EP3411342A1 - Objet réfractaire en oxyde de chrome et procédés de formation de ce dernier - Google Patents
Objet réfractaire en oxyde de chrome et procédés de formation de ce dernierInfo
- Publication number
- EP3411342A1 EP3411342A1 EP17748114.0A EP17748114A EP3411342A1 EP 3411342 A1 EP3411342 A1 EP 3411342A1 EP 17748114 A EP17748114 A EP 17748114A EP 3411342 A1 EP3411342 A1 EP 3411342A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- refractory object
- content
- total weight
- forming composition
- refractory
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 104
- WGLPBDUCMAPZCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Trioxochromium Chemical compound O=[Cr](=O)=O WGLPBDUCMAPZCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title description 17
- 229910000423 chromium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 title description 17
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 69
- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titan oxide Chemical compound O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 53
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 47
- 229910052681 coesite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 46
- 229910052906 cristobalite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 46
- 229910052682 stishovite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 46
- 229910052905 tridymite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 46
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 286
- MCMNRKCIXSYSNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N ZrO2 Inorganic materials O=[Zr]=O MCMNRKCIXSYSNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 20
- OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N titanium oxide Inorganic materials [Ti]=O OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- QDOXWKRWXJOMAK-UHFFFAOYSA-N dichromium trioxide Chemical compound O=[Cr]O[Cr]=O QDOXWKRWXJOMAK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 27
- 229910052593 corundum Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 3
- 229910001845 yogo sapphire Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 3
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 235000012239 silicon dioxide Nutrition 0.000 abstract 1
- CPLXHLVBOLITMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium oxide Chemical compound [Mg]=O CPLXHLVBOLITMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 39
- ODINCKMPIJJUCX-UHFFFAOYSA-N calcium oxide Inorganic materials [Ca]=O ODINCKMPIJJUCX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 26
- 239000000292 calcium oxide Substances 0.000 description 26
- 239000000395 magnesium oxide Substances 0.000 description 20
- 239000011819 refractory material Substances 0.000 description 17
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 12
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 12
- 238000005245 sintering Methods 0.000 description 12
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 description 10
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 7
- 229910000272 alkali metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 6
- 229910001404 rare earth metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- -1 sintering aids Substances 0.000 description 6
- 229910000287 alkaline earth metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- KZHJGOXRZJKJNY-UHFFFAOYSA-N dioxosilane;oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Si]=O.O=[Si]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O KZHJGOXRZJKJNY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 229910052863 mullite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- ZAOCCYZFRAVVGT-WFASDCNBSA-N (1r,3s)-1-(furan-2-yl)-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1h-pyrido[3,4-b]indol-2-ium-3-carboxylate Chemical compound C1([C@H]2C3=C(C4=CC=CC=C4N3)C[C@H](N2)C(=O)O)=CC=CO1 ZAOCCYZFRAVVGT-WFASDCNBSA-N 0.000 description 4
- QVQLCTNNEUAWMS-UHFFFAOYSA-N barium oxide Chemical compound [Ba]=O QVQLCTNNEUAWMS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 4
- MRELNEQAGSRDBK-UHFFFAOYSA-N lanthanum(3+);oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[La+3].[La+3] MRELNEQAGSRDBK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 4
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 238000003825 pressing Methods 0.000 description 4
- 229910000314 transition metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 238000000475 fluorescence cross-correlation spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000005469 granulation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000003179 granulation Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000000462 isostatic pressing Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 3
- CHWRSCGUEQEHOH-UHFFFAOYSA-N potassium oxide Chemical compound [O-2].[K+].[K+] CHWRSCGUEQEHOH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000007493 shaping process Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 3
- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium Chemical compound [Ca] OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 description 2
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Potassium Chemical compound [K] ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052788 barium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- DSAJWYNOEDNPEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N barium atom Chemical compound [Ba] DSAJWYNOEDNPEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052790 beryllium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- ATBAMAFKBVZNFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N beryllium atom Chemical compound [Be] ATBAMAFKBVZNFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052792 caesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- TVFDJXOCXUVLDH-UHFFFAOYSA-N caesium atom Chemical compound [Cs] TVFDJXOCXUVLDH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- KOPBYBDAPCDYFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N caesium oxide Chemical compound [O-2].[Cs+].[Cs+] KOPBYBDAPCDYFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910001942 caesium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 description 2
- BRPQOXSCLDDYGP-UHFFFAOYSA-N calcium oxide Chemical compound [O-2].[Ca+2] BRPQOXSCLDDYGP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910000420 cerium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052730 francium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- KLMCZVJOEAUDNE-UHFFFAOYSA-N francium atom Chemical compound [Fr] KLMCZVJOEAUDNE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052747 lanthanoid Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 150000002602 lanthanoids Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- FUJCRWPEOMXPAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium oxide Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[O-2] FUJCRWPEOMXPAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910001947 lithium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 2
- BMMGVYCKOGBVEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxo(oxoceriooxy)cerium Chemical compound [Ce]=O.O=[Ce]=O BMMGVYCKOGBVEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011591 potassium Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910001950 potassium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052705 radium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- HCWPIIXVSYCSAN-UHFFFAOYSA-N radium atom Chemical compound [Ra] HCWPIIXVSYCSAN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052761 rare earth metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 150000002910 rare earth metals Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 229910052701 rubidium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- IGLNJRXAVVLDKE-UHFFFAOYSA-N rubidium atom Chemical compound [Rb] IGLNJRXAVVLDKE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000007921 spray Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052712 strontium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- CIOAGBVUUVVLOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N strontium atom Chemical compound [Sr] CIOAGBVUUVVLOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052693 Europium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910020169 SiOa Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003513 alkali Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005336 cracking Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- OGPBJKLSAFTDLK-UHFFFAOYSA-N europium atom Chemical compound [Eu] OGPBJKLSAFTDLK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001940 europium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- AEBZCFFCDTZXHP-UHFFFAOYSA-N europium(3+);oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Eu+3].[Eu+3] AEBZCFFCDTZXHP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003365 glass fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002045 lasting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 description 1
- AXZKOIWUVFPNLO-UHFFFAOYSA-N magnesium;oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [O-2].[Mg+2] AXZKOIWUVFPNLO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011368 organic material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007569 slipcasting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001694 spray drying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000930 thermomechanical effect Effects 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- C04B35/00—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products
- C04B35/01—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on oxide ceramics
- C04B35/42—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on oxide ceramics based on chromites
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- C04B35/00—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products
- C04B35/66—Monolithic refractories or refractory mortars, including those whether or not containing clay
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- C04B35/00—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products
- C04B35/01—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on oxide ceramics
- C04B35/12—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on oxide ceramics based on chromium oxide
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- C04B35/00—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products
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- C04B2111/76—Use at unusual temperatures, e.g. sub-zero
- C04B2111/763—High temperatures
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- C04B2235/32—Metal oxides, mixed metal oxides, or oxide-forming salts thereof, e.g. carbonates, nitrates, (oxy)hydroxides, chlorides
- C04B2235/3205—Alkaline earth oxides or oxide forming salts thereof, e.g. beryllium oxide
- C04B2235/3206—Magnesium oxides or oxide-forming salts thereof
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- C04B2235/32—Metal oxides, mixed metal oxides, or oxide-forming salts thereof, e.g. carbonates, nitrates, (oxy)hydroxides, chlorides
- C04B2235/3217—Aluminum oxide or oxide forming salts thereof, e.g. bauxite, alpha-alumina
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- C04B2235/3231—Refractory metal oxides, their mixed metal oxides, or oxide-forming salts thereof
- C04B2235/3244—Zirconium oxides, zirconates, hafnium oxides, hafnates, or oxide-forming salts thereof
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- C04B2235/3244—Zirconium oxides, zirconates, hafnium oxides, hafnates, or oxide-forming salts thereof
- C04B2235/3248—Zirconates or hafnates, e.g. zircon
- C04B2235/3249—Zirconates or hafnates, e.g. zircon containing also titanium oxide or titanates, e.g. lead zirconate titanate (PZT)
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- C04B2235/34—Non-metal oxides, non-metal mixed oxides, or salts thereof that form the non-metal oxides upon heating, e.g. carbonates, nitrates, (oxy)hydroxides, chlorides
- C04B2235/3418—Silicon oxide, silicic acids or oxide forming salts thereof, e.g. silica sol, fused silica, silica fume, cristobalite, quartz or flint
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Definitions
- the following is directed generally to a chromium oxide refractory object and methods of forming a chromium oxide refractory object. More particularly, the following is directed to a chromium oxide refractory block that can be used as sidewall blocks or as glass delivery blocks (i.e., flow blocks or bushing blocks).
- Sintered products produced from chromium oxide are widely used in glass furnaces, in particular, when melting glass intended for the manufacture of glass fibers.
- chromium, oxide is particularly sensitive to thermo-mechanical stress when it is exposed to severe temperature gradients. Such temperature gradients generate elastic stress that may lead to cracks in the sintered products which increases wear of the refractory material or complete failure of the parts formed from the refractory material.
- thermoeiastic stresses generated during operation In order to decrease the risk of cracking of a refractory block, it is necessary to increase its strength while maintaining or reducing the thermoeiastic stresses generated during operation.
- the current development of very high-quality glasses combined with the need extended product lifetime increases the demand for improved refractory products in glass furnaces, in particular, in chromium oxide refractory objects. Accordingly, the industry continues to demand improved chromium oxide refractory materials having improved resistance to thermoeiastic stress.
- a refractory object may include a Cr 2 0 3 content of at least about 80 wt.% of a total weight of the refractory object, an A1 2 0 3 content of at least about 0.7 wt.% and not greater than about 10.0 wt.% of the total weight of the refractory object, a Si0 2 content of at least about 0.3 wt.% 1 and not greater than about 5.0 wt.% of the total weight of the refractory object and a Ti0 2 content of at least about 1.0 wt.% and not greater than about 5.6 wt.% Ti0 2 of the total weight of the refractory object.
- the refractory object may further include an MOR of at least about 37 MPa as measured at 1200 "C.
- a refractory object may include a Ci' 2 0 3 content of at least about 80 wt.% of a total weight of the refractory object, an ⁇ ! ⁇ ():. content of at least about 0.7 wt.% and not greater than about 10.0 wt.% 1 of the total weight of the refractory object, a Si0 2 content of at least about 0.3 wt.% and not greater than about 5.0 wt.% of a total weight of the refractory object and a Ti0 2 content of at least about 1.0 wt.% and not greater than about 5.6 wt.% Ti(3 ⁇ 4 of the total weight of the refractory object.
- the refractory object may further include a ratio ROMOR/(1000*ROMOE) of at least about 0.5, where ROMOR is equal to the MOR of the refractory object as measured in MPa at 1200 °C and ROMOE is equal to the MOE of the refractory object as measured in GPa at 1200 °C.
- a refractory object may include a Cr 2 (3 ⁇ 4 content of at least about 80 wt.% of a total weight of the refractory object, a Ti0 2 content of at least about 1.0 wt.% and not greater than about 5.6 wt.% Ti0 2 of the total weight of the refractory object.
- the refractory object may further include a ratio ROC A I203 OCS I 02 of at least about 1 and not greater than about 8, wherein ROCAUCB represents a content of Al 2 (3 ⁇ 4 in wt.% of the total weight of the refractory object and ROCsioa represents a content of Si0 2 in wt.% of the total weight of the refractory object.
- a method of forming a refractory object may include providing a forming composition and forming the Cr 2 0 3 composition into a refractory object.
- the refractory object may include a Cr 2 0 3 content of at least about 80 wt.% of a total weight of the refractory object, an A1 2 0 3 content of at least about 0.7 wt.% and not greater than about 10.0 wt.% of the total weight of the refractory object, a Si0 2 content of at least about 0.3 wt.% and not greater than about 5.0 wt.% of the total weight of the refractory object and a T1O2 content of at least about 1.0 wt.% and not greater than about 5.6 wt.% Ti0 2 of the total weight of the refractory object.
- the refractory object may further include an MOR of at least about 37 MPa as measured at 1200 °C.
- a method of forming a refractory object may include providing a Cr 2 0 3 composition and forming the Cr 2 0 3 composition into a refractory object.
- the refractory object may include a (3 ⁇ 4(3 ⁇ 4 content of at least about 80 wt.% of a total weight of the refractory object, an Al 2 (3 ⁇ 4 content of at least about 0.7 wt.% and not greater than about 10.0 wt.% of the total weight of the refractory object, a Si0 2 content of at least about 0.3 wt.% and not greater than about 5.0 wt.% of a total weight of the refractory object and a Ti0 2 content of at least about 1.0 wt.% and not greater than about 5.6 wt.% Ti0 2 of the total weight of the refractory object.
- the refractory object may further include a ratio
- ROMOR/(1000*ROMOE) of at least about 0.5 where ROMOR is equal to the MOR of the refractory object as measured in MPa at 1200 °C and ROMOE is equal to the MOE of the refractory object as measured in GPa at 1200 °C.
- a method of forming a refractory object may include providing a ⁇ 3 ⁇ 4(3 ⁇ 4 composition and forming the Cr 2 (1 ⁇ 4 composition into a refractory object.
- the reiractoiy object may include a Q2O3 content of at least about 80 wt.% of a total weight of the refractory object, a Ti0 2 content of at least about 1.0 wt.% and not greater than about 5.6 wt.% T1O2 of the total weight of the refractory object.
- the refractory object may further include a ratio ROC A i2 03 OCsi 02 of at least about 1 and not greater than about 8, wherein ROC / U203 represents a content of Al 2 (3 ⁇ 4 in wt.% of the total weight of the refractory object and ROCsi 0 2 represents a content of Si(3 ⁇ 4 in wt.% of the total weight of the refractory object.
- a refractory object may be formed from a forming composition that may include a Cr 2 (3 ⁇ 4 content of at least about 80 wt.% of a total weight of the forming composition, an AI2O 3 content of at least about 0.7 wt.% and not greater than about 10.0 wt.% of the total weight of the forming composition, a Si0 2 content of at least about 0.3 wt.% and not greater than about 5.0 wt.% of the total weight of the forming composition and a Ti0 2 content of at least about 1.0 wt.% and not greater than about 5.6 wt.% Ti0 2 of the total weigh of the forming composition.
- the refractory object may further include an MOR of at least about 37 MPa as measured at 1200 °C.
- a refractory object may be formed from a forming composition that may include a Cr 2 (1 ⁇ 4 content of at least about 80 wt.% of a total weight of the forming composition, an AI2O 3 content of at least about 0.7 wt.% and not greater than about 10.0 wt.% of the total weight of the forming composition, a Si0 2 content of at least about 0.3 wt.% and not greater than about 5.0 wt.% of the total weight of the forming composition and a Ti0 2 content of at least about 1.0 wt.% and not greater than about 5.6 wt.% T1O2 of the total weigh of the forming composition.
- the refractory object may further include a ratio ROMOR/U 000*ROMOE) of at least about 0.5, where ROMOR is equal to the MOR of the refractory object as measured in MPa at 1200 C and ROMOE is equal to the MOE of the refractory object as measured in GPa at 1200 °C.
- a refractory object may be formed from a forming composition that may include a Cr 2 0 3 content of at least about 80 wt.% of a total weight of the forming composition and a Ti0 2 content of at least about 1.0 wt.% and not greater than about 5.6 wt.% Ti0 2 of the total weigh of the forming composition.
- the refractory object may further include a ratio ROC AI 203 OCS;O 2 of at least about 1 and not greater than about 8, where ROCAI 2 O3 represents a content of AI 2 O3 in wt.% of the total weight of the refractory object and ROCsi 0 2 represents a content of Si0 2 in wt.% of the total weight of the refractory object.
- a method of forming a refractory object may include providing a forming composition and forming the forming composition into a refractory object.
- the forming composition may include a Cr 2 0 3 content of at least about 80 wt.% of a total weight of the forming composition, an Al 2 (3 ⁇ 4 content of at least about 0.7 wt.% and not greater than about 10.0 wt.% of the total weight of the forming composition, a S1O2 content of at least about 0.3 wt.% and not greater than about 5.0 wt.% of the total weight of the forming composition and a Ti0 2 content of at least about 1.0 wt.% and not greater than about 5.6 wt.% Ti0 2 of the total weigh of the forming composition.
- the refractory object may further include an MOR of at least about 37 MPa as measured at 1200 °C.
- a method of forming a refractory object may include providing a forming composition and forming the forming composition into a refractory object.
- the forming composition may include a Cr 2 0 3 content of at least about 80 wt.% of a total weight of the forming composition, an Al 2 (3 ⁇ 4 content of at least about 0.7 wt.% and not greater than about 10.0 wt.% of the total weight of the forming composition, a Si0 2 content of at least about 0.3 wt.% and not greater than about 5.0 wt.% of the total weight of the forming composition and a Ti0 2 content of at least about 1.0 wt.% and not greater than about 5.6 wt.% Ti0 2 of the total weigh of the forming composition.
- the refractory object may further include a ratio RO M OR/(1000*RO MO E) of at least about 0.5, where RO M OR is equal to the MOR of the refractory object as measured in MPa at 1200 °C and ROMOE is equal to the MGE of the refractory object as measured in GPa at 1200 °C.
- a method of forming a refractory object may include providing a forming composition and forming the forming composition into a refractory object.
- the forming composition may include a ⁇ 3 ⁇ 4(1 ⁇ 2 content of at least about 80 wt.% of a total weight of the forming composition and a Ti0 2 content of at least about 1.0 wt.% and not greater than about 5.6 wt.% Ti0 2 of the total weigh of the forming composition.
- the refractory object may further include a ratio ROCAi203 OC io ? .
- ROC A 12 03 represents a content of A1 2 0 in wt.% of the total weight of the refractory object and ROCsi 0 2 represents a content of S1O2 in wt.% of the total weight of the refractory object.
- FIG. 1 includes a schematic diagram illustrating a particular embodiment of a glass delivery block (or bushing block).
- Skilled artisans appreciate that elements in the figures are illustrated for simplicity and clarity and have not necessarily been drawn to scale. For example, the dimensions of some of the elements in the figures may be exaggerated relative to other elements to help to improve understanding of embodiments of the invention.
- a chromium, oxide body may be defined as any body where a majority of the composition of the body is a chromium oxide material.
- the refractory object may further include an AI2O 3 content, a SiO? content and a Ti0 2 content.
- a method of forming a refractory object in accordance with embodiments described herein may include providing a forming composition and forming the forming composition into the refractory object.
- the forming composition may include a mixture of raw material powder used in forming the refractory object.
- This raw material powder may initially include an unprocessed raw material, for example, unprocessed Cr 2 (3 ⁇ 4 material, unprocessed AI2O3 material, unprocessed SiO? material and unprocessed TiO? material.
- Providing the forming composition may include combining or mixing the raw material and any additional materials (i.e., sintering aids, binders, other additives, etc.) by any suitable method.
- Mixing or batch preparation may be performed dry or wet.
- Mixing may include an addition step of granulation.
- the granulation step may be added to improve flowabili y of the batch and therefore increase apparent density of the green body.
- granulation may be performed using spray drying.
- the raw material powders may be mixed into a blunge tank and then spray dried.
- Forming the forming composition into the refractory object may include shaping the spray dried powder or batch to form a green body having a particular shape using isostatic pressing.
- the raw material powder is filled into a rubber mold maintained in a solid metallic can.
- the bag is then sealed and a vacuum is applied to the raw material powder.
- the can is then submerged into a pressure vessel filled with a fluid and then pressed. After pressing the mold is removed from the pressure vessel and the green body is removed.
- Shaping may occur at a particular pressure, for example, by isostatic pressing at a pressure at least about 50 MPa, such as, at least about 60 MPa, at least about 70 MPa, at least about 80 MPa, at least about 90 MPa, at least about 100 MPa, at least about 110 MPa, at least about 120 MPa, at least about 130 MPa, at least about 140 MPa or even at least about 150 MPa.
- the pressure may be applied step by step to the green body using an isostatic pressing cycle lasting for about 10 minutes to about 120 minutes. These pressing cycles may limit formation of defects during the pressing stage. Shaping may also be performed using alternative techniques such as slip casting or unidirectional pressing.
- the shape of the green body can be rectilinear, cylindrical, spherical, ellipsoidal or nearly any other shape.
- the green body can be in the shape of a rectilinear block ref erred to as a blank that can subsequently be machined to form a prism, block, a flow block or a bushing block, in another particular embodiment, the green body may have at least one dimension larger than about 100 mm, such as, larger than about 200 mm, larger than about 300 mm, larger than about 400 mm, larger than about 500 mm, larger than about 600 mm, larger than about 700 mm or even larger than about 800 mm.
- the green body can be structured in such a fashion to more closely match a final component, for example, a forming block, to limit post forming processes.
- FIG. 1 illustrates a bushing block 100.
- the bushing block 100 can include an aperture
- the aperture 1 10 can have different shapes or dimensions along the length of the bushing block 100. It can also be tapered along the thickness of the bushing block. Other shapes may be used to meet the needs or desires for a particular application.
- the green body can be heated in an oven, heater, furnace, or the like to form the refractory object that includes the (3 ⁇ 4(3 ⁇ 4 forming composition.
- the heating process can include an initial heating where moisture, a solvent, or another volatile component is evaporated, organic material is vaporized, or any combination thereof.
- the initial heating can be conducted at a temperature in a range of approximately 100 °C to approximately 300 °C for a time period in a range of approximately 10 hours to
- the green body can be sintered at a temperature of at least about 1400 °C, such as, at least about 1450 °C, at least about 1500 °C,. In another embodiment, following the initial heating, the green body can be sintered at a temperature of not greater than about 1550 °C or even not greater than about 1500 °C. The green body can be sintered for a time period in a range of approximately 10 hours to approximately 100 hours to form the body.
- the oxygen content in the atmosphere of the furnace may be adjusted in order to limit the volatilization of chromium oxide during the sintering.
- the partial pressure of oxygen ("p0 2 ") of the atmosphere of the furnace may be not greater than 10" atm., such as, not greater than 10 " aim., not greater than 10 "" atm., not greater than 10 "' ' aim., not greater than 10 "9 atm,, not greater than 10 " ' 1 aim. or even not greater than 10 iJ atm.
- Sintering can include heating the green body up to a sintering temperature at a particular heating rate for multiple time periods in a sintering cycle for a set duration and then cooling the sintered body at a particular cooling-rate.
- the heating rate may be at least about 1 " C/h, such as, at least about 3 "C/h, at least about 5 "C/h, at least about 8 °C/h, at least about 10 °C/h, at least about 13 "C h, at least about 15 "C/h, at least about 18 "C/h, at least about 20 “C/h, at least about 23 °C/h, at least about 25 "C/h, at least about 28 “C h or even at least about 29 "C/h.
- the heating rate may be not greater than about 30 "C/h, such as, not greater than about 27 "C/h, not greater than about 25 “C/h, not greater than about 22 “C/h, not greater than about 20 “C/h, not greater than about 17 “C/h, not greater than about 15 °C/h, not greater than about 12 "C/h, not greater than about 10 "C/h, not greater than about 7 “C/h, not greater than about 5 "C/h or even not greater than about 2 "C/h.
- the heating rate may be any value between any of the minimum, and maximum values noted above, it will be further appreciated that the heating rate may be any value within a range between any numerical values between the maximum and minimum values noted above.
- the duration of the sintering cycle may be at least about 15 days, such as, at least about 20 days, at least about 25 days, at least about 30 days, at least about 35 days, at least about 40 days, at least about 45 days, at least about 50 days, at least about 55 days, at least about 60 days, at least about 65 days, at least about 70 days, at least about 75 days, at least about 80 days or even at least about 85 days.
- the sintering cycle duration may be not greater than about 90 days, such as, not greater than about 85 days, not greater than about 80 days, not greater than about 75 days, not greater than about 70 days, not greater than about 65 days, not greater than about 60 days, not greater than about 55 days, not greater than about 50 days, not greater than about 45 days, not greater than about 40 days, not greater than about 35 days, not greater than about 30 days, not greater than about 25 days or even not greater than about 20 days. It will be appreciated that the sintering cycle may be any number of days between any of the minimum and maximum values noted above. It will be further appreciated that the sintering cycle may be any number of days within a range between any of the maximum and minimum, values noted above.
- the cooling rate may be at least about 1 " C/h, such as, at least about 3 "C/h, at least about 5 "C/h, at least about 8 “C/h, at least about 10 "C h, at least about 13 °C h, at least about 15 °C h, at least about 18 °C h, at least about 20 °C/h, at least about 23 "C/h, at least about 25 "C/h, at least about 28 “C/h or even at least about 29 °C/h.
- the heating rate may be not greater than about 30 °C/h, such as, not greater than about 27 °C h, not greater than about 25 °C/h, not greater than about 22 °C h, not greater than about 20 °C h, not greater than about 17 °C/h, not greater than about 15 °C h, not greater than about 12 "C/h, not greater than about 10 °C/h, not greater than about 7 "C/h, not greater than about 5 "C/h or even not greater than about 2 "C/h.
- the cooling rate may be any value between any of the minimum and maximum, values noted above. It will be further appreciated that the cooling rate may be any value within a range between any numerical values between the maximum and minimum values noted above.
- the shape of the body after sintering generally corresponds to the shape of the green body prior to sintering.
- the body may have any of the shapes as pre viously described with respect to the green body. During sintering, some shrinkage may occur, and the body may be smaller than the green body.
- a forming composition for forming a refractory object as described herein may have a particular (3 ⁇ 4(3 ⁇ 4 content in wt.% of a total weight of the forming composition.
- the forming composition may have a C1 2 O 3 content of at least about 80 wt.%, such as, at least about 83 wt.%, at least about 85 wt.%, at least about 88 wt.%, at least about 90 wt.%, at least about 93 wt.% or even at least about 95 wt.%.
- the forming composition may have a (3 ⁇ 4(3 ⁇ 4 content of not greater than about 98 wt.%, such as, not greater than about 97.5 wt.%, not greater than about 97 wt.%, not greater than about 96.5 wt.% or even not greater than about 96 wt.%. It will be appreciated that the forming composition may have a (3 ⁇ 4(3 ⁇ 4 content of any value between any of the minimum and maximum values noted above, it will be further appreciated that the forming composition may have a (3 ⁇ 4(1 ⁇ 2 content within a range between any of the minimum and maximum values noted above.
- a forming composition for forming a refractory object as described herein may have a particular AI2O 3 content in wt.% of a total weight of the forming composition.
- the forming composition may have an AI2O 3 content of at least about 0.7 wt.%, such as, at least about 1.0 wt.%, at least about 1.3 wt.%, at least about 1.5 wt.%, at least about 1.8 wt.%, at least about 2.0 wt.%, at least about 2.3 wt.%, at least about 2.5 wt.%, at least about 2.8 wt.%, at least about 3.0 wt.%, at least about 3.3 wt.%, at least about 3.5 wt.%, at least about 3.8 wt.% or even at least about 4.0 wt.%.
- the forming composition may have an AI2O 3 content of not greater than about 10 wt.%, such as, not greater than about 9.7 wt.%, not greater than about 9.5 wt.%, not greater than about 9.2 wt.%, not greater than about 9.0 wt.%, not greater than about 8.7 wt.%, not greater than about 8.5 wt.%, not greater than about 8.2 wt.%, not greater than about 8.0 wt.%, not greater than about 7.7 wt.%, not greater than about 7.5 wt.%, not greater than about 7.2 wt.%, not greater than about 7.0 wt.%, not greater than about 6.7 wt.%, not greater than about 6.5 wt.%, not greater than about 6.2 wt.% or even not greater than about 6.0 wt.%.
- the forming composition may have an AI2O 3 content of any value between any of the minimum and maximum values noted above, it will be further appreciated that the forming composition may have an AI2O3 content within a range between any of the minimum and maximum values noted above.
- a forming composition for forming a refractory object as described herein may have a particular Si(3 ⁇ 4 content in wt.% of a total weight of the forming composition.
- the forming composition may have a SiO? content of at least about 0.3 wt.%, such as, at least about 0.5 wt.%, at least about 0.8 wt.%, at least about 1.0 wt.%, at least about 1.3 wt.%, at least about 1.5 wt.%, at least about 1.8 wt.%, at least about 2.0 wt,%, at least about 2.3 wt.% or even at least about 2.5 wt.%.
- the forming composition may have a Si0 2 content of not greater than about 5 wt.%, such as, not greater than about 4.7 wt.%, not greater than about 4.5 wt.%, not greater than about 4.2 wt.%, not greater than about 4.0 wt.%, not greater than about 3.7 wt.%, not greater than about 3.5 wt.%, not greater than about 3.2 wt.%, not greater than about 3.0 wt.% or even not greater than about 2.7 wt.%.
- the forming composition may have a Si(3 ⁇ 4 content of any value between any of the minimum and maximum values noted above.
- the forming composition may have a Si0 2 content within a range between any of the minimum and maximum values noted above.
- a forming composition for forming a refractory object as described herein may have a particular mullite content in wt.% of a total weight of the forming composition.
- the forming composition may have an mullite content of at least about 0.7 wt.%, such as, at least about 1.0 wt.%, at least about 1.3 wt.%, at least about 1.5 wt.%, at least about 1.8 wt.%, at least about 2.0 wt.%, at least about 2.3 wt.%, at least about 2.5 wt.%, at least about 2.8 wt.%, at least about 3.0 wt.%, at least about 3.3 wt.%, at least about 3.5 wt.%, at least about 3.8 wt.% or even at least about 4.0 wt.%.
- the forming composition may have an mullite content of not greater than about 10 wt.%, such as, not greater than about 9.7 wt.%, not greater than about 9.5 wt.%, not greater than about 9.2 wt.%, not greater than about 9.0 wt.%, not greater than about 8.7 wt.%, not greater than about 8.5 wt.%, not greater than about 8.2 wt.%, not greater man about 8.0 wt.%, not greater than about 7.7 wt.%, not greater than about 7.5 wt.%, not greater than about 7.2 wt.%, not greater than about 7.0 wt.%, not greater than about 6.7 wt.%, not greater than about 6.5 wt.%, not greater than about 6.2 wt.% or even not greater than about 6.0 wt.%.
- the forming composition may have a mullite content of any value between any of the minimum, and maximum values noted above. It will be further appreciated that the forming composition may have a mullite content within a range between any of the minimum and maximum values noted above.
- a forming composition for forming a refractory object as described herein may have a particular Ti0 2 content in wt.% of a total weight of the forming composition.
- the forming composition may have a Ti0 2 content of at least about 1.0 wt.%, such as, at least about 1.3 wt.%, at least about 1.5 wt.%, at least about 1.8 wt.%, at least about 2.0 wt.%, at least about 2.3 wt.% or even at least about 2.5 wt.%.
- the forming composition may have a Ti02 content of not greater than about 5.6 wt.%, such as, not greater man about 5.5 wt.%, not greater than about 5.2 wt.%, not greater than about 5.0 wt.%, not greater than about 4.7 wt.%, not greater than about 4.5 wt.%, not greater than about 4.2 wt.%, not greater than about 3.0 wt.%, not greater than about 3.7 wt.%, not greater than about 3.5 wt.%, not greater than about 3.2 wt.%, not greater than about 3.0 wt.% or even not greater than about 2.7 wt.%.
- the forming composition may have a Ti0 2 content of any value between any of the minimum and maximum values noted above. It will be further appreciated that the forming composition may have a Ti0 2 content within a range between any of the minimum and maximum values noted above.
- a forming composition for forming a refractory object as described herein may have a particular MgO content in wt.% of a total weight of the forming composition.
- the forming composition may have a MgO content of at least about 0.1 wt.%, such as, at least about 0.2 wt.%, at least about 0.3 wt.%, at least about 0.4 wt.%, at least about 0.5 wt.%, at least about 0.6 wt.% or even at least about 0.7 wt.%.
- the forming composition may have a MgO content of not greater than about 1.0 wt.%, such as, not greater than about 0.9 wt.% or even not greater than about 0.8 wt.%. It will be appreciated that the forming composition may have a MgO content of any value between any of the minimum and maximum values noted above. It will be further appreciated that the forming composition may have a MgO content within a range between any of the minimum and maximum values noted above.
- a forming composition for forming a refractory object as described herein may have a particular Zr0 2 content in wt.% of a total weight of the forming composition.
- the forming composition may have a Zr(3 ⁇ 4 content of at least about 0.1 wt.%, such as, at least about 0.3 wt.%, at least about 0.5 wt.%, at least about 0.8 wt.%, at least about 1.0 wt.%, at least about 1.3 wt.%, at least about 1.5 wt.%, at least about 1.8 wt.%, at least about 2.0 wt.%, at least about 2.3 wt.%, at least about 2.5 wt.%, at least about 2.8 wt.%, at least about 3.0 wt.%, at least about 3.3 wt.%, at least about 3.5 wt.%, at least about 3.8 wt.%, at least about 4.0 wt
- the forming composition may have a Zr0 2 content of not greater than about 10 wt.%, such as, not greater than about 9.7 wt.%, not greater than about 9.5 wt.%, not greater than about 9.2 wt.%, not greater than about 9.0 wt.%, not greater than about 8.7 wt.%, not greater than about 8.5 wt.%, not greater than about 8.2 wt.%, not greater than about 8.0 wt.%, not greater than about 7.7 wt.%, not greater than about 7.5 wt.%, not greater than about 7.2 wt.%, not greater than about 7.0 wt.%, not greater than about 6.7 wt.%, not greater than about 6.5 wt.%, not greater than about 6.0 wt.%, not greater than about 5.7 wt.%, not greater than about 5.5 wt.% or even not greater than about 5.2 wt.%.
- the forming composition may have a ZrO ? . content of any value between any of the minimum and maximum values noted above. It will be further appreciated that the forming composition may have a ZrOa content within a range between any of the minimum and maximum values noted above.
- a forming composition for forming a refractory object as described herein may have a particular grog content in wt.% of a total weight of the forming composition.
- the forming composition may have a grog content of at least about 1.0 wt.%, such as, at least about 5 wt.%, at least about 10 wt.%, at least about 15 wt.%, at least about 2,0 wt.%, at least about 25 wt.% or even at least about 30 wt.%.
- the forming composition may have a grog content of not greater than about 60 wt.%, such as, not greater than about 55 wt.%, not greater than about 50 wt.%, not greater than about 45 wt.%, not greater than about 40 wt.%, not greater than about 35 wt.% or even not greater than about 30 wt.%. It will be appreciated that the forming composition may have a grog content of any value between any of the minimum and maximum values noted above. It will be further appreciated that the forming composition may have a grog content within a range between any of the minimum and maximum values noted above.
- a forming composition for forming a refractory object as described herein may have a particular ratio FCC A! 2 / « FCCS>O 2 where FCC A OS represents a content of AI2O 3 in wt.% of the total weight of the forming composition and FCCsi 02 represents a content of Si0 2 in wt.% of the total weight of the forming composition.
- the forming composition may have a ratio
- FCC A i2 03 '' CCsi 02 of at least about 0.9 such as, at least about 1.0, at least about 1.1, at least about 1.2, at least about 1.3, at least about 1.4, at least about 1.5, at least about 1.8, at least about 2.0, at least about 2.3, at least about 2.5, at least about 2.8, at least about 3.0, at least about 3.3, at least about 3.5, at least about 3.8, at least about 4.0, at least about 4.5, at least about 4.8 or even at least about 5.0.
- the forming composition may have a ratio FCC A I2 03 CCS] 0 2 of not greater than about 6.5, such as, not greater than about 6.2, not greater than about 6.0, not greater than about 5.7, not greater than about 5.5 or even not greater than about 5.2. It will be appreciated that the forming composition may have a ratio FC ' A i203'' ' FCCsi02 of any value between any of the minimum and maximum values noted above. It will be further appreciated that the forming composition may have a ratio FCC.Ai2.03/FCCsi 02 within a range between any of the minimum and maximum values noted above.
- a forming composition for forming a refractory object as described herein may have a ratio FCCZ >2 FCCAI203 » where FCCzi0 2 represents a content of Zr0 2 in wt.% of the total weight of the forming composition and FCC A I 2 O 3 represents a content of AI2O3 in wt.% of the total weight of the forming composition.
- the forming composition may have a ratio FC.CZK>_/FCC A I20 3 of at least about 0.1 , such as, at least about 0.5, at least about 1.0, at least about 1.5 or even at least about 2.0.
- the forming composition may have a ratio
- the forming composition may have a ratio
- a forming composition for forming a refractory object as described herein may have a particular Fe 2 0 3 content in wt.% of a total weight of the forming composition.
- the forming composition may have a Fe 2 0 3 content of not greater than about 1.0 wt.%, such as, not greater than about 0.8 wt.%, not greater than about 0.5 wt.%, not greater than about 0.4 wt.%, not greater than about 0.3 wt.%, not greater than about 0.2 wt.% or even not greater than about 0.1 wt.%.
- the forming composition may be essentially free of Fe 2 0 3 .
- a forming composition for forming a refractory object as described herein may have a particular CaO content in wt.% of a total weight of the forming composition.
- the forming composition may have a CaO content of not greater than about 1.0 wt.%, such as, not greater than about 0.8 wt.%, not greater than about 0.5 wt.%, not greater than about 0.4 wt.%, not greater than about 0.3 wt.%, not greater than about 0.2 wt.% or even not greater than about 0.1 wt.%.
- the forming composition may be essentially free of CaO.
- a forming composition for forming a refractory object as described herein may have a particular Na 2 0 content in wt.% of a total weight of the forming composition.
- the forming composition may have a Na 2 0 content of not greater than about 1.0 wt.%, such as, not greater than about 0.8 wt.%, not greater than about 0.5 wt.%, not greater than about 0.4 wt.%, not greater than about 0.3 wt.%, not greater than about 0.2 wt.% or even not greater than about 0.1 wt.%.
- the forming composition may be essentially free of Na 2 0.
- a forming composition for forming a refractory object as described herein may have a particular K 2 0 content in wt.% of a total weight of the forming composition.
- the forming composition may have a K 2 0 content of not greater than about 1.0 wt.%, such as, not greater than about 0.8 wt.%, not greater than about 0.5 wt.%, not greater than about 0.4 wt.%, not greater than about 0.3 wt.%, not greater than about 0.2 wt.% or even not greater than about 0.1 wt.%.
- the forming composition may be essentially free of K 2 0.
- a forming composition for forming a refractory object as described herein may have a particular Hf0 2 content in wt.% of a total weight of the forming composition.
- the forming composition may have a Hf(1 ⁇ 4 content of not greater than about 1.0 wt.%, such as, not greater than about 0.8 wt.%, not greater than about 0.5 wt.%, not greater than about 0.4 wt.%, not greater than about 0.3 wt.%. not greater than about 0.2 wt.% or even not greater than about 0.1 wt.%.
- the forming composition may be essentially free of Hf0 2 .
- a forming composition for forming a refractory object as described herein may have a particular Mn0 2 content in wt.% of a total weight of the forming composition.
- the forming composition may have a Mn0 2 content of not greater than about 1.0 wt.%, such as, not greater than about 0.8 wt.%, not greater than about 0.5 wt.%, not greater than about 0.4 wt.%, not greater than about 0.3 wt.%, not greater than about 0.2 wt.% or even not greater than about 0.1 wt.%.
- the forming composition may be essentially free of Mn0 2 .
- a forming composition for forming a refractory object as described herein may have a particular NiO content in wt.% of a total weight of the forming composition.
- the forming composition may have a NiO content of not greater than about 1.0 wt.%, such as, not greater than about 0.8 wt.%, not greater than about 0.5 wt.%, not greater than about 0.4 wt.%, not greater than about 0.3 wt.%, not greater than about 0.2 wt.% or even not greater than about 0.1 wt.%.
- the forming composition may be essentially free of NiO.
- a forming composition for forming a refractory object as described herein may have a particular V 2 Os content in wt.% of a total weight of the forming composition.
- the forming composition may have a V 2 (3 ⁇ 4 content of not greater than about 1.0 wt.%, such as, not greater than about 0.8 wt.%, not greater than about 0.5 wt.%, not greater than about 0.4 wt.%, not greater than about 0.3 wt.%, not greater than about 0.2 wt.% or even not greater than about 0.1 wt.%.
- the forming composition may be essentially free of V 2 0 3 ⁇ 4 .
- the forming composition may include a particular content of Fe 2 0 3 , CaO, Na 2 0, K 2 0, Hf0 2 , Mn0 2 , NiO, V 2 0 5 combined in wt.% of a total weight of the forming composition.
- the forming composition may include not greater than about 1.5 wt.% of Fe 2 0 3 , CaO, Na 2 0, K 2 0, Hf0 2 , Mn0 2 , NiO, V 2 0 5 combined, such as, not greater than about 1.2 wt.% of Fe 2 (1 ⁇ 2, CaO, Na 2 0, K 2 0, Hf0 2 , Mn0 2 , NiO, V 2 Os combined, not greater than about 1.0 wt.% of Fe 2 (3 ⁇ 4, CaO, Na 0, K 2 0, Hf0 2 , Mn0 2 , NiO, V 2 0 5 combined, not greater than about 0.7 wt.% of Fe 2 0 3 , CaO, Na 2 0, K 2 0, Hf0 2 , Mn0 2 , NiO, V 2 0 5 combined, not greater than about 0.5 wt.% of Fe 2 0 3 , CaO, Na 2 0, K 2 0, Hf0 2 , Mn0 2 , NiO, V 2 0 5 combined, not greater
- the forming composition may have a minimal content of metal oxides, such as, for example, rare earth oxides, alkali earth oxides, alkali oxides and any transition metal oxide not expressly disclosed herein.
- Rare earth oxides may include any oxide compositions that include rare earth metals from the lanthanide series (i.e., elements having atomic numbers between 57 and 71 ), for example, lanthanum oxide, cerium oxide and europium, oxide.
- Alkali earth oxides may include any oxide compositions that include group two metals (i.e., beryllium, calcium, strontium, barium and radium), for example, calcium oxide and barium oxide.
- Alkali oxides may include any oxide
- compositions that include group one metals, (i.e., lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, cesium, and francium), for example, lithium oxide, potassium oxide and cesium oxide.
- group one metals i.e., lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, cesium, and francium
- lithium oxide, potassium oxide and cesium oxide may have a content of that oxide of not greater than about 1 wt.%, such as, not greater than about 0.7 wt.%, not greater than about 0.5 wt.% or even not greater than about 0.2 wt.% of the total weight of the forming composition.
- a refractory object formed according to methods described herein may have a particular (3 ⁇ 4(3 ⁇ 4 content in wt.% of a total, weight of the refractory object.
- the refractory object may have a ⁇ " 2 0 3 content of at least about 80 wt.%, such as, at least about 83 wt.%, at least about 85 wt.%, at least about 88 wt.%, at least about 90 wt. %, at least about 93 wt.% or even at least about 95 wt.%.
- the refractory object may have a Cr 2 0 3 content of not greater than about 98 wt.%, such as, not greater than about 97.5 wt.%, not greater than about 97 wt.%, not greater than about 96.5 wt. % or even not greater than about 96 wt.%. It will be appreciated that the refractory object may have a Cr 2 (3 ⁇ 4 content of any value between any of the minimum and maximum values noted above. It will be further appreciated that the refractory object may have a Cr 2 0 3 content within a range between any of the minimum and maximum values noted above.
- a refractory object formed according to methods described herein may have a particular A1 2 0 3 content in wt.% of a total weight of the refractory object.
- the refractory object may have an AI2Q3 content of at least about 0.7 wt.%, such as, at least about 1.0 wt.%, at least about 1.3 wt.%, at least about 1.5 wt.%, at least about 1.8 wt.%, at least about 2.0 wt.%, at least about 2.3 wt.%, at least about 2.5 wt.%, at least about 2.8 wt.%, at least about 3.0 wt.%, at least about 3.3 wt.%, at least about 3.5 wt.%, at least about 3.8 wt.% or even at least about 4.0 wt.%.
- the refractory object may have an AI2O 3 content of not greater than about 10 wt.%, such as, not greater than about 9.7 wt.%, not greater man about 9.5 wt.%, not greater than about 9.2 wt.%, not greater than about 9.0 wt.%, not greater than about 8.7 wt.%, not greater than about 8.5 wt.%, not greater than about 8.2 wt.%, not greater than about 8.0 wt.%, not greater than about 7.7 wt.%, not greater than about 7.5 wt.%, not greater than about 7.2 wt.%, not greater than about 7.0 wt.%, not greater than about 6.7 wt.%, not greater than about 6.5 wt.%, not greater than about 6.2 wt.% or even not greater than about 6.0 wt.%.
- the refractory object may have an Al 2 (1 ⁇ 4 content of any value between any of the minimum and maximum values noted above. It will be further appreciated that the refractory object may have an AI2O3 content within a range between any of the minimum and maximum values noted abo ve.
- a refractory object formed according to methods described herein may have a particular Si0 2 content in wt.% of a total weight of the refractory object.
- the refractory object may have a S1O2 content of at least about 0.3 wt.%, such as, at least about 0.5 wt.%, at least about 0.8 wt.%, at least about 1.0 wt.%, at least about 1.3 wt.%, at least about 1.5 wt.%, at least about 1.8 wt.%, at least about 2.0 wt.%, at least about 2.3 wt.% or even at least about 2.5 wt.%.
- the refractory object may have a Si0 2 content of not greater than about 5 wt.%, such as, not greater than about 4.7 wt.%, not greater than about 4.5 wt.%, not greater than about 4.2 wt.%, not greater than about 4.0 wt.%, not greater than about 3.7 wt.%, not greater than about 3.5 wt.%, not greater than about 3.2 wt.%, not greater than about 3.0 wt.% or even not greater than about 2.7 wt.%.
- the refractory object may have a Si0 2 content of any value between any of the minimum and maximum values noted above.
- the refractory object may have a Si(3 ⁇ 4 content within a range between any of the minimum and maximum values noted above.
- a refractory object formed according to methods described herein may have a particular T1O2 content in wt.% of a total weight of the refractory object.
- the refractory object may have a T1O2 content of at least about 1.0 wt.%, such as, at least about 1.3 wt.%, at least about 1.5 wt.%, at least about 1.8 wt.%, at least about 2.0 wt.%, at least about 2.3 wt.% or even at least about 2.5 wt.%.
- the refractory object may have a Ti0 2 content of not greater than about 5.6 wt.%, such as, not greater than about 5.5 wt.%, not greater than about 5.2 wt.%, not greater than about 5.0 wt.%, not greater than about 4.7 wt.%, not greater man about 4.5 wt.%, not greater than about 4.2 wt.%, not greater than about 3.0 wt.%, not greater than about 3.7 wt.%, not greater than about 3.5 wt.%, not greater than about 3.2 wt.%, not greater man about 3.0 wt.% or even not greater than about 2.7 wt.%.
- the refractory object may have a Ti0 2 content of any value between any of the minimum and maximum values noted above, it will be further appreciated that the refractory object may have a Ti0 2 content within a range between any of the minimum and maximum values noted above.
- a refractory object formed according to methods described herein may have a particular MgO content in wt.% of a total weight of the refractory object.
- the refractory object may have a MgO content of at least about 0.1 wt.%, such as, at least about 0.2 wt.%, at least about 0.3 wt.%, at least about 0.4 wt.%, at least about 0.5 wt.%, at least about 0.6 wt.% or even at least about 0.7 wt.%.
- the refractory object may have a MgO content of not greater than about 1.0 wt.%, such as, not greater than about 0.9 wt.% or even not greater than about 0.8 wt.%. It will be appreciated that the refractory object may have a MgO content of any value between any of the minimum and maximum values noted above. It will be further appreciated that the refractory object may have a MgO content within a range between any of the minimum and maximum values noted above.
- a refractory object formed according to methods described herein may have a particular' ZrO? content in wt.% of a total weight of the refractory object.
- the refractory object may have a Zr0 2 content of at least about 0.1 wt.%, such as, at least about 0.3 wt.%, at least about 0.5 wt.%, at least about 0.8 wt.%, at least about 1.0 wt.%, at least about 1.3 wt.%, at least about 1.5 wt.%, at least about 1 .8 wt.%, at least about 2.0 wt.%, at least about 2.3 wt.%, at least about 2.5 wt.%, at least about 2.8 wt.%, at least about 3.0 wt.%, at least about 3.3 wt.%, at least about 3.5 wt.%, at least about 3.8 wt.%, at least about 4.0 wt
- the refractory object may have a Zr0 2 content of not greater than about 10 wt.%, such as, not greater than about 9.7 wt.%, not greater than about 9.5 wt.%, not greater than about 9.2 wt.%, not greater than about 9.0 wt.%, not greater than about 8.7 wt.%, not greater than about 8.5 wt.%, not greater than about 8.2 wt.%, not greater than about 8.0 wt.%, not greater than about 7.7 wt.%, not greater than about 7.5 wt.%, not greater than about 7.2 wt.%, not greater than about 7.0 wt.%, not greater than about 6.7 wt.%, not greater than about 6.5 wt.%, not greater than about 6.0 wt.%, not greater than about 5.7 wt.%, not greater than about 5.5 wt.% or even not greater than about 5.2 wt.%.
- the refractory object may have a Zr0 2 content of any value between any of the minimum and maximum values noted above. It will be further appreciated that the refractory object may have a Zr0 2 content within a range between any of the minimum, and maximum values noted above.
- a refractory object formed according to methods described herein may have a particular grog content in wt.% of a total weight of the refractory object.
- the refractory object may have a grog content of at least about 1.0 wt.%, such as, at least about 5 wt.%, at least about 10 wt.%, at least about 15 wt.%, at least about 20 wt.%, at least about 25 wt.% or even at least about 30 wt.%.
- the refractory object may have a grog content of not greater than about 60 wt.%, such as, not greater than about 55 wt.%, not greater than about 50 wt.%, not greater than about 45 wt.%, not greater than about 40 wt.%, not greater than about 35 wt.% or even not greater than about 30 wt.%. It will be appreciated that the refractory object may have a grog content of any value between any of the minimum and maximum values noted above. It will be further appreciated that the refractory object may have a grog content within a range between any of the minimum and maximum values noted above.
- a refractory object formed according to methods described herein may have a particular' ratio R(X3AUO3/ROCSH>3 ⁇ 4 where ROC A I?.03 represents a content of AI2O 3 in wt.% of the total weight of the refractory object and ROCsio ? . represents a content of Si0 2 in wt.% of the total weight of the refractory object.
- the refractory object may have a ratio OCAI203/ OCS I 02 of at least about 0.9, such as, at least about 1.0, at least about 1.1, at least about 1.2, at least about 1.3, at least about 1.4, at least about 1.5, at least about 1.8, at least about 2.0, at least about 2.3, at least about 2.5, at least about 2.8, at least about 3.0, at least about 3.3, at least about 3.5, at least about 3.8, at least about 4.0, at least about 4.5, at least about 4.8 or even at least about 5.0.
- a ratio OCAI203/ OCS I 02 of at least about 0.9, such as, at least about 1.0, at least about 1.1, at least about 1.2, at least about 1.3, at least about 1.4, at least about 1.5, at least about 1.8, at least about 2.0, at least about 2.3, at least about 2.5, at least about 2.8, at least about 3.0, at least about 3.3, at least about 3.5, at least about 3.8, at
- the refractory object may have a ratio ROC A i2 03 /ROCsi 0 2 of not greater than about 6.5, such as, not greater than about 6.2, not greater than about 6.0, not greater than about 5.7, not greater than about 5.5 or even not greater than about 5.2. It will be appreciated that the refractory object may have a ratio ROC A i203 ROCsi02 of any value between any of the minimum and maximum values noted above, it will be further appreciated that the refractory object may have a ratio ROC A I203 OCS;O2 within a range between any of the minimum and maximum values noted above.
- a refractory object formed according to methods described herein may have a ratio ROCz r o2 OC A i2 03 , where ROC'zv 0 2 represents a content of Zr0 2 in wt.% of the total weight of the refractory object and ROC A I203 represents a content of AI2Q 3 in wt.% of the total weight of the refractory object.
- the refractory object may have a ratio OCzr 0 2 ROC A i2 03 of at least about 0.1, such as, at least about 0.5, at least about 1.0, at least about 1.5 or even at least about 2.0.
- the refractory object may have a ratio ROCzr 0 7,/ OC A i2 03 of not greater than about 5, such as, not greater than about 4.5, not greater than about 4.0, not greater than about 3.5, not greater than about 3.0 or even not greater than about 2.5. It will be appreciated that the refractory object may have a ratio ROCz r o 2 / OC A i2 03 of any value between any of the minimum and maximum values noted above. It will be further appreciated that the refractory object may have a ratio OCZ I0 2 OC A I2 03 within a range between any of the minimum and maximum values noted above.
- a refractory object formed according to methods described herein may have a particular Fe 2 0 3 content in wt.% of a total weight of the refractory object.
- the refractory object may have a 13 ⁇ 42 ⁇ 3 content of not greater man about 1.0 wt.%, such as, not greater than about 0.8 wt.%, not greater than about 0.5 wt.%, not greater than about 0.4 wt.%, not greater than about 0.3 wt.%, not greater than about 0.2 wt.% or even not greater than about 0.1 wt.%.
- the refractory object may be essentially free of Fe 2 0 3 .
- a refractory object formed according to methods described herein may have a particular CaO content in wt.% of a total weight of the refractory object.
- the refractory object may have a CaO content of not greater than about 1.0 wt.%, such as, not greater than about 0.8 wt.%, not greater than about 0.5 wt.%, not greater than about 0.4 wt.%, not greater than about 0.3 wt.%, not greater than about 0.2 wt.% or even not greater than about 0.1 wt.%.
- the refractory object may be essentially free of CaO.
- a refractory object formed according to methods described herein may have a particular Na 2 0 content in wt.% of a total weight of the refractory object.
- the refractory object may have a Na 2 0 content of not greater than about 1.0 wt.%, such as, not greater than about 0.8 wt.%, not greater than about 0.5 wt.%, not greater than about 0.4 wt.%, not greater than about 0.3 wt.%, not greater than about 0.2 wt.% 1 or even not greater than about 0.1 wt.%.
- the refractory object may be essentially free of Na 2 0.
- a refractory object formed according to methods described herein may have a particular K 2 0 content in wt.% of a total weight of the refractory object.
- the refractory object may have a K 2 0 content of not greater than about 1.0 wt.%, such as, not greater than about 0.8 wt.%, not greater than about 0.5 wt.%, not greater than about 0.4 wt.%, not greater than about 0.3 wt.%, not greater than about 0.2 wt.% or even not greater than about 0.1 wt.%.
- the refractory object may be essentially free of K 2 0.
- a refractory object formed according to methods described herein may have a particular Hf(3 ⁇ 4 content in wt.% of a total weight of the refractory object.
- the refractory object may have a Hf0 2 content of not greater than about 1.0 wt.%, such as, not greater than about 0.8 wt.%, not greater than about 0.5 wt.%, not greater than about 0.4 wt.%, not greater than about 0.3 wt.%, not greater than about 0.2 wt.% 1 or even not greater than about 0.1 wt.%.
- the refractory object may be essentially free of Hf0 2 .
- a refractory object formed according to methods described herein may have a particular Mn0 2 content in wt.% of a total weight of the refractory object.
- the refractory object may have a Mn0 2 content of not greater than about 1.0 wt.%, such as, not greater than about 0.8 wt.%, not greater than about 0.5 wt.%, not greater than about 0.4 wt.%, not greater than about 0.3 wt.%, not greater than about 0.2 wt.% 1 or even not greater than about 0.1 wt.%.
- the refractory object may be essentially free of Mn0 2 .
- a refractory object formed according to methods described herein may have a particular NiO content in wt.% of a total weight of the refractory object.
- the refractory object may have a NiO content of not greater than about 1.0 wt.%, such as, not greater than about 0.8 wt.%, not greater than about 0.5 wt.%, not greater than about 0.4 wt.%, not greater than about 0.3 wt.%, not greater than about 0.2 wt.% or even not greater man about 0.1 wt.%.
- the refractory object may be essentially free of NiO.
- a refractory object formed according to methods described herein may have a particular V 2 0 5 content in wt.% of a total weight of the refractory object.
- the refractory object may have a V 2 0 5 content of not greater than about 1.0 wt.%, such as, not greater than about 0.8 wt.%, not greater than about 0.5 wt.%, not greater than about 0.4 wt.%, not greater than about 0.3 wt.%, not greater than about 0.2 wt. or even not greater man about 0.1 wt.%.
- the refractory object may be essentially free of V2O5.
- a refractory object formed according to metliods described herein may include a particular content of Fe 2 0 3 , CaO, Na 2 0, K 2 0, Hf0 2 , ⁇ . ⁇ . ⁇ 2, NiO, V2O5 combined in wt.% of a total weight of the refractory object.
- the refractory object may include not greater than about 1.5 wt.% of Fe 2 0 3 , CaO, Na 2 0, K 2 0, Hf(1 ⁇ 2, Mn0 2 , NiO, V2O5 combined, such as, not greater than about 1.2 wt.% of Fe 2 (3 ⁇ 4, CaO, Na 2 0, K 2 0, Hf0 2 , Mn0 2 , NiO, V 2 0 5 combined, not greater than about 1.0 wt.% of Fe 2 0 3 , CaO, Na 2 0, K 2 0, Hf0 2 , Mn0 2 , NiO, V 2 0 5 combined, not greater than about 0.7 wt.% of Fe 2 0 , CaO, Na 2 0, K 2 0, Hf0 2 , Mn0 2 , NiO, V 2 0 5 combined, not greater than about 0.5 wt.% of Fe 2 0 3 , CaO, Na 2 0, K 2 0, Hf0 2 , Mn0 2 , NiO, V 2 0 5
- a refractory object formed according to metliods described herein may have a minimal content of metal oxides, such as, for example, rare earth oxides, alkali earth oxides, alkali oxides and any transition metal oxide not expressly disclosed herein.
- Rare earth oxides may include any oxide compositions that include rare earth metals from the lanthanide series (i.e., elements having atomic numbers between 57 and 71), for example, lanthanum oxide, cerium oxide and europium oxide.
- Alkali earth oxides may include any oxide compositions that include group two metals (i.e., beryllium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, barium and radium), for example, magnesium oxide, calcium oxide and barium oxide.
- Alkali oxides may include any oxide compositions that include group one metals, (i.e., lithium, sodium., potassium, rubidium, cesium, and francium), for example, lithium oxide, potassium oxide and cesium oxide.
- a refractory object that has a minimal content of any oxide noted above, for example, rare earth oxides, alkali eaith oxides, alkali oxides and any transition metal oxide not expressly disclosed herein, may have a content of that oxide of not greater than about 1 wt.%, such as, not greater than about 0.7 wt.%, not greater than about 0.5 wt.% or even not greater than about 0.2 wt.% of the total weight of the refractory object.
- a refractory object formed according to methods described herein may have a particular' porosity in vol.% of the total volume of the refractory object as measured using ASTM C373.
- the refractory object may have a porosity of at least about 0.07 vol.%, such as, at least about 0.1 vol.%, at least about 0.3 vol.%, at least about 0.5 vol.%, at least about 0.8 vol.%, at least about 1 .0 vol.%, at least about 1.3 vol.%, at least about 1.5 vol.%, at least about 1.8 vol.%, at least about 2.0 vol.%, at least about 2.3 vol.%, at least about 2.5 vol.%, at least about 2.8 vol.%, at least about 3.0 vol.%, at least about 4.0 vol.%, at least about 5.0 vol.%, at least about 6.0 vol.%, at least about 7.0 vol.%, at least about 8.0 vol.%, at least about 9.0 vol.% or even at least about
- the refractory object may have a porosity of not greater than about 18 vol.%, such as, not greater than about 17 vol.%, not greater than about 16 vol.%, not greater than about 15 vol.%, not greater than about 14 vol.%, not greater than about 13 vol.%, not greater than about 12 vol.% 1 or even not greater than about 11 vol.%. It will be appreciated that the refractory object may have a porosity of any value between any of the minimum and maximum values noted above. It will be further appreciated that the refractory object may have a porosity within a range between any of the minimum and maximum values noted above.
- a refractory object formed according to methods described herein may have a particular density as measured using ASTM C373.
- the refractory object may have a density of at least about 4.1 g/cm 3 , such as, at least about 4.2 g/cm 3 , at least about 4.3 g/cm 3 , at least about 4.4 g cm '5 or even at least about 4.5 g/cm 3 .
- the refractory object may have a density of not greater than about4.8 g/cm 3 , such as, not greater than about 4.7 g/cm '1 or even not greater than about 4.6 g/cm 3 . It will be appreciated that the refractory object may have a density of any value between any of the minimum and maximum values noted above, it will be further appreciated that the refractory object may have a density within a range between any of the minimum and maximum values noted above.
- a refractory object formed according to methods described herein may have a particular modulus of rupture (MOR) as measured in MPa at 1200 °C using ASTM D6272.
- MOR modulus of rupture
- the refractory object may have an MOR of at least about 37 MPa, such as, at least about 38 MPa, at least about 39 MPa, at least about 40 MPa, at least about 41 MPa, at least about 42 MPa, at least about 43 MPa, at least about 44 MPa, at least about 45 MPa, at least about 46 MPa or even at least about 47 MPa.
- a refractor ⁇ ' object may have ab MOR of not greater than about 150 MPa, such as, not greater than about 100 MPa or even not greater than 80 MPa. It will be appreciated that the refractory object may have an MOR of any value between any of the minimum, and maximum values noted above, it will be further appreciated mat the refractory object may have an MOR within a range between any of the minimum and maximum values noted above.
- a refractory object formed according to metliods described herein may have a particular modulus of elasticity (MOE) as measured in GPa at 1200 °C using ASTM D6272,
- MOE modulus of elasticity
- the refractory object may have a MOE of at least about 40 GPa, such as, at least about 45 GPa, at least about 50 GPa, at least about 55 GPa, at least about 60 GPa, at least about 65 GPa, at least about 70 GPa, at least about 75 GPa, at least about 80 GPa, at least about 85 GPa or even at least about 90 GPa.
- the refractory object may have a MOE of not greater than about 120 GPa, such as, not greater than about 115 GPa, not greater than about 1 10 GPa, not greater man about 105 GPa, not greater than about 100 GPa or even not greater than about 95 GPa. It will be appreciated that the refractory object may have an MOE of any value between any of the minimum and maximum values noted above. It will be further appreciated that the refractory object may have an MOE within a range between any of the minimum and maximum values noted above.
- a refractory object formed according to metliods described herein may have a particular ratio ROMOR/(1000*ROMOE), where ROMOR is equal to the MOR of the refractory object as measured in MPa at 1200 °C and ROMOE is equal to the MOE of the refractory object as measured in GPa at 1200 "C.
- the refractory object may have a ratio ROMOR/(1000*ROMOE) of at least about 0.5, such as, at least about 0.6, at least about 0.7, at least about 0.8, at least about 0.9, at least about 1.0, at least at least about 1.1, at least about 1.2 or even at least about 1.3.
- the refractory object may have a ratio ROMOR/0000*ROMOE) of not greater than about 1.5, such as, not greater than about 1.45 or even not greater than about 1.4. It will be appreciated that the refractory object may have a ratio ROMOR O 000*ROMOE) of any value between any of the minimum and maximum values noted above. It will be further appreciated mat the refractory object may have a ratio ROMOR/(1000*ROMOE) within a range between any of the minimum and maximum values noted above.
- Embodiments may be in accordance with any one or more of the embodiments as listed below. Embodiment 1.
- a refractory object comprising: a Cr 2 0 3 content of at least about 80 wt.% of a total weight of the refractory object; an A1 2 0 3 content of at least about 0.7 wt.% and not greater than about 10.0 wt.% of the total weight of the refractory object; a Si0 2 content of at least about 0.3 wt.% and not greater than about 5.0 wt.% of the total weight of the refractory object; a Ti0 2 content of at least about 1.0 wt.% and not greater than about 5.6 wt.% Ti0 2 of the total weight of the refractory object; and an MOR of at least about 37 MPa as measured at 1200 C.
- a refractory object comprising: a C3 ⁇ 40 3 content of at least about 80 wt.% of a total weight of the refractory object; an ⁇ 1 ⁇ 20 3 content of at least about 0.7 wt.% and not greater than about 10.0 wt.% of the total weight of the refractory object; a Si(3 ⁇ 4 content of at least about 0.3 wt.% and not greater than about 5.0 wt.% of a total weight of the refractory object; a Tii3 ⁇ 4 content of at least about 1.0 wt.% and not greater than about 5.6 wt.% Ti ( 3 ⁇ 4 of the total weight of the refractory object; and a ratio RO OR/(1000*ROMOE) of at least about 0.5, where ROMOR is equal to the MOR of the refractory object as measured in MPa at 1200 °C and ROMOE is equal to the MOE of the refractory object as measured in GPa at 1200 C
- a refractory object comprising: a Q2O3 content of at least about 80 wt.% of a total weight of the refractory object; a Ti0 2 content of at least about 1.0 wt.% and not greater than about 5.6 wt.% Ti0 2 of the total weight of the refractory object; and a ratio ROCA!2O ROCS]02 of at least about 1 and not greater than about 8, wherein ROCAJ2O represents a content of AI2O3 in wt.% of the total weight of the refractory object and R0Csi O2 represents a content of Si0 2 in wt.% of the total weight of the refractory object.
- Embodiment 4 The refractory object of any one of embodiments 1, 2 and 3, wherein the refractory object further comprises an MOR of at least about 37 MPa as measured at 1200 "C, at least about 38 MPa, at least about 39 MPa, at least about 40 MPa, at least about 41 MPa, at least about 42 MPa, at least about 43 MPa, at least about 44 MPa, at least about 45 MPa, at least about 46 MPa, and at least about 47 MPa.
- MOR MOR of at least about 37 MPa as measured at 1200 "C, at least about 38 MPa, at least about 39 MPa, at least about 40 MPa, at least about 41 MPa, at least about 42 MPa, at least about 43 MPa, at least about 44 MPa, at least about 45 MPa, at least about 46 MPa, and at least about 47 MPa.
- Embodiment 5 The refractory object of any one of embodiments 1, 2 and 3, wherein the refractory object further comprises an MOR of not greater than about 150 MPa, not greater than about 100 MPa, not greater than 80 MPa.
- Embodiment 6 The refractory object of any one of embodiments 1 , 2 and 3, wherein the refractory object further comprises a ratio ROMOR/(1000*ROMOE) of at least about 0.5, where ROMOR is equal to the MOR of the refractory object as measured in MPa at 1200 "C and RMOE i eq al to the MOE of the refractory object in GPa as measured at 1200 °C, at least about 0.6, at least about 0.7, at least about 0.8, at least about 0.9, at least about 1.0, at least at least about 1.1 , at least about 1.2 and at least about 1.3.
- ROMOR is equal to the MOR of the refractory object as measured in MPa at 1200 "C and RMOE i eq al to the MOE of the refractory object in GPa as measured at 1200 °C, at least about 0.6, at least about 0.7, at least about 0.8, at least about 0.9, at least about
- Embodiment 7 The refractory object of any one of embodiments 1, 2 and 3, wherein the refractory object further comprises a ratio ROjv5OR/ ⁇ 1 00*ROMOF;)of not greater than about 1.5, where ROMOR is equal to the MOR of the refractory object as measured in MPa at 1200 "C and ROMOE is equal to the MOE of the refractory object in GPa as measured at 1200 "C, not greater than about 1.45 and not greater than about 1.4.
- ROMOR is equal to the MOR of the refractory object as measured in MPa at 1200 "C
- ROMOE is equal to the MOE of the refractory object in GPa as measured at 1200 "C, not greater than about 1.45 and not greater than about 1.4.
- Embodiment 8 The refractory object of any one of embodiments 1, 2 and 3, wherein the refractory object further comprises a ratio ROC A i2 03 ''ROCsi 0 2 of at least about 0.9, wherein ROCAI203 represents a content of AI2O3 in wt.% of the total weight of the refractory object and ROCsi02 represents a content of S1O2 in wt. % of the total weight of the refractory object, at least about 1.0, at least about 1.1, at least about 1.2, at least about 1.3, at least about
- Embodiment 9 The refractory object of any one of embodiments 1, 2 and 3, wherein the refractory object further comprises a ratio ROC A izos Csioz of not greater than about 6.5, where ROCAI203 represents a content of AI2O3 in wt.% of the total weight of the refractory object and ROCs,o2 represents a content of Si0 2 in wt. % of the total weight of the refractory object, not greater than about 6.2, not greater than about 6.0, not greater than about 5.7, not greater than about 5.5, and not greater than about 5.2.
- ROCAI203 represents a content of AI2O3 in wt.% of the total weight of the refractory object
- ROCs,o2 represents a content of Si0 2 in wt. % of the total weight of the refractory object, not greater than about 6.2, not greater than about 6.0, not greater than about 5.7, not greater than about 5.5, and not greater than about
- Embodiment 10 The refractory object of any one of embodiments 1, 2 and 3, wherein the refractory object further comprises a (3 ⁇ 4(3 ⁇ 4 content of at least about 80 wt.% of the total weight of the refractory object, at least about 83 wt.%, at least about 85 wt.%, at least about 88 wt.%, at least about 90 wt. %, at least about 93 wt.% and at least about 95 wt.%.
- a (3 ⁇ 4(3 ⁇ 4 content of at least about 80 wt.% of the total weight of the refractory object at least about 83 wt.%, at least about 85 wt.%, at least about 88 wt.%, at least about 90 wt. %, at least about 93 wt.% and at least about 95 wt.%.
- Embodiment 11 The refractory object of any one of embodiments 1, 2 and 3, wherein the refractory object further comprises a (3 ⁇ 4(3 ⁇ 4 content of not greater than about 98 wt.% of the total weight of the refractory object, not greater than about 97.5 wt.%, not greater than about 97 wt.%, not greater than about 96.5 wt.% and not greater than about 96 wt.%.
- Embodiment 12 The refractory object of any one of embodiments 1, 2 and 3, wherein the refractory object further comprises an AI2O3 content of at least about 0.7 wt.% of the total weight of the refractory object, at least about 1.0 wt.%, at least about 1.3 wt.%, at least about 1.5 wt.%, at least about 1.8 wt.%, at least about 2.0 wt.%, at least about 2.3 wt.%, at least about 2.5 wt.%, at least about 2.8 wt.%, at least about 3.0 wt.%, at least about 3.3 wt.%, at least about 3.5 wt.%, at least about 3.8 wt.% and at least about 4.0 wt.%.
- AI2O3 content of at least about 0.7 wt.% of the total weight of the refractory object, at least about 1.0 wt.%, at least about 1.3 wt.%, at least
- Embodiment 13 The refractory object of any one of embodiments 1, 2 and 3, wherein the refractory object further comprises an AI 2 O 3 content of not greater than about 10 wt.% of the total weight of the refractory object, not greater than about 9.7 wt.%, not greater than about 9.5 wt.%, not greater than about 9.2 wt.%, not greater than about 9.0 wt.%, not greater than about 8.7 wt.%, not greater than about 8.5 wt.%, not greater than about 8.2 wt.%, not greater than about 8.0 wt.%, not greater than about 7.7 wt.%, not greater than about 7.5 wt.%, not greater than about 7.2 wt.%, not greater than about 7.0 wt.%, not greater than about 6.7 wt.%, not greater than about 6.5 wt.%, not greater than about 6.2 wt.% and not greater than about 6.0 wt.%.
- Embodiment 14 The refractory object of any one of embodiments 1 , 2 and 3, wherein the refractory object further comprises a Si(3 ⁇ 4 content of at least about 0.3 wt.% of the total weight of the refractory object, at least about 0.5 wt.%, at least about 0.8 wt.%, at least about 1.0 wt.%, at least about 1.3 wt.%, at least about 1.5 wt.%, at least about 1.8 wt.%, at least about 2.0 wt.%, at least about 2.3 wt.% and at least about 2.5 wt.%.
- a Si(3 ⁇ 4 content of at least about 0.3 wt.% of the total weight of the refractory object, at least about 0.5 wt.%, at least about 0.8 wt.%, at least about 1.0 wt.%, at least about 1.3 wt.%, at least about 1.5 wt.%, at least about 1.8 w
- Embodiment 15 The refractory object of any one of embodiments 1, 2 and 3, wherein the refractory object further comprises a Si(3 ⁇ 4 content of not greater than about 5 wt.% of the total weight of the refractory object, not greater than about 4.7 wt.%, not greater than about 4.5 wt.%, not greater than about 4.2 wt.%, not greater than about 4.0 wt.%, not greater than about 3.7 wt.%, not greater than about 3.5 wt.%, not greater than about 3.2 wt.%, not greater than about 3.0 wt.% and not greater than about 2.7 wt.%.
- Si(3 ⁇ 4 content of not greater than about 5 wt.% of the total weight of the refractory object, not greater than about 4.7 wt.%, not greater than about 4.5 wt.%, not greater than about 4.2 wt.%, not greater than about 4.0 wt.%, not greater than about
- Embodiment 16 The refractory object of any one of embodiments 1, 2 and 3, wherein the refractory object further comprises a TiOa content of at least about 1.0 wt.% of the total weight of the refractory object, at least about 1 .3 wt.%, at least about 1.5 wt.%, at least about 1.8 wt.%, at least about 2.0 wt.%, at least about 2.3 wt.% and at least about 2.5 wt.%.
- Embodiment 17 The refractory object of any one of embodiments 1, 2 and 3, wherein the refractory object further comprises a Ti0 2 content of not greater than about 5.6 wt.% of the total weight of the refractory object, not greater than about 5.5 wt.%, not greater than about 5.2 wt.%, not greater than about 5.0 wt.%, not greater than about 4.7 wt.%, not greater than about 4.5 wt.%, not greater than about 4.2 wt.%, not greater than about 3.0 wt.%, not greater than about 3.7 wt.%, not greater than about 3.5 wt.%, not greater than about 3.2 wt.%, not greater than about 3.0 wt.%, not greater than about 2.7 wt.%.
- Embodiment 18 The refractory object of any one of embodiments 1, 2 and 3, wherein the refractory object further comprises a MgO content of at least about 0.1 wt.% of the total weight of the refractory object, at least about 0.2 wt.%, at least about 0.3 wt.%, at least about 0.4 wt.%, at least about 0.5 wt.%, at least about 0.6 wt.% and at least about 0.7 wt.%.
- a MgO content of at least about 0.1 wt.% of the total weight of the refractory object, at least about 0.2 wt.%, at least about 0.3 wt.%, at least about 0.4 wt.%, at least about 0.5 wt.%, at least about 0.6 wt.% and at least about 0.7 wt.%.
- Embodiment 19 The refractory object of any one of embodiments 1 , 2 and 3, wherein the refractory object further comprises a MgO content of not greater than about 1.0 wt.% of the total weight of the refractory object, not greater than about 0.9 wt.% and not greater than about 0.8 wt.%.
- Embodiment 20 The refractory object of any one of embodiments 1, 2 and 3, wherein the refractory object former comprises a Z 0 2 content of at least about 0.1 wt.% of the total weight of the refractory object, at least about 0.3 wt.%, at least about 0.5 wt.%, at least about 0.8 wt.%, at least about 1.0 wt.%, at least about 1.3 wt.%, at least about 1.5 wt.%, at least about 1.8 wt.%, at least about 2.0 wt.%, at least about 2.3 wt.%, at least about 2.5 wt.%, at least about 2.8 wt.%, at least about 3.0 wt.%, at least about 3.3 wt.%, at least about 3.5 wt.%, at least about 3.8 wt.%, at least about 4.0 wt.%, at least about 4.3 wt.%, at least about 4.5 wt.
- Embodiment 21 The refractory object of any one of embodiments 1, 2 and 3, wherein the refractory object further comprises a Zr ⁇ 2 content of not greater than about 10 wt.% of the total weight of the refractory object, not greater than about 9.7 wt.%, not greater than about 9.5 wt.%, not greater than about 9.2 wt.%, not greater than about 9.0 wt.%, not greater than about 8.7 wt.%, not greater than about 8.5 wt.%, not greater than about 8.2 wt.%, not greater than about 8.0 wt.%, not greater than about 7.7 wt.%, not greater than about 7.5 wt.%, not greater than about 7.2 wt.%, not greater than about 7.0 wt.%, not greater than about 6.7 wt.%, not greater than about 6.5 wt.%, not greater than about 6.0 wt.%, not greater than about 5.7 wt.%, not
- Embodiment 22 The refractory object of any one of embodiments 1, 2 and 3, wherein the refractory object further comprises a grog content of at least about 1.0 wt.% of the total weight of the refractory object, at least about 5 wt.%, at least about 10 wt.%, at least about 15 wt.%, at least about 20 wt.%, at least about 25 wt.% and at least about 30 wt.%.
- a grog content of at least about 1.0 wt.% of the total weight of the refractory object, at least about 5 wt.%, at least about 10 wt.%, at least about 15 wt.%, at least about 20 wt.%, at least about 25 wt.% and at least about 30 wt.%.
- Embodiment 23 The refractory object of any one of embodiments 1 , 2 and 3, wherein the refractory object further comprises a grog content of not greater than about 60 wt.% of the total weight of the refractory object, not greater than about 55 wt.%, not greater than about 50 wt. , not greater than about 45 wt.%, not greater than about 40 wt.%, not greater than about 35 wt.%, not greater than about 30 wt.%.
- Embodiment 24 The refractory object of any one of embodiments 1, 2 and 3, wherein the refractory object further comprises a ratio ROCzro 2 /ROC A j 2 o3 of at least about 0.1, where ROCz r02 represents a content of Zr(3 ⁇ 4 in wt.% of the total weight of the refractory object and ROCAI203 represents a content of AI2O3 in wt.% of the total weight of the refractory object, at least about 0.5, at least about 1.0, at least about 1.5, at least about 2.0.
- Embodiment 25 The refractory object of any one of embodiments 1, 2, and 3, wherein the refractory object further comprises a ratio R0CZTO2 R0CAI2 03 of not greater than about 5, where ROCzrca represents a content of Zr0 2 in wt.% of the total weight of the refractory object and ROCAI203 represents a content of AI2O3 in wt.% of the total weight of the refractory object, not greater than about 4.5, not greater than about 4.0, not greater than about 3.5, not greater than about 3.0, not greater than about 2.5.
- ROCzrca represents a content of Zr0 2 in wt.% of the total weight of the refractory object
- ROCAI203 represents a content of AI2O3 in wt.% of the total weight of the refractory object, not greater than about 4.5, not greater than about 4.0, not greater than about 3.5, not greater than about 3.0, not greater than about 2.5.
- Embodiment 26 The refractory object of any one of embodiments 1, 2 and 3, wherein the refractory object further comprises a porosity of at least about 0.07 vol.% of the total volume of the refractory object, at least about 0.1 vol.%, at least about 0.3 vol.%, at least about 0.5 vol.%, at least about 0.8 vol.%, at least about 1.0 vol.%, at least about 1.3 vol.%, at least about 1.5 vol.%, at least about 1.8 vol.%, at least about 2.0 vol.%, at least about 2.3 vol.%, at least about 2.5 vol.%, at least about 2.8 vol.%, at least about 3.0 vol.%, at least about 4.0 vol.%, at least about 5.0 vol.%, at least about 6.0 vol.%, at least about 7.0 vol.%, at least about 8.0 vol.%, at least about 9.0 vol.% and at least about 10.0 vol.%.
- Embodiment 27 The refractory object of any one of embodiments 1, 2 and 3, wherein the refractory object further comprises a porosity of not greater than about 18 vol.% of the total volume of the refractory object, not greater than about 17 vol.%, not greater than about 1.6 vol.%, not greater than about 15 vol. %, not greater than about 14 vol.%, not greater than about 13 vol. %, not greater than about 12 vol.% and not greater than about 11 vol.%.
- Embodiment 28 The refractory object of any one of embodiments 1, 2 and 3, wherein the refractory object further comprises a density of at least about 4.1 g/cm 3 , at least about 4.2 g/cnr, at least about 4.3 g/cm J , at least about 4.4 g/cm 3 and at least about 4.5 g/cm 3 .
- Embodiment 29 The refractory object of any one of embodiments 1, 2 and 3, wherein the refractory object further comprises a density of not greater than about4.8 g/cm3, not greater than about 4.7 g/cm3 and not greater than about 4.6 g/cm 3 .
- Embodiment 30 The refractory object of any one of embodiments 1, 2 and 3, wherein the refractory object further comprises a MOE of at least about 40 GPa as measured in at 1200 °C, at least about 45 GPa, at least about 50 GPa, at least about 55 GPa, at least about 60 GPa, at least about 65 GPa, at least about 70 GPa, at least about 75 GPa, at least about 80 GPa, at least about 85 GPa and at least about 90 GPa.
- a MOE of at least about 40 GPa as measured in at 1200 °C, at least about 45 GPa, at least about 50 GPa, at least about 55 GPa, at least about 60 GPa, at least about 65 GPa, at least about 70 GPa, at least about 75 GPa, at least about 80 GPa, at least about 85 GPa and at least about 90 GPa.
- Embodiment 31 The refractory object of any one of embodiments 1, 2 and 3, wherein the refractory object further comprises a MOE of not greater than about 120 GPa as measured at 1200 °C, not greater than about 1 15 GPa, not greater than about 1 10 GPa, not greater than about 105 GPa, not greater than about 100 GPa and not greater than about 95 GPa.
- a MOE of not greater than about 120 GPa as measured at 1200 °C, not greater than about 1 15 GPa, not greater than about 1 10 GPa, not greater than about 105 GPa, not greater than about 100 GPa and not greater than about 95 GPa.
- Embodiment 32 A method of forming a refractory object comprising: providing a Cr 2 0 3 composition; and forming the composition into a refractory object, wherein the refractory object comprises: a Cr 2 0 3 content of at least about 80 wt.% of a total weight of the refractory object; an AI.2O3 content of at least about 0.7 wt.% and not greater than about 10.0 wt.% of the total weight of the refractory object; a Si0 2 content of at least about 0.3 wt.% and not greater than about 5.0 wt.% of the total weight of the refractory object; a T1O2 content of at least about 1.0 wt.% and not greater than about 5.6 wt.% Ti0 2 of the total weight of the refractory object; and an MOR of at least about 37 MPa as measured at 1200 °C.
- Embodiment 33 A method of forming a refractory object comprising: providing a Cr 2 0 3 composition; and forming the Cr 2 0 3 composition into a refractory object, wherein the refractory object comprises: a Cr 2 0 content of at least about 80 wt.% of a total weight of the refractory object; an AM ' ); content of at least about 0.7 wt.% and not greater than about 10.0 wt.% of the total weight of the refractory object; a Si0 2 content of at least about 0.3 wt.% and not greater than about 5.0 wt.% of the total weight of the refractory object; a Ti0 2 content of at least about 1.0 wt.% and not greater than about 5.6 wt.% Ti0 2 of the total weight of the refractory object; and a ratio ROMOR/(1000*ROMOE) of at least about 0.5, where ROMOR is equal to the MOR of the refractory object
- Embodiment 34 A method of forming a refractory object comprising: providing a Cr 2 0 3 composition; and forming the Cr 2 0 3 composition into a refractory object, wherein the refractory object comprises: a Cr 2 0 3 content of at least about 80 wt.% of a total weight of the refractory object; a Ti0 2 content of at least about 1.0 wt.% and not greater than about 5.6 wt.% Ti0 2 of the total weight of the refractory object; and a ratio ROCAI203 ROCS I 02 of at least about I and not greater than about 8, where ROCABOS represents a content of A1 2 0 3 in wt.% of a total weight of the refractory object and ROCsioa represents a content of Si0 2 in wt.% of the total weight of the refractory object.
- Embodiment 35 The method of any one of embodiments 32, 33 and 34, wherein the refractory object further comprises an MOR of at least about 37 MPa as measured at 1200 °C, at least about 38 MPa, at least about 39 MPa, at least about 40 MPa, at least about 41 MPa, at least about 42 MPa, at least about 43 MPa, at least about 44 MPa, at least about 45 MPa, at least about 46 MPa and at least about 47 MPa.
- MOR MOR of at least about 37 MPa as measured at 1200 °C, at least about 38 MPa, at least about 39 MPa, at least about 40 MPa, at least about 41 MPa, at least about 42 MPa, at least about 43 MPa, at least about 44 MPa, at least about 45 MPa, at least about 46 MPa and at least about 47 MPa.
- Embodiment 36 The method of any one of embodiments 32, 33 and 34, wherein the refractory object further comprises an MOR of not greater than about 150 MPa, not greater than about 100 MPa and not greater than 80 MPa.
- Embodiment 37 The method of any one of embodiments 32, 33 and 34, wherein the refractory object further comprises a ratio ROMOR/(1000*ROMOE) of at least about 0.5, where ROMOR S equal to the MOR of the refractory object as measured in MPa at 1200 °C and RMOE is equal to the MOE of the refractory object in GPa as measured at 1200 °C, at least about 0.6, at least about 0.7, at least about 0.8, at least about 0.9, at least about .0, at least at least about 1.1, at least about 1.2 and at least about 1.3.
- ROMOR S equal to the MOR of the refractory object as measured in MPa at 1200 °C
- RMOE is equal to the MOE of the refractory object in GPa as measured at 1200 °C, at least about 0.6, at least about 0.7, at least about 0.8, at least about 0.9, at least about .0, at least at least about
- Embodiment 38 The method of any one of embodiments 32, 33 and 34, wherein the refractory object further comprises a ratio ROMOR (1000*ROMOE)of not greater than about 1.5, where ROMOR is equal to the MOR of the refractory object as measured in MPa at 1200 °C and ROMOF. is equal to the MOE of the refractory object in GPa as measured at 1200 °C, not greater than about 1.45 and not greater than about 1.4.
- ROMOR 1000*ROMOE
- Embodiment 39 The method of any one of embodiments 32, 33 and 34, wherein the refractory object further comprises a ratio ROC AO os/ROCsioa of at least about 0.9, wherein ROC-Ai203 represents a content of Al 2 0 3 in wt.% of the total weight of the refractory object and ROCsioa represents a content of Si0 2 in wt.% of the total weight of the refractory object, at least about 1.0, at least about 1.1, at least about 1.2, at least about 1.3, at least about 1.4, at least about 1.5, at least about 1.8, at least about 2.0, at least about 2.3, at least about 2.5, at least about 2.8, at least about 3.0, at least about 3.3, at least about 3.5, at least about 3.8, at least about 4.0, at least about 4.5, at least about 4.8 and at least about 5.0.
- ROC-Ai203 represents a content of Al 2 0 3 in wt.
- Embodiment 40 The method of any one of embodiments 32, 33 and 34, wherein the refractory object further comprises a ratio ROCAEOS/ROCSKM of not greater than about 6.5, where ROC A EOS represents a content of Al 2 03 in wt.% of the total weight of the refractory object and ROCsso ? . represents a content of Si0 2 in wt. % of the total weight of the refractory object, not greater than about 6.2, not greater than about 6.0, not greater than about 5.7, not greater than about 5.5, and not greater than about 5.2.
- ROCAEOS represents a content of Al 2 03 in wt.% of the total weight of the refractory object
- ROCsso ? . represents a content of Si0 2 in wt. % of the total weight of the refractory object, not greater than about 6.2, not greater than about 6.0, not greater than about 5.7, not greater than about 5.5, and not greater than about
- Embodiment 41 The method of any one of embodiments 32, 33 and 34, wherein the refractory object further comprises a (3 ⁇ 40 3 content of at least about 80 wt.% of a total weight of the refractory object, at least about 83 wt.%, at least about 85 wt.%, at least about 88 wt.%, at least about 90 wt.%, at least about 93 wt.% and at least about 95 wt.%.
- Embodiment 42 The method of any one of embodiments 32, 33 and 34, wherein the refractory object further comprises a Cr 2 0 3 content of not greater than about 98 wt.% of the total weight of the refractory object, not greater than about 97.5 wt.%, not greater than about 97 wt.%, not greater than about 96.5 wt.% and not greater than about 96 wt.%.
- Embodiment 43 The method of any one of embodiments 32, 33 and 34, wherein the refractory object further comprises an A1. 2 0 3 content of at least about 0.7 wt.% of the total weight of the refractory object, at least about 1.0 wt.%, at least about 1.3 wt.%, at least about 1.5 wt.%, at least about 1.8 wt.%, at least about 2.0 wt.%, at least about 2.3 wt.%, at least about 2.5 wt.%, at least about 2.8 wt.%, at least about 3.0 wt.%, at least about 3.3 wt.%, at least about 3.5 wt.%, at least about 3.8 wt.% and at least about 4.0 wt.%.
- Embodiment 44 The method of any one of embodiments 32, 33 and 34, wherein the refractory object further comprises an A1 2 0 3 content of not greater than about 10 wt.% of the total weight of the refractory object, not greater than about 9.7 wt.%, not greater than about 9.5 wt.%, not greater than about 9.2 wt.%, not greater than about 9.0 wt.%, not greater man about 8.7 wt.%, not greater than about 8.5 wt.%, not greater than about 8.2 wt.%, not greater than about 8.0 wt.%, not greater than about 7.7 wt.%, not greater than about 7.5 wt.%, not greater man about 7.2 wt.%, not greater than about 7.0 wt.%, not greater than about 6.7 wt.%, not greater than about 6.5 wt.%, not greater than about 6.2 wt.% and not greater than about 6.0 wt.%.
- Embodiment 45 The method of any one of embodiments 32, 33 and 34, wherein the refractory object further comprises a SiOa content of at least about 0.3 wt.% of the total weight of the refractory object, at least about 0.5 wt.%, at least about 0.8 wt.%, at least about 1.0 wt.%, at least about 1.3 wt.%, at least about 1.5 wt.%, at least about 1.8 wt.%, at least about 2.0 wt.%, at least about 2.3 wt.% and at least about 2.5 wt.%.
- Embodiment 46 The method of any one of embodiments 32, 33 and 34, wherein the refractory object further comprises a Si0 2 content of not greater than about 5 wt.% of a total weight of the refractory object, not greater than about 4.7 wt.%, not greater than about 4.5 wt.%, not greater than about 4.2 wt.%, not greater than about 4.0 wt.%, not greater than about 3.7 wt.%, not greater than about 3.5 wt.%, not greater than about 3.2 wt.%, not greater man about 3.0 wt.% and not greater than about 2.7 wt.%.
- Embodiment 47 The method of any one of embodiments 32, 33 and 34, wherein the refractory object further comprises a Ti0 2 content of at least about 1.0 wt.% of the total weight of the refractory object, at least about 1.3 wt.%, at least about 1.5 wt.%, at least about
- Embodiment 48 The method of any one of embodiments 32, 33 and 34, wherein the refractory object further comprises a Ti0 2 content of not greater than about 5.6 wt.% of the total weight of the refractory object, not greater than about 5.5 wt.%, not greater than about 5.2 wt.%, not greater than about 5.0 wt.%, not greater than about 4.7 wt.%, not greater than about 4.5 wt.%, not greater than about 4.2 wt.%, not greater than about 3.0 wt.%, not greater than about 3.7 wt.%, not greater than about 3.5 wt.%, not greater than about 3.2 wt.%, not greater than about 3.0 wt.% and not greater than about 2.7 wt.%.
- Embodiment 49 The method of any one of embodiments 32, 33 and 34, wherein the refractory object further comprises a MgO content of at least about 0.1 wt.% of the total weight of the refractory object, at least about 0.2 wt.%, at least about 0.3 wt.%, at least about 0.4 wt.%, at least about 0.5 wt.%, at least about 0.6 wt.% and at least about 0.7 wt.%.
- Embodiment 50 The method of any one of embodiments 32, 33 and 34, wherein the refractory object further comprises a MgO content of not greater than about 1.0 wt.% of the total weight of the refractory object, not greater than about 0.9 wt.% and not greater than about 0.8 wt.%.
- Embodiment 51 The method of any one of embodiments 32, 33 and 34, wherein the refractory object further comprises a ZrOa content of at least about 0.1 wt.% of the total weight of the refractory object, at least about 0.3 wt.%, at least about 0.5 wt.%, at least about 0.8 wt.%, at least about 1.0 wt.%, at least about 1.3 wt.%, at least about 1.5 wt.%, at least about 1.8 wt.%, at least about 2.0 wt.%, at least about 2.3 wt.%, at least about 2.5 wt.%, at least about 2.8 wt.%, at least about 3.0 wt.%, at least about 3.3 wt.%, at least about 3.5 wt.%, at least about 3.8 wt.%, at least about 4.0 wt.%, at least about 4.3 wt.%, at least about 4.5 wt.%,
- Embodiment 52 The method of any one of embodiments 32, 33 and 34, wherein the refractory object further comprises a ZrOa content of not greater than about 10 wt.% of the total weight of the refractory object, not greater than about 9.7 wt.%, not greater than about 9.5 wt.%, not greater than about 9.2 wt.%, not greater than about 9.0 wt.%, not greater man about 8.7 wt.%, not greater than about 8.5 wt.%, not greater than about 8.2 wt.%, not greater than about 8.0 wt.%, not greater than about 7.7 wt.%, not greater than about 7.5 wt.%, not greater than about 7.2 wt.%, not greater than about 7.0 wt.%, not greater than about 6.7 wt.%, not greater than about 6.5 wt.%, not greater than about 6.0 wt.%, not greater than about 5.7 wt.%, not greater than
- Embodiment 53 The method of any one of embodiments 32, 33 and 34, wherein the refractory object further comprises a grog content of at least about 1.0 wt.% of the total weight of the refractory object, at least about 5 wt.%, at least about 10 wt.%, at least about 15 wt.%, at least about 20 wt.%, at least about 25 wt.% and at least about 30 wt.%.
- Embodiment 54 The method of any one of embodiments 32, 33 and 34, wherein the refractory object further comprises a grog content of not greater than about 60 wt.% of the total weight of the refractory object, not greater than about 55 wt.%, not greater than about 50 wt.%, not greater than about 45 wt.%, not greater than about 40 wt.%, not greater than about 35 wt.% and not greater than about 30 wt.%.
- Embodiment 55 The method of any one of embodiments 32, 33 and 34, wherein the refractory object further comprises a ratio ROCZ T 02 ROC AI 203 of at least about 0.1, where
- ROCz r02 represents a content of Zr0 2 in wt.% of the total weight of the refractory object and ROC-Ai203 represents a content of AI 2 O 3 in wt.% of the total weight of the refractory object, at least about 0.5, at least about 1.0, at least about 1.5, at least about 2.0.
- Embodiment 56 The method of any one of embodiments 32, 33 and 34, wherein the refractory object further comprises a ratio ROC 3 ⁇ 4 O2 ROCAI203 of not greater than about 5, where RQCz r02 represents a content of Zr0 2 in wt.% of the total weight of the refractory object and ROC A i203 represents a content of AI7O 3 in wt.% of the total weight of the refractory object, not greater than about 4.5, not greater than about 4.0, not greater than about 3.5, not greater than about 3.0, not greater than about 2.5.
- RQCz r02 represents a content of Zr0 2 in wt.% of the total weight of the refractory object
- ROC A i203 represents a content of AI7O 3 in wt.% of the total weight of the refractory object, not greater than about 4.5, not greater than about 4.0, not greater than about 3.5, not greater than about 3.0, not greater than about 2.5.
- Embodiment 57 The method of any one of embodiments 32, 33 and 34, wherein the refractory object further comprises a porosity of at least about 0.07 vol.% of the total volume of the refractory object, at least about 0.1 vol.%, at least about 0.3 vol.%, at least about 0.5 vol.%, at least about 0.8 vol.%, at least about 1.0 vol.%, at least about 1.3 vol.%, at least about 1.5 vol.%, at least about 1.8 vol.%, at least about 2.0 vol.%, at least about 2.3 vol.%, at least about 2.5 vol.%, at least about 2.8 vol.%, at least about 3.0 vol.%, at least about 4.0 vol.%, at least about 5.0 vol.%, at least about 6.0 vol.%, at least about 7.0 vol.%, at least about 8.0 vol.%, at least about 9.0 vol.% and at least about 10.0 vol.%.
- Embodiment 58 The method of any one of embodiments 32, 33 and 34, wherein the refractory object further comprises a porosity of not greater than about 18 vol.% of the total volume of the refractory object, not greater than about 17 vol.%, not greater than about 16 vol.%, not greater than about 15 vol.%, not greater than about 14 vol.%, not greater than about 13 vol.%, not greater than about 12 vol.% and not greater than about 1 vol.%.
- Embodiment 59 The method of any one of embodiments 32, 33 and 34, wherein the refractory object further comprises a density of at least about 4.1 g/c , at least about 4.2 g/cm 3 , at least about 4.3 g/cm 3 , at least about 4.4 g/cm J and at least about 4.5 g/cm 3 .
- Embodiment 60 The method of any one of embodiments 32, 33 and 34, wherein the refractory object further comprises a density of not greater than about4.8 g/cm3, not greater than about 4.7 g/cm3 and not greater than about 4.6 g/cm 3 .
- Embodiment 61 The refractory object of any one of embodiments 32, 33 and 34, wherein the refractory object further comprises a MOE of at least about 40 GPa as measured in at 1200 °C, at least about 45 GPa, at least about 50 GPa, at least about 55 GPa, at least about 60 GPa, at least about 65 GPa, at least about 70 GPa, at least about 75 GPa, at least about 80 GPa, at least about 85 GPa and at least about 90 GPa.
- a MOE of at least about 40 GPa as measured in at 1200 °C, at least about 45 GPa, at least about 50 GPa, at least about 55 GPa, at least about 60 GPa, at least about 65 GPa, at least about 70 GPa, at least about 75 GPa, at least about 80 GPa, at least about 85 GPa and at least about 90 GPa.
- Embodiment 62 The method of any one of embodiments 32, 33 and 34, wherein the refractory object further comprises a MOE of not greater than about 120 GPa as measured at 1200 °C, not greater than about 115 GPa, not greater than about 110 GPa, not greater than about 105 GPa, not greater than about 100 GPa and not greater than about 95 GPa.
- a MOE of not greater than about 120 GPa as measured at 1200 °C, not greater than about 115 GPa, not greater than about 110 GPa, not greater than about 105 GPa, not greater than about 100 GPa and not greater than about 95 GPa.
- Embodiment 63 A refractory object, wherein the refractory object is formed from a forming composition comprising: a Q2O3 content of at least about 80 wt.% of a total weight of the forming composition; an AI2O 3 content of at least about 0.7 wt.% and not greater than about 10.0 wt.% of the total weight of the forming composition; a Si0 2 content of at least about 0.3 wt.% and not greater than about 5.0 wt.% of the total weight of the forming composition; a T1O2 content of at least about 1.0 wt.% and not greater than about 5.6 wt.% T1O2 of the total weigh of the forming composition; and wherein the refractory object has an MOR of at least about 37 MPa as measured at 1200 °C.
- Embodiment 64 A refractory object formed from a forming composition comprising: a Cr 2 0 3 content of at least about 80 wt.% of a total weight of the forming composition; an AI2O3 content of at least about 0.7 wt.% and not greater than about 10.0 wt.% of the total weight of the forming composition; a S1O2 content of at least about 0.3 wt.% and not greater than about 5.0 wt.% of the total weight of the forming composition; a T1O2 content of at least about 1.0 wt.% and not greater than about 5.6 wt.% Ti0 2 of the total weight of the forming composition; and wherein the refractory object has a ratio ROMOR/(1000*ROMOE) of at least about 0.5, where ROMOR is equal to the MOR of the refractory object as measured in MPa at 1200 °C and ROMOE is equal to the MOE of the refractory object as measured in GPa at
- Embodiment 65 A refractory object formed from a forming composition comprising: a Q2O3 content of at least about 80 wt.% of a total weight of the forming composition; a ⁇ 1 ⁇ 2 content of at least about 1.0 wt.% and not greater than about 5.6 wt.% Ti0 2 of the total weigh of the forming composition; and wherein the refractory object comprises a ratio
- ROCA!203 OCS]02 of at least about 1 and not greater than about 8, wherein ROCAJ203 represents a content of AI2O3 in wt.% of the total weight of the refractory object and ROCsi02 represents a content of Si0 2 in wt.% of the total weight of the refractory object.
- Embodiment 66 The refractory object of any one of embodiments 63, 64 and 65, wherein the refractory object further comprises an MOR of at least about 37 MPa as measured at 1200 "C, at least about 38 MPa, at least about 39 MPa, at least about 40 MPa, at least about 41 MPa, at least about 42 MPa, at least about 43 MPa, at least about 44 MPa, at least about 45 MPa, at least about 46 MPa and at least about 47 MPa.
- MOR MOR of at least about 37 MPa as measured at 1200 "C, at least about 38 MPa, at least about 39 MPa, at least about 40 MPa, at least about 41 MPa, at least about 42 MPa, at least about 43 MPa, at least about 44 MPa, at least about 45 MPa, at least about 46 MPa and at least about 47 MPa.
- Embodiment 67 The refractory object of any one of embodiments 63, 64 and 65, wherein the refractory object further comprises an MOR of not greater than about 150 MPa, not greater than about 100 MPa, not greater than 80 MPa.
- Embodiment 68 The refractory object of any one of embodiments 63, 64 and 65, wherein the refractory object further comprises a ratio ROMOR/(1000*ROMOE) °f at l east about 0.5, where ROMOR is equal to the MOR of the refractory object as measured in MPa at 1200 °C and RMOE is equal to the MOE of the refractory object in GPa as measured at 1200 °C, at least about 0.6, at least about 0.7, at least about 0.8, at least about 0.9, at least about 1.0, at least at least about 1.1 , at least about 1.2 and at least about 1.3.
- ROMOR is equal to the MOR of the refractory object as measured in MPa at 1200 °C
- RMOE is equal to the MOE of the refractory object in GPa as measured at 1200 °C, at least about 0.6, at least about 0.7, at least about 0.8, at least about 0.9, at least
- Embodiment 69 The refractory object of any one of embodiments 63, 64 and 65, wherein the refractory object further comprises a ratio RO M OR'' ' 0000*ROjvio E )f>f not greater than about 1.5, where RO OR is equal to the MOR of the refractory object as measured in MPa at 1200 °C and ROMOE is equal to the MOE of the refractory object in GPa as measured at 1200 °C, not greater than about 1.45 and not greater than about 1.4.
- RO OR is equal to the MOR of the refractory object as measured in MPa at 1200 °C
- ROMOE is equal to the MOE of the refractory object in GPa as measured at 1200 °C, not greater than about 1.45 and not greater than about 1.4.
- Embodiment 70 The refractory object of any one of embodiments 63, 64 and 65, wherein the refractory object further comprises a ratio ROC A i 2 03 OCsi0 2 of at least about 0.9, wherein ROCAI203 represents a content of AI2O3 in wt.% of the total weight of the refractory object and ROCs;o2 represents a content of S1O2 in wt.% of the total weight of the refractory object, at least about 1.0, at least about 1.1, at least about 1.2, at least about 1.3, at least about 1.4, at least about 1.5, at least about 1.8, at least about 2.0, at least about 2.3, at least about 2,5, at least about 2.8, at least about 3.0, at least about 3.3, at least about 3.5, at least about 3.8, at least about 4.0, at least about 4.5, at least about 4.8 and at least about 5.0.
- ROCAI203 represents a content of AI2O3 in wt.
- Embodiment 71 The refractory object of any one of embodiments 63, 64 and 65, wherein the refractory object further comprises a ratio ROC-Aizos ROCsio?. of not greater than about 6.5, where ROC A I2 03 represents a content of AI2O 3 in wt.% of the total weight of the refractory object and ROCsi 0 2 represents a content of Si(3 ⁇ 4 in wt.% of the total weight of the refractory object, not greater than about 6.2, not greater than about 6.0, not greater than about 5.7, not greater than about 5.5, and not greater than about 5.2.
- ROC A I2 03 represents a content of AI2O 3 in wt.% of the total weight of the refractory object
- ROCsi 0 2 represents a content of Si(3 ⁇ 4 in wt.% of the total weight of the refractory object, not greater than about 6.2, not greater than about 6.0, not greater than about
- Embodiment 72 The refractory object of any one of embodiments 63, 64 and 65, wherein the forming composition further comprises a ratio FCC AI 203 FCCS;O2 of at least about 0.9, wherein FCC A I203 represents a content of AI2O3 in wt.% of the total weight of the forming composition and FCCsi 0 2 represents a content of Sii3 ⁇ 4 in wt.% of the total weight of the forming composition, at least about 1.0, at least about 1.1 , at least about 1.2, at least about 1.3, at least about 1.4, at least about 1.5, at least about 1.8, at least about 2.0, at least about 2.3, at least about 2.5, at least about 2.8, at least about 3.0, at least about 3.3, at least about
- Embodiment 73 The refractory object of any one of embodiments 63, 64 and 65, wherein the forming composition further comprises a ratio FCC A i2 03 FCCsi 0 2 of not greater than about 6.5, where FCC A I2 03 represents a content of AI2O 3 in wt.% of the total weight of the forming composition and FCCsi02 represents a content of Sii3 ⁇ 4 in wt.% of the total weight of the forming composition, not greater than about 6.2, not greater than about 6.0, not greater than about 5.7, not greater than about 5.5, and not greater than about 5.2.
- FCC A i2 03 represents a content of AI2O 3 in wt.% of the total weight of the forming composition
- FCCsi02 represents a content of Sii3 ⁇ 4 in wt.% of the total weight of the forming composition
- Embodiment 74 The refractory object of any one of embodiments 63, 64 and 65, wherein the forming composition further comprises a (3 ⁇ 4(1 ⁇ 4 content of at least about 80 wt.% of the total weight of the forming composition, at least about 83 wt.%, at least about 85 wt.%, at least about 88 wt.%, at least about 90 wt.%, at least about 93 wt.% and at least about 95 wt.%.
- Embodiment 75 The refractory object of any one of embodiments 63, 64 and 65, wherein the forming composition further comprises a (3 ⁇ 4(3 ⁇ 4 content of not greater than about 98 wt.% of the total weight of the forming composition, not greater than about 97.5 wt.%, not greater than about 97 wt.%, not greater than about 96.5 wt.% and not greater than about 96 wt.%.
- Embodiment 76 Embodiment 76.
- the forming composition further comprises an AI2O3 content of at least about 0.7 wt.% of the total weight of the forming composition, at least about 1.0 wt.%, at least about 1.3 wt.%, at least about 1.5 wt.%, at least about 1.8 wt.%, at least about 2.0 wt.%, at least about 2.3 wt.%, at least about 2.5 wt.%, at least about 2.8 wt.%, at least about 3.0 wt.%, at least about 3.3 wt.%, at least about 3.5 wt.%, at least about 3.8 wt.% and at least about 4.0 wt.%.
- Embodiment 77 The refractory object of any one of embodiments 63, 64 and 65, wherein the forming composition further comprises an AI2O3 content of not greater than about 10 wt.% of the total weight of the forming composition, not greater than about 9.7 wt.%, not greater than about 9.5 wt.%, not greater than about 9.2 wt.%, not greater than about 9.0 wt.%, not greater than about 8.7 wt.%, not greater than about 8.5 wt.%, not greater than about 8.2 wt.%, not greater than about 8.0 wt.%, not greater than about 7.7 wt.%, not greater than about 7.5 wt.%, not greater than about 7.2 wt.%, not greater than about 7.0 wt.%, not greater than about 6.7 wt.%, not greater than about 6.5 wt.%, not greater than about 6.2 wt.% and not greater than about 6.0 wt.%.
- Embodiment 78 The refractory object of any one of embodiments 63, 64 and 65, wherein the forming composition further comprises a S1O2 content of at least about 0.3 wt.% of the total weight of the forming composition, at least about 0.5 wt.%, at least about 0.8 wt.%, at least about 1.0 wt.%, at least about 1.3 wt.%, at least about 1.5 wt.%, at least about 1.8 wt.%, at least about 2.0 wt.%, at least about 2.3 wt.% and at least about 2.5 wt.%.
- Embodiment 79 The refractory object of any one of embodiments 63, 64 and 65, wherein the forming composition further comprises a Si0 2 content of not greater than about 5 wt.% of the total weight of the forming composition, not greater than about 4.7 wt.%, not greater than about 4.5 wt.%, not greater than about 4.2 wt.%, not greater than about 4.0 wt.%, not greater than about 3.7 wt.%, not greater than about 3.5 wt.%, not greater than about 3.2 wt.%, not greater man about 3.0 wt.% and not greater than about 2.7 wt.%.
- Embodiment 80 The refractory object of any one of embodiments 63, 64 and 65, wherein the forming composition further comprises a Ti0 2 content of at least about 1.0 wt.% of the total weight of the forming composition, at least about 1.3 wt.%, at least about 1.5 wt.%, at least about 1.8 wt.%, at least about 2.0 wt.%, at least about 2.3 wt.% and at least about 2.5 wt.%.
- Embodiment 81 The refractory object of any one of embodiments 63, 64 and 65, wherein the forming composition further comprises a T1O 2 content of not greater than about 5.6 wt.% of the total weight of the forming composition, not greater than about 5.5 wt.%, not greater than about 5.2 wt.%, not greater than about 5.0 wt.%, not greater than about 4.7 wt.%, not greater than about 4.5 wt.%, not greater than about 4.2 wt.%, not greater than about 3.0 wt.%, not greater than about 3.7 wt.%, not greater than about 3.5 wt.%, not greater than about 3.2 wt.%, not greater than about 3.0 wt.% and not greater than about 2.7 wt.%.
- Embodiment 82 The refractory object of any one of embodiments 63, 64 and 65, wherein the forming composition further comprises a MgO content of at least about 0.1 wt.% of the total weight of the forming composition, at least about 0.2 wt.%, at least about 0.3 wt.%, at least about 0.4 wt.%, at least about 0.5 wt.%, at least about 0.6 wt.% and at least about 0.7 wt.%.
- Embodiment 83 The refractory object of any one of embodiments 63, 64 and 65, wherein the forming composition further comprises a MgO content of not greater than about 1.0 wt.% 1 of the total weight of the forming composition, not greater than about 0.9 wt.% 1 and not greater than about 0.8 wt.%.
- Embodiment 84 The refractory object of any one of embodiments 63, 64 and 65, wherein the forming composition further comprises a Zr0 2 content of at least about 0.1 wt.% of the total weight of the forming composition, at least about 0.3 wt.%, at least about 0.5 wt.%, at least about 0.8 wt.%, at least about 1.0 wt.%, at least about 1.3 wt.%, at least about 1.5 wt.%, at least about 1.8 wt.%, at least about 2.0 wt.%, at least about 2.3 wt.%, at least about 2.5 wt.%, at least about 2.8 wt.%, at least about 3.0 wt.%, at least about 3.3 wt.%, at least about 3.5 wt.%, at least about 3.8 wt.%, at least about 4.0 wt.%, at least about 4.3 wt.%, at least about 4.5 wt.
- Embodiment 85 The refractory object of any one of embodiments 63, 64 and 65, wherein the forming composition further comprises a ZrO? content of not greater than about 10 wt.% of the total weight of the forming composition, not greater than about 9.7 wt.%, not greater than about 9.5 wt.%, not greater than about 9.2 wt.%, not greater than about 9.0 wt.%, not greater than about 8.7 wt.%, not greater than about 8.5 wt.%, not greater than about 8.2 wt.%, not greater than about 8.0 wt.%, not greater than about 7.7 wt.%, not greater than about 7.5 wt.%, not greater than about 7.2 wt.%, not greater than about 7.0 wt.%, not greater than about 6.7 wt.%, not greater than about 6.5 wt.%, not greater than about 6.0 wt.%, not greater than about 5.7 wt.%, not greater
- Embodiment 86 The refractory object of any one of embodiments 63, 64 and 65, wherein the forming composition further comprises a grog content of at least about 1.0 wt.% of the total weight of the forming composition, at least about 5 wt.%, at least about 10 wt.%, at least about 15 wt.%, at least about 20 wt.%, at least about 25 wt.% and at least about 30 wt.%.
- Embodiment 87 The refractory object of any one of embodiments 63, 64 and 65, wherein the forming composition further comprises a grog content of not greater than about 60 wt.% of the total weight of the forming composition, not greater than about 55 wt.%, not greater than about 50 wt.%, not greater than about 45 wt.%, not greater than about 40 wt.%, not greater than about 35 wt.% 1 and not greater than about 30 wt.%.
- Embodiment 88 The refractory object of any one of embodiments 63, 64 and 65, wherein the forming composition further comprises a ratio ROCzro 2 /ROC A i203 of at least about 0.1, where ROCzio ? , represents a content of Zr0 2 in wt.% 1 of the total weight of the forming composition and ROC A I203 represents a content of AI2O3 in wt.% of the total weight of the forming composition, at least about 0.5, at least about 1.0, at least about 1.5 and at least about 2.0.
- Embodiment 89 The refractory object of any one of embodiments 63, 64 and 65, wherein the forming composition further comprises a ratio OCz r02 ' ROC A i 203 of not greater than about 5, where ROCz r02 represents a content of Zr0 2 in wt.% 1 of the total weight of the forming composition and ROC A I203 represents a content of AI2O 3 in wt.% of the total weight of the forming composition, not greater than about 4.5, not greater than about 4.0, not greater than about 3.5, not greater than about 3.0 and not greater than about 2.5.
- Embodiment 90 The refractory object of any one of embodiments 63, 64 and 65, wherein the refractory object further comprises a ratio ROCZ I O 2 ROC A I203 of at least about 0.1 , where ROC ioa represents a content of Zr(3 ⁇ 4 in wt.% of the total weight of the refractory object and ROC A i203 represents a content of AI2O 3 in wt.% of the total weight of the refractory object, at least about 0.5, at least about 1.0, at least about 1.5 and at least about 2.0.
- Embodiment 91 The refractory object of any one of embodiments 63, 64 and 65, wherein the refractory object further comprises a ratio ROCZ I O 2 ROC A I203 of not greater than about 5, where ROCzi 02 represents a content of Zr0 2 in wt.% of the total weight of the refractory object and ROCAJ203 represents a content of AI2O3 in wt.% of the total weight of the refractory object, not greater than about 4.5, not greater than about 4.0, not greater than about 3.5, not greater than about 3.0 and not greater than about 2.5.
- ROCzi 02 represents a content of Zr0 2 in wt.% of the total weight of the refractory object
- ROCAJ203 represents a content of AI2O3 in wt.% of the total weight of the refractory object, not greater than about 4.5, not greater than about 4.0, not greater than about 3.5, not greater than about 3.0 and not greater than about 2.5.
- Embodiment 92 The refractory object of any one of embodiments 63, 64 and 65, wherein the refractory object further comprises a porosity of at least about 0.07 vol.% of the total volume of the refractory object, at least about 0.1 vol.%, at least about 0.3 vol.%, at least about 0.5 vol.%, at least about 0.8 vol.%, at least about 1.0 vol.%, at least about 1.3 vol.%, at least about 1.5 vol.%, at least about 1.8 vol.%, at least about 2.0 vol.%, at least about 2.3 vol.%, at least about 2.5 vol.%, at least about 2.8 vol.%, at least about 3.0 vol.%, at least about 4.0 vol.%, at least about 5.0 vol.%, at least about 6.0 vol.%, at least about 7.0 vol.%, at least about 8.0 vol.%, at least about 9.0 vol.% and at least about 10.0 vol.%.
- Embodiment 93 The refractory object of any one of embodiments 63, 64 and 65, wherein the refractory object further comprises a porosity of not greater than about 18 vol.% of the total volume of the refractory object, not greater than about 17 vol.%, not greater than about 16 vol.%, not greater than about 15 vol.%, not greater than about 14 vol.%, not greater than about 13 vol.%, not greater than about 12 vol.% and not greater than about 1 vol.%.
- Embodiment 94 The refractory object of any one of embodiments 63, 64 and 65, wherein the refractory object further comprises a density of at least about 4.1 g/cm', at least about 4.2 g/c 3 , at least about 4.3 g/cm 3 , at least about 4.4 g/cm 3 and at least about 4.5 g/cm 3 .
- Embodiment 95 The refractory object of any one of embodiments 63, 64 and 65, wherein the refractory object further comprises a density of not greater than about4.8 g/cm3, not greater than about 4.7 g/cm3 and not greater than about 4.6 g/cm 3 .
- Embodiment 96 The refractory object of any one of embodiments 63, 64 and 65, wherein the refractory object former comprises a MOE of at least about 40 GPa as measured in at 1200 °C, at least about 45 GPa, at least about 50 GPa, at least about 55 GPa, at least about 60 GPa, at least about 65 GPa, at least about 70 GPa, at least about 75 GPa, at least about 80 GPa, at least about 85 GPa and at least about 90 GPa.
- MOE MOE of at least about 40 GPa as measured in at 1200 °C, at least about 45 GPa, at least about 50 GPa, at least about 55 GPa, at least about 60 GPa, at least about 65 GPa, at least about 70 GPa, at least about 75 GPa, at least about 80 GPa, at least about 85 GPa and at least about 90 GPa.
- Embodiment 97 The refractory object of any one of embodiments 63, 64 and 65, wherein the refractory object further comprises a MOE of not greater than about 120 GPa as measured at 1200 °C, not greater man about 115 GPa, not greater than about 110 GPa, not greater man about 105 GPa, not greater than about 100 GPa and not greater than about 95 GPa.
- Embodiment 98 A method of forming a refractory object comprising: providing a forming composition comprising: a Q2O3 content of at least about 80 wt.% of a total weight of the forming composition; an Al 2 (3 ⁇ 4 content of at least about 0.7 wt.% and not greater than about 10.0 wt.% of the total weight of the forming composition; a Si0 2 content of at least about 0.3 wt.% and not greater than about 5.0 wt.% of the total weight of the forming composition; a Ti0 2 content of at least about 1.0 wt.% and not greater than about 5.6 wt.% TiO?
- a method of forming a refractory object comprising: providing a forming composition comprising: a Cr 2 0 3 content of at least about 80 wt.% of a total weight of the forming composition; an Al 2 (3 ⁇ 4 content of at least about 0.7 wt.% and not greater than about 10.0 wt.% of the total weight of the forming composition: a Si0 2 content of at least about 0.3 wt.% and not greater than about 5.0 wt.% of the total weight of the forming composition; a Ti0 2 content of at least about 1.0 wt.% and not greater than about 5.6 wt.% TiO?
- the forming composition into a refractory object having wherein the refractory object further comprises a MOE of not greater than about 120 GPa as measured at 1200 °C, not greater than about 115 GPa, not greater than about 110 GPa, not greater than about 105 GPa, not greater than about 100 GPa and not greater than about 95 GPa.
- Embodiment 100 A method of forming a refractory object comprising: providing a forming composition comprising: a Cr 2 0 3 content of at least about 80 wt.% of a total weight of the forming composition; a TiOa content of at least about 1.0 wt.% and not greater than about 5.6 wt.% Ti0 2 of a total weigh of the forming composition; and forming the forming composition into a refractory object comprising a ratio ROCAKOS/ROCS S CE of at least about 1 and not greater than about 8, wherein ROC A J 2 O 3 represents a content of A1 0 3 in wt.% of the total weight of the refractory object and ROCsio 2 represents a content of Si0 2 in wt.% of the total weight of the refractory object.
- Embodiment 101 The method of any one of embodiments 98, 99 and 100, wherein the refractory object further comprises an MOR of at least about 37 MPa as measured at 1200 °C, at least about 38 MPa, at least about 39 MPa, at least about 40 MPa, at least about 41 MPa, at least about 42 MPa, at least about 43 MPa, at least about 44 MPa, at least about 45 MPa, at least about 46 MPa and at least about 47 MPa.
- MOR MOR of at least about 37 MPa as measured at 1200 °C, at least about 38 MPa, at least about 39 MPa, at least about 40 MPa, at least about 41 MPa, at least about 42 MPa, at least about 43 MPa, at least about 44 MPa, at least about 45 MPa, at least about 46 MPa and at least about 47 MPa.
- Embodiment 102 The method of any one of embodiments 98, 99 and 100, wherein the refractory object further comprises an MOR of not greater than about 150 MPa, not greater than about 100 MPa, not greater than 80 MPa.
- Embodiment 103 The method of any one of embodiments 98, 99 and 100, wherein the refractory object further comprises a ratio ROMOR/(1000*ROMOE) of at least about 0.5, where ROMOR is equal to the MOR of the refractory object as measured in MPa at 1200 "C and RMOE s equal to the MOE of the refractory object in GPa as measured at 1200 °C, at least about 0.6, at least about 0.7, at least about 0.8, at least about 0.9, at least about 1.0, at least at least about 1.1, at least about 1.2 and at least about 1.3.
- Embodiment 104 Embodiment 104.
- ROMOR is equal to the MOR of the refractory object as measured in MPa at 1200 °C and ROMOE is equal to the MOE of the refractory object in GPa as measured at 1200 °C, not greater than about 1.45 and not greater than about 1.4.
- Embodiment 1.05. The method of any one of embodiments 98, 99 and 100, wherein the refractory object further comprises a ratio ROCAJ203/ OCS J 02 of at least about 0.9, wherein ROCAI 2 G3 represents a content of ⁇ 1 2 0 3 in wt.% of the total weight of the refractory object and ROCSKM represents a content of Si0 2 in wt. % of the total weight of the refractory object, at least about 1.0, at least about 1.1 , at least about 1.2, at least about 1.3, at least about
- Embodiment 106 The method of any one of embodiments 98, 99 and 100, wherein the refractory object further comprises a ratio ROC A
- Embodiment 107 The method of any one of embodiments 98, 99 and 100, wherein the forming composition further comprises a ratio FCC .
- Embodiment 108 The method of any one of embodiments 98, 99 and 100, wherein the forming composition further comprises a ratio FCC A '. 2 O3/FCCS;O2 of not greater than about 6.5, where FCCAECC represents a content of A1 2 0 3 in. wt.% of the total weight of the forming composition and FCCsi 02 represents a content of Si0 2 in wt.% of the total weight of the forming composition, not greater than about 6.2, not greater than about 6.0, not greater than about 5.7, not greater than about 5.5, and. not greater than about 5.2.
- Embodiment 109 Embodiment 109.
- the forming composition further comprises a Cr 2 (3 ⁇ 4 content of at least about 80 wt.% of the total weight of the forming composition, at least about 83 wt.%, at least about 85 wt.%, at least about 88 wt.%, at least about 90 wt. %, at least about 93 wt.% and at least about 95 wt.%.
- Embodiment 110 The method of any one of embodiments 98, 99 and 100, wherein the forming composition further comprises a (3 ⁇ 4(1 ⁇ 2 content of not greater than about 98 wt.% of the total weight of the forming composition, not greater than about 97.5 wt.%, not greater than about 97 wt.%, not greater than about 96.5 wt.% and not greater than about 96 wt.%.
- Embodiment 111 The method of any one of embodiments 98, 99 and 100, wherein the forming composition further comprises an AI2O 3 content of at least about 0.7 wt.% of the total weight of the forming composition, at least about 1.0 wt.%, at least about 1.3 wt. %, at least about 1.5 wt.%, at least about 1.8 wt.%, at least about 2.0 wt.%, at least about 2.3 wt.%, at least about 2.5 wt.%, at least about 2.8 wt. %, at least about 3.0 wt.%, at least about 3.3 wt.%, at least about 3.5 wt.%, at least about 3.8 wt.% and at least about 4.0 wt.%.
- an AI2O 3 content of at least about 0.7 wt.% of the total weight of the forming composition, at least about 1.0 wt.%, at least about 1.3 wt. %, at least about 1.5
- Embodiment 112 The method of any one of embodimen s 98, 99 and 100, wherein the forming composition further comprises an AI2O 3 content of not greater than about 10 wt.% of the total weight of the forming composition, not greater than about 9.7 wt.%, not greater than about 9.5 wt.%, not greater than about 9.2 wt.%, not greater than about 9.0 wt.%, not greater than about 8.7 wt.%, not greater than about 8.5 wt.%, not greater than about 8.2 wt.%, not greater than about 8.0 wt.%, not greater than about 7.7 wt.%, not greater than about 7.5 wt.%, not greater than about 7.2 wt.%, not greater than about 7.0 wt.%, not greater than about 6.7 wt.%, not greater than about 6.5 wt.%, not greater than about 6.2 wt. % and not greater man about 6.0 wt.%.
- Embodiment 11 3. The method of any one of embodiments 98, 99 and 100, wherein the forming composition further comprises a Si0 2 content of at least about 0.3 wt.% of the total weight of the forming composition, at least about 0.5 wt.%, at least about 0.8 wt. %, at least about 1.0 wt.%, at least about 1.3 wt.%, at least about 1.5 wt.%, at least about 1.8 wt.%, at least about 2.0 wt.%, at least about 2.3 wt. % and at least about 2.5 wt.%.
- a Si0 2 content of at least about 0.3 wt.% of the total weight of the forming composition, at least about 0.5 wt.%, at least about 0.8 wt. %, at least about 1.0 wt.%, at least about 1.3 wt.%, at least about 1.5 wt.%, at least about 1.8 wt.%, at least about 2.0
- Embodiment 114 The method of any one of embodiments 98, 99 and 100, wherein the forming composition further comprises a Si0 2 content of not greater than about 5 wt. % of the total weight of the forming composition, not greater than about 4.7 wt.%, not greater than about 4.5 wt.%, not greater than about 4.2 wt.%, not greater than about 4.0 wt. %, not greater than about 3.7 wt.%, not greater than about 3.5 wt.%, not greater than about 3.2 wt.%, not greater than about 3.0 wt.% and not greater than about 2.7 wt.%.
- Embodiment 115 The method of any one of embodiments 98, 99 and 100, wherein the forming composition further comprises a TiO? content of at least about 1.0 wt.% of the total weight of the forming composition, at least about 1.3 wt.%, at least about 1.5 wt.%, at least about 1.8 wt.%, at least about 2.0 wt.%, at least about 2.3 wt.% and at least about 2.5 wt.%.
- Embodiment 116 The method of any one of embodiments 98, 99 and 100, wherein the forming composition further comprises a Ti(3 ⁇ 4 content of not greater than about 5.6 wt.% of the total weight of the forming composition, not greater than about 5.5 wt.%, not greater than about 5.2 wt.%, not greater than about 5.0 wt.%, not greater than about 4.7 wt.%, not greater than about 4.5 wt.%, not greater than about 4.2 wt.%, not greater than about 3.0 wt.%, not greater than about 3.7 wt.%, not greater than about 3.5 wt.%, not greater than about 3.2 wt.%, not greater man about 3.0 wt.% and not greater than about 2.7 wt.%.1
- Embodiment 117 The method of any one of embodiments 98, 99 and 100, wherein the forming composition further comprises a MgO content of at least about 0.1 wt.% of the total weight of the forming composition, at least about 0.2 wt.%, at least about 0.3 wt.%, at least about 0.4 wt.%, at least about 0.5 wt.%, at least about 0.6 wt.% and at least about 0.7 wt.%.
- Embodiment 118 The method of any one of embodiments 98, 99 and 100, wherein the forming composition further comprises a MgO content of not greater than about 1.0 wt.% of the total weight of the forming composition, not greater than about 0.9 wt.% and not greater man about 0.8 wt.%.
- Embodiment 119 The method of any one of embodiments 98, 99 and 100, wherein the forming composition further comprises a Zr(3 ⁇ 4 content of at least about 0.1 wt.% of the total weight of the forming composition, at least about 0.3 wt.%, at least about 0.5 wt.%, at least about 0.8 wt.%, at least about 1.0 wt.%, at least about 1.3 wt.%, at least about 1.5 wt.%, at least about 1.8 wt.%, at least about 2.0 wt.%, at least about 2.3 wt.%, at least about 2.5 wt.%, at least about 2.8 wt.%, at least about 3.0 wt.%, at least about 3.3 wt.%, at least about 3.5 wt.%, at least about 3.8 wt.%, at least about 4.0 wt.%, at least about 4.3 wt.%, at least about 4.5 wt.%,
- Embodiment 1.20 The method of any one of embodiments 98, 99 and 100, wherein the forming composition further comprises a Zr(1 ⁇ 4 content of not greater than about 10 wt.% of the total weight of the forming composition, not greater than about 9.7 wt.%, not greater than about 9.5 wt.%, not greater than about 9.2 wt.%, not greater than about 9.0 wt.%, not greater than about 8.7 wt.%, not greater than about 8.5 wt.%, not greater than about 8.2 wt.%, not greater than about 8.0 wt.%, not greater than about 7.7 wt.%, not greater than about 7.5 wt.%, not greater than about 7.2 wt.%, not greater than about 7.0 wt.%, not greater than about 6.7 wt.%, not greater than about 6.5 wt.%, not greater than about 6.0 wt.%, not greater than about 5.7 wt.%, not greater than
- Embodiment 121 The method of any one of embodiments 98, 99 and 100, wherein the forming composition further comprises a grog content of at least about 1.0 wt.% of the total weight of the forming composition, at least about 5 wt.%, at least about 10 wt.%, at least about 15 wt.%, at least about 20 wt.%, at least about 25 wt.% and at least about 30 wt.%.
- Embodiment 122 The method of any one of embodiments 98, 99 and 100, wherein the forming composition further comprises a grog content of not greater than about 60 wt.% of the total weight of the forming composition, not greater than about 55 wt.%, not greater than about 50 wt.%, not greater than about 45 wt.%, not greater than about 40 wt.%, not greater than about 35 wt.% and not greater than about 30 wt.%.
- Embodiment 123 The method of any one of embodimen s 98, 99 and 100, wherein the forming composition further comprises a ratio ROCZ,O2 ROCAI203 of at least about 0.1, where ROCz r02 represents a content of Zr(3 ⁇ 4 n wt.% of the total weight of the forming composition and ROCAEOS represents a content of Al 2 (1 ⁇ 2 in wt. % of the total weight of the forming composition, at least about 0.5, at least about 1.0, at least about 1.5 and at least about 2.0.
- ROCZ,O2 ROCAI203 of at least about 0.1
- ROCz r02 represents a content of Zr(3 ⁇ 4 n wt.% of the total weight of the forming composition
- ROCAEOS represents a content of Al 2 (1 ⁇ 2 in wt. % of the total weight of the forming composition, at least about 0.5, at least about 1.0, at least about 1.5 and at least about 2.0.
- Embodiment 124 The method of any one of embodiments 98, 99 and 100, wherein the forming composition further comprises a ratio ROCZ X 02/ QCAI203 °f at l east about 0.1, where ROCz r02 represents a content of ZrO? in wt.% of the total weight of the forming composition and ROCAI2G3 represents a content of AI2O3 in wt.% of the total weight of the forming composition, at least about 0.5, at least about 1.0, at least about 1.5 and at least about 2.0.
- Embodiment 125 The method of any one of embodiments 98, 99 and 100, wherein the refractory object further comprises a ratio ROC ⁇ 2/ROCAI203 of at least about 0.1 , where ROCzr02 represents a content of Zr0 2 in wt.% of the total weight of the refractory object and ROCAI203 represents a content of AI2O3 in wt.% of the total weight of the refractory object, at least about 0.5, at least about 1.0, at least about 1.5 and at least about 2.0.
- Embodiment 126 The method of any one of embodiments 98, 99 and 100, wherein the refractory object further comprises a ratio ROCZ I -O 2 /ROCAI203 of not greater than about 5, where ROCzr 0 2 represents a content of Zr0 2 in wt.% of the total weight of the refractory object and ROC A i203 represents a content of ALO 3 in wt.% of the total weight of the refractory object, not greater than about 4.5, not greater than about 4.0, not greater than about 3.5, not greater than about 3.0 and not greater than about 2.5.
- ROCZ I -O 2 /ROCAI203 of not greater than about 5
- ROCzr 0 2 represents a content of Zr0 2 in wt.% of the total weight of the refractory object
- ROC A i203 represents a content of ALO 3 in wt.% of the total weight of the refractory object, not greater than about 4.5, not greater than
- Embodiment 127 The method of any one of embodiments 98, 99 and 100, wherein the refractory object further comprises a porosity of at least about 0.07 vol.% of the total volume of the refractory object, at least about 0.1 vol.%, at least about 0.3 vol.%, at least about 0.5 vol.%, at least about 0.8 vol.%, at least about 1.0 vol.%, at least about 1.3 vol.%, at least about 1.5 vol.%, at least about 1.8 vol.%, at least about 2.0 vol.%, at least about 2.3 vol.%, at least about 2.5 vol.%, at least about 2.8 vol.%, at least about 3.0 vol.%, at least about 4.0 vol.%, at least about 5.0 vol.%, at least about 6.0 vol.%, at least about 7.0 vol.%, at least about 8.0 vol.%, at least about 9.0 vol.% and at least about 10.0 vol.%.
- Embodiment 128 The method of any one of embodiments 98, 99 and 100, wherein the refractory object further comprises a porosity of not greater than about 18 vol.% of the total volume of the refractory object, not greater than about 17 vol.%, not greater than about 16 vol.%, not greater than about 15 vol.%, not greater than about 14 vol.%, not greater than about 13 vol.%, not greater than about 12 vol.% and not greater than about 11 vol.%.
- Embodiment 129 The method of any one of embodime ts 98, 99 and 100, wherein the refractory object further comprises a density of at least about 4.1 g/cm J , at least about 4.2 g/cm 3 , at least about 4.3 g/cm 3 , at least about 4.4 g/cnr' and at least about 4.5 g/cnr*.
- Embodiment 130 The method of any one of embodiments 98, 99 and 100, wherein the refractory object further comprises a density of not greater than about4.8 g/cm3, not greater than about 4.7 g/cm3 and not greater than about 4.6 g/cm 3 .
- Embodiment 131 The method of any one of embodiments 98, 99 and 100, wherein the refractory object further comprises a MOE of at least about 40 GPa as measured in at
- Embodiment 132 The method of any one of embodimen s 98, 99 and 100, wherein the refractory object further comprises a MOE of not greater than about 120 GPa as measured at 1200 °C, not greater than about 115 GPa, not greater than about 110 GPa, not greater than about 105 GPa, not greater than about 100 GPa and not greater than about 95 GPa.
- Table 1 summarizes the composition of the formed refractory material samples S1 -S9 and the measured physical characteristics of the samples, including density, porosity and MOR.
- Refractory material sampies S1-S9 were formed from unprocessed raw materials that included chromium oxide and other components.
- Forming compositions were prepared according to embodiments described herein and formed according to embodiments described herein into refractory material samples S10-S13.
- Table 2 summarizes the composition of the formed refractory material samples S10- S12 and the measured physical characteristics of the samples, including density, porosity and MOR. TABLE 2 - Cr 2 0 3 REFRACTORY COMPOSITIONS WITH MgO
- Refractory material samples S10-S12 were formed from unprocessed raw materials that included chromium oxide and other components.
- Forming compositions were prepared according to embodiments described herein and formed according to embodiments described herein into refractory material samples S13-S15.
- Table 3 summarizes the composition of the formed refractory material samples SI 3- S15 and the measured physical characteristics of the samples, including density, porosity and MOR.
- Refractory material samples S13-S15 were formed from unprocessed raw materials that included chromium oxide and other components.
- Forming compositions were prepared according to embodiments described herein and formed according to embodiments described herein into refractory material samples S16 and S17.
- Table 4 summarizes the composition of the formed refractory material samples S I 6- SI 8 and the measured physical characteristics of the samples, including density, porosity and MOR. TABLE 4 - Cr 2 0 3 REFRACTORY COMPOSITIONS WITH GROG
- Refractory material samples S16 and S17 were formed from unprocessed raw materials that included chromium oxide and other components.
- Comparative forming compositions were prepared and formed into comparative refractory material samples CS1-CS12.
- Table 5 summarizes the composition of the formed comparative refractory material samples CS1-CS12 and the measured physical characteristics of the samples, including density, porosity and MOR.
- Comparative refractory material samples CS1-CS 12 were formed from unprocessed 5 raw materials that included chromium oxide and other components.
- the terms “comprises”, “comprising”, “includes”, “including”, “has”, “having” or any other variation thereof, are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion.
- a process, method, article, or apparatus that comprises a list of features is not necessarily limited only to those features but may include other features not expressly listed or inherent to such process, method, article, or apparatus.
- “or” refers to an inclusive-or and not to an exclusive-or. For example, a condition A or B is satisfied by any one of the following: A is true (or present) and B is false (or not present), A is false (or not present) and B is true (or present), and both A and B are true (or present).
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PCT/US2017/016125 WO2017136496A1 (fr) | 2016-02-05 | 2017-02-02 | Objet réfractaire en oxyde de chrome et procédés de formation de ce dernier |
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SU442175A1 (ru) * | 1972-09-15 | 1974-09-05 | Украинский научно-исследовательский институт огнеупоров | Шихта дл изготовлени огнеупорных изделий |
SU724479A1 (ru) * | 1977-06-06 | 1980-03-30 | Всесоюзный государственный институт научно-исследовательских и проектных работ огнеупорной промышленности | Огнеупорна масса |
US4490474A (en) | 1983-06-13 | 1984-12-25 | Kennecott Corporation | Fused cast high chrome refractory and method for manufacturing same |
US4724224A (en) | 1986-08-01 | 1988-02-09 | A.P. Green Refractories Co. | High density chronic oxide refractory block |
US5106795A (en) * | 1989-05-26 | 1992-04-21 | Corhart Refractories Corporation | Chromic oxide refractories with improved thermal shock resistance |
JP2003238251A (ja) | 2002-02-15 | 2003-08-27 | Mitsubishi Heavy Ind Ltd | 金属クロム炭化物を骨材とする耐火物およびそれを使用したプラズマ灰溶融炉 |
CN1289241C (zh) * | 2003-01-07 | 2006-12-13 | 武汉科技大学 | 一种Al2O3-MgO-ZrO2质钢包透气塞的制备方法 |
FR2883282B1 (fr) * | 2005-03-15 | 2007-05-25 | Saint Gobain Ct Recherches | Revetement interne de reacteur de gazeificateur |
US7928029B2 (en) | 2007-02-20 | 2011-04-19 | Corning Incorporated | Refractory ceramic composite and method of making |
RU2348593C2 (ru) * | 2007-03-22 | 2009-03-10 | Закрытое акционерное общество Научно-технический центр "Бакор" | Способ изготовления огнеупорных изделий из оксида хрома |
US7704905B2 (en) | 2007-05-07 | 2010-04-27 | Corning Incorporated | Reduced strain refractory ceramic composite and method of making |
FR2918659B1 (fr) * | 2007-07-11 | 2011-11-11 | Saint Gobain Ct Recherches | Produit fritte a base d'alumine et d'oxyde de chrome. |
US7754633B2 (en) | 2008-07-22 | 2010-07-13 | Harbison-Walker Reeractories Company | Chromia-alumina refractory |
FR2944522B1 (fr) * | 2009-04-15 | 2011-09-30 | Saint Gobain Ct Recherches | Produit fritte a base d'oxyde de chrome. |
FR2963786B1 (fr) * | 2010-08-10 | 2015-05-15 | Saint Gobain Ct Recherches | Produit refractaire a base d'oxyde de chrome. |
BR112013002435A2 (pt) * | 2010-08-10 | 2016-05-24 | Saint Gobain Ct Recherches | pó de partículas, mistura particulada, produto sinterizado e dispositivo selecionado a partir de um reator, em particular um reator gaseificador, uma fornalha de vidro, um regenerador e um canal de distribuição de vidro. |
FR2971504A1 (fr) * | 2011-02-15 | 2012-08-17 | Saint Gobain Ct Recherches | Produit d'oxyde de chrome dope |
FR2974081B1 (fr) * | 2011-04-15 | 2016-02-26 | Saint Gobain Ct Recherches | Produit d'oxydes de chrome, de zirconium et d'hafnium |
FR2996843B1 (fr) * | 2012-10-15 | 2020-01-03 | Saint-Gobain Centre De Recherches Et D'etudes Europeen | Produit d'oxyde de chrome. |
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WO2017136496A1 (fr) | 2017-08-10 |
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