EP3163591B1 - Procede et dispositif de fabrication d'aimants permanents - Google Patents

Procede et dispositif de fabrication d'aimants permanents Download PDF

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Publication number
EP3163591B1
EP3163591B1 EP16001799.2A EP16001799A EP3163591B1 EP 3163591 B1 EP3163591 B1 EP 3163591B1 EP 16001799 A EP16001799 A EP 16001799A EP 3163591 B1 EP3163591 B1 EP 3163591B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
powder compact
release agent
magnet
mould
powder
Prior art date
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Application number
EP16001799.2A
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German (de)
English (en)
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EP3163591A1 (fr
Inventor
Martin Krengel
Hermann Weber
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Wilo SE
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Wilo SE
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
    • H01F41/00—Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing or assembling magnets, inductances or transformers; Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing materials characterised by their magnetic properties
    • H01F41/02—Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing or assembling magnets, inductances or transformers; Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing materials characterised by their magnetic properties for manufacturing cores, coils, or magnets
    • H01F41/0253—Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing or assembling magnets, inductances or transformers; Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing materials characterised by their magnetic properties for manufacturing cores, coils, or magnets for manufacturing permanent magnets
    • H01F41/0266—Moulding; Pressing
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29D—PRODUCING PARTICULAR ARTICLES FROM PLASTICS OR FROM SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE
    • B29D1/00—Producing articles with screw-threads
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
    • B05D—PROCESSES FOR APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
    • B05D1/00—Processes for applying liquids or other fluent materials
    • B05D1/02—Processes for applying liquids or other fluent materials performed by spraying
    • B05D1/04—Processes for applying liquids or other fluent materials performed by spraying involving the use of an electrostatic field
    • B05D1/06—Applying particulate materials
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
    • B05D—PROCESSES FOR APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
    • B05D5/00—Processes for applying liquids or other fluent materials to surfaces to obtain special surface effects, finishes or structures
    • B05D5/08—Processes for applying liquids or other fluent materials to surfaces to obtain special surface effects, finishes or structures to obtain an anti-friction or anti-adhesive surface

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method for producing a permanent magnet from a powder compact of mechanically precompressed magnetic powder by hot pressing in a mold in which the powder compact and / or the mold is coated with a mold release agent prior to hot pressing to prevent adhesion of the powder compact to the mold ,
  • the invention further relates to a device comprising a heatable mold in which a mold for receiving the powder compact is formed, and a press die for hot pressing the powder compact in the mold to a raw magnet, wherein intended during hot pressing between the powder compact and the mold, a mold release agent is located to prevent adhesion of the powder compact to the mold.
  • Permanent magnets are usually made of a rare earth-containing crystalline powder, which is first pressed at room temperature in a mold and thereby compacted.
  • the powdered permanent magnet material is typically produced by a melt spinning process, the resulting magnetic powder having very small grain sizes of on average less than a few 100 nm.
  • the compacts produced by compaction have a compact structure, usually in the shape of a cuboid, and can therefore be well processed and handled as a transportable unit. Nevertheless, they are porous and crumble when exposed to an external mechanical force.
  • the powder compacts are then sintered, i. hot-pressed in a heated mold to a raw magnet.
  • the temperature and the pressure during hot pressing are chosen so that the surfaces of the powder particles melt and materially connect, without complete melting of the powder particles takes place.
  • the melt is forced into the pores of the powder compact, so that the volume of the raw magnet is smaller than the volume of the powder compact present in the initial state.
  • the densification can be done in the presence of a strong magnetic field in which the magnetic moments of the crystals align.
  • a strong magnetic field in which the magnetic moments of the crystals align.
  • the high temperature with simultaneously high pressures of more than 50 MPa makes it necessary to physically separate the powder compact from the press during the hot pressing process in order to avoid caking between the powder compact and the press mold.
  • Such baking would cause the hot pressed powder compact to be difficult to remove from the die and also have significant imperfections in the form of cracks and / or bulges.
  • parts of the magnetic powder remained adhered to the mold, so that they would no longer be useful after some pressing operations due to the accumulating Pulververbackept.
  • a mold release agent is applied on all sides in the production of permanent magnets on the powder compact. This prevents material contact between the surfaces of powder compact and mold.
  • graphite or a graphite-containing material is used here.
  • the application of this black graphite powder on the magnetic powder compact is usually carried out by means of a support medium, in which the graphite powder is slurried, and in the the powder compact is immersed.
  • a support medium in which the graphite powder is slurried, and in the the powder compact is immersed.
  • an alcohol for example isopropanol, but occasionally water is used as a carrier medium.
  • water-based lubricants are not well suited because the water damages the magnetic powder and in addition produces explosive hydrogen gas, which must be extracted by process technology.
  • an alcohol as a carrier medium is an increased safety risk because it is flammable, explosive, volatile and harmful to health. For reasons of fire protection as well as occupational safety, it can and must therefore only be processed with increased process complexity and safety precautions, so that considerable technical effort has to be made in order to minimize the risks for operating personnel in production.
  • the powder compact can only be hot-pressed / sintered when the carrier medium has evaporated. Because in the case of an alcohol, this would burn in the mold. The resulting temperatures can damage the crimping tool.
  • the use of a liquid carrier medium can cause it to penetrate into the pores of the powder compact, so that a compound of the powder particles is hindered in pressing and crack near the surface of the hot-pressed powder compact.
  • Methods of applying a ceramic mold release agent eg boron nitride in a liquid carrier medium are known, for example JP2000-012359A . EP0513891A . GB2235700A and JP05-135924A , Out US5682591A
  • a method for coating a mold is known in which a mold release agent is applied electrostatically.
  • a method for producing a permanent magnet from a powder compact of mechanically pre-compacted magnetic powder by hot pressing in a mold is proposed in which the powder compact and / or the mold is coated with a mold release agent prior to hot pressing to prevent adhesion of the powder compact to the mold wherein the mold release agent is electrically non-conductive and consists of a ceramic material or contains a ceramic material which is applied electrostatically to the powder compact and / or the mold.
  • the invention proposes a device for producing a permanent magnet from a powder compact of mechanically pre-compacted magnetic powder, comprising a heatable mold in which a mold is designed for receiving the powder compact, and a press die for hot pressing the powder compact in the mold to a raw magnet, wherein intended to during the hot pressing between the powder compact and the mold is a mold release agent to prevent adhesion of the powder compact to the mold, wherein a connected to a first voltage potential spray nozzle for electrostatic application of the mold release agent on the connected to a second voltage potential powder compact and / or mold associated with a second voltage potential, wherein the mold release agent is electrically non-conductive and consists of a ceramic material or a ceramic material entHz lt.
  • the core idea of the invention lies in the combination of two aspects, namely in the use of a specific material as a mold release agent and in its application process.
  • an electrically nonconductive mold release agent or at least one mold release agent which has a very high ohmic resistance, in particular in the megohm range, which consists of or at least contains a ceramic material.
  • the mold release agent is a mixture of substances containing the ceramic material. The lack of electrical conductivity ensures that electrostatic application of the mold release agent is possible.
  • the mold release agent is graphite-free or at least substantially graphite-free insofar as that a certain amount of graphite does not lead to a significant electrical conductivity of the mold release agent.
  • the graphite a low electrical conductivity, but this should not be so high that the ohmic resistance is less than a megohm, preferably still significantly above.
  • Such a proportion of graphite should not exceed a volume fraction of 10%.
  • Graphite improves the lubricity of the mold release agent and improves the processing of a workpiece during pressing.
  • the electrostatic application of a ceramic material as a mold release agent has various advantages. On the one hand can be dispensed with the use of safe alcohols as a carrier medium for the mold release agent. The technical structure of the device is thereby simplified and the safety risk for personnel and equipment is minimized. In addition, it is not necessary to wait until the carrier medium evaporates or the powder compact is dried (flash off the carrier medium) in order to press it hot, so that the coated compacts can be processed immediately after coating.
  • the mold release agent is graphite-free or at least substantially graphite-free, an additional advantage results from the fact that the magnets no longer externally coated with graphite after hot pressing, i. are "dirty". Thus, no cleanliness-specific problems arise in this type of coating.
  • Another advantage of electrostatic deposition is the even coating of the surface, at least the accessible portion thereof. Because in the electrostatic application powdery mold release agent is driven by compressed air through a connected to a first electrical voltage potential spray nozzle and thereby charged electrostatically. Leaving the spray nozzle, the electrically charged powder particles are accelerated in an electric field and deposited on the surface of the stationary object connected to a second voltage potential, in particular the mass, in particular the powder compact or the press mold. The electric field is due to the voltage difference between the first and the second potential. The uniform field line distribution of the electric field ensures that the ceramic material is deposited evenly on the surface. Although the powder compact is preferably substantially parallelepipedic, it may nevertheless have any geometry and surface structure, as the field lines guide the charged particles of the ceramic material into all surface areas of the powder compact. In that regard, the mold can be coated very homogeneous.
  • a parallelepiped powder compact preferably five sides are electrostatically coated.
  • the powder compact lies on a grounded shelf.
  • This tray can be, for example, a cross made of metallic knife edges.
  • the contact surface between powder compact and tray is minimal and the powder compact is also grounded.
  • the powder compact is then turned so that its underside is now up, and another five sides are coated.
  • the electrostatic application of the ceramic material Compared to a liquid carrier medium, the electrostatic application of the ceramic material further offers the advantage that it remains exclusively on the surface of the compact and no undesired carriers, adhesion promoters, etc. penetrate into the pores of the powder compact and can cause cracks during hot pressing. By the electrostatic application of a ceramic material or a mold release agent containing such a cracking on the surface of the powder compact is avoided during hot pressing.
  • Ceramic material is particularly suitable as a release agent for the process according to the invention, since it can be charged electrostatically and prevents adhesion of magnetic powder to the mold. In addition, it resists the extreme conditions of hot pressing in the mold, in particular neither changes its own state still reacts with the powder compact or the mold or changes their state and does not affect the magnetic properties of the powder compact.
  • boron nitride Particularly suitable as a ceramic material boron nitride has been found that all of the above properties. Accordingly, it is proposed to coat these and / or the mold beforehand with pure boron nitride for hot pressing / sintering of powder compacts of magnetic powder. When using boron nitride, there is no effect on the forming behavior of the powder compact and its magnetic properties are retained.
  • hexagonal boron nitride is particularly preferable to use hexagonal boron nitride as a mold release agent or a mold release agent containing hexagonal boron nitride. Because hexagonal boron nitride has special lubricating properties, so that relative movements between powder compact and pressing device, which includes in particular the die and a punch, are allowed and do not lead to tension or distortion in the powder compact or raw magnet.
  • the powder compact After the electrostatic application of the ceramic material to the powder compact or die, the powder compact is hot pressed. This is preferably done within a period of less than 20 hours, as with increasing waiting time, the electrostatic charge of the powder particles of the mold release agent is lost and consequently the mold release agent gradually on the surface.
  • the hot-pressed powder compact forms a raw magnet, which can be subjected to further processing.
  • the green magnet is hot-pressed within a second die to obtain its final shape and size.
  • a preferential orientation of the magnetization is thereby impressed on the raw magnet.
  • the magnetic preferred direction arises in the pressing direction or perpendicular to the flow direction, in the magnet to be produced suitably in the direction of its thickness.
  • the hot extrusion is preferably carried out at similar temperatures as the hot pressing, for example with a temperature different by a maximum of 20 ° C.
  • the second die is larger than the raw magnet in at least one spatial direction, so that it assumes the internal shape of the second die as a result of the pressing, i. flows into this second mold. Since a relative movement between the raw magnet and the mold takes place during hot extrusion, it is advantageous to have a lubricant on the raw magnet during hot extrusion. However, by the hot pressing, the mold release agent burns into the green magnet so that it is still present thereafter, and ideally can be used as such lubricant. It then forms a lubricant film in the subsequent hot extrusion.
  • Hexagonal boron nitride has particularly good lubricating properties, making it ideal as a mold release agent in hot pressing and at the same time as a lubricant in hot extrusion.
  • graphite may be added, but preferably at a volume fraction of less than 10%, so as not to affect the electrical insulation capability.
  • the mold release agent may still be reapplied prior to hot extrusion to ensure that a sufficiently thick layer of lubricant is present over the entire surface. For this, the raw magnet does not even have to cool down.
  • the application of the now acting as a lubricant mold release agent on the raw magnet is preferably carried out electrostatically as before, since the necessary technical means are already present and thus no additional coating unit is needed.
  • no or only minimal mold release agent may be used.
  • the retaining plate may consist of an electrically insulating plastic.
  • the holding plate may thus be a plate of boron nitride, so that when holding the coated powder compact or raw magnet, the same materials contact each other. It has been shown that in this case, considerably less mold release agent adheres to the holding plate than with a holding plate made of plastic.
  • the holding tool is a magnetic lifter for magnetically receiving the powder compact or raw magnet.
  • the holding tool may have magnets on the side of the holding plate facing away from the male powder compact or raw magnet.
  • these can be designed as switchable electromagnets, so that a controllable recording and storage of the powder compacts and raw magnets with the holding tool is possible.
  • the magnetic field of these electromagnets can thus be selectively switched on and off.
  • electromagnets however, the residual magnetism of the iron core of the coil is taken into account, whereby magnetic particle particles increasingly accumulate on the holding tool and lead to contamination of the Can cause underside of the holding tool, whereby mold release agent increasingly go off while holding. A constant cleaning of the retaining plate would then be required.
  • electromagnets relative to the support plate to perform movable so that the distance between the holding plate and electromagnets can be changed.
  • the electromagnets can be moved to a greater distance, so that the residual magnetization on the holding plate is no longer noticeable.
  • these can then be moved close to the retaining plate.
  • the movement of the electromagnets can be done for example by a pneumatic drive.
  • the magnets of the holding plate according to another embodiment are designed as permanent magnets whose distance from the holding plate is variable.
  • This has the advantage that no electrical means for energizing the magnets is required, whereby the structure of the holding tool considerably simplifies and reduces the weight.
  • the permanent magnets are driven to a delivery distance when the powder compact or raw magnet is to be released. This discharge distance is to be selected so that no magnetic force acts on the holding plate.
  • the holding tool is formed by a closed box, the bottom of which forms the holding plate, wherein the magnets are pulled back to such a large distance that the whole box is outside non-magnetic.
  • the mold release agent can be applied both to the powder compact or the raw magnet and to the corresponding mold. This can be done alternatively or cumulatively.
  • the force-exerting pressing means, for example, the pressure or compression punches, to coat on its side directed to the compact or raw magnet. Because every time you press something off the mold release agent, you must re-coat before each new press cycle. However, the coating of the compacts and raw magnets is technically easier because their handling due to their small size and their independence from the mechanical structure is easier. In addition, the mold is still very hot after hot pressing.
  • the spray gun for applying the mold release agent must be made of an electrically insulating material on the outside in order not to get an electric shock, and is usually made of a plastic (thermoplastic), which can be damaged by the heat of the mold. It would therefore have to wait or the mold to be cooled until a coating with the mold release agent by means of conventional spray gun is possible. This would result in significant delays in the manufacturing process. Therefore, according to a preferred embodiment of the invention, the mold release agent is applied to the powder compact or the raw magnet.
  • the electrostatic application preferably comprises two spraying steps, wherein the powder compact or the raw magnet moves between these, in particular is turned.
  • the electrostatic application comprises a first spraying step in which the mold release agent is applied to only a part of the surface of the powder compact or raw magnet, for example on five sides of its surface. Subsequently, the as yet uncoated residual surface of the powder compact or raw magnet is made available for a second spraying step of the electrostatic application. In this second spraying step, the mold release agent is then electrostatically applied to at least this residual surface. However, parts of the surface can also be sprayed twice. Preferably, however, the second application also takes place again on five surface sides.
  • the first spraying step can be carried out according to a simple embodiment variant while the powder compact or raw magnet on a tray or in a mold lies.
  • the tray In the case of the tray, its surface is accessible except for the footprint with which it rests on the tray, ie its top and its edge side or edge sides (depending on its geometry). If it is in a form, for example in the mold in which the magnetic material has been compressed, at least its upper side is freely accessible. If it protrudes beyond the shape, also a part of the edge side or edge sides is accessible.
  • the tray can be, for example, a cross of knife edges, a grid or an electrically conductive plate.
  • a gripping tool can be attached to the powder compact or raw magnet in the area of the already coated surface and lift it up so that its underside or the uncoated residual surface becomes accessible.
  • it may be a gripper with fingers, which engages the powder compact or the raw magnet laterally. Insofar as mold release agents are discharged at the contact point, this is applied again during the second spraying step. It can now be a turning of the powder compact or raw magnet with renewed depositing on the tray to turn the remaining surface to the spray nozzle. The former lower bottom is then the top.
  • the powder compact or raw magnet instead of deposited on a metal grid on a grid or wire mesh of thin bars or wires / deposited. This allows coating from all sides simultaneously in a single spray.
  • a movable spray nozzle or two or more spray nozzles from different directions can be used. Although those portions of the surface, which are in contact with the bars or wires, initially uncoated remain. However, these trench-like free zones would close when the coated briquette or green magnet is placed in the mold since portions of the powdery mold release agent are forced into these free zones.
  • FIG. 1 The production of a permanent magnet 9 by the method according to the invention is in FIG. 1 is illustrated by way of example in a flow chart and is explained below in connection with the other, an exemplary device illustrative figures.
  • Starting point represents present magnetic powder 15, which is well known in the art and for achieving strong permanent magnets mostly rare earth components such as neodymium or dysprosium has.
  • a first process step 1 the powdered Permanent magnet material 15 compressed to a powder compact 2.
  • a compression mold 18 is formed, in which an amount of magnetic powder 15 to be compacted is filled.
  • a compression punch 19 can be moved into it, which compresses the magnetic powder 15 by applying a pressing force F1.
  • a powder compact 2 is present, which has a porous structure and which crumbles when exposed to external forces.
  • the produced powder compact 2 is then coated with a mold release agent 12. This is suitably done outside of the previous compaction tool 17 on a cross-shaped tray 14 of knife blades, as in FIG FIG. 3 can be seen.
  • the coating process 3 is divided into two sub-operations, a first spraying step 3a and a second spraying step 3c.
  • the coating is carried out in an electrostatic spraying process 3 by means of a spray unit, which in FIG. 3 is illustrated and comprises at least one electrostatic spray nozzle 20 / powder spray gun, from which the mold release agent 12 exits under pressure in the form of a spray 21.
  • a spray unit which in FIG. 3 is illustrated and comprises at least one electrostatic spray nozzle 20 / powder spray gun, from which the mold release agent 12 exits under pressure in the form of a spray 21.
  • a flat jet nozzle is particularly suitable because the dust is higher in a round jet nozzle.
  • a voltage U is present, so that an electric field between the spray nozzle 20 and the compact 2 is.
  • the spray nozzle 20 is at a high voltage potential, whereas the powder compact 2 to be coated may be electrically connected to ground.
  • the magnetic material 15 is electrically conductive.
  • the mold release particles are charged and fly along the electric field lines to the powder compact 2, where they are deposited homogeneously. Since the basic principle of electrostatic powder coating is well known, reference will be made to the relevant literature for explanation of the process.
  • the ceramic material boron nitride (BN) in its hexagonal crystal structure is used as the mold release agent 12.
  • Boron nitride is not electrically conductive and can be applied very well electrostatically to the powder compact 2.
  • the electrostatic application of boron nitride according to the invention offers over the application of graphite by means of alcoholic carrier liquid the advantage that the manufacturing process is shortened in time, technically less expensive and safer for the environment and staff, since no waiting times for the venting of the carrier liquid and the combustible and harmful carrier liquid can be dispensed with.
  • FIG. 3 shows the first spraying step 3a, in which the mold release agent 4 is applied or applied to a part of the surface of the powder compact 2, here on five sides.
  • the here accessible part of the surface is the top of the powder compact 2 and the four side surfaces.
  • FIG. 4 shown purely schematically.
  • the gripping tool 10 is a gripper with fingers, between which held the powder compact 2, turned by the gripper 10 and finally placed on the tray 14, where the second spraying step 3b takes place.
  • FIG. 5 illustrates FIG. 5 .
  • FIG. 5 directed in now the uncoated underside of the powder compact to the spray nozzle 20.
  • This underside now lying on top and the four side surfaces are now electrostatically coated in the second spraying step 3b. Positions where the gripper 10 has released mold release agent 12 are thereby recoated.
  • the powder compact 2 completely coated with mold release agent 4 is subsequently conveyed into a mold 11 of a heatable mold 16 in which the hot pressing takes place.
  • the holding tool 22 is formed by a magnetic lifter. He points in the embodiment according to FIGS. 6 and 7 one on the coated powder compact 2 intended for investment coming holding plate 23, on which the powder compact 2 side facing away from magnets 24 are arranged. These are suitably designed as permanent magnets 24, which can be moved relative to the holding plate 23 at a distance and can be approximated to these in order to receive the powder compact 2 controlled and also to be able to store again. The movement takes place by means of a pneumatic drive, not shown.
  • the holding plate 23, at least its contact surface to the powder compact 2, consists of the same material as the mold release layer 12, i. It is made of boron nitride.
  • the mold release agent 12 does not adhere to the contact surface in a material-chemical sense, nor is it lost as a result of loss of charge because boron nitride can be electrically insulated and the electrostatic charge of the mold release agent 12 can not flow away.
  • FIG. 6 indicates that the holding tool 22 is moved toward the powder compact 2 to come into abutment with its coated top.
  • FIG. 7 FIG. 12 shows a state in which the powder compact 2 is magnetically held by the holding tool 22 and inserted into the die 11. Between the holding plate 23 and the powder compact 2 lies a layer of mold release agent 12th
  • the initial state of the hot pressing tool 16, 13 of the device according to the invention for the hot pressing is in FIG. 8 represented, the corresponding method step in FIG. 1 provided with the reference numeral 4.
  • the hot-pressing tool 13, 16 comprises, in addition to the molding tool 16, a die 11 which is in the mold 11 positively into movable press ram 13. It can be seen in FIG. 8 in that the powder compact 2 is surrounded on all sides with the mold release agent 12 and is smaller than the mold 11.
  • the permanent magnet material 15 of the powder compact 2 is preferably exposed to a temperature of 750 ° C. to 850 ° C. for 20 seconds to 50 seconds, to which the molding tool is heated.
  • a pressure F3 between 10 kN / cm 2 to 15 kN / cm 2, preferably about 12 kN / cm 2 is applied to the powder compact 2 by the ram 13.
  • the hot-pressed powder compact 2 forms a green magnet 5 having a compact shape while maintaining the magnetic properties of the powder material 15.
  • the final state of the hot pressing 4 is in FIG. 9 shown. In this case, the raw magnet 5 is in the mold 11 now.
  • the green magnet 5 may be formed into a final shape within a second die, flowing into this final die under pressure and temperature.
  • the second mold is thus larger in at least one spatial direction than the raw magnet, in the other spatial directions at least the same size, or only slightly larger, so I can insert in the second mold.
  • hexagonal boron nitride can also be used as a lubricant here and leads to good results, in particular properly shaped permanent magnets 9, since the hexagonal structure of the boron nitride makes it possible to slide the hot-pressed powder compact 2 on the surface of the second mold. In this way, the production of more complex magnetic forms is possible.
  • the hot extrusion step 6 also has the effect of achieving preferential orientation of the magnetization.
  • the magnetic preferred direction arises in the pressing direction or perpendicular to the flow direction, in the magnet to be produced suitably in the direction of its thickness. If the permanent magnet 9 to be produced is therefore intended to have a particularly high magnetization in a certain direction, the mechanical force effect during pressing must lie in this direction.
  • the raw magnet 5 or the H thoroughlyffriedgepresste raw magnet can be mechanically post-treated, for example, by a grinding and / or polishing process, which in FIG. 1 is provided with the reference numeral 7.
  • the surface of the raw magnet 5 can be refined.
  • the size or shape of the raw magnet can be precisely adjusted so that it can be inserted into a predetermined fit.
  • the H discloseffriedgepresste raw magnet 5 is magnetized. This is done by exposing the green magnet 5 to a strong magnetic field. As a result, any magnetization can be imposed on the raw magnet 5. After magnetization, the finished permanent magnet 9 is then present.
  • the method according to the invention can not be used only for the production of individual permanent magnets. Rather, several or even many permanent magnets 9 can be produced simultaneously.
  • the compaction tool 17 may have a plurality of compaction molds 18, in each of which magnetic powder 15 is compacted at the same time by means of compaction punch 19 into individual compacts 2. Accordingly, the electrostatic coating of all compacts 2 can take place simultaneously.
  • the magnetic lifter 22 can have a plate 23 covering all compacts 2, behind each of which a permanent magnet 24 or a permanent magnet which detects all compacts is arranged for each compact 2.
  • the hot pressing tool 16 may correspondingly have a plurality of dies 11 in which the coated powder compacts are simultaneously hot-pressed to raw magnet 5. In this way, the method according to the invention can be used particularly efficiently for the production of permanent magnets.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Powder Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Press-Shaping Or Shaping Using Conveyers (AREA)
  • Manufacturing Cores, Coils, And Magnets (AREA)

Claims (16)

  1. Procédé de fabrication d'un aimant permanent (9) à partir d'un comprimé de poudre (2) en poudre magnétique (15) pré-compactée mécaniquement par pressage à chaud (4) dans un moule (11), dans lequel le comprimé de poudre (2) et/ou le moule (11) est, avant le pressage à chaud (4), revêtu d'un agent de démoulage (12) afin d'empêcher une adhérence du comprimé de poudre (2) sur le moule (11),
    l'agent de démoulage (12) étant électriquement non conducteur et se composant d'un matériau céramique ou contenant un matériau céramique, caractérisé en ce que l'agent de démoulage est appliqué par voie électrostatique sur le comprimé de poudre (2) et/ou sur le moule (11).
  2. Procédé selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que le comprimé de poudre (2) pressé à chaud forme un aimant brut (5) qui est ensuite formé par fluage à chaud à l'intérieur d'un deuxième moule qui est plus grand que l'aimant brut (5) dans au moins une direction spatiale.
  3. Procédé selon la revendication 2, caractérisé en ce que, avant le formage par fluage à chaud, un lubrifiant en matériau céramique est appliqué sur l'aimant brut (5) et/ou sur le deuxième moule, en particulier par voie électrostatique.
  4. Procédé selon l'une des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que le matériau céramique est ou contient du nitrure de bore, en particulier du nitrure de bore hexagonal.
  5. Procédé selon l'une des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce qu'une retenue du comprimé de poudre (2) ou de l'aimant brut (5) en vue de son déplacement s'effectue au moyen d'un outil de retenue (22) qui présente une plaque de retenue (23) qui se compose d'un matériau électriquement isolant, en particulier du même matériau que l'agent de démoulage (12).
  6. Procédé selon l'une des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que l'application électrostatique comprend une première étape d'aspersion (3a) dans laquelle l'agent de démoulage (12) est appliqué seulement sur une partie de la surface du comprimé de poudre (2) ou de l'aimant brut (5), ensuite sa surface résiduelle encore non revêtue est rendue accessible pour une deuxième étape d'aspersion (3c), et cette surface résiduelle est ensuite revêtue de l'agent de démoulage (12) dans la deuxième étape d'aspersion (3c) de l'application électrostatique.
  7. Procédé selon la revendication 6, caractérisé en ce que la surface résiduelle est rendue accessible par le fait que le comprimé de poudre (2) ou l'aimant brut (5) est agrippé et tourné ou soulevé par un outil de préhension (10) dans la zone de la surface déjà revêtue.
  8. Procédé selon l'une des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que le pressage à chaud (4) s'effectue dans un délai de moins de 20 heures après l'application de l'agent de démoulage (12).
  9. Utilisation d'un agent de démoulage pour la fabrication d'un aimant permanent à partir d'un comprimé de poudre (2) en poudre magnétique (15) pré-compactée mécaniquement par pressage à chaud (4) dans un moule (11), un agent de démoulage (12) étant présent pendant le pressage à chaud (4) entre le comprimé de poudre (2) et le moule (11) pour empêcher une adhérence du comprimé de poudre (2) sur le moule (11), l'agent de démoulage (12) étant électriquement non conducteur et se composant d'un matériau céramique ou contenant un matériau céramique, caractérisée en ce que l'agent de démoulage est appliqué par voie électrostatique.
  10. Utilisation selon la revendication 7, caractérisée en ce que le matériau céramique est ou contient du nitrure de bore, en particulier du nitrure de bore hexagonal.
  11. Dispositif de fabrication d'un aimant permanent (9) à partir d'un comprimé de poudre (2) en poudre magnétique (15) pré-compactée mécaniquement, comprenant un outil de formage (16) chauffable dans lequel un moule (11) est constitué pour la réception du comprimé de poudre (2), ainsi qu'un poinçon (13) pour le pressage à chaud (4) du comprimé de poudre (2) dans le moule (11) pour donner un aimant brut (5), un agent de démoulage (12) étant présent de façon appropriée pendant le pressage à chaud (4) entre le comprimé de poudre (2) et le moule (11) pour empêcher une adhérence du comprimé de poudre (2) sur le moule (11), l'agent de démoulage (12) étant électriquement non conducteur ou présentant une résistance ohmique au moins dans la plage des mégohms, et se composant d'un matériau céramique ou contenant un matériau céramique, caractérisé par un flacon pulvérisateur (20) raccordé à un premier potentiel de tension pour l'application électrostatique de l'agent de démoulage (12) sur le comprimé de poudre (2) en contact avec un deuxième potentiel de tension et/ou sur le moule raccordé à un deuxième potentiel de tension.
  12. Dispositif selon la revendication 11, caractérisé par un outil de retenue (22) pour la retenue du comprimé de poudre (2) revêtu de l'agent de démoulage (12) ou de l'aimant brut (5) revêtu de l'agent de démoulage (12) en vue de son déplacement qui présente une plaque de retenue (23) ou qui se compose d'une plaque de retenue en matériau électriquement isolant.
  13. Dispositif selon la revendication 12, caractérisé en ce que la plaque de retenue (23) se compose du même matériau que l'agent de démoulage (12), en particulier du nitrure de bore.
  14. Dispositif selon la revendication 11 ou 12, caractérisé en ce que l'outil de retenue (22) est un élévateur magnétique destiné à la réception magnétique du comprimé de poudre (2) ou de l'aimant brut (5).
  15. Dispositif selon la revendication 14, caractérisé en ce que, sur le côté de la plaque de retenue (23) éloigné du comprimé de poudre (2) ou de l'aimant brut (5) à recevoir, il est disposé des aimants permanents (24) dont la distance à la plaque de retenue (23) peut être modifiée.
  16. Dispositif selon l'une des revendications 11 à 15, caractérisé en ce que le flacon pulvérisateur est une buse à jet plat.
EP16001799.2A 2015-10-29 2016-08-16 Procede et dispositif de fabrication d'aimants permanents Active EP3163591B1 (fr)

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DE102015013950.9A DE102015013950A1 (de) 2015-10-29 2015-10-29 Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Herstellung von Permanentmagneten

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CN113996791B (zh) * 2021-09-27 2023-05-02 宁波金鸡强磁股份有限公司 一种高性能热压钕铁硼磁环的制造方法
CN117253688B (zh) * 2023-09-21 2024-05-14 宁波金鸡强磁股份有限公司 一种高性能热压钕铁硼磁体及其制备方法与应用

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JPS62213207A (ja) * 1986-03-14 1987-09-19 Seiko Epson Corp 希土類磁石の製造方法

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GB8918915D0 (en) * 1989-08-18 1989-09-27 Micanite & Insulators Co Ltd Hot pressing of metal alloy
CN1054458C (zh) * 1990-11-30 2000-07-12 因太金属株式会社 制造永磁铁的方法和装置及用于在磁场作用下成型的橡胶模具
US5093076A (en) * 1991-05-15 1992-03-03 General Motors Corporation Hot pressed magnets in open air presses
JPH05135924A (ja) * 1991-11-14 1993-06-01 Seiko Epson Corp 希土類永久磁石の製造方法
US5682591A (en) * 1994-08-24 1997-10-28 Quebec Metal Powders Limited Powder metallurgy apparatus and process using electrostatic die wall lubrication
JP2000012359A (ja) * 1998-06-18 2000-01-14 Mitsubishi Materials Corp 磁石およびその製造方法
JP4818722B2 (ja) * 2005-12-28 2011-11-16 インターメタリックス株式会社 ＮｄＦｅＢ系焼結磁石の製造方法及びＮｄＦｅＢ系焼結磁石製造用モールド
JP4944261B1 (ja) * 2011-03-31 2012-05-30 義純 福井 モールドコイルの製造方法
JP5997424B2 (ja) * 2011-07-22 2016-09-28 住友電気工業株式会社 圧粉磁心の製造方法
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CN106653343B (zh) 2020-06-16

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