemplary preparation of amine D-III-i, D-III-ii and D-III-iii.
  • Reduction of A-III-i with reducing reagents such as DIBAL affords aldehyde A-III-ii.
  • Another way to prepare A-III-ii is reduction of A-III-i to the corresponding alcohol followed by mild oxidation conditions such as using MnOz.
  • Reaction of A-III-ii and amine R 4 -H under reductive amination conditions e.g. sodium cyanoborohydride or sodium triacetoxyborohydride in the presence of a catalytic amount of acetic acid in polar solvents like MeOH
  • B-III Another way to prepare B-III is reduction of A-III-I to the alcohol followed by conversion of the alcohol to the sulfonates A-III-iii.
  • Reaction of A-III-iii with amine R 4 -H in the presence of base such as triethylamine, Hunig's base, or cesium carbonate affords B-III.
  • Intermediate C-III may be selectively converted to amine D-III-iii where R 2b is alkenyl, alkynyl, or cycloalkyl by mild reducing conditions for example, zinc or iron metal with ammonium chloride.
  • Intermediate C-III can be fully reduced to D-III-ii by palladium catalyzed hydrogenation.
  • Intermediate B-III where R 2a is Cl, Br, alkyl, CN or alkoxy may be reduced to D-III-i by mild reducing conditions for example, zinc or iron metal with ammonium chloride.
  • examples of X include N and CH
  • examples of Y include N, CH, and C-F where X and Y are not both N
  • examples of R include methyl and ethyl
  • examples of R 2 include alkyl and cycloalkyl
  • examples of R 4 include an N-linked alkyl and N-linked heterocylcyl with suitable optional substituents as exemplified by the tables of interemediates below
  • examples of LG include mesylate and tosylate.
  • Scheme 4 illustrates an exemplary preparation of amine D-IV.
  • Reaction of A-III-i and various amines under amide coupling reagents e.g. CDI, DCC, EDC, HOBt, HBTU, PyBOP, or T 3 P
  • amide coupling reagents e.g. CDI, DCC, EDC, HOBt, HBTU, PyBOP, or T 3 P
  • DMAP if needed
  • Intermediate C-IV may be selectively converted to amine D-IV-i where R 2b is alkenyl, alkynyl, or cycloalkyl by mild reducing conditions for example, zinc or iron metal with ammonium chloride.
  • Intermediate C-IV can be fully reduced to D-IV-iii by palladium catalyzed hydrogenation.
  • Intermediate B-IV where R 2a is Cl, Br, alkyl, CN or alkoxy may be reduced to D-IV-ii by mild reducing conditions for example, zinc or iron metal with ammonium chloride.
  • examples of X include N and CH
  • examples of Y include N, CH, and C-F where X and Y are not both N
  • examples of R include methyl and ethyl
  • examples of R 2 include alkyl and cycloalkyl
  • examples of R 4 include -C(O)-alkyl and -C(O)-heterocylcyl, where the alkyl and heterocyclyl moieties are N-linked with suitable optional substituents as exemplified by the tables of interemediates below.
  • Scheme 5 illustrates an exemplary preparation of amine D-V.
  • B-V reacts with boronic esters/boronic acids/trifluoroborates in the presence of a palladium catalyst (Suzuki coupling) to afford compound C-V.
  • a palladium catalyst Sudzuki coupling
  • Many boronic esters/boronic acids/trifluoroborates are commercially available and those that are not can be readily prepared from the corresponding carboxylic acids (see Scheme 7).
  • Intermediate C-V may be converted to amine D-V by standard reducing conditions, for example, by palladium catalyzed hydrogenation or by mild reducing conditions including zinc metal and ammonium chloride.
  • examples of X include N and CH
  • examples of Y include N, CH, and C-F
  • examples of R 2 include alkyl and cycloalkyl
  • examples of R 4 include a C-linked heterocylcyl and heteroaryl with suitable optional substituents as exemplified by the tables of interemediates below.
  • Scheme 6 illustrates an exemplary preparation of D-VI from C-VI-i where, in C-VI-i, R 4 contains a nitrogen protecting group, e.g. a Boc group.
  • C-VI-i can be deprotected under acidic conditions to provide the amine salt. Further treatment of the salt with sodium cyanoborohydride or sodium triacetoxyborohydride and an aldehyde or ketone in the presence of a catalytic amount of acetic acid in polar solvents such as MeOH (reductive amination conditions) affords C-VI.
  • Intermediate C-VI may be converted to aniline D-VI by standard reducing conditions, for example, by palladium catalyzed hydrogenation or by mild reducing conditions including zinc metal and ammonium chloride.
  • examples of X include N and CH
  • examples of Y include N, CH, and C-F where X and Y are not both N
  • examples of R 2 include alkyl and cycloalkyl
  • examples of R 4 include heterocylcyl with suitable optional substituents as exemplified by the tables of interemediates below.
  • Scheme 7 illustrates an exemplary preparation of boronic acid/boronic ester T, which are not commercially available. These compounds can be readily prepared from the substituted carboxylic acid.
  • the starting material carboxylic acid can be activated by 2-hydroxyisoindoline-1,3-dione in the presence of coupling reagent (e.g. DCI or Et 3 N/HATU) to afford Q.
  • coupling reagent e.g. DCI or Et 3 N/HATU
  • Intermediate Q may be converted to boronic ester T by nickel-catalyzed decarboxylation borylation with the [BzpinzMe]Li complex, which is premixed with methyllithium and B 2 pin 2 ( Science, 356, 1045 (2017 ), JACS, 138, 2174 (2016 )).
  • examples of m include 0, 1, and 2
  • examples of R 4 include alkyl, cycloalkyl, and heterocyclyl with suitable optional substituents as exemplified by the tables of interemediates below.
  • Scheme 8 illustrates an exemplary preparation of L-I-1 and L-I-2.
  • Commercially available 2,4-dichloro-5-iodopyrimidine reacts with TMSCF 2 H in a solvent such as NMP or DMF in the presence of CuI and CsF to produce difluoromethylpyrimidine L-II-1 ( US20150284341 ).
  • Difluoromethylpyrimidine L-II-1 can be converted to thiomethyletherpyrimidine L-I-1 by treatment with sodium thiomethoxide and zinc chloride in diethyl ether at temperatures lower than 10 °C ( WO2012110773 ).
  • trifluoromethylpyrimidine L-I-2 can be prepared from the commercially available 2,4-dichloro-5-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidine, L-II-2.
  • R 1 can be cycloalkyl.
  • Scheme 10 illustrates an exemplary preparation of intermediate H (I-XIII) using a widely known method.
  • base for example sodium hydride or potassium tert-butoxide
  • the Boc protecting group of G may be removed upon exposure to acid, for example HCl or TFA.
  • q can be 0, 1, 2, or 3, r can be 2, 3, or 4, V can be C(R 34 ) 2 , O, or NR 6 , where R 6 is alkyl, n can be 2, 3, or 4, each R 34 can, independently, be H, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, or two R 34 can be taken together to form a cycloalkyl.
  • H-XIV can be prepared from DBU via one step process as illustrated in Scheme 11.
  • DBU can be hydrolyzed by potassium hydroxide in the solution of methanol and water at ambient temperature to provide H-XIV.
  • Scheme 12 illustrates an exemplary preparation of key intermediates J and K.
  • Key intermediate J can be prepared from H (either free base or acid addition salt) by reacting with thiopyrimidine L-I in the presence of an organic base (e. g. triethylamine or DIEA) and optional heating.
  • an organic base e. g. triethylamine or DIEA
  • key intermediate K can be prepared from H with either L-II or L-III.
  • q can be 0, 1, 2, or 3, r can be 2, 3, or 4, V can be C(R 34 ) 2 , O, or NR 6 , where R 6 is alkyl, n can be 2, 3, or 4, each R 34 can, independently, be H, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, or two R 34 can be taken together to form a cycloalkyl group.
  • Scheme 13 illustrates an exemplary preparation of key intermediate M.
  • an aprotic solvent e. g. DME, DMF, DMSO, or NMP
  • R 1 can be Br, Cl, alkyl optionally substituted by one or more fluorine atoms, or cycloalkyl
  • q can be 0, 1, 2, or 3
  • r can be 2, 3, or 4
  • V can be C(R 34 ) 2 , O, or NR 6 , where R 6 is alkyl
  • n can be 2, 3, or 4
  • each R 34 can, independently, be H, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, or two R 34 can be taken together to form a cycloalkyl.
  • Scheme 14 illustrates an exemplary preparation of compounds of Formula I from substituted anilines or aminopyridines ( D-I ).
  • the preparation of Formula I-A can be accomplished from key intermediates K and J.
  • a nucleophilic substitution reaction of K with amine D can be typically performed in an aprotic solvent at temperatures ranging from ambient temp to 150 °C, in some embodiments with microwave heating, optionally in the presence of an acid for example 4 N HCl in 1,4-dioxane to provide Formula I-A.
  • Compounds D-I which are not commercially available, can be readily prepared from substituted nitrobenzenes or nitropyridines (see schemes 1-6).
  • the sulfoxide reacts with amine D-I by a nucleophilic substitution reaction, typically performed in an aprotic solvent at temperatures ranging from ambient temp to 150 °C, in some embodiments with microwave heating, optionally in the presence of an acid for example 4 N HCl in 1,4-dioxane or pTSA.
  • Formula I-A which contains a nitrogen protecting group such as a Boc group, can be deprotected under acidic conditions to provide Formula I-A containing a free NH on R 4 (free amine or acid addition salt). Further treatment of Formula I-A (free base or acid addition salt) with sodium cyanoborohydride or sodium triacetoxyborohydride and an aldehyde or ketone in the presence of a catalytic amount of acetic acid in polar solvents such as MeOH (reductive amination conditions) affords R 4 N-substituted Formula I-A. For acylation and sulfonylation, the free amine (or salt) can be treated with commercially available acyl chloride or sulfonyl chloride to afford N-substituted Formula I-A.
  • a nitrogen protecting group such as a Boc group
  • Scheme 15 illustrates exemplary preparations of compounds of Formula I-B.
  • the preparation of Formula I-B can be accomplished by Buchwald-Hartwig coupling reaction with D-I and M.
  • Amines D-I which are not commercially available can be readily prepared from substituted nitrobenzene or nitropyridine (see schemes 1-6).
  • Formula I-B which contains a nitrogen protecting group such as a Boc group can be deprotected under an acidic condition to provide Formula I-B containing a free NH on R 4 (free amine or acid addition salt).
  • 248.2 B-I-3 A 96 7.99 (d, J 9.0 Hz, 1H), 6.86-6.88 (m, 2H), 3.43 (s, 8H), 2.54 (s, 3H), 1.41 (s, 9H).
  • the resulting reaction mixture was heated at 100 °C 16 h.
  • the reaction was diluted with water and extracted with DCM (4 x 25 mL).
  • the organics were combined and dried over anhydrous Na 2 SO 4 , filtered and concentrated to dryness under vacuum to afford a black oil.
  • the black oil was purified using silica gel (0 to 15% MeOH/DCM, 15 CV's) to obtain 1-methyl-4-(3-methyl-4-nitrophenyl)-1H-imidazole (0.31 g, 47 % yield).
  • reaction mixture was diluted with water (100 mL) and the solution was extracted with EtOAc (3 x 200 mL). The combined organic extracts were washed with brine (50 mL), dried over anhydrous Na 2 SO 4 , filtered and concentrated.
  • the crude was purified by silica gel column chromatography (0 to 80% EtOAc/hexane, 15 CV's) to obtain 1-(3-cyclopropyl-4-nitrophenyl)-4-methylpiperazine (12 g, 69 % yield) as a yellow solid.
  • D-V-2 H 100 6.99 (brm, 1H), 6.95 (m, 1H), 6.54 (m, 1H), 5.85 (brm, 1H), 4.82 (brs, 2H), 3.92 (brm, 2H), 3.16 (s, 3H), 2.96 (brm, 2H), 2.54 (m, 2H), 2.38 (m, 2H), 2.03 (s, 3H).
  • the combined organic extract was washed with brine (150 mL), dried over anhydrous Na 2 SO 4 , and filtered under reduced pressure.
  • the crude was purified by silica gel column chromatography (40 to 50 % EtOAc/hexane, 15 CV's) to obtain tert-butyl (3-(5-oxo-1,4-oxazepan-4-yl)propyl carbamate (12 g, 50 % yield) as yellow liquid.
  • the product was dissolved in DCM (50 mL) and treated with 4 N HCl in 1,4-dioxane (4 eq).
  • the reaction mixture was diluted with water (200 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (3 x 300 mL). The combined organic extracts were washed with brine (200 mL), dried over anhydrous Na 2 SO 4 , filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure.
  • the crude was purified by silica gel column chromatography (0 to 10% EtOAc/hexane) to obtain 2-chloro-5-cyclopropyl-4-(methylthio) pyrimidine (14.0 g, 66 % yield) as a yellow oil.
  • K-3 47 7.69 (s, 1H), 7.43 (s, 1H), 4.17 (m, 2H), 3.39 (m, 2H), 3.29 (m, 4H), 1.94 (m, 2H), 1.77 (m, 2H), 1.48 (m, 1H), 0.89 (m, 2H), 0.56 (m, 2H).
  • K-4 42 7.69 (s, 1H), 7.45 (s, 1H), 3.66 (m, 4H), 3.56 (brs, 2H), 3.35 (m, 4H), 2.64 (m, 2H), 1.69 (m, 2H), 1.50 (m, 1H), 0.88 (m, 2H), 0.56 (m, 2H).
  • Exemplary compounds Using the methods described above the following compounds of Formula I-A and Formula I-B were prepared. Exemplary compounds of Formula I-A and Formula I-B are shown below in Table I. Exemplary methods for the preparation of the compounds are also provided below.
  • the solution was extracted with DCM (3 x 50 mL) and the combined organics were dried over anhydrous Na 2 SO 4 , filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure.
  • the crude was purified silica gel column chromatography (4 to 5 % MeOH/DCM, 10 CV's). The product was dissolved in DCM (200 mL) and added QuadraSil-MP resin (w/w) in order to remove residual palladium. The solution was stirred for 4 h and filtered.
  • Example 36 1-(3-((2-((4-(4-acetylpiperazin-1-yl)-2-cyclopropylphenyl)amino)-5-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidin-4-yl)amino)propyl)piperidin-2-one
  • ULK1 kinase Activity of ULK1 kinase was determined spectroscopically using a coupled pyruvate kinase/lactate dehydrogenase assay that continuously monitors the ATP hydrolysisdependent oxidation ofNADH (e.g., Schindler et al. Science (2000) 289: 1938-1942 ).
  • Assays were conducted in 384-well plates (100 uL final volume) using 19 nM ULK1 (Eurofins CAT# 14-959), 0.25 mg/mL myelin basic protein, 1.5 units pyruvate kinase, 2.1 units lactate dehydrogenase, 1 mM phosphoenol pyruvate, 0.28 mM NADH and 1 mM ATP in assay buffer (100 mM Tris, pH 7.5, 15 mM MgClz, 0.5 mM DTT, 0.1 % octyl-glucoside, 0.002% (w/v) BSA, and 0.002% Triton X-100).
  • ULK1 kinase Activity of ULK1 kinase was determined spectroscopically using a coupled pyruvate kinase/lactate dehydrogenase assay that continuously monitors the ATP hydrolysisdependent oxidation ofNADH (e.g., Schindler et al. Science (2000) 289: 1938-1942 ).
  • Assays were conducted in 384-well plates (100 uL final volume) using 0.1 nM ULK1 (from Beryllium), 0.075 mM peptide substrate (YANWLAASIYLDGKKK (SEQ ID NO: 5)), 1.5 units pyruvate kinase, 2.1 units lactate dehydrogenase, 1 mM phosphoenol pyruvate, 0.28 mM NADH and 1 mM ATP in assay buffer (100 mM Tris, pH 7.5, 15 mM MgCl 2 , 0.5 mM DTT, 0.004% (w/v) BSA, and 0.004% Triton X-100).
  • ULK2 kinase Activity of ULK2 kinase was determined spectroscopically using a coupled pyruvate kinase/lactate dehydrogenase assay that continuously monitors the ATP hydrolysisdependent oxidation ofNADH (e.g., Schindler et al. Science (2000) 289: 1938-1942 ).
  • Assays were conducted in 384-well plates (100 uL final volume) using 9.7 nM ULK2 (Eurofins CAT# 14-772), 0.25 mg/mL myelin basic protein, 1.5 units pyruvate kinase, 2.1 units lactate dehydrogenase, 1 mM phosphoenol pyruvate, 0.28 mM NADH and 1 mM ATP in assay buffer (100 mM Tris, pH 7.5, 15 mM MgClz, 0.5 mM DTT, 0.1 % octyl-glucoside, 0.002% (w/v) BSA, and 0.002% Triton X-100).
  • Example 133 Cellular inhibition of ULK kinase substrate ATG13 protein pATG13 levels of mutant KRas A549 cells after treatment with ULK inhibitors in combination with Trametinib.
  • A549 (KRAS mutant) human lung cancer cells (6,000 cells/well) were added to a 384-well tissue-culture treated plate in 50 ⁇ L of pre-warmed DMEM medium supplemented with 10% characterized fetal bovine serum (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA), 100 units/mL penicillin G, and 100 ⁇ g/mL streptomycin and allowed to grow overnight at 37 °C, 5% CO2, and 95% humidity. The following day, 10 ⁇ L of media containing trametinib or DMSO as a control was added to wells. The final concentration of trametinib in wells was 250 nM. A dose response of a test compound (0.6 ⁇ L per well) was added.
  • DMSO 0.6 ⁇ L was added to control wells. The plate was briefly shaken to mix wells and then incubated at 37 °C overnight. The next day, the media was aspirated and cells were washed with Dulbecco's Phosphate Buffered Saline (Gibco). Cells were lysed using MPER lysis buffer (Pierce, Rockford, IL) containing Halt Phosphatase and Protease Inhibitors (Pierce, Rockford, IL) and Phosphatase inhibitor cocktail 2 (Sigma, St. Louis, MO) at 4 °C for 10 minutes with shaking.
  • MPER lysis buffer Pierce, Rockford, IL
  • Halt Phosphatase and Protease Inhibitors Pierford, IL
  • Phosphatase inhibitor cocktail 2 Sigma, St. Louis, MO
  • Biotinylated pS318-ATG13 antibody (Rockland Immunochemicals Cat#600-401-C49) was diluted in assay diluent and added to each well and incubated at room temperature for 1 hour. Plate wells were washed with ELISA wash buffer. Streptavidin linked to horseradish peroxidase (Thermo Fisher Cat#21140) was diluted in assay diluent and added to each well and incubated at room temperature for 1 hour. Plate wells were washed with ELISA wash buffer. High sensitivity TMB substrate (Biolegend Cat#421101) was added to each well and incubated at room temperature for 20 minutes. The reaction was stopped with 2N Sulfuric Acid.
  • the plate was analyzed at on a plate reader measuring absorbance at 450 nm and 540 nm (background). Signal was calculated by first subtracting the background absorbance at 540 nm from the absorbance at 450 nm for each well. Next, the background corrected absorbance at 450 nm from blank wells was subtracted from test wells. Data was compared to control wells to determine % ATG13 phosphorylation. GraphPad Prism was used to calculate IC 50 values.
  • Example 134 pATG13 levels of mutant KRas MiaPaCa-2 cells after treatment with ULK inhibitors in combination with Trametinib.
  • MiaPaCa-2 human pancreatic cancer cells (10000 cells/well) were added to a 384-well tissue-culture treated plate in 50 ⁇ L of pre-warmed DMEM medium supplemented with 10% characterized fetal bovine serum (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA), 100 units/mL penicillin G, 100 ⁇ g/mL streptomycin, and 2.5% Horse Serum and allowed to grow overnight at 37 °C, 5% CO2, and 95% humidity. The following day, 10 ⁇ L of media containing trametinib or DMSO as a control was added to wells. The final concentration of trametinib in wells was 250 nM. A dose response of a test compound (0.6 ⁇ L per well) was added.
  • DMSO 0.6 ⁇ L was added to control wells. The plate was briefly shaken to mix wells and then incubated at 37 °C overnight. The next day, the media was aspirated and cells were washed with Dulbecco's Phosphate Buffered Saline (Gibco). Cells were lysed using MPER lysis buffer (Pierce, Rockford, IL) containing Halt Phosphatase and Protease Inhibitors (Pierce, Rockford, IL) and Phosphatase inhibitor cocktail 2 (Sigma, St. Louis, MO) at 4 °C for 10 minutes with shaking.
  • MPER lysis buffer Pierce, Rockford, IL
  • Halt Phosphatase and Protease Inhibitors Pierford, IL
  • Phosphatase inhibitor cocktail 2 Sigma, St. Louis, MO
  • Biotinylated pS318-ATG13 antibody (Rockland Immunochemicals Cat#600-401-C49) was diluted in assay diluent and added to each well and incubated at room temperature for 1 hour. Plate wells were washed with ELISA wash buffer. Streptavidin linked to horseradish peroxidase (Thermo Fisher Cat#21140) was diluted in assay diluent and added to each well and incubated at room temperature for 1 hour. Plate wells were washed with ELISA wash buffer. High sensitivity TMB substrate (Biolegend Cat#421101) was added to each well and incubated at room temperature for 20 minutes. The reaction was stopped with 2N Sulfuric Acid.
  • the plate was analyzed at on a plate reader measuring absorbance at 450 nm and 540 nm (background). Signal was calculated by first subtracting the background absorbance at 540 nm from the absorbance at 450 nm for each well. Next, the background corrected absorbance at 450 nm from blank wells was subtracted from test wells. Data was compared to control wells to determine % ATG13 phosphorylation. GraphPad Prism was used to calculate IC 50 values.
  • Example 13 pATG13 levels of mutant KRas HCT-116 cells after treatment with ULK inhibitors in combination with Trametinib.
  • HCT-116 human colon cancer cells (10000 cells/well) were added to a 384-well tissue-culture treated plate in 50 ⁇ L of pre-warmed DMEM medium supplemented with 10% characterized fetal bovine serum (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA), 100 units/mL penicillin G, and 100 ⁇ g/mL streptomycin and allowed to grow overnight at 37 °C, 5% CO2, and 95% humidity.
  • 10 ⁇ L of media containing trametinib or DMSO as a control was added to wells.
  • the final concentration of trametinib in wells was 250 nM.
  • a dose response of a test compound (0.6 ⁇ L per well) was added.
  • DMSO 0.6 ⁇ L was added to control wells. The plate was briefly shaken to mix wells and then incubated at 37 °C overnight. The next day, the media was aspirated and cells were washed with Dulbecco's Phosphate Buffered Saline (Gibco). Cells were lysed using MPER lysis buffer (Pierce, Rockford, IL) containing Halt Phosphatase and Protease Inhibitors (Pierce, Rockford, IL) and Phosphatase inhibitor cocktail 2 (Sigma, St. Louis, MO) at 4 °C for 10 minutes with shaking.
  • MPER lysis buffer Pierce, Rockford, IL
  • Halt Phosphatase and Protease Inhibitors Pierford, IL
  • Phosphatase inhibitor cocktail 2 Sigma, St. Louis, MO
  • Biotinylated pS318-ATG13 antibody (Rockland Immunochemicals Cat#600-401-C49) was diluted in assay diluent and added to each well and incubated at room temperature for 1 hour. Plate wells were washed with ELISA wash buffer. Streptavidin linked to horseradish peroxidase (Thermo Fisher Cat#21140) was diluted in assay diluent and added to each well and incubated at room temperature for 1 hour. Plate wells were washed with ELISA wash buffer. High sensitivity TMB substrate (Biolegend Cat#421101) was added to each well and incubated at room temperature for 20 minutes. The reaction was stopped with 2N Sulfuric Acid.
  • the plate was analyzed at on a plate reader measuring absorbance at 450 nm and 540 nm (background). Signal was calculated by first subtracting the background absorbance at 540 nm from the absorbance at 450 nm for each well. Next, the background corrected absorbance at 450 nm from blank wells was subtracted from test wells. Data was compared to control wells to determine % ATG13 phosphorylation. GraphPad Prism was used to calculate IC 50 values.
  • Example 136 pATG13 levels of mutant BRAF A375 cells after treatment with ULK inhibitors in combination with Trametinib.
  • A375 human malignant melanoma cancer cells (20000 cells/well) were added to a 96-well tissue-culture treated plate in 100 ⁇ L of pre-warmed DMEM medium supplemented with 10% characterized fetal bovine serum (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA), 100 units/mL penicillin G, and 100 ⁇ g/mL streptomycin and allowed to grow overnight at 37 °C, 5% CO2, and 95% humidity. The following day, 100 ⁇ L of media containing trametinib or DMSO as a control was added to wells. The final concentration of trametinib in wells was 250 nM. A dose response of a test compound (0.5 ⁇ L per well) was added.
  • DMSO 0.5 ⁇ L was added to control wells. The plate was briefly shaken to mix wells and then incubated at 37 °C overnight. The next day, the media was aspirated and cells were washed with Dulbecco's Phosphate Buffered Saline (Gibco). Cells were lysed using MPER lysis buffer (Pierce, Rockford, IL) containing Halt Phosphatase and Protease Inhibitors (Pierce, Rockford, IL) and Phosphatase inhibitor cocktail 2 (Sigma, St. Louis, MO) at 4 °C for 10 minutes with shaking.
  • MPER lysis buffer Pierce, Rockford, IL
  • Halt Phosphatase and Protease Inhibitors Pierford, IL
  • Phosphatase inhibitor cocktail 2 Sigma, St. Louis, MO
  • Biotinylated pS318-ATG13 antibody (Rockland Immunochemicals Cat#600-401-C49) was diluted in assay diluent and added to each well and incubated at room temperature for 1 hour. Plate wells were washed with ELISA wash buffer. Streptavidin linked to horseradish peroxidase (Thermo Fisher Cat#21140) was diluted in assay diluent and added to each well and incubated at room temperature for 1 hour. Plate wells were washed with ELISA wash buffer. High sensitivity TMB substrate (Biolegend Cat#421101) was added to each well and incubated at room temperature for 20 minutes. The reaction was stopped with 2N Sulfuric Acid.
  • the plate was analyzed at on a plate reader measuring absorbance at 450 nm and 540 nm (background). Signal was calculated by first subtracting the background absorbance at 540 nm from the absorbance at 450 nm for each well. Next, the background corrected absorbance at 450 nm from blank wells was subtracted from test wells. Data was compared to control wells to determine % ATG13 phosphorylation. GraphPad Prism was used to calculate IC 50 values.
  • Example 137 pATG13 levels of mutant HRas T24 cells after treatment with ULK inhibitors in combination with Trametinib.
  • T24 human urinary bladder cancer cells (25000 cells/well) were added to a 96-well tissue-culture treated plate in 100 ⁇ L of pre-warmed DMEM medium supplemented with 10% characterized fetal bovine serum (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA), 100 units/mL penicillin G, and 100 ⁇ g/mL streptomycin and allowed to grow overnight at 37 °C, 5% CO2, and 95% humidity.
  • 100 ⁇ L of media containing trametinib or DMSO as a control was added to wells.
  • the final concentration of trametinib in wells was 250 nM.
  • a dose response of a test compound (0.5 ⁇ L per well) was added.
  • DMSO 0.5 ⁇ L was added to control wells. The plate was briefly shaken to mix wells and then incubated at 37 °C overnight. The next day, the media was aspirated and cells were washed with Dulbecco's Phosphate Buffered Saline (Gibco). Cells were lysed using MPER lysis buffer (Pierce, Rockford, IL) containing Halt Phosphatase and Protease Inhibitors (Pierce, Rockford, IL) and Phosphatase inhibitor cocktail 2 (Sigma, St. Louis, MO) at 4 °C for 10 minutes with shaking.
  • MPER lysis buffer Pierce, Rockford, IL
  • Halt Phosphatase and Protease Inhibitors Pierford, IL
  • Phosphatase inhibitor cocktail 2 Sigma, St. Louis, MO
  • Biotinylated pS318-ATG13 antibody (Rockland Immunochemicals Cat#600-401-C49) was diluted in assay diluent and added to each well and incubated at room temperature for 1 hour. Plate wells were washed with ELISA wash buffer. Streptavidin linked to horseradish peroxidase (Thermo Fisher Cat#21140) was diluted in assay diluent and added to each well and incubated at room temperature for 1 hour. Plate wells were washed with ELISA wash buffer. High sensitivity TMB substrate (Biolegend Cat#421101) was added to each well and incubated at room temperature for 20 minutes. The reaction was stopped with 2N Sulfuric Acid.
  • + refers to an IC 50 greater than 10 nM and less than or equal to 100 nM
  • + + refers to an IC 50 greater than 100 nM and less than or equal to 300 nM
  • + + + refers to an IC 50 greater than 300 nM and less than or equal to 600 nM
  • + + + + refers to an IC 50 greater than 600 nM.
  • LRRK2 kinase Activity of LRRK2 kinase was determined spectroscopically using a coupled pyruvate kinase/lactate dehydrogenase assay that continuously monitors the ATP hydrolysisdependent oxidation ofNADH (e.g., Schindler et al. Science (2000) 289: 1938-1942 ).
  • Assays were conducted in 384-well plates (100 ⁇ L final volume) using 26.4 nM LRRK2 (Thermo Fisher), 0.1 mM peptide substrate (RLGRDKYKTLRQIRQ (SEQ ID NO: 6)), 1.5 units pyruvate kinase, 2.1 units lactate dehydrogenase, 1 mM phosphoenol pyruvate, 0.28 mM NADH and 1 mM ATP in assay buffer (100 mM Tris, pH 7.5, 15 mM MgClz, 0.5 mM DTT, 0.004% (w/v) BSA, and 0.004% Triton X-100).
  • + refers to an IC 50 greater than 1 nM and less than or equal to 100 nM
  • + + refers to an IC 50 greater than 100 nM and less than or equal to 300 nM
  • + + + refers to an IC 50 greater than 300 nM and less than or equal to 600 nM
  • + + + + refers to an IC 50 greater than 600 nM.
  • Example 139 Evaluation of ULK inhibitors in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) in vitro and in vivo
  • PDAC pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma
  • ULK inhibitors will be evaluated in PDAC flux assays, and the IC 50 of the compounds in a panel of multiple PDAC cell lines, including cells derived from primary tumors of a Trp53 lox/+ , LSL-Kras G12D , Rosa-rtTA LSL , p48Cre + ) will be determined using a clonogenicity 2D assay and a 3D organoid assay, in the absence or the presence of trametinib.
  • the therapeutic efficacy of ULK inhibitors in PDAC models will be evaluated by (i) assessing the tumor kinetics of PDAC subcutaneously; (ii) assessing the tumor kinetics of PDAC (KPC implanted C57 black mice) orthotopically in the pancreas in syngeneic models; (iii) assessing tumor growth kinetics in syngeneic models with ULK inhibitors and MEK inhibitors; (iv) assessing the compounds in the PDAC autochthonous model; (v) assessing histological changes in the tumor microenvironment; (vi) assessing the changes in the immune cell infiltrates in the tumors upon inhibition by ULK inhibitors; (vii) assessing the efficacy of ULK inhibitors in combination with immune checkpoint blockade.

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