EP3322822A1 - Verfahren zum bestimmen einer relativen häufigkeit von verschiedenen genen oder chromosomen eines genoms in einer probe - Google Patents
Verfahren zum bestimmen einer relativen häufigkeit von verschiedenen genen oder chromosomen eines genoms in einer probeInfo
- Publication number
- EP3322822A1 EP3322822A1 EP16751173.2A EP16751173A EP3322822A1 EP 3322822 A1 EP3322822 A1 EP 3322822A1 EP 16751173 A EP16751173 A EP 16751173A EP 3322822 A1 EP3322822 A1 EP 3322822A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- dna
- chromosomes
- different genes
- amplified
- light
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12Q—MEASURING OR TESTING PROCESSES INVOLVING ENZYMES, NUCLEIC ACIDS OR MICROORGANISMS; COMPOSITIONS OR TEST PAPERS THEREFOR; PROCESSES OF PREPARING SUCH COMPOSITIONS; CONDITION-RESPONSIVE CONTROL IN MICROBIOLOGICAL OR ENZYMOLOGICAL PROCESSES
- C12Q1/00—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions
- C12Q1/68—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions involving nucleic acids
- C12Q1/6813—Hybridisation assays
- C12Q1/6827—Hybridisation assays for detection of mutation or polymorphism
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12Q—MEASURING OR TESTING PROCESSES INVOLVING ENZYMES, NUCLEIC ACIDS OR MICROORGANISMS; COMPOSITIONS OR TEST PAPERS THEREFOR; PROCESSES OF PREPARING SUCH COMPOSITIONS; CONDITION-RESPONSIVE CONTROL IN MICROBIOLOGICAL OR ENZYMOLOGICAL PROCESSES
- C12Q1/00—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions
- C12Q1/68—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions involving nucleic acids
- C12Q1/6844—Nucleic acid amplification reactions
- C12Q1/6851—Quantitative amplification
Definitions
- the invention relates to a method for determining a relative abundance of different genes and / or chromosomes of a genome from which DNA originates in a sample.
- the present invention relates to a method having the features of the preamble of independent claim 1.
- the determination of the relative abundance of different chromosomes of a genome can be used to detect trisomies.
- the determination of the relative abundance of different genes of a genome can be used to identify particular mutations of the genome.
- apoptotic DNA of the fetus can also be found in the blood plasma-free blood plasma, which can be separated from a blood sample of a pregnant woman, in addition to apoptotic DNA of the pregnant woman.
- the sex of the fetus can be determined by examining the apoptotic DNA contained in the blood plasma for the presence of portions of the DNA which are present only in the Y chromosome and thus specific for the presence of the Y chromosome in the genome of the fetus .
- the quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PKR) apoptotic DNA can be examined for the relative abundance of the fetal chromosomes over the pregnant women's chromosomes, for example in order to induce trisomy 21 in the fetus recognize because in a fetus with aneuploidy opposite A fetus with euploidy has an increased relative concentration of fetal DNA and trisomy 21 is the most common form of aneuploidy.
- the apoptotic DNA in a pregnant woman's blood plasma sample is quantified by quantitative PCR in a method having the features of the preamble of independent claim 1 on the relative abundance of the most likely trisomy-affected chromosomes 13, 18 and 21 of the human genome to investigate.
- a quantitative PKR the absolute number of amplified specific portions of DNA from each of chromosomes 13, 18 and 21 is determined. If there is a significant increase in the relative abundance of one of these chromosomes, there is trisomy 13, 18, and 21, respectively, in the fetus.
- the relative frequency of the affected chromosome is increased by 5% because it is not only 0.9 times 2 times that of the Mother present and 0.1 times 2 times from the fetus, d. H. a total of 20 times, but 0.9 times 2 times from the mother and 0, 1 times 3 times from the fetus, d. H. a total of 21 times.
- this 5% difference in the relative abundance of chromosomes in the study for trisomy of the fetus must be resolved safely.
- DNA is separated from a suitable sample from the child but subjected to PCR in parallel with DNA from a suitable sample from the potential father to amplify portions of DNA that vary from human to human.
- these are regions of DNA in which variable repetitions of certain base pair sequences occur, that is, short tandem repeats (STR), with the number of repeats varying from human to human.
- STR short tandem repeats
- the reinforced sections are coupled with a luminescence marker.
- the amplified portions of the DNA are subjected to electrophoresis.
- the amplified sections are found after electrophoresis runs, which depend on the exact number of repetitions of the sequence of base pairs. This results in the registration of the fluorescent light of the luminescence markers different line patterns depending on the genome. If the lines in the father's line pattern also occur at a significant frequency in the child's line pattern, the proof of paternity is provided.
- a trisomy is then detected by detecting either three different lengths of STR with fluorescence intensities in the ratio 1: 1: 1, representing three different genetic information, or two different length STRs with fluorescence intensities in the ratio 2: 1; different genetic information is available on the STR, of which one is twice as common as the other.
- Cytochrome P450 is an enzyme in the liver that was found in 1958 and has a UV absorption maximum at 450 nm in the presence of reducing substances, which gave it its name.
- the enzyme cytochrome P450 is encoded by the gene P450 CYP2D6 on the chromosome 22 of the human genome, whereby the gene P450 CYP2D6 in different which persons are present in different numbers and forms.
- CYP2D6 substrates are normally degraded in the liver.
- CYP2P6 substrates are hardly degraded in the liver.
- the corresponding persons are called Poor Metabolizer (PM).
- PM Poor Metabolizer
- CYP2P6 substrates in the liver are reduced in size.
- IM Intermediate Metabolizers
- UM Ultrarapid Metabolizer
- the invention has for its object to provide a method having the features of the preamble of independent claim 1, with the relative frequency of genes and / or chromosomes in a sample can be determined with sufficient accuracy without performing a complex quantitative PCR, so that For example, a trisomy of a fetus can be detected by the apoptotic DNA of the fetus in a blood plasma sample of his mother.
- a method for determining a relative abundance of different genes and / or chromosomes of a genome from which DNA originates in a sample in a common amplification step at least one specific portion of the DNA of each of the different genes and / or chromosomes is amplified.
- the at least one amplified specific portion of the DNA from each of the different genes and / or Chromosomes are labeled with a luminescence marker. This marking can be done in the common amplification step, but in principle also later.
- the amplified specific sections of DNA from the different genes and / or chromosomes are separated by electrophoresis.
- the luminescence light is measured cumulatively as the amount of light for each moving in a band or a line in the electrophoresis copies. This amount of light corresponds to a certain amount of the specific sections of DNA from the particular gene or chromosome. With sufficient numbers of the amplified specific sections of the DNA from the different genes and / or chromosomes can be deduced from this result on a relative frequency of different genes and / or chromosomes of a genome, for example, the sex of a fetus from a blood plasma sample of his mother determine.
- the relative abundance of the Y chromosome to the X chromosome and / or another chromosome in the blood plasma sample is to be determined.
- the steps of the method according to the invention described so far may also be sufficient to detect the presence of a trisomy in the fetus. For this purpose, however, it may be helpful to carry out further steps in the method according to the invention, as described below.
- the steps of the method according to the invention described so far are basically sufficient to detect the presence of a gene multiplication of a gene in a genome from which the DNA originates in the examined sample. Similarly, the extent of gene multiplication can be analyzed against at least one other gene that serves as a benchmark.
- the steps of the method according to the invention described so far basically correspond to those which are also used when carrying out a known and established paternity test. However, differences exist in that the portions of the DNA amplified in the common amplification step are specific portions of the DNA from the different genes and / or chromosomes.
- the substances which, in the common amplification step, fix the amplified specific portions of the DNA of each of the different genes and / or chromosomes have to be adapted to the method according to the invention.
- the evaluation must be focused on the recorded amounts of light.
- the separation of the amplified specific portions of the DNA from the various genes and / or chromosomes can be carried out in particular by known methods of gel or capillary electrophoresis. These are established techniques for which sophisticated laboratory equipment is available.
- the specific sections of the DNA of each of the different genes and / or chromosomes can be amplified in particular in a common PKR. Immediately with this PKR, the amplified specific sections of the DNA can be labeled with the luminescent marker.
- primers to be amplified are to be amplified for specific sections of DNA and luminescence markers. How to do this is part of the expertise of a specialist in the field of genetic testing.
- the PKR can double a number of sections of DNA from each of the different genes and / or chromosomes between 15 and 30 times. With a 20-fold duplication, 1 million copies of a section of DNA present in the sample are created. Even if these copies are not completely present in measuring the amount of light from the luminescent label of the corresponding portion of the DNA, because e.g. For example, if only part of the product of the PCR is subjected to electrophoresis to separate the DNA segments from the various genes and / or chromosomes, this large number of copies will allow an accurate assignment of the amount of light measured to a particular number of the particular DNA segment the sample.
- PKR should be avoided from saturating so that certain portions of the DNA from the various chromosomes are no longer completely duplicated in the last few cycles of PKR, thereby increasing the correlation between the amount of light measured and the actual number of segments DNA gets lost in the sample.
- the amplified specific portions of the DNA from the various genes and / or chromosomes can be labeled with the same luminescent dye because the separation of the amplified specific portions of the DNA from the various genes and / or chromosomes is by electrophoresis. This also simplifies the measurement of the amount of light from the luminescent dye and achieves an immediate comparability of the measured amounts of light. In principle, however, several different luminescent dyes can also be used in the process according to the invention.
- the amount of light measured in relation to the relative abundances of the various genes and / or chromosomes can be multiplied. be tigt.
- each of the amplified specific sections of DNA from each of the different genes and / or chromosomes should be labeled with a luminescence marker; all amplified specific sections of the DNA must be separated by gel electrophoresis; for each of the amplified specific portions of the DNA, separately measuring a quantity of light of luminescent light from the luminescent marker; and prior to determining the relative abundance of the various genes and / or chromosomes, the amounts of light separately measured for the several specific sections of DNA must be added together for the DNA of each of the different genes and / or chromosomes. In this way, the error that exists between the ratio of the amounts of light and the relative frequency of genes and / or chromosomes of interest is substantially reduced.
- the individual portions are independently amplified and correspond to multiple, but under exactly the same constraints, performance of the method of the invention relative to the same sample.
- the number of specific portions of the DNA of each of the various genes and / or chromosomes that are amplified in the common amplification step is the same.
- this same number may be in a range from 3 to 40, the upper limit being determined by the maximum number of sections of different length that can be separated in electrophoresis, and also by the maximum number of possible non-overlapping sections in the case of genes.
- 40 sections of the DNA are amplified by three different chromosomes, ie a total of 120 different sections have to be separated by electrophoresis, the different sections are only a few base pairs side by side.
- a number of about 10 specific stretches of DNA from each of the different chromosomes is found. This results in 30 different sections in three different chromosomes, which can be amplified simultaneously by established PKR and easily separated by established electrophoresis.
- all specific portions of the DNA differ by at least 4, more preferably 7 or 10 base pairs in length, to allow easy separability of the portions in electrophoresis.
- the specific portions of the DNA being amplified are vital portions of the DNA, ie, portions of DNA identical to each genome when the subject is viable. This implies that the amplified specific sections of the DNA each have a fixed length and are correspondingly found in electrophoresis after certain running distances.
- the steps of separating, marking and measuring may also be performed separately for several partial products of the common amplification step and before the step of determining, the amounts of light for the DNA measured for the plurality of partial product quantities are added together by the same of the different genes and / or chromosomes. Also, this increases the amount of light and reduces the error, as with multiple amplified sections of DNA from each of the various genes and / or chromosomes.
- the steps of separating and measuring for the various partial products do not take place under exactly the same conditions, and the overall expense of carrying out the method according to the invention increases by the additional parallel steps of separating and measuring.
- the method of the invention is particularly useful for determining the ratio of chromosomes to apoptotic DNA in a blood plasma sample to conclude from analysis of a pregnant woman's blood plasma for trisomy in the fetus.
- the various chromosomes whose relative abundance is determined may include chromosome 13 and / or chromosome 18 and / or chromosome 21 of the human genome. Trisomy 13, 18 and 21 are the most common forms of trisomy in humans, and they do not occur simultaneously.
- apoptotic DNA which is contained in total in the blood plasma sample than 10%, can reliably detect a trisomy of the fetus.
- the luminescence light quantities of light separately measured for the various specific portions of the DNA may be multiplied by normalization factors including different gains, separations, labels, prior to the step of determining the relative frequencies of the genes and / or chromosomes of interest and / or compensate for measurements.
- normalization factors can be readily determined by subjecting samples having known amounts of the specific portions of DNA to the method of the invention.
- the method of the invention determines the relative abundance of a gene which may be present in an active and / or inactive variant, then the relative abundance of the gene in its active variant and / or in its inactive variant in the genome can be determined by DNA be examined in the sample.
- the sections of the DNA to be amplified have to be designed specifically for the respective variant of the DNA of interest.
- a comparative standard it makes sense to use at least one vital gene in which no gene multiplication occurs.
- the amount of light measured by the labeled enhanced portion is zero, 0.5, or n times, depending on the type of metabolizer as large as that of the labeled enhanced portion of the comparative scale gene.
- the relative abundance of a gene is determined by the method according to the invention, this may mean that the relative abundance of a complete functional gene is determined. However, it may also mean that the relative abundance of a substantial part of a gene, ie a so-called motif or locus, is determined. It may also be the relative frequency of the motif or locus within a larger gene.
- the method according to the invention also differs in these cases from known paternity tests in which specific sections of the DNA are amplified which vary from person to person and have no fixed length, because they are so-called Short Tandem Repeats (STR).
- STR Short Tandem Repeats
- Fig. 1 is a flowchart of the method according to the invention.
- FIG. 2 shows the result of a gel electrophoresis and a measurement of light quantities in the method according to the invention according to FIG. 1.
- FIG. 1 of an embodiment of the method according to the invention starts from a blood sample 1.
- a separation step 2 in particular, blood cells are separated from the blood sample 1, and a blood plasma sample 3 containing only apoptotic DNA is obtained.
- a PKR 4 the blood plasma sample, along with polymerase 5, primers 6 and luminescent dye, is exposed to 7 thermal cycles to initiate a polymerase chain reaction to amplify specific portions of the DNA of the various chromosomes of interest. This typically happens in a so-called thermocycler. With suitable formation of the primer 6, the luminescent dye 7 added to the PKR 4 marks the amplified sections of the DNA.
- the PKR product 8 thus obtained is subjected to electrophoresis 9 to obtain the various Segments of DNA that were amplified in the PKR 4 to separate.
- the primers 6 are to be tuned in such a way that the amplified sections are of different lengths and accordingly migrate at different speeds and thus differently far in the electrophoresis 9.
- measuring 1 1 light quantities are measured by the luminescence marker 7 for the individual DNA sections 10 separated by the electrophoresis 9. It is understood that the amounts of light from the luminescent dye are measured for the same time for the separated DNA sections 10 and under the same conditions.
- At least the light quantity measurements are carried out under defined conditions, which allow a conclusion on the number of contained in the blood plasma sample 3 sections of the DNA.
- the amounts of light 12 obtained from the measurement 1 1 are normalized in a step normalizing 13 with respect to the different gains in the PKR 4, separations in the electrophoresis 9 and measurements in the measurement 1 1 by multiplication with normalization factors. From a ratio of sums of the normalized light quantities 14 for the DNA of each of the different chromosomes, then in a step 15, the relative abundance of these chromosomes is determined.
- FIG. 2 shows schematically above the DNA sections 10 separated as a result of the electrophoresis 9 according to FIG. 1.
- the various DNA sections have migrated through a different distance s in a gel 16 under the influence of an electric field depending on their length in base pairs bp
- the separated DNA sections 10 are each four non-overlapping sections of the chromosomes 13, 18 and 21 with equal differences in their length in base pairs bp and correspondingly equal distances ⁇ s in the gel 16.
- Amounts of light L to luminescent light are applied from each of the separated DNA sections 13-1 to 21-4 in the same order of DNA sections as occur in the gel 16. All amounts of light L are substantially the same.
- the sum of the amounts of light from the four portions 21 -1 to 21 -4 of the chromosome 21 is larger by 5% than the sums of the amounts of light from the DNA portions 13-1 to 13-4 and 18-1 to 18-4.
- the sum of the amount of light from the sections of the DNA of chromosome 21 is 5% higher than the sum of the amounts of light L of the luminescent light from the sections of DNA of the other two chromosomes 13 and 18. This corresponds to the presence of a trisomy 21 in a fetus, when the blood sample 1 according to FIG. 1 has been taken by its mother and its apoptotic DNA accounts for 10% of the total apoptotic DNA in the blood plasma sample 3 according to FIG. 1. In trisomy 13 or 18, the amount of light is increased accordingly from the sections of DNA and chromosome 13 and 18, respectively. If no Trisomy 13, 18, or 21, the sums of light levels of the sections of DNA from all three chromosomes are the same.
- All primers 6 are between 15 and 35 bases long, ideally 18 to 20 bases.
- the forward primer or the reverse primer at the 5 ' end is coupled to the luminescent dye 7, preferably an isomerically pure luminescent dye, by covalent bonding.
- Suitable luminescent dyes include, for example, the known luminescent dyes Alexa 350, Alexa 488, AMCA, ATTO 390, fluorescein (5-isomer), 6-FAM, 6-TET, 6-HEX, JOE, NBD, Rhodamine 6G, Rhodamine Green, Rhodamine Red, TAMRA, ROX and Texas Red.
- the PKR product is denatured.
- 12 ⁇ formamide, 0.8 ⁇ standard (ROX 500) and 1-10 ⁇ product solution are pipetted together (the most suitable are 1 -2 ⁇ ) and heated in a thermocycler for 2 min at 94 ° C.
- the samples are then cooled to 4.degree. C. for 5 minutes and then electrophoresed in a GeneMapper_50_POP-7 according to the manufacturer's instructions and the resulting fragments are quantified and analyzed by GeneMapper ID software and GeneScan software under the manufacturer's given conditions.
- the data is recorded by the software of the manufacturer, and also the process steps are carried out according to the manufacturer's instructions.
- the software counts the amounts of light from the luminescent dye and integrally plots the area under the peaks associated with the various separate amplified sections.
- the GeneMapper and GeneScan software allows these integrated light quantity data to be exported to Excel spreadsheets for further evaluation.
- sequencers that can be used include the following ABI products:
- ABI PRISM 3100 or 3100 Avant Genetic Analyzer with Data Collection Software, Version 2.0 Section 5.
- a ABI PRISM 3100 Genetic Analyzer with Data Collection Software, Version 1 .0.1 or 1 .1 Section 5.B
Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE102015111329.5A DE102015111329B4 (de) | 2015-07-13 | 2015-07-13 | Verfahren zum Bestimmen einer relativen Häufigkeit von verschiedenen Genen oder Chromosomen eines Genoms in einer Probe |
PCT/EP2016/066541 WO2017009338A1 (de) | 2015-07-13 | 2016-07-12 | Verfahren zum bestimmen einer relativen häufigkeit von verschiedenen genen oder chromosomen eines genoms in einer probe |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP3322822A1 true EP3322822A1 (de) | 2018-05-23 |
Family
ID=56684578
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP16751173.2A Pending EP3322822A1 (de) | 2015-07-13 | 2016-07-12 | Verfahren zum bestimmen einer relativen häufigkeit von verschiedenen genen oder chromosomen eines genoms in einer probe |
Country Status (3)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP3322822A1 (de) |
DE (1) | DE102015111329B4 (de) |
WO (1) | WO2017009338A1 (de) |
Family Cites Families (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
GB9704444D0 (en) | 1997-03-04 | 1997-04-23 | Isis Innovation | Non-invasive prenatal diagnosis |
WO2005035725A2 (en) * | 2003-10-08 | 2005-04-21 | The Trustees Of Boston University | Methods for prenatal diagnosis of chromosomal abnormalities |
DE102004036285A1 (de) * | 2004-07-27 | 2006-02-16 | Advalytix Ag | Verfahren zum Bestimmen der Häufigkeit von Sequenzen einer Probe |
DE102005059227A1 (de) * | 2005-12-12 | 2007-06-14 | Advalytix Ag | Verfahren zur Bestimmung des Genotyps aus einer biologischen Probe enthaltend Nukleinsäuren unterschiedlicher Individuen |
DE102007057698A1 (de) * | 2007-11-30 | 2009-06-04 | Advalytix Ag | Verfahren zur Bestimmung der An- und/oder Abwesenheit von mehreren Zielsequenzen in einer biologischen Probe |
DE102008019132A1 (de) * | 2008-04-16 | 2009-10-22 | Olympus Life Science Research Europa Gmbh | Verfahren zur quantitativen Bestimmung der Kopienzahl einer vorbestimmten Sequenz in einer Probe |
-
2015
- 2015-07-13 DE DE102015111329.5A patent/DE102015111329B4/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2016
- 2016-07-12 EP EP16751173.2A patent/EP3322822A1/de active Pending
- 2016-07-12 WO PCT/EP2016/066541 patent/WO2017009338A1/de active Application Filing
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
WO2017009338A1 (de) | 2017-01-19 |
DE102015111329A1 (de) | 2017-01-19 |
DE102015111329B4 (de) | 2017-02-02 |
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