Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
  • C08G69/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a carboxylic amide link in the main chain of the macromolecule
  • C08G69/02—Polyamides derived from amino-carboxylic acids or from polyamines and polycarboxylic acids
  • C08G69/04—Preparatory processes
  • C08G69/06—Solid state polycondensation
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
  • C08G69/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a carboxylic amide link in the main chain of the macromolecule
  • C08G69/02—Polyamides derived from amino-carboxylic acids or from polyamines and polycarboxylic acids
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
  • C08G69/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a carboxylic amide link in the main chain of the macromolecule
  • C08G69/02—Polyamides derived from amino-carboxylic acids or from polyamines and polycarboxylic acids
  • C08G69/08—Polyamides derived from amino-carboxylic acids or from polyamines and polycarboxylic acids derived from amino-carboxylic acids
  • C08G69/14—Lactams
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
  • C08G69/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a carboxylic amide link in the main chain of the macromolecule
  • C08G69/02—Polyamides derived from amino-carboxylic acids or from polyamines and polycarboxylic acids
  • C08G69/08—Polyamides derived from amino-carboxylic acids or from polyamines and polycarboxylic acids derived from amino-carboxylic acids
  • C08G69/14—Lactams
  • C08G69/16—Preparatory processes
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
  • C08G69/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a carboxylic amide link in the main chain of the macromolecule
  • C08G69/42—Polyamides containing atoms other than carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
  • C08G77/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a linkage containing silicon with or without sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen or carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule
  • C08G77/42—Block-or graft-polymers containing polysiloxane sequences
  • C08G77/452—Block-or graft-polymers containing polysiloxane sequences containing nitrogen-containing sequences
  • C08G77/455—Block-or graft-polymers containing polysiloxane sequences containing nitrogen-containing sequences containing polyamide, polyesteramide or polyimide sequences
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
  • C08G83/00—Macromolecular compounds not provided for in groups C08G2/00 - C08G81/00
  • C08G83/001—Macromolecular compounds containing organic and inorganic sequences, e.g. organic polymers grafted onto silica
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
  • C08K3/00—Use of inorganic substances as compounding ingredients
  • C08K3/34—Silicon-containing compounds
  • C08K3/36—Silica
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
  • C08L77/00—Compositions of polyamides obtained by reactions forming a carboxylic amide link in the main chain; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
  • C08L77/00—Compositions of polyamides obtained by reactions forming a carboxylic amide link in the main chain; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
  • C08L77/02—Polyamides derived from omega-amino carboxylic acids or from lactams thereof

Definitions

• the present invention relates to a process for the production of silicon-containing polyamide composite materials, in the following also polyamide-silicon composites, the composite materials obtainable by this process and their use.
• Polyamides are among the world's most widely produced polymers and serve in addition to the main applications such as fibers, materials and films a variety of other uses.
• polyamides polyamide 6 is the most widely produced polymer at about 57%.
• Polyamide composites Composite materials based on polyamides (hereinafter also polyamide composites) are usually prepared by incorporating finely divided, usually inorganic fillers in a polyamide matrix. Polyamide composites can also be obtained by polymerization of the corresponding monomers in the presence of finely divided fillers.
• the filler incorporated into the polyamide matrix can be used to improve the various properties of the original polyamide or to achieve new properties through the filler (A. Yebra-Rodriguez et al., Appl. Clay Sci. 2009, 43, 91-97).
• the best known and most commonly used inorganic filler is silica. It is undisputed that it substantially improves the mechanical and thermal properties of the polyamide.
• US Pat. No. 4,739,007 describes the preparation of polyamide-silicon composites in a two-stage process, in which first a chemically modified phyllosilicate, for example montmorillonite, which has been previously treated with a swelling agent, is incorporated in a monomer melt and then a polymerization is carried out.
• the resulting composite material is characterized by high mechanical strength and good high temperature properties and contains the silicate component in the form of an exfoliated phyllosilicate distributed in the polymer matrix.
• Yang, F., et al., J. Appl. Polym. Be. 1998, 69, 355-361 describe a process for the preparation of polyamide-silicon composites, in which a suspension of a silica modified with aminobutyric acid in ⁇ -caprolactam is polymerized to polyamide 6.
• the present invention is therefore based on the object to provide a process for the preparation of silicon-containing polyamide composite materials, in which the aforementioned disadvantages are avoided.
• this process should allow the production of polyamide-silicon composites without costly addition of chemically modified inorganic and powdered fillers in a one-pot reaction, ie in-situ, homogeneous silicon-containing polyamide composites provide.
• m is an integer in the range of 1 to 11, in particular in the range of 2 to 9 and especially 3 and # represents the attachment to the silicon atom of the compound SV.
• the invention therefore relates to processes for the preparation of silicon-containing polyamide composite materials, comprising the copolymerization a. at least one silicon compound SV which has at least one silicon atom which has at least one lactamyl radical of the formula (A) bonded via its nitrogen atom, b. with at least one comonomer CM selected from ammonium salts of dicarboxylic acids, aminocarboxylic acids, aminocarboxamides and lactams; wherein the at least one comonomer CM is selected so that water is formed in the copolymerization, or water is added to the copolymerization reaction.
• the process according to the invention is characterized in that the silicon can be introduced directly into the polymerization in the form of a compound which is soluble in the monomers.
• the use of powdered, chemically modified fillers and the associated problems, such as poor handling and health risks can be avoided in this way.
• the risk of contamination with contaminants, such as contained in naturally occurring silicates is reduced.
• the method according to the invention is characterized in that in the resulting composite materials, the silicon constituents are distributed much more uniformly in the polyamide matrix than is possible with the use of powdered fillers.
• the silicon-containing polyamide composites obtainable according to the invention are therefore novel and likewise the subject of the present invention.
• twin polymerization is a new reaction branch of the twin polymerization.
• the twin polymerization takes place with liberation of water, but in the present case under water consumption. Due to the presumably simultaneous formation of both polymers, i. Polyamide and silica-containing polymer are usually both in a very fine distribution, the dimensions of the domains of the polymer phases are usually on the nanometer scale, for example below 1000 nm or even below 200 nm.
• C 1 -C 6 -alkyl denotes a saturated, straight-chain or branched hydrocarbon group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, especially 1 to 4 carbon atoms.
• men for example methyl, ethyl, propyl, 1-methylethyl, butyl, 1-methylpropyl, 2-methylpropyl, 1,1-dimethylethyl, pentyl, 1-methylbutyl, 2-methylbutyl, 3-methylbutyl,
• C 1 -C 4 -alkyl includes, for example, methyl, ethyl, propyl, 1-methylethyl, butyl, 1-methylpropyl, 2-methylpropyl or 1,1-dimethylethyl.
• C 1 -C 6 -alkyl stands for unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 -alkyl, as defined above, or for C 1 -C 6 -alkyl, in which one of the hydrogen atoms is substituted by a substituent, for example C 1 -C 4 -alkoxy, phenyl or C3-C6-cycloalkyl is replaced.
• C 1 -C 6 -alkenyl stands for unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 -alkyl, as defined above, or for C 1 -C 6 -alkyl, in which one of the hydrogen atoms is substituted by a substituent, such as C 1 -C 4 -alkoxy, phenyl or C 3 -C6-cycloalkyl is replaced.
• C 1 -C 6 -alkoxy describes straight-chain or branched saturated alkyl groups comprising 1 to 6 carbon atoms which are bonded via an oxygen atom.
• Examples are C 1 -C 6 -alkoxy such as methoxy, ethoxy, OCH 2 -C 2 H 5 , OCH (CH 3 ) 2 , n-butoxy, OCH (CH 3 ) -C 2 H 5 , OCH 2 -CH (CH 3 ) 2 , OC (CH 3 ) 3 , n-pentoxy, 1-methylbutoxy, 2-methylbutoxy, 3-methylbutoxy, 1, 1-dimethylpropoxy,
• C 1 -C 6 -alkoxy stands for unsubstituted C 1 -C 6 -alkoxy as defined above or for C 1 -C 6 -alkoxy in which one of the hydrogen atoms is substituted by a substituent such as C 1 -C 4 -alkoxy, phenyl or C 3 -C 6 cycloalkyl is replaced.
• C 3 -C 8 cycloalkyl describes mono- or bicyclic saturated hydrocarbon radicals comprising 3 to 8 carbon atoms, especially 3 to 6 carbon atoms.
• monocyclic radicals include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl or cyclooctyl.
• bicyclic radicals include bicyclo [2.2.1] heptyl, bicyclo [3.1.1] heptyl, bicyclo [2.2.2] octyl and bicyclo [3.2.1] octyl.
• Optionally substituted C 3 -C 8 cycloalkyl in this context means a cycloalkyl radical having 3 to 8 C atoms, wherein at least 1 hydrogen atom, eg 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 hydrogen atoms are replaced by substituents which are inert under the conditions of the reaction are.
• substituents which are inert under the conditions of the reaction are.
• inert substituents are CN, Ci-C6 alkyl, C1 C4 haloalkyl, d-Ce-alkoxy, C 3 -C 6 cycloalkyl, and Ci-C4-alkoxy-Ci-C 6 alkyl.
• C 3 -C 8 cycloalkyl means unsubstituted C 3 -C 8 cycloalkyl as defined above or C 3 -C 8 cycloalkyl wherein one or more, eg 1, 2, 3 or 4, of the hydrogen atoms are replaced by substituents such as C1-C4 alkyl, Ci-C 4 alkoxy, phenyl or C 3 -C 6 cycloalkyl.
• optionally substituted phenyl as used herein means unsubstituted phenyl or describes phenyl which is 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5, especially 1, 2 or 3 substituents which are inert under the conditions of the reaction.
• inert substituents are halogen, in particular fluorine, chlorine or bromine, CN, NO 2 , C 1 -C 6 -alkyl, C 1 -C 6 -alkylthio, C 1 -C 6 -alkylsulfonyl, C 1 -C 4 -haloalkyl, C 1 -C 6 - Alkoxy, Cs-Ce-cycloalkyl, and Ci-C 4 -alkoxy-Ci-C 6 -alkyl.
• phenyl-C 1 -C 6 -alkyl refers to C 1 -C 6 -alkyl wherein one of the hydrogen atoms is replaced by an optionally substituted phenyl group. Examples are benzyl, 4-methylbenzyl, phenylethyl, etc.
• phenyl as used herein means unsubstituted phenyl or phenyl bearing 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5, especially 1, 2 or 3, substituents which are inert under the conditions of the polymerization ,
• substituents are halogen, especially fluorine, chlorine or bromine, CN, NO2, d-Ce-alkyl, Ci-C 6 alkoxy and C 3 -C 6 cycloalkyl.
• phenyl-C 1 -C 6 -alkyl refers to C 1 -C 6 -alkyl wherein one of the hydrogen atoms is replaced by a phenyl group. Examples are benzyl, 4-methylbenzyl, phenylethyl etc.
• phenyl-C 1 -C 6 -alkyl as used herein describes phenyl-C 1 -C 6 -alkyl, as defined above, in which phenyl is unsubstituted or 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5, in particular 1, 2 or 3 substituents which are inert under the conditions of polymerization.
• substituents are halogen, in particular fluorine, chlorine or bromine, CN, NO 2, C 1 -C 6 -alkyl, C 1 -C 6 -alkoxy and C 1 -C 6 -cycloalkyl.
• At least one silicon compound SV is copolymerized with at least one comonomer CM.
• Suitable silicon compounds SV are especially those of the general formula I.
• n is an integer in the range of 1 to 1 1, in particular in the range of 2 to 9 and especially 3,
• x is 1, 2, 3 or 4 and especially 3 or 4 and
• R is optionally substituted C 1 -C 6 -alkyl, optionally substituted C 2 -C 6 -alkenyl, optionally substituted C 1 -C 6 -alkoxy, optionally substituted C 3 -C 6 -cycloalkyl, optionally substituted phenyl or optionally substituted phenyl-C 1 -C 6 -alkyl;
• R is when x is 1, 2 or 3, in particular C 1 -C 6 -alkyl or C 3 -C 6 -cycloalkyl and especially C 1 -C 4 -alkyl.
• R ' is optionally substituted C 1 -C 6 -alkyl, optionally substituted C 2 -C 6 -alkenyl, optionally substituted C 1 -C 6 -alkoxy, optionally substituted C 3 -C 6 -cycloalkyl, optionally substituted phenyl, optionally substituted phenyl-C 1 -C 6 -alkyl or a radical of the formula A is.
• R ' is in particular a radical of the formula (A), C 1 -C 6 -alkyl or C 3 -C 6 -cycloalkyl and especially a radical of the formula (A) in which m is in particular 2 to 9 and especially 3 , or for C 1 -C 4 -alkyl.
• Oligomers which have at least one repeat unit of the general formula II can, in addition to the formula I, also have one or more terminal groups of the formula IIa and also repeat units of the formula IIb and / or branch points of the formulas IIc or IId:
• R ' has the meanings given for formula II and is in particular a radical of the formula (A), Ci-C6-alkyl or C3-C6-cycloalkyl and especially a radical of the formula (A) wherein m is in particular from 2 to 9 and especially 3, or is C 1 -C 4 -alkyl.
• R is optionally substituted C 1 -C 6 -alkyl, optionally substituted C 2 -C 6 -alkenyl, optionally substituted C 1 -C 6 -alkoxy, optionally substituted C 3 -C 6 -cycloalkyl, optionally substituted phenyl or optionally substituted phenyl-C 1 C6-alkyl, in particular C 1 -C 6 -alkyl or C 3 -C 6 -cycloalkyl and especially C 1 -C 4 -alkyl.
• Typical oligomers which have at least one repeat unit of the general formula II generally have on average (number average) 2 to 100, in particular 2 to 50, silicon atoms, with an average of at least 1 silicon atom in the form of a repeat unit of the formula II.
• such an oligomer has on average at least 2 and in particular 2 to 50 repeat units of the formula II.
• mixtures of different compounds of the formula I or mixture of one or more compounds of the formula I with one or more oligomers which contain repeating units of the formula II can also be used as the silicon compound SV.
• compounds of the formula I or mixtures of various compounds of the formula I are preferably used as the silicon compound SV, in particular those compounds of the formula I or mixtures thereof in which x is 3 or especially 4.
• m has the meaning given above, in particular 2, 3 or 9 and especially 3, in the presence of at least one base.
• the base is preferably used in the base in an amount of 0.9 to 2 moles per mole of chlorine atom in the compound of the formula (VIII).
• Suitable bases are especially tertiary amines, in particular tri-C 1 -C 4 -alkylamines and di-C 1 -C 4 -alkyl-C 3 -C 6 -cycloalkylamines such as triethylamine, tripropylamine, dimethylisopropylamine, methyldiisopropylamine, tributylamine and dimethylcyclohexylamine, and C 1 -C 4 -alkylimidazoles, such as / V-methylimidazole.
• the reaction of the compound of the formula VIII with the lactam of the formula III takes place in a temperature range from -20 to 110 ° C., preferably at 20 to 30 ° C.
• the silicon compound SV is copolymerized with at least one comonomer CM which is selected from ammonium salts of dicarboxylic acids, aminocarboxylic acids and lactams.
• the copolymerization takes place at least temporarily in the presence of water.
• the water serves to hydrolyze the Si-N bond in the compound SV.
• This water can be formed in the copolymerization itself, namely when the comonomers CM comprise at least one compound having a carboxyl group.
• the comonomers comprise at least one compound selected from ammonium salts of dicarboxylic acids, aminocarboxylic acids and aminocarboxylic acid amides and mixtures thereof.
• This water may also be added, especially if the monomers comprise only lactams.
• the comonomers CM comprise at least one monomer which is selected from ammonium salts of dicarboxylic acids, aminocarboxylic acids and aminocarboxylic amides and mixtures thereof.
• water is formed during the copolymerization, which is then available for the hydrolysis of the Si-N bond in the compound SV.
• the comonomers CM are exclusively one or more compounds selected from ammonium salts of dicarboxylic acids, aminocarboxylic acids and aminocarboxamides and mixtures thereof.
• the comonomers comprise at least one monomer selected from ammonium salts of dicarboxylic acids, aminocarboxylic acids and aminocarboxamides and mixtures thereof, and at least one lactam.
• the total amount of water formed and / or added during the copolymerization is preferably at least 0.5 mol, in particular at least 0.7 mol and especially at least 0.9 mol per mol of the lactam residues of the formula A which in the silicon compound SV are bonded to silicon atoms.
• the total amount of water formed and / or added during the copolymerization is 2 moles, in particular 1.5 moles and especially 1.1 moles per mole of the lactam residues of the formula A which are bonded to silicon atoms in the silicon compound SV, Not exceed. In this way, complete implementation of the lactamyl-Si bond is ensured.
• Suitable lactams are, in particular, those of the general formula III as defined above, in particular those in which m in formula III is a number in the range from 2 to 9, e.g. stands for 2, 3 or 9 and especially for 3.
• lactams of the formula III are ⁇ -caprolactam, 2-piperidone ( ⁇ -valerolactam), 2-pyrrolidone ( ⁇ -butyrolactam),
• Suitable aminocarboxylic acids are, in particular, those of the general formulas IV and V:
• H 2 N-CHR x -COOH (V) y in formula (IV) for an integer in the range of 1 to 20, in particular in the range of 2 to 12, for example for 1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 9 or 1 1 stands and
• R x in formula (V) is optionally substituted C 1 -C 6 -alkyl, optionally substituted C 2 -C 6 -alkenyl, optionally substituted C 1 -C 6 -alkoxy, optionally substituted C 3 -C 6 -cycloalkyl, optionally substituted phenyl or optionally substituted phenyl Ci-C6-alkyl and is in particular C 1 -C 4 -alkyl, phenyl or benzyl.
• suitable aminocarboxylic acids of the formula IV are glycine,
• aminopropionic acid 4-aminobutanoic acid, 5-aminovaleric acid, 6-aminocaproic acid, 8-aminocaprylic acid, 10-aminodecanoic acid, 12-aminododecanoic acid, 14-aminotetradecanoic acid, 16-aminohexadecanoic acid and 18-aminooctadecanoic acid.
• suitable aminocarboxylic acids of the formula V are alanine, phenylglycine, valine, leucine, isoleucine and phenylalanine.
• Suitable aminocarboxamides are, in particular, ⁇ -aminocarboxamides, in particular the amides of the abovementioned aminocarboxylic acids of the formula IV.
• Suitable ammonium salts of dicarboxylic acids are, above all, salts of dicarboxylic acids with diamines, in particular of aliphatic or cycloaliphatic dicarboxylic acids with aliphatic, cycloaliphatic, araliphatic or aromatic Diamines.
• Typical dicarboxylic acids generally have 3 to 20, in particular 3 to 14 and especially 3 to 8 C atoms.
• Preferred dicarboxylic acids are aliphatic dicarboxylic acids.
• Typical diamines generally have 2 to 12, in particular 3 to 14 and especially 3 to 8 carbon atoms. The salts of aliphatic diamines are preferred.
• ammonium salts of dicarboxylic acids are salts of dicarboxylic acids of the formula (IV) with diamines of the formula (VII):
• HOOC- (CH 2 ) z -COOH (VI) where z in formula (VI) is an integer in the range from 1 to 12, in particular from 1 to 4, and v in formula (VII) is an integer in the range from 2 to 12, in particular from 2 to 6.
• dicarboxylic acids of the formula (VI) are malonic acid, succinic acid, glutaric acid, adipic acid, pimelic acid, suberic acid, azelaic acid, sebacic acid and dodecanedioic acid.
• aromatic dicarboxylic acids such as Cs 2 O and isophthalic acid can be used.
• Suitable diamines of the formula VII are tetramethylenediamine, pentamethylenediamine, hexamethylenediamine, heptamethylenediamine, octamethylenediamine, nomenethylenediamine and decamethylenediamine. Particularly preferred is hexamethylenediamine.
• the comonomers CM are preferably selected from: b1) aminocarboxylic acids, in particular those of the formulas IV or V and especially those of the formula IV;
• ammonium salts of dicarboxylic acids in particular salts of dicarboxylic acids with diamines and especially salts of dicarboxylic acids of the formula VI with diamines of the formula VII;
• Dicarboxylic acid which is particularly selected from salts of dicarboxylic acids with diamines and especially with salts of dicarboxylic acids of the formula VI with diamines of the formula VII; and b4) mixtures of at least one lactam, in particular at least one lactam of the formula III, especially caprolactam, with at least one aminocarboxylic acid, in particular at least one aminocarboxylic acid of the formulas IV or V and especially at least one aminocarboxylic acid of the formula IV.
• the comonomers CM are selected from the comonomers of the aforementioned groups b3) and b4), i. mixtures of at least one lactam and at least one aminocarboxylic acid and mixtures of at least one lactam and at least one ammonium salt of a dicarboxylic acid.
• the molar ratio of lactam to aminocarboxylic acid or to the ammonium salt of the dicarboxylic acid is preferably at least 1.1: 1 and in particular at least 2: 1 and is in particular in the range from 1.1: 1 to 500 1 and especially in the range from 2: 1 to 100: 1.
• the copolymerization of the at least one silicon compound SV with the at least one comonomer CM can be carried out in analogy to methods of polyamide preparation known per se. Such a method is z. As in Kunststoff Handbuch,% engineering thermoplastics: polyamides, Carl Hanser Verlag, 1998, Kunststoff, pp 42-47 and 65-70 described.
• the silicon content in the resulting composite material can be adjusted in a targeted manner.
• the silicon compound SV is in an amount of 0.1 to 70 wt .-%, in particular in an amount of 0.5 to 50 wt .-% and especially in an amount of 1 to 25 wt .-%, based on the Total amount of silicon compound SV and comonomer used.
• the silicon compound SV and the comonomer CM is used in such a molar ratio that during the reaction at least 0.7 moles of water per mole of lactam radicals of the formula A, in the silicon compound SV at Silicon atoms are bonded, formed or an appropriate amount of water is added, the molar ratios are chosen in particular so that the eduche te or added amount of water preferably 2 moles, especially 1, 5 moles and especially 1, 1 moles per mole of Lactam radicals of the formula A, which are bonded to silicon atoms in the silicon compound SV. In this way, complete implementation of the lactamyl-Si bond is ensured.
• the Silicon compound SV and the comonomer CM used in such a molar ratio that during the reaction 0.7 to 2 moles of water, in particular 0.9 to 1, 2 moles and water and in particular 0.9 to 1, 1 mol of water per mole of Lactam radicals of the formula A which are bonded to silicon atoms in the silicon compound SV are formed.
• copolymerisers which have carboxyl groups, e.g. Aminocarboxylic acid or ammonium salts of the dicarboxylic acid, in particular comonomers from groups b1 or b2) or mixtures of comonomers according to the abovementioned groups b3) and b4)
• these comonomers and the silicon compound SV are preferably employed in such a molar ratio that the molar ratio of carboxyl groups in the comonomers to the lactam radicals of the formula A, which are bonded to silicon atoms in the silicon compound SV, is at least 0.7: 1, in particular at least 0.9: 1 and in particular in the range from 0.7: 1 to 1, 2: 1 and especially in the range of 0.9: 1 to 1, 1: 1.
• the copolymerization of the at least one silicon compound SV with the at least one comonomer CM can be carried out without addition of a polymerization catalyst. However, the copolymerization can also be carried out in the presence of a polymerization catalyst.
• Typical polymerization catalysts are the variously used amidation catalysts in the preparation of polyamides, for example Bronsted acids such as hydrochloric acid, phosphoric acid, phosphorous acid, hypophosphorous acid or sulfuric acid.
• a mixture of the at least one silicon compound SV with the at least one comonomer CM is heated to the temperature required for the polymerization.
• the temperatures required for the copolymerization naturally depend on the nature of the at least one silicon compound SV and the nature of the at least one comonomer CM and can be determined by routine methods.
• the temperatures required for the copolymerization are typically above 100 ° C and often at least 120 ° C or at least 150 ° C and will usually not exceed 320 ° C, often 300 ° C and especially 280 ° C.
• the copolymerization is carried out at temperatures in the range of 150 to 280 ° C and especially at temperatures in the range of 180 ° C to 260 ° C.
• the process according to the invention can be carried out at atmospheric pressure, overpressure or under autogenous pressure of the system.
• the absolute pressure in the po- lymerisationsreaktor preferably in a range of about 1 to 70 bar, more preferably from 1, 0 bar to 20 bar.
• the mixture may contain the total amount of comonomer CM and the total amount of silicon compound SV.
• one or more constituents of the mixture preferably the comonomers CM, to be partly fed in the course of the polymerization to the mixture.
• the copolymerization of the at least one silicon compound SV with the at least one comonomer CM is generally carried out in bulk, i. in the substantial absence of inert diluents.
• the at least one silicon compound SV and the at least one comonomer CM make up at least 90% by weight, in particular at least 99% by weight, of the mixture used for the polymerization.
• the polymerization can also be carried out in the presence of inert diluents.
• the copolymerization of the at least one silicon compound SV with the at least one comonomer CM may be discontinuous, i. batchwise or continuously.
• Suitable reactors for batchwise or continuous copolymerization are the customary for the preparation of polyamides known to those skilled reactors.
• the continuous copolymerization takes place in a polymerization tube or a bundle of polymerization tubes.
• a so-called VK tube is used for continuous copolymerization.
• VK stands for "simplified continuously”.
• the copolymerization can be designed in one or more stages.
• a multistage copolymerization in the first stage the formation of oligomers, which then polymerize in the other stages to the actual composite material.
• at least one of the stages is preferably carried out in a VK tube.
• the first stage can take place in a pressure pre-reactor.
• the resulting in the copolymerization composite material can be subjected to one or more post-treatment steps, for example, an extraction to remove unreacted monomers or oligomers, drying, packaging, shaping or granulation or combinations of these measures.
• the resulting in the copolymerization composite material can be formed into one or more strands.
• devices known to the person skilled in the art can be used. Suitable devices are for. B. perforated plates, nozzles or nozzle plates.
• the resulting in the copolymerization composite material is formed in a flowable state into strands and subjected as a flowable strand-shaped reaction product of comminution to composite.
• the hole diameter is preferably in a range of 0.5 mm to 20 mm, more preferably 1 mm to 5 mm, most preferably 1, 5 to 3 mm.
• the composite material obtained by copolymerization, formed into one or more strands can be solidified and then granulated.
• Kunststoffhandbuch, 3/4 Engineering thermoplastics: polyamides, Carl Hanser Verlag, 1998, Kunststoff, pp. 68-69 suitable measures are described.
• a special method of shaping is underwater granulation, which is also known in principle to a person skilled in the art.
• the extraction of the composite material can be carried out in analogy to the extraction of polyamides. Suitable methods and devices for the extraction of polyamides are known in principle to the person skilled in the art.
• the content of monomers and optionally dimers and other oligomers in the composite material is reduced by treatment with an extractant.
• this can be done for example by continuous or discontinuous extraction with hot water (DE 2501348 A, DE 2732328 A) or in the superheated steam stream (EP 0284968 W1).
• an extractant containing water or consisting of water is preferably used.
• Suitable extractants are also mixtures of water with C 1 -C 4 -alkanols such as water-ethanol mixtures.
• the temperature of the extractant is preferably in a range of 75 to 130 ° C, more preferably 85 to 120 ° C.
• the extraction can be continuous or discontinuous.
• the monomers or oligomers obtained during the extraction can be recovered from the extractant and fed in accordance with a polyamide production or a composite production according to the invention.
• the extracted composite material is preferably subjected to drying in a manner known per se.
• the extracted composite material may be contacted by dry air or a dry inert gas or mixture be dried from it. Preference is given to an inert gas, for. As nitrogen, used for drying.
• the extracted composite material may also be dried by contacting it with superheated steam or a mixture thereof with a different gas, preferably an inert gas.
• z. B countercurrent, crossflow, plate, tumble, paddle, trickle, cone, shaft dryer, fluidized beds, etc. are used.
• a suitable embodiment is the discontinuous drying in the tumble dryer or conical dryer under vacuum.
• Another suitable embodiment is the continuous drying in so-called drying tubes, which are flowed through by a gas which is inert under the drying conditions.
• at least one shaft dryer is used for drying.
• the shaft dryer is flowed through by a hot, under Nachpolymerisations committee inert gas.
• a preferred inert gas is nitrogen.
• the composite materials obtainable by the process according to the invention comprise, in addition to a polyamide resulting from the copolymerization of the comonomers CM with the lactam radicals of the formula A contained in the silicon compound SV, one or more silicon-containing phases which are finely distributed in the polyamide matrix.
• the silicon-containing phase is silicon dioxide or a polysiloxane phase or a mixture of silicon dioxide and polysiloxane phases.
• Silica phases are formed, in particular, when the silicon atoms in the silicon compound SV carry exclusively lactam radicals of the formula A or exclusively lactam radicals of the formula A and alkoxy radicals, whereas polysiloxane phases are formed especially when the silicon atoms in the silicon compound SV are adjacent to lactam radicals of the formula A also have radicals bonded via C atoms.
• the silicon content of the polyamide composite materials according to the invention can be varied.
• the silicon content is typically in the range of 0.1 to 10.0 wt% Si, in particular in the range of 0.8 to 5.0 wt .-% Si, based on the total weight of the composite material, calculated as silicon.
• the silicon-containing phases in the polyamide matrix are present in finely divided form, with usually at least 90% of the SiO 2 phases and / or polysiloxane phases having domain sizes of not more than 40 ⁇ m, in particular not more than 1 ⁇ m, and frequently Domain sizes in the range of 5 nm to 40 ⁇ , preferably in the range of 10 to 1000 nm and in particular in the range of 20 to 500 nm, determined by means of SEM / EDX images or HAADF-STEM measurements.
• the polyamides contained in the silicon-containing polyamide composite materials according to the invention generally have a number-average molecular weight M n in the range from 15,000 to 50,000, in particular in the range from 18,000 to 35,000.
• the weight-average molecular weight M w of these polyamides is generally in the range from 40,000 to 225,000, in particular in the range from 45,000 to 140,000.
• the polyamide composite materials according to the invention are usually produced in the form of a powder or granules.
• the silicon-containing polyamide composites according to the invention are basically suitable for all applications in which polyamides are typically used. In particular, the production of films, fibers, monofilaments, pipes, corrugated pipes, profiles and any form of semi-finished or plastic articles obtained by known and customary shaping or spinning process.
• the polyamide-silicon composite according to the invention and its preparation were explained in more detail below by Examples 1 to 4, Table 1 and Figures 1 to 7. These illustrate some aspects of the present invention and are not to be considered as limiting the scope of protection.
• FIG. 1 29 Si - ⁇ 1 H ⁇ CP MAS NMR spectrum of the composite material according to Example 4
• FIG. 2 13 C- ⁇ 1 H ⁇ -CP-MAS-NMR spectrum of the composite material according to Example 4
• Figure 3 DSC curves of the composite materials of Examples 1 -4, 2. heating curve of the cyclic measurements, heating rate 10 K / min, 50 ml / min N2
• FIG. 4 ATR-FTIR spectra of the composite materials from Examples 1 -4
• FIG. 5 SEM / EDX images of the platinum-coated composite material from Example 3
• FIG. 6 HAADF-STEM images of the composite material from Example 3 in different resolutions
• FIG. 7 EDX images of the platinum-coated composite material
• ATR-FTIR Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy using attenuated total reflection.
• DSC measurements were carried out with a DSC1 type instrument from Mettler Toledo.
• the crucibles used were made of aluminum, crucible size 40 ⁇ .
• the measurement was carried out with a perforated lid under an applied nitrogen flow of 50 ml / min.
• the heating rate was 10 K / min
• the determination of the molecular weights was carried out by gel permeation chromatography (GPC).
• GPC measurements were carried out on an Agilent 1 100 Series instrument from the company. Agilent Technologies, USA, which had three columns (HFIP-LG Guard, and PL HFIPgel).
• the eluent was hexafluoropropanol (HFIP) + 0.05%
• the ATR-FTIR spectra were recorded with a FTIR spectrometer from BIO-RAD, type FTS 165, using a Golden Gate attachment. The samples were applied directly to the measuring head and pressed using a sapphire punch with a defined pressure of 5 bar. The acquisition of the measurement data was done with the program Win-IR, the presentation and evaluation with Origin.
• Example 1 Composite material with 1.8% by weight of SiO 2
• a vessel was charged with 15 g of ⁇ -caprolactam, 3.3 g of ⁇ -aminocaproic acid and 3.0 g of 1, 1 ', 1 ", 1"' silanetetrayltetrakis (azepan-2-one).
• the kettle was then purged with argon three times.
• the boiler was pressurized to about 10 bar (argon).
• the kettle was heated to 230 ° C in about one hour, the stirrer was switched on from about 100 ° C. The temperature of 230 ° C was maintained for 2.5 hours. During the course of the reaction, the pressure rose to about 15 bar. In the last 15 minutes, the pressure was slowly reduced to normal pressure.
• Example 2 Composite material with 5.0% by weight of SiO 2 In a vessel, 2.0 g of ⁇ -caprolactam, 8.7 g of ⁇ -aminocaproic acid and 9.3 g
• Example 3 Composite material with 1.7% by weight of SiC "2 / 0.5% by weight of polysiloxane
• a kettle was charged with 15.0 g of ⁇ -caprolactam, 3.9 g of co-aminocaproic acid, 0.6 g of 1, 1 ', 1 "- (methylsilanetriyl) tri (azepan-2-one) and 3.3 g of 1, 1 ', 1 ", 1"' silanetetrayltetrakis (azepan-2-one), followed by three purging with argon, and the polymerization was carried out at a pressure of about 10 bar (argon).
• the kettle was heated to 230 ° C. over approximately one hour, the stirrer being switched on from about 100 ° C. The temperature of 230 ° C. was maintained for 2.5 h During the course of the reaction, the pressure rose to about 15 bar. In the last 15 minutes, the pressure was slowly reduced to normal pressure.
• Example 4 Composite material with 4.0% by weight of SiO 2/1, 1% by weight of polysiloxane
• FIG. 1 shows a 29 Si ( 1 H) CP MAS NMR spectrum of the composite material according to example 4.
• FIG. 1 shows that a silica network, recognizable by Q signals at about -100 ppm, with polysiloxane Units, visible by T signals at about -60 ppm.
• FIG. 2 shows a 13 C- ⁇ 1 H ⁇ -CP-MAS-NMR spectrum of the composite material according to Example 4.
• the resulting polyamide 6 methylene carbon at 25-50 ppm and carbonyl carbon at about 174 ppm
• methyl groups of the polysiloxane network at about -7 ppm to recognize.
• Figure 3 shows the 2nd heating curve of the cyclic DSC measurements of the materials after extraction.
• the resulting PA 6 melts at about 220 ° C. It is formed both the a-, and the ⁇ -modification.
• the FTIR spectra in Figure 4 show characteristic bands for the resulting composite material. Both polyamide 6-typical bands such as the NH stretching vibration at about 3300 cm -1 or the amide I and II bands can be observed, as well as the Si-O valence vibration typical for the SiO 2 / polysiloxane network at about 1070 cm. 1 .
• FIG. 5 shows electron micrographs of the composite material from Example 3.
• silicon appears bright and all other elements appear darker.
• the images show a relatively homogeneous distribution of the silicon over the considered sample cross-section.
• FIG. 6 shows HAADF-STEM images of the composite material from example 3.
• silicon-rich regions are brighter than silicon-poor ones Areas.
• the images show a relatively homogeneous distribution of the silicon contained. About 5 nm primary particles form, which are present in larger agglomerates.
• Example 1 In Figure 7, the element distribution of silicon in the composite material of Example 1 can be seen. The resulting silica is distributed relatively homogeneously over the sample cross-section. The primary particles are partially agglomerated.

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