EP3359338A1 - Verfahren zum bearbeiten einer oberfläche eines bauteils - Google Patents
Verfahren zum bearbeiten einer oberfläche eines bauteilsInfo
- Publication number
- EP3359338A1 EP3359338A1 EP16729771.2A EP16729771A EP3359338A1 EP 3359338 A1 EP3359338 A1 EP 3359338A1 EP 16729771 A EP16729771 A EP 16729771A EP 3359338 A1 EP3359338 A1 EP 3359338A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- component
- blasting
- blasting material
- interior
- negative pressure
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B24—GRINDING; POLISHING
- B24C—ABRASIVE OR RELATED BLASTING WITH PARTICULATE MATERIAL
- B24C1/00—Methods for use of abrasive blasting for producing particular effects; Use of auxiliary equipment in connection with such methods
- B24C1/04—Methods for use of abrasive blasting for producing particular effects; Use of auxiliary equipment in connection with such methods for treating only selected parts of a surface, e.g. for carving stone or glass
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B24—GRINDING; POLISHING
- B24C—ABRASIVE OR RELATED BLASTING WITH PARTICULATE MATERIAL
- B24C1/00—Methods for use of abrasive blasting for producing particular effects; Use of auxiliary equipment in connection with such methods
- B24C1/06—Methods for use of abrasive blasting for producing particular effects; Use of auxiliary equipment in connection with such methods for producing matt surfaces, e.g. on plastic materials, on glass
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B24—GRINDING; POLISHING
- B24C—ABRASIVE OR RELATED BLASTING WITH PARTICULATE MATERIAL
- B24C1/00—Methods for use of abrasive blasting for producing particular effects; Use of auxiliary equipment in connection with such methods
- B24C1/08—Methods for use of abrasive blasting for producing particular effects; Use of auxiliary equipment in connection with such methods for polishing surfaces, e.g. smoothing a surface by making use of liquid-borne abrasives
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B24—GRINDING; POLISHING
- B24C—ABRASIVE OR RELATED BLASTING WITH PARTICULATE MATERIAL
- B24C3/00—Abrasive blasting machines or devices; Plants
- B24C3/02—Abrasive blasting machines or devices; Plants characterised by the arrangement of the component assemblies with respect to each other
- B24C3/06—Abrasive blasting machines or devices; Plants characterised by the arrangement of the component assemblies with respect to each other movable; portable
- B24C3/065—Abrasive blasting machines or devices; Plants characterised by the arrangement of the component assemblies with respect to each other movable; portable with suction means for the abrasive and the waste material
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B24—GRINDING; POLISHING
- B24C—ABRASIVE OR RELATED BLASTING WITH PARTICULATE MATERIAL
- B24C7/00—Equipment for feeding abrasive material; Controlling the flowability, constitution, or other physical characteristics of abrasive blasts
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B24—GRINDING; POLISHING
- B24C—ABRASIVE OR RELATED BLASTING WITH PARTICULATE MATERIAL
- B24C7/00—Equipment for feeding abrasive material; Controlling the flowability, constitution, or other physical characteristics of abrasive blasts
- B24C7/0046—Equipment for feeding abrasive material; Controlling the flowability, constitution, or other physical characteristics of abrasive blasts the abrasive material being fed in a gaseous carrier
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B24—GRINDING; POLISHING
- B24C—ABRASIVE OR RELATED BLASTING WITH PARTICULATE MATERIAL
- B24C9/00—Appurtenances of abrasive blasting machines or devices, e.g. working chambers, arrangements for handling used abrasive material
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B24—GRINDING; POLISHING
- B24C—ABRASIVE OR RELATED BLASTING WITH PARTICULATE MATERIAL
- B24C9/00—Appurtenances of abrasive blasting machines or devices, e.g. working chambers, arrangements for handling used abrasive material
- B24C9/003—Removing abrasive powder out of the blasting machine
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B44—DECORATIVE ARTS
- B44C—PRODUCING DECORATIVE EFFECTS; MOSAICS; TARSIA WORK; PAPERHANGING
- B44C1/00—Processes, not specifically provided for elsewhere, for producing decorative surface effects
- B44C1/22—Removing surface-material, e.g. by engraving, by etching
- B44C1/221—Removing surface-material, e.g. by engraving, by etching using streams of abrasive particles
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B24—GRINDING; POLISHING
- B24C—ABRASIVE OR RELATED BLASTING WITH PARTICULATE MATERIAL
- B24C7/00—Equipment for feeding abrasive material; Controlling the flowability, constitution, or other physical characteristics of abrasive blasts
- B24C7/0007—Equipment for feeding abrasive material; Controlling the flowability, constitution, or other physical characteristics of abrasive blasts the abrasive material being fed in a liquid carrier
- B24C7/003—Equipment for feeding abrasive material; Controlling the flowability, constitution, or other physical characteristics of abrasive blasts the abrasive material being fed in a liquid carrier with means for preventing clogging of the equipment
Definitions
- the invention relates to a method for processing at least part of a surface of a component for a vehicle.
- a surface appearance can be selected. There are so-called clearcoats whose surface appears shiny. On the other hand, there are matte clearcoats or matt coatings that appear dull.
- a painting of a metallic body of a vehicle consists of several layers, eg. B. from a cathodic dip coating, a filler, a basecoat and a clearcoat.
- a painting of plastic body components or plastic interior components also consists of several layers, eg. B. from a so-called primer or a filler, a basecoat and a clearcoat.
- the resist layers visible to the customer are the base coat defining the color and effect (eg metallic or pearl effect) and the overlying clear coat sealing the lower layers and outer ones
- the clear coat layer is microscopically smooth or polished, forming a reflective surface that reflects incident light. If the surface appears to be dull, a matte clear coat (ie matte lacquer) is used.
- the clearcoat is admixed with a matting agent, whereby the surface is microscopically rough and the incident light is diffused, so that the light is reflected in almost every spatial direction.
- a matt finish can be applied locally or, if desired by the customer, to the entire
- CONFIRMATION COPY Body are applied.
- Such a matt finish is an optically high-quality coating, which can cause considerable costs.
- An alternative to painting with a matt paint containing a matting agent to obtain a matte finish is films that are adhered completely or partially to the vehicle.
- a gluing with foils has a lower technical and optical quality than a paint job.
- films can also be used for local matting of surfaces.
- these do not achieve the visual, haptic and technical quality as a paint job.
- films can peel off, which can form edges where dirt can deposit.
- the surface could be manually masked, sanded and
- Impurities such as dust inclusions, wetting disorders, craters,
- Blasting medium which is defined by its grain size and hardness, influenced, wherein the surface of the object is roughened. From document JP 4/147986 A an enamelled surface for a component is known which appears like natural stone.
- Patent claim 1 presented. Embodiments of the method are evident from the dependent claims and the description.
- the inventive method for processing at least a part of a surface of a component is provided for a vehicle, wherein the surface is coated with a layer of clearcoat having a given first layer thickness.
- the component is arranged in an interior of a blasting chamber, wherein an opening of at least one conveying device for a blasting material or blasting medium opens into the interior space.
- the interior of the blasting chamber and the component disposed therein are completely under negative pressure, blasting in a generated by the negative pressure carrier air flow through the Opening of the at least one conveyor fed to the interior, for example, is metered.
- the final velocity is set as a function of a type and shape of the surface to be processed, a type of blasting material, a loading level of the carrier air stream with blasting material, a value of the reduced pressure in the carrier air stream, a blasting time and / or a blasting temperature.
- At least 1% and at most 50% of the given first layer thickness of the clearcoat layer is removed from the surface of the component, whereby the surface of the component to be processed is matted and a reduced second layer thickness of the layer of clearcoat is formed.
- a reworking of the remaining layer of clearcoat with the reduced second layer thickness possible, whereby a protective effect of the layer of clearcoat is maintained.
- the negative pressure is set to a maximum value of 950 mbar, for example to a value of approximately 200 mbar.
- a volume flow of the blasting material is set to approximately 1 kg / h to 100 kg / h, for example to approximately 20 kg / h.
- free-flowing particles for example a granulate and / or a powder, are used to remove part of the layer of clearcoat material.
- the particles have a size of at least 15 ⁇ m to a maximum of 250 ⁇ m or 2500 ⁇ m, for example 150 pm, the particles being made, for example, of sand, plastic,
- the surface of the component is up to the at least one
- a template machined part covered by a template, using as a mask a cover sheet of plastic or a metal plate is used.
- the proposed method according to the invention is, for example, with a device for processing at least part of a surface of a component for to perform a vehicle, wherein the surface is painted with a layer of clear coat of a given first layer thickness.
- the device comprises a blasting chamber with an interior, at least one
- Conveying device for a blasting material and at least one pump as
- An opening of the at least one conveyor opens into the interior.
- the component is to be arranged in the interior.
- the at least one pump is to be activated, wherein the at least one activated pump is adapted to put the interior of the blasting chamber and the component disposed therein completely under negative pressure, blasting the interior through the opening of the at least one conveyor in a by the negative pressure To be metered carrier air flow generated.
- the part of the surface to be machined and the opening of the at least one conveying device are to be moved relative to each other, wherein the blasting material leaves the opening of the at least
- the device has at least one transport device for the component, which is designed to place the component in the interior of the component
- Beam chamber for example. Relative to the opening of the at least one
- the transport device comprises, for example, a conveyor belt, which is arranged in the interior of the steel chamber and with which the component arranged thereon is to be moved.
- the device has at least one transport device for the opening of the at least one conveying device, which is in addition thereto
- the at least one conveyor is formed to move the opening of the at least one conveyor in the interior of the blasting chamber, for example. Relative to the component to move.
- the at least one conveyor is usually connected to a reservoir in which the blasting material is stored.
- the at least one pump is adapted to suck blasting material from the interior by generating the negative pressure. Furthermore, the at least one pump is connected to the at least one conveying device via at least one line and is designed to be formed from
- blasting material is to be supplied by the pump to the reservoir.
- a cleaning device is optionally provided, which is associated with the reservoir and / or upstream and is designed to clean blasting material which is conveyed from the interior in front of the pump.
- residues of the layer of clearcoat which have been removed from the surface, to be separated from the blasting material.
- Layer thickness is painted, proposed.
- the blasting material is generated in a by the negative pressure in the interior of the blasting chamber
- Negative pressure in the carrier air flow a jet time and a jet temperature is set. Since the blasting chamber completely encloses the component and the entire component is under negative pressure, the surface of the component is only acted upon by the grit blasted thereon. Otherwise, no further force acts on the component, since its surface is not touched by a tool which could possibly additionally roughen the surface with blasting agent. Accordingly, it is avoided that a tool grinds on the already blasted surface, so that not completely sucked blasting material, which remains on the component or could get between the tool and the surface, is ground on the surface and could scratch the component.
- the blasting material is sucked out together with a removal by the pump.
- the vacuum suction blasting causes a nearly homogeneous flow profile and thus very uniform impact speeds of the blasting material or the blasting particles on the surface to be machined.
- a desired treatment result can be set very precisely, with a submicron accurate removal is possible.
- the optical, haptic and technical quality of a clear varnish coating can be used, which also reflects the brand's brand of design, since adhesive films can be dispensed with.
- FIG. 1 shows a schematic representation of a first example of a device for carrying out a first embodiment of the invention
- Figure 2 shows a schematic representation of a second example of an apparatus for carrying out a second embodiment of the method according to the invention from different perspectives.
- FIG. 1 of the device 2 comprises a blasting chamber 4, a conveyor device 6, a funnel 8, a transport device 10 and a reservoir 12 for a blasting material 14, which consists of free-flowing particles here.
- the funnel 8 is connected to a pump 15 via a line 36 formed here as a hose. If the pump 15 is turned on, via an opening 16 of the line 36, this opening 16 is also formed as an opening of an inner space 18 of the blasting chamber 4, in the interior 18 generates a negative pressure. If in the interior 18 of the blasting chamber 4, the negative pressure prevails, blasting material from the reservoir 12 is here via a further formed as a hose line 20 of the
- a surface 26 of a component 28 usually a component 28 for a vehicle or motor vehicle to edit, wherein the surface 26 has a layer of clear coat, which is painted on the component 28.
- the conveyor 6 and the pump 15 are initially deactivated and in the interior 18 there is a normal atmospheric pressure. Furthermore, the component 28, as indicated by a first curved arrow 30, disposed through an opening, not shown, of the blasting chamber 4 in the interior 18 and at a first end of the transport device 10 within the Interior 18 arranged. Thereafter, the opening to the interior 18 of the blasting chamber 4 is closed.
- the conveying device 6 and the pump 15 are activated, whereby blasting material 14 is sucked into the interior 18.
- the component 28 is transported with the transport device 10 relative to the opening 24 of the conveyor 6.
- blasting material 14 impinges on the surface 26, whereby a part of the layer of clear lacquer is removed and the surface 26 is matted.
- the blasting material 14, as indicated by arrows 32 first to the component 28 and then removed due to a suction effect of the pump 15 from the interior 18.
- the transport device 10 is here, for example, designed as a treadmill or conveyor belt on which the component 28 is to be placed. Furthermore, it is possible - that the transport device 10 only has a support body on which the component 28 is to be placed, said support body, for example. On rails with the on it
- arranged component 28 can be reciprocated within the interior 18.
- the transport device 10 has a plurality of openings through which blasting material 14 can be transported through to the opening 16 of the hopper 8 and the line 32.
- the treadmill or the support body is, for example, formed like a grid or mesh.
- the pump 15 is connected here by a further formed as a hose line 37 to the reservoir 12, it is possible to provide a closed circuit for the blasting material 14, wherein the blasting material 14 at least when the pump 15 is switched from the reservoir 12 via the line 20th to the opening 24 of the conveyor 6 in the lower
- a cleaning device 38 is integrated, which is designed to clearcoat, usually residues or particles of the clearcoat, which is removed from the surface 26 of the component 28 by the blasting material 14, from which to Reservoir 12 conveyed blasting material 14 to separate.
- Cleaning device 38 is, for example, designed as a sieve.
- the second device 52 is shown schematically in FIG. 2a from the front, in FIG. 2b along a section AA from FIG. 2a and in FIG. 2c from above, respectively.
- the device 52 comprises a blasting chamber 54, which has a wall 56 which encloses an interior 58 of the blasting chamber 54.
- a first flap 60 which is opened here, and a second, here closed flap 62 are arranged.
- a conveying device 64 designed as a jet lance is arranged on the upper side here.
- a bottom of the Blasting chamber 54 is limited here by a funnel 66, which here comprises a pump not shown.
- the device 52 comprises a transport device, which in turn comprises a conveyor belt 70, which is arranged in the inner space 58 of the blasting chamber 54.
- Assembly line 70 disposed component is in the interior 58 of the
- Beam chamber 54 to move relative to the conveyor 64.
- the second embodiment of the method according to the invention is provided for processing a surface of the component.
- the component is painted with a layer of clearcoat, which forms the surface to be processed.
- provision is initially made for arranging the component on the assembly line 70. Thereafter, the interior 58 is closed by closing both flaps 60, 62.
- Conveyor 64 which here includes a jet lance, the opening of which opens into the interior 58 is connected via lines not shown with a reservoir for blasting.
- a negative pressure is generated in the interior 58 of the blasting chamber 54, whereby the blasting material is sucked out of the openings of the conveying device 64 into the interior 58.
- the component arranged on the conveyor belt 70 is transported relative to the opening of the conveyor 64 after activation of the transport device.
- blasting material impinges on the surface of the component, wherein the varnish lacquered thereon is partially removed. Remains of the clearcoat material and the material to be removed are sucked out of the interior 58 by the pump. It is furthermore possible to clean the blasting material of residues of the clearcoat and to provide it again to the reservoir for the conveying device 64.
- the proposed method is suitable for machining a surface 26 of a component 28 which is designed as a body component or as an interior component of a vehicle.
- a layer be processed from clearcoat wherein the clearcoat has no matting agent.
- the surface 26 of the component 28 is frosted and it forms a dull-seeming surface 26.
- polishing the now matte surface 26 a matte effect can be polished out, so that the surface 26 appears shiny again. Thus, local repairs can be carried out on painted surfaces.
- on matt surfaces painted with clear lacquer 26 appear dull
- a frosted surface 26 can be polished again, so that a shiny surface 26 is formed, which can then be matted again with the presented method. This can, for example
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
- Application Of Or Painting With Fluid Materials (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE102015013167.2A DE102015013167B4 (de) | 2015-10-09 | 2015-10-09 | Verfahren zum Bearbeiten von glänzenden Lackoberflächen |
| PCT/EP2016/000883 WO2017059935A1 (de) | 2015-10-09 | 2016-05-30 | Verfahren zum bearbeiten einer oberfläche eines bauteils |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP3359338A1 true EP3359338A1 (de) | 2018-08-15 |
| EP3359338B1 EP3359338B1 (de) | 2021-07-07 |
Family
ID=56134292
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP16729771.2A Active EP3359338B1 (de) | 2015-10-09 | 2016-05-30 | Verfahren zum bearbeiten einer oberfläche eines bauteils |
Country Status (5)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US10773357B2 (de) |
| EP (1) | EP3359338B1 (de) |
| CN (1) | CN108136565B (de) |
| DE (1) | DE102015013167B4 (de) |
| WO (1) | WO2017059935A1 (de) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN109551372A (zh) * | 2018-11-07 | 2019-04-02 | 广州供电局有限公司 | 变电站内腐蚀钢结构件的修复方法 |
Families Citing this family (15)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2016092976A1 (ja) | 2014-12-08 | 2016-06-16 | 新東工業株式会社 | 研磨装置および研磨方法 |
| DE102015013167B4 (de) * | 2015-10-09 | 2018-05-03 | Audi Ag | Verfahren zum Bearbeiten von glänzenden Lackoberflächen |
| EP3578296A1 (de) | 2018-06-04 | 2019-12-11 | Audi Ag | Verfahren zum selektiven mattieren einer oberfläche |
| EP3578297B1 (de) | 2018-06-04 | 2021-12-22 | Audi Ag | Vorrichtung und verfahren zum mattieren einer oberfläche |
| DE102018127450A1 (de) * | 2018-11-04 | 2020-05-07 | systeco GmbH | Oberflächenreinigungs- und Graviermaschine mittels Vakuumstrahlverfahren |
| DE102019004122A1 (de) * | 2019-06-13 | 2020-12-17 | Loramendi, S.Coop. | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum Herstellen von 3D-Formteilen durch Schichtaufbautechnik unter Verwendung einer Kernreinigungsstation |
| DE102019004176A1 (de) | 2019-06-14 | 2020-12-17 | Voxeljet Ag | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum Herstellen von 3D-Formteilen mittels Schichtaufbautechnik und Beschichter mit Unterdruckverschluss |
| CN110328621A (zh) * | 2019-08-13 | 2019-10-15 | 蚌埠市昆宇机械加工厂 | 一种玻璃局部喷砂装置 |
| DE102019007073A1 (de) | 2019-10-11 | 2021-04-15 | Voxeljet Ag | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum Herstellen von 3D-Formteilen mittels Hochleistungsstrahler |
| DE102019007595A1 (de) | 2019-11-01 | 2021-05-06 | Voxeljet Ag | 3d-druckverfahren und damit hergestelltes formteil unter verwendung von ligninsulfat |
| DE102019007863A1 (de) | 2019-11-13 | 2021-05-20 | Voxeljet Ag | Partikelmaterialvorwärmvorrichtung und Verwendung in 3D-Verfahren |
| CN113814226B (zh) * | 2020-06-19 | 2023-01-24 | 理光高科技(深圳)有限公司 | 干式清洗装置 |
| DE102020122129B3 (de) | 2020-08-25 | 2022-02-17 | Audi Aktiengesellschaft | Strahlvorrichtung und Verfahren zum Mattieren einer Oberfläche |
| DE102020124668B3 (de) | 2020-09-22 | 2022-02-17 | Audi Aktiengesellschaft | Vorrichtung und Verfahren zum Bearbeiten einer Oberfläche |
| CN114750074B (zh) * | 2022-04-06 | 2023-03-24 | 昆山安控发展装备有限公司 | 一种刹车片自动喷砂设备 |
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| DE102008060776A1 (de) | 2008-12-05 | 2010-06-10 | Meissner, Werner | Industrielle Anlage zum Behandeln eines Werkstücks |
| JP2013514901A (ja) * | 2009-12-22 | 2013-05-02 | スリーエム イノベイティブ プロパティズ カンパニー | 可撓性研磨材物品及び製造方法 |
| DE102010020691B4 (de) | 2010-05-17 | 2014-09-04 | Pieper Innovationsgesellschaft Mbh | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum Fördern und Dosieren von Schüttgut beim Vakuumsaugstrahlen |
| EP2476514A1 (de) * | 2011-01-12 | 2012-07-18 | Sandvik Intellectual Property AB | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Behandlung mindestens eines Werkstücks |
| DE202014010585U1 (de) | 2014-01-03 | 2016-01-25 | Roland Heinz Fuchs | Vorrichtung zur Oberflächenbehandlung von Objekten für insbesondere eine nachfolgende Lackierung |
| DE102014202603A1 (de) * | 2014-02-13 | 2015-08-13 | Bayerische Motoren Werke Aktiengesellschaft | Verfahren zum gezielten Erzeugen eines Ornamentes auf wenigstens eine glänzende Oberfläche aufweisende Schicht eines Halbzeuges eines Bauteils und Bauteil |
| US9682461B2 (en) * | 2014-10-03 | 2017-06-20 | Showroom Polishing Systems Llc. | Sloped polishing pad with hybrid cloth and foam surface |
| US9687964B2 (en) * | 2014-10-03 | 2017-06-27 | Showroom Polishing Systems LLC | Polishing pad with hybrid cloth and foam surface |
| DE102015013167B4 (de) * | 2015-10-09 | 2018-05-03 | Audi Ag | Verfahren zum Bearbeiten von glänzenden Lackoberflächen |
-
2015
- 2015-10-09 DE DE102015013167.2A patent/DE102015013167B4/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2016
- 2016-05-30 EP EP16729771.2A patent/EP3359338B1/de active Active
- 2016-05-30 US US15/762,796 patent/US10773357B2/en active Active
- 2016-05-30 CN CN201680058642.4A patent/CN108136565B/zh active Active
- 2016-05-30 WO PCT/EP2016/000883 patent/WO2017059935A1/de not_active Ceased
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN109551372A (zh) * | 2018-11-07 | 2019-04-02 | 广州供电局有限公司 | 变电站内腐蚀钢结构件的修复方法 |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CN108136565A (zh) | 2018-06-08 |
| US10773357B2 (en) | 2020-09-15 |
| DE102015013167A1 (de) | 2017-04-13 |
| WO2017059935A1 (de) | 2017-04-13 |
| CN108136565B (zh) | 2020-04-17 |
| EP3359338B1 (de) | 2021-07-07 |
| DE102015013167B4 (de) | 2018-05-03 |
| US20180243883A1 (en) | 2018-08-30 |
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