EP3834246A1 - Flüssigelektrolyt umfassend organische carbonate und zyklische sulfoxide für anwendungen in lithium-sekundärbatterien - Google Patents
Flüssigelektrolyt umfassend organische carbonate und zyklische sulfoxide für anwendungen in lithium-sekundärbatterienInfo
- Publication number
- EP3834246A1 EP3834246A1 EP19752077.8A EP19752077A EP3834246A1 EP 3834246 A1 EP3834246 A1 EP 3834246A1 EP 19752077 A EP19752077 A EP 19752077A EP 3834246 A1 EP3834246 A1 EP 3834246A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- lithium
- oxide
- liquid electrolyte
- carbonate
- propylene carbonate
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
- H01M10/0564—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
- H01M10/0566—Liquid materials
- H01M10/0567—Liquid materials characterised by the additives
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
- H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
- H01M10/0564—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
- H01M10/0566—Liquid materials
- H01M10/0568—Liquid materials characterised by the solutes
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
- H01M10/0564—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
- H01M10/0566—Liquid materials
- H01M10/0569—Liquid materials characterised by the solvents
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/38—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of elements or alloys
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/58—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy; of polyanionic structures, e.g. phosphates, silicates or borates
- H01M4/583—Carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M2300/00—Electrolytes
- H01M2300/0017—Non-aqueous electrolytes
- H01M2300/0025—Organic electrolyte
- H01M2300/0028—Organic electrolyte characterised by the solvent
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Definitions
- the invention describes new non-aqueous liquid electrolytes which can be used in lithium-ion, lithium-metal and lithium-sulfur batteries and which comprise non-linear organic carbonates, such as propylene carbonate, as solvents.
- the non-aqueous, aprotic electrolytes that are used today in most commercial rechargeable lithium-ion batteries contain organic carbonates, such as. B. ethylene carbonate (EC) and dimethyl carbonate (DMC), and lithium hexafluorophosphate as the conductive salt.
- organic carbonates such as. B. ethylene carbonate (EC) and dimethyl carbonate (DMC), and lithium hexafluorophosphate as the conductive salt.
- EC-based electrolytes have a decisive disadvantage.
- DMC dimethyl carbonate
- co-solvents since they have low viscosities and therefore facilitate ion transport.
- the high volatility and flammability of the linear carbonates generally lead to a safety risk. It is therefore necessary to look for alternative solvents, especially with regard to larger-scale applications, such as stationary energy storage systems, which are a growing part of the network infrastructure as decentralized energy generation increases.
- the requirements for battery safety are particularly high for private households.
- Alternative solvents should both have high relative permittivities in order to enable high solubility and dissociation of the lithium salt, and should be able to form stable protective layers on the electrodes, an anode protective layer (solid electrolyte interphase, SEI) and a cathode protective layer (cathode electrolyte inter - phase, CEI), both of which are well permeable to unions, but electronically insulating to prevent irreversible oxidation of the solvent on the cathode and irreversible reductions on the anode.
- SEI solid electrolyte interphase
- CEI cathode electrolyte inter - phase
- the electrolytes prefferably have ionic conductivities in the range of at least 5-8 mS cm 1 at 20 ° C., in the absence of linear carbonates, in order to ensure sufficient ion transport guarantee. This is important in order to enable reversible capacities and a long calendar life of a battery due to lower polarization effects.
- PC propylene carbonate
- propylene carbonate has a relatively high viscosity of 2.3 mPa-s, which hinders ion transport.
- DMC has a viscosity of 0.5 mPa s at 30 ° C. 141
- additives are usually substances which make up up to 5% by weight or% by volume of the solvent. 151 At higher proportions one speaks of co-solvents.
- Reduction additives have a higher reduction potential than the solvent. The additives are reduced in the first charging cycle before the solvent is reduced. They form insoluble products that are deposited on the surface of the electrodes and form protective layers. For propylene carbonate, therefore, additives come into question, the reduction potentials of> 0.8 V vs. Have Li / Li + .
- Polymerizing substances have one or more carbon-carbon bonds and form a protective layer through electrochemically induced polymerization. The following molecules with vinyl groups have already been used with propylene carbonate, for example:
- VEC vinyl ethylene carbonate
- NDP N-Vinyl-2-pyrrolidone
- FEC Fluoroethylene carbonate
- CIEC chloroethylene carbonate
- reaction additives have also been successfully used.
- Reaction additives are not reduced throughout the charging cycle, instead they are able to intercept solvent reduction intermediates or to react with the decomposition products of the solvent molecules to form a stable SEI.
- Representatives of the group of reduction additives are, for example, CO 2 and aromatic esters.
- phenylacetate, 4-nitrophenylacetate, 1-naphthylacetate, 3-acetoxypyridine and methylbenzoate were used. used in combination with propylene carbonate.
- These compounds have an extensive aromatic framework (conjugated p-system), which can stabilize the radical anions that occur as an intermediate stage of solvent reduction by charge delocalization.
- Some isocyanates have also been used as additives with propylene carbonate:
- DOPI diethoxyphosphinyl isocyanate
- Lithium bis (oxalato) borate (LiBOB) and lithium difluoro (oxalato) borate (LiDFOB) can be used both as lithium salts and as additives.
- Alkali metal acetates have also been used as additives for propylene carbonate-based electrolytes. It is assumed that a larger ionic radius of the alkali metal ions leads to a reduction in the propylene carbonate reduction and thus to an improvement in the battery performance.
- Bis (2-methoxyethyl) ether (diglyme) was used as a further additive. Lithium ions that are solvated by Diglyme preferentially store in the graphite electrode, decompose within the graphite and form a protective layer.
- Crown ethers as additives such as [12] crown-4, were able to successfully suppress the propylene carbonate reduction. This could be attributed to their extremely strong solvation ability of Li + ions. In the presence of crown ethers, the Li + ion solvation of propylene carbonate molecules is severely weakened, so that propylene carbonate does not become embedded in graphite together with Li + ions. This leads to a reduction in the propylene carbonate reduction.
- DTD ethylene sulfate
- the investigated electrolyte consisting of 1 M LiBF 4 in 10% by weight DTD, 90% by weight propylene carbonate only has an ionic conductivity of ⁇ 3.5 mS cm 1 at 20 ° C, which is no longer in the desired conductivity range for usable electrolytes.
- Methyl tetrafluoro-2- (methoxy) propionate as a co-solvent for propylene carbonate-based electrolytes also leads to higher viscosities than electrolytes based only on propylene carbonate. 191
- linear carbonates such as DEC, DMC and MEC
- linear carbonates were also used in addition to other additives such as VC to reduce the viscosity of the propylene carbonate-based electrolyte.
- the solvents should have high relative permittivities in order to enable high solubility and dissociation of the lithium salt and should be able to form stable protective layers on the electrodes, in particular an anode protective layer (SEI) and a cathode protective layer (CEI), both of which are well permeable to Li + ions and insulating to avoid irreversible oxidation and reduction of the solvent.
- SEI anode protective layer
- CEI cathode protective layer
- liquid mixtures comprising at least one non-linear, organic carbonate as the main solvent and at least one cyclic sulfoxide in combination with at least one conductive salt are suitable liquid electrolytes for lithium-ion batteries.
- the cyclic sulfoxide serves as a co-solvent with a proportion of 10 - 40 mol% based on the solvent of the electrolyte.
- the organic, non-linear carbonate is, in particular, non-linear, ring-shaped carbonates such as, for example, ethylene carbonate (EC), propylene carbonate (PC), 1, 2-butylene carbonate, 2,3-butylene carbonate, 1, 2-pentylene carbonate, 2 , 3-pentylene carbonate, 1, 2-hexylene carbonate, 1, 2-octylene carbonate, 1, 2-dodecylene carbonate and
- liquid electrolyte according to the invention in particular for lithium-ion batteries, the use of linear carbonates is explicitly dispensed with, since their high volatility and flammability in principle lead to a safety risk.
- the cyclic sulfoxide does not contain any further heteroatoms in the ring.
- the ring may have one or more double bonds.
- a typical and particularly advantageous representative of a cyclic sulfoxide is tetrahydrothiophene-1-oxide. It is a five-part cyclic sulfur substance that is structurally similar to additives and cosolvents (ES, 1, 3-PS, sulfolane) previously used in lithium-ion batteries. Tetrahydrothiophene-1-oxide has so far not been regarded as an electrolyte component of lithium-ion, lithium-metal and lithium-sulfur batteries. Tetrahydrothiophene-1-oxide is easy to manufacture (reaction of tetrahydrothiophene with hydrogen peroxide and a catalyst at room temperature) and can therefore be synthesized in principle at low cost.
- Tetrahydrothiophene is already used worldwide as an odorant in natural gas.
- the solvent mixture according to the invention is only a two-component system, with at least one non-linear, organic carbonate as solvent and a cyclic sulfur substance, such as, for. B. tetrahydrothiophene-1-oxide, as a co-solvent, which regularly keeps the price low.
- LiTFSI bis (trifluoromethanesulfonyl) imide
- propylene carbonate / tetrahydrothiophene-1-oxide liquid electrolyte represents - like all other electrolyte mixtures according to the invention - a safe electrolyte for use in lithium-ion batteries.
- Both solvents of the exemplary embodiment and further nonlinear organic carbonates have comparable high flash points (T F ) and boiling points (T 6 ):
- this advantageously enables use in stationary energy storage systems, which can also be used in private households.
- the propylene carbonate / tetrahydrothiophene-1-oxide electrolyte provides - like also all other electrolyte mixtures according to the invention - regularly pose no danger to the human organism.
- Propylene carbonate LD50, rat, oral:> 5,000 mg / kg
- Ethylene carbonate LD50, rat, dermal:> 2,000 mg / kg
- 1, 2-butylene carbonate LD50, rat, oral:> 5,000 mg / kg
- Tetrahydrothiophene-1-oxide LD50, mouse, intraperitoneal: 3,500 mg / kg [14]
- Lithium-ion batteries with liquid electrolytes according to the invention can thus be handled without problems in private households without the electrolyte posing a danger to people in the event of a damaged battery.
- the conductivities are a direct consequence of the viscosities, which also have a minimum ( ⁇ 6.4 mPa-s at 25 ° C) in the system with 30 mol% tetrahydrothiophene-1-oxide and LiPF 6 .
- Table 1 shows the concentrations of propylene carbonate (PC) and tetrahydrothiophene-1-oxide (abbreviated here as THHoxide) in the 1 M LiPF 6 -based electrolytes and Coordination numbers of Li-PC and Li-tetrahydrothiophene-1-oxide complexes from molecular dynamics simulations. The possible solvation complexes that result from this are also listed.
- PC propylene carbonate
- THHoxide tetrahydrothiophene-1-oxide
- the molecular dynamics simulations confirm that tetrahydrothiophene-1-oxide replaces PC in the complex as soon as there is enough tetrahydrothiophene-1-oxide in the solution, ie at least 1 mol of tetrahydrothiophene-1-oxide for 1 mol of Li + .
- propylene carbonate / tetrahydrothiophene-1-oxide electrolyte also shows a remarkable physicochemical behavior at low temperatures. The difference in conductivity and viscosity is much larger for low temperatures. Electrolytes with 30 mol% tetrahydrothiophene-1-oxide have about 1.5 times higher conductivities at -20 ° C than electrolytes based solely on propylene carbonate. In addition, the mixtures crystallize down to temperatures of -150 ° C not.
- liquid electrolyte is still liquid even at low temperatures and has an increased ionic conductivity, could also be confirmed for most of the liquid electrolytes claimed according to the invention.
- Electrolyte decomposition at high temperatures is only limited by the lithium salt.
- the exemplary embodiment according to the invention comprising propylene carbonate / tetrahydro-thiophene-1-oxide mixtures in combination with a conductive salt also enables regularly stable cycling in lithium-ion batteries with carbon-based anodes and transition metal oxide-based cathodes, although propylene carbonate and tetrahydrothiophene -1-oxide as the sole solvent is not compatible with the electrodes, ie both solvents decompose at ⁇ 0.8 V vs. Li / Li + , which leads to exfoliation of graphite in the case of propylene carbonate, while the tetrahydrothiophene-1-oxide molecules and / or their decomposition products suppress the de- / intercalation of lithium.
- anode protection layer typically has a thickness ( ⁇ 5 nm) that it is visible under the scanning electron microscope.
- electrolytes based on ethylene carbonate (EC) and vinylene carbonate (VC) regularly only lead to layers of a maximum of 3.3 nm.
- the examination with the scanning electron microscope was difficult because the sample was hardly electrically conductive and therefore a high secondary electron current could not be obtained.
- the protective layer on the carbon-based electrode therefore shows a low electrical conductivity, which advantageously protects against further electrolyte reduction and thus increases the life of the battery.
- the anode protective layer is formed almost completely in the first three formation cycles and initially covers the entire electrode in terms of area, while it continues to nestle around the individual secondary particles of the active material.
- Secondary particles consist of primary particles on the order of 1 pm and usually have sizes of less than 1 to 100 pm. 1161
- the cathode protective layer is regularly significantly thinner ( ⁇ 1 nm), but is also formed almost completely after the formation.
- the organic fraction of both layers, consisting of a polymer with ether groups, is around 66 at%, which is excellent in terms of the permeability of the solvated Li + cations, since inorganic films are less permeable.
- the sulfur compounds are not part of the anode protective layer, but only form part of the inorganic part of the cathode protective layer, in which metal sulfites and sulfates can be detected.
- These salts have a positive impact on the battery. They are well-known electronic isolators and can effectively prevent the continued oxidation of solvent molecules.
- propylene carbonate / tetrahydrothiophene-1-oxide electrolyte comprises at least one lithium salt.
- lithium salts are particularly suitable as conductive salts for use in the liquid electrolyte according to the invention individually or as any mixtures:
- LiPF 6 lithium hexafluorophosphate
- Lithium tetrafluoroborate LiBF 4
- Lithium perchlorate LiCI0 4
- Lithium hexafluoroarsenate (V) LiAsF 6
- Lithium trifluoromethanesulfonate LiCF 3 S0 3
- Li-TFSM lithium tris (trifluoromethylsulfonyl) methanide
- LiBOB Lithium bis (oxalato) borate
- Lithium oxalyl difluoroborate LiBF 2 C 2 0 4
- LiPF 3 (CF 2 CF 3 ) 3 lithium fluoroalkyl phosphate
- LiBETI Lithium bisperfluoroethysulfonylimide
- salts such as lithium bis (trifluoromethanesulfonyl) imide (LiTFSI) and lithium bis (fluorosulfonyl) imide (LiFSI) is disadvantageously not possible without additional additives, since it is known that they dissolve aluminum from which the cathode current collector is made , promote at high potentials (> 3 V vs. Li / Li + ).
- Tetrahydrothiophene-1-oxide as the preferred cyclic sulfoxide has a high relative permittivity of 44.1 at 20 ° C.
- Propylene carbonate shows a very high relative permittivity of 66.2 at 20 ° C.
- this enables high solubility and dissociation of the lithium salt.
- Salt concentrations of 0.01-22 mol / L, based on the liquid electrolytes, are generally proposed as being suitable not only for the preferred exemplary embodiment but also for all the liquid electrolytes claimed, preferably salt concentrations in the range from 0.1 to 10 mol / l.
- cyclic sulfoxides Although tetrahydrothiophene-1-oxide is a preferred example of cyclic sulfoxides, it was found in the context of the invention that other compounds, individually or as mixtures, are also suitable for being able to further improve the properties already present.
- the modifications of the cyclic sulfoxide encompassed by the invention can be represented as follows, starting from the general formula (1).
- the cyclic sulfoxide has at least 3 or more ring carbon atoms x.
- R 1 , R 2 , R 3 up to a maximum of R 10 arranged on the ring carbon atoms x are in each case selected identically or independently of one another from the group consisting of:
- Alkoxy groups with 1 to 12 carbon atoms in particular (poly) alkoxy groups with up to 5 ethoxy units
- a ring carbon atom does not form a double bond, it is saturated with a hydrogen atom in addition to the radical R x .
- cyclic sulfoxides listed below have been found to be particularly suitable as cosolvents in the electrolyte mixture according to the invention, since they are regularly liquid between -20 and 80 ° C., are comparatively highly conductive and also have an improved ion transport and good cyclization properties exhibit:
- the liquid electrolytes according to the invention have very good resistance to carbon-based electrodes. This was found in cyclic voltammetry experiments and in the galvanostatic cycling of the liquid electrolytes in combination with a carbon-based anode and a transition metal-based cathode.
- the protective layers (SEI and CEI) formed on the respective electrodes proved to be well permeable to Li + ions, but at the same time brought about adequate electronic insulation.
- liquid electrolytes optimized according to the invention for use in lithium-ion batteries are shown, which combine the advantages of previous SEI additives and viscosity-reducing co-solvents and thereby dispense entirely with volatile, highly flammable substances. In this case, no further additives are advantageously necessary and also not provided.
- the increased safety makes the liquid electrolytes according to the invention particularly interesting for applications on a larger scale and for private households.
- the following positive properties were regularly recorded with the liquid electrolytes according to the invention:
- Figure 1 Ionic conductivities (s) and viscosities (h) of an embodiment of the invention
- FIG. 1 Heat flow of electrolytes comprising 1 M LiPF 6 in propylene carbonate, 1 M
- FIG. 3 Raman spectra of the propylene carbonate / tetrahydro-thiophene-1-oxide electrolyte according to the invention with LiPF 6 as the conductive salt with different solvent fractions.
- Figure 4 Cyclic voltammograms of Li / graphite cells, which a) 1 M LiPF 6 in propylene carbonate, b) 1 M LiPF 6 in tetrahydrothiophene-1-oxide and c) 1 M LiPF 6 in 15 mol% tetrahydrothiophene 1-oxide and 85 mol% propylene carbonate.
- Figure 5 Cyclic voltammograms of U / NCM1 1 1 cells, the a) 1 M LiPF 6 in propylene carbonate, b) 1 M LiPF 6 in tetrahydrothiophene-1-oxide and c) 1 M LiPF 6 in 15 mol% Tetrahydrothiophene-1-oxide and 85 mol% propylene carbonate.
- Figure 6 Galvanostatic cyclization of propylene carbonate / tetra-hydrothiophene-1-oxide electrolytes according to the invention with LiPF 6 as the conductive salt with different solvent fractions in graphite / NCM1 1 1 cells.
- Figure 10 X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements to determine the composition and the layer thickness of protective layers on the electrodes, a) for a graphite anode and b) for an NCM1 1 1 cathode.
- FIG. 1 Thermogravimetric analyzes (TGA) of LiPF 6 in PC, LiPF 6 in PC / tetrahydrothiophene-1-oxide and LiPF 6 in tetrahydrothiophene-1-oxide.
- Electrolytes with LiBF 4 as conductive salt with different solvent proportions are Electrolytes with LiBF 4 as conductive salt with different solvent proportions.
- Figure 13 Galvanostatic cyclization of propylene carbonate / tetra-hydrothiophene-1-oxide electrolytes according to the invention with LiBF 4 as the conductive salt with different solvent fractions in graphite / NCM11 1 cells.
- Figure 14 Structural formulas of selected cyclic sulfoxides as co-solvents.
- Tetrahydrothiophene-1-oxide was dried over molecular sieves before use (water content ⁇ 80 ppm).
- the electrolytes with 1 M LiPF 6 or 1 M LiBF 4 , x mol% tetrahydrothiophene-1 oxide and (100-x) mol% propylene carbonate (x 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 50, 70, 100) were produced with the exclusion of air and water.
- DSC Dynamic differential calorimetry
- buttons cells with graphite and LiNi 1 / 3Co 1/3 Mn 1 / with the Inventions according tetrahydrothiophene-1 oxide / propylene carbonate electrolyte in the potential region 3 302 were built in a drying room (water content ⁇ 30 ppm), which contained Separion ® as a separator and 100 ml electrolyte. After 3 formation cycles at 0.2 C, the cells were cycled for 100 cycles at 1 C.
- the specific discharge capacities for 1 M LiPF 6 (FIG. 6) and for 1 M LiBF 4 (FIG. 13) are shown as a function of the number of cycles.
- the self-diffusion coefficients of the species present in the electrolyte were determined with field gradient NMR spectroscopy (pulsed field gradient nuclear magnetic resonance, PFG-NMR).
- the measurements were carried out with stimulated echo sequences on a Bruker AVANCE III 200 spectrometer, using a Bruker Diff50 probe head, Equipped with a 7 Li / 1 H and 19 F coil (5 mm), at 25 ° C (stabilized at ⁇ 0.1 ° C).
- the gradient strengths were varied from 5 to 1800 G / cm.
- the gradient pulse length was 1 ms, the diffusion time 40 ms. The results are shown in Figure 8.
- Propylene carbonate molecules have the highest self-diffusion coefficients and show the same trend as the ionic conductivities, ie with LiPF 6 a maximum value of 1.95-10 1 ° m 2 s 1 with 30 mol% tetrahydrothiophene-1- oxide and decreasing self-diffusion coefficients if more or less tetrahydrothiophene-1-oxide or propylene carbonate is contained.
- the self-diffusion coefficients of the PF 6 ⁇ anions show comparable behavior, but with a less pronounced increase for 0-30 mol% tetrahydro-thiophene-1-oxide.
- the LF ions represent the slowest species in the electrolyte. The contributions of the Li + and PF 6 ions lead to the observed behavior of the ionic conductivities.
- Electrochemical impedance measurements were also carried out with a VMP3 (BioLogic Science Instruments) to investigate the resistances of the protective layers.
- VMP3 BioLogic Science Instruments
- symmetrical graphite / graphite (a) and NCM111 / NCM111- (b) button cells as well as graphite NCM111 (c) cells were manufactured, which were measured in a frequency range from 100 kHz to 10 mHz.
- the graphite and NCM111 electrodes were removed from cells after 24 hours of open circuit voltage (OCV), after three formation cycles at 0.2 C, or after a further 100 cycles at 1 C.
- OCV open circuit voltage
- the resistances were obtained by fitting the impedance curves in the Nyquist graph.
- FIG. 9a makes it clear that there are no protective layers on the graphite electrodes after the open circuit voltage.
- an anode protective layer SEI
- the sheet resistance increases slightly in the further 100 cycles.
- the SEI is therefore only formed by galvanostatic cycling and not chemically.
- the high charge transfer resistances indicate that the layers are electronically insulating and therefore have a high organic content.
- the sharp increase in charge transfer resistances can be attributed not only to an increasing layer thickness, but also to a change in the surface morphology or the layer composition.
- FIG. 9b makes it clear that the cathode protective layer (CEI) is also formed by galvanostatic cyclization and that the layer thickness slowly increases with an increasing number of cycles.
- the resistance of the CEI is less than that of the SEI.
- the charge transfer resistance also increases.
- the results of the impedance measurements with graphite / NCM111 cells show the influence of both layers on the overall resistance.
- X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements were carried out to determine the composition and layer thickness of the protective layers on the electrodes. The electrodes were inserted into the XPS device (Axis Ultra DLD, Kratos, UK) and kept under vacuum for 12 hours. AI K Q radiation with an energy of 1486.3 eV and an emission angle of 0 ° (cathode) or 45 ° (anode) was used.
- the sputter depth profile for the anodes was carried out with a polyatomic ion source (coronene) with a sputter crater ten times as large as the measuring range. Sputtering was carried out for 60 s, 120 s and 600 s. Two or three data points with a lateral resolution of 700 x 300 mm were recorded for each sample and arithmetically averaged. The spectra generated were adapted with the CasaXPS software (version 2.3.16 PR 1.6, Casa Software Ltd., U.K.). The C 1 s C-H / C-C peak (284.5 eV) was used as the internal standard for the calibration of the binding energies. FIG.
- the 10 shows the determined compositions a) for the graphite anode and b) for the NCM1 1 1 cathode and the layer thicknesses.
- the SEI is ⁇ 5 nm thick (5.5 ⁇ 0.6 nm after 3 cycles, 4.9 ⁇ 0.1 nm after 103 cycles), whereas the CEI is ⁇ 1 nm (1.0 ⁇ 0.3 nm after 3 cycles, 1, 4 ⁇ 0.1 nm after 103 cycles) is significantly thinner.
- the layers were almost completely formed during the formation cycles since no significant change in the layer thickness between 3 and 103 cycles could be observed.
- the organic content of both layers is approximately 66 at%, which indicates a good permeability for Li + ions. It consists of a polymer with ether groups.
- the SEI does not include any sulfur substances, whereas the inorganic part of the CEI contains metal sulfites and sulfates, among others, which are electronically insulating.
- Thermogravimetric analyzes were carried out with a TGA Q5000 measuring device. The samples were weighed in closed aluminum crucibles. The temperature was increased from 30 ° C to 600 ° C at 10 ° C per minute and the weight of the samples was measured. Nitrogen was used as the ambient gas.
- Figure 1 1 shows that the decomposition of all electrolytes (1 M LiPF 6 in PC, 1 M LiPF 6 in tetrahydrothiophene-1-oxide and 1 M LiPF 6 in 15 mol% tetrahydrothiophene-1 oxide and 85 mol% PC) at about 120 ° C.
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Condensed Matter Physics & Semiconductors (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Secondary Cells (AREA)
- Hybrid Cells (AREA)
- Battery Electrode And Active Subsutance (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE102018006379.9A DE102018006379A1 (de) | 2018-08-11 | 2018-08-11 | Flüssigelektrolyte umfassend organische Carbonate für Anwendungen in Lithium-Ionen-, Lithium-Metall- und Lithium-Schwefel-Batterien |
| PCT/DE2019/000195 WO2020035098A1 (de) | 2018-08-11 | 2019-07-20 | Flüssigelektrolyt umfassend organische carbonate und zyklische sulfoxide für anwendungen in lithium-sekundärbatterien |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP3834246A1 true EP3834246A1 (de) | 2021-06-16 |
Family
ID=67543971
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP19752077.8A Pending EP3834246A1 (de) | 2018-08-11 | 2019-07-20 | Flüssigelektrolyt umfassend organische carbonate und zyklische sulfoxide für anwendungen in lithium-sekundärbatterien |
Country Status (6)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US12107222B2 (de) |
| EP (1) | EP3834246A1 (de) |
| JP (1) | JP7427650B2 (de) |
| CN (1) | CN112585794A (de) |
| DE (1) | DE102018006379A1 (de) |
| WO (1) | WO2020035098A1 (de) |
Families Citing this family (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN115602911B (zh) * | 2022-11-07 | 2023-03-03 | 中创新航科技股份有限公司 | 一种锂离子电池 |
Family Cites Families (16)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP3229757B2 (ja) * | 1994-09-05 | 2001-11-19 | 三洋電機株式会社 | リチウム二次電池 |
| US6265109B1 (en) * | 1998-06-02 | 2001-07-24 | Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. | Magnesium alloy battery |
| JP2003086249A (ja) * | 2001-06-07 | 2003-03-20 | Mitsubishi Chemicals Corp | リチウム二次電池 |
| WO2002101869A1 (en) * | 2001-06-07 | 2002-12-19 | Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation | Lithium secondary cell |
| JP4635407B2 (ja) * | 2003-03-25 | 2011-02-23 | 三洋電機株式会社 | 二次電池用非水系電解液及び非水系電解液二次電池 |
| KR100515332B1 (ko) | 2003-04-28 | 2005-09-15 | 삼성에스디아이 주식회사 | 리튬 전지용 전해질 및 이를 포함하는 리튬 전지 |
| US7968235B2 (en) * | 2003-07-17 | 2011-06-28 | Uchicago Argonne Llc | Long life lithium batteries with stabilized electrodes |
| JP2005327566A (ja) * | 2004-05-13 | 2005-11-24 | Daiso Co Ltd | 架橋高分子電解質を用いた電池 |
| US8758946B2 (en) | 2006-10-04 | 2014-06-24 | Giner, Inc. | Electrolyte suitable for use in a lithium ion cell or battery |
| US20100266905A1 (en) | 2007-09-19 | 2010-10-21 | Lg Chem, Ltd. | Non-aqueous electrolyte lithium secondary battery |
| JP2010040737A (ja) | 2008-08-05 | 2010-02-18 | Shin Etsu Handotai Co Ltd | 半導体基板及びその製造方法 |
| JP2010140737A (ja) * | 2008-12-11 | 2010-06-24 | Sanyo Electric Co Ltd | 非水電解質二次電池 |
| KR101551135B1 (ko) * | 2011-10-28 | 2015-09-07 | 아사히 가세이 가부시키가이샤 | 비수계 이차 전지 |
| JP5955629B2 (ja) * | 2011-11-01 | 2016-07-20 | 株式会社Adeka | 非水電解液二次電池 |
| CN103367801B (zh) | 2012-04-09 | 2016-08-31 | 张家港市国泰华荣化工新材料有限公司 | 能提高锂离子电池高温性能的电解液 |
| CN105449279B (zh) | 2015-12-30 | 2018-08-24 | 东莞新能源科技有限公司 | 非水电解液及使用该非水电解液的锂离子电池 |
-
2018
- 2018-08-11 DE DE102018006379.9A patent/DE102018006379A1/de active Pending
-
2019
- 2019-07-20 JP JP2021500381A patent/JP7427650B2/ja active Active
- 2019-07-20 EP EP19752077.8A patent/EP3834246A1/de active Pending
- 2019-07-20 US US17/259,958 patent/US12107222B2/en active Active
- 2019-07-20 CN CN201980046446.9A patent/CN112585794A/zh active Pending
- 2019-07-20 WO PCT/DE2019/000195 patent/WO2020035098A1/de not_active Ceased
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| DE102018006379A1 (de) | 2020-02-13 |
| US12107222B2 (en) | 2024-10-01 |
| WO2020035098A1 (de) | 2020-02-20 |
| JP7427650B2 (ja) | 2024-02-05 |
| CN112585794A (zh) | 2021-03-30 |
| US20210313623A1 (en) | 2021-10-07 |
| JP2021533527A (ja) | 2021-12-02 |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| EP3794663B1 (de) | Wiederaufladbare batteriezelle | |
| DE112016004508T5 (de) | Nicht-wässrige Elektrolyt-Lösung für eine Lithium-Sekundärbatterie oder einen Lithium-Ionen-Kondensator, und eine Lithium-Sekundärbatterie oder ein Lithium-Ionen-Kondensator, die diese verwenden | |
| WO2000055935A1 (de) | Anwendung von additiven in elektrolyten für elektrochemische zellen | |
| DE69509256T2 (de) | Nicht-wässriges elektrolytsystem für batterien, kondensatoren oder elektrochrome anordnungen und dessen herstellungsverfahren | |
| EP4037056B1 (de) | Auf so2-basierender elektrolyt für eine wiederaufladbare batteriezelle und wiederaufladbare batteriezelle | |
| DE102005029124A1 (de) | Filmbildner freies Elektrolyt-Separator-System sowie dessen Verwendung in elektrochemischen Energiespeichern | |
| EP3155686B1 (de) | Elektrolyt, zelle und batterie umfassend den elektrolyt und dessen verwendung | |
| DE10128581A1 (de) | Elektrolytlösung für elektrochemische Kondensatoren | |
| EP4037051B1 (de) | Wiederaufladbare batteriezelle | |
| EP2937918A1 (de) | Gehinderte glyme für elektrolytzusammensetzungen | |
| EP4037036B1 (de) | Wiederaufladbare batteriezelle | |
| DE102014108012B4 (de) | Substituierte Pyrazole und deren Verwendung als Leitsalz für Lithium-basierte Energiespeicher | |
| WO2020035098A1 (de) | Flüssigelektrolyt umfassend organische carbonate und zyklische sulfoxide für anwendungen in lithium-sekundärbatterien | |
| WO2018229109A1 (de) | Elektrolyt für lithium-ionen-batterien | |
| WO2013064530A1 (de) | Elektrolyt-zusatz für lithium-basierte energiespeicher | |
| DE10154912B4 (de) | Wiederaufladbarer Lithiumakkumulator | |
| EP3560023B1 (de) | Elektrolyt für lithium-ionen-batterien | |
| WO2008110558A1 (de) | Elektrolyte für elektrochemische bauelemente | |
| DE102006055770A1 (de) | Elektrolyt zur Verwendung in elektrochemischen Zellen | |
| DE102018114146A1 (de) | Hybrider Elektrolyt für wässrige Lithium-Ionen-Batterien | |
| DE102016104210A1 (de) | Verwendung von Trialkylsiloxy-basierten Metallkomplexen als Additiv in Lithium-Ionen-Batterien | |
| DE102016125323A1 (de) | Elektrolyt für Lithium-Ionen-Batterien | |
| DE102017107253A1 (de) | Elektrolyt für Lithium-Ionen-Batterien |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| STAA | Information on the status of an ep patent application or granted ep patent |
Free format text: STATUS: UNKNOWN |
|
| STAA | Information on the status of an ep patent application or granted ep patent |
Free format text: STATUS: THE INTERNATIONAL PUBLICATION HAS BEEN MADE |
|
| PUAI | Public reference made under article 153(3) epc to a published international application that has entered the european phase |
Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009012 |
|
| STAA | Information on the status of an ep patent application or granted ep patent |
Free format text: STATUS: REQUEST FOR EXAMINATION WAS MADE |
|
| 17P | Request for examination filed |
Effective date: 20210225 |
|
| AK | Designated contracting states |
Kind code of ref document: A1 Designated state(s): AL AT BE BG CH CY CZ DE DK EE ES FI FR GB GR HR HU IE IS IT LI LT LU LV MC MK MT NL NO PL PT RO RS SE SI SK SM TR |
|
| DAV | Request for validation of the european patent (deleted) | ||
| DAX | Request for extension of the european patent (deleted) | ||
| STAA | Information on the status of an ep patent application or granted ep patent |
Free format text: STATUS: EXAMINATION IS IN PROGRESS |
|
| 17Q | First examination report despatched |
Effective date: 20231122 |