EP2968533A1 - Nouveaux médicaments comprenant une composition d'anticorps enrichie en isoforme de charge majoritaire - Google Patents

Nouveaux médicaments comprenant une composition d'anticorps enrichie en isoforme de charge majoritaire

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Publication number
EP2968533A1
EP2968533A1 EP14709977.4A EP14709977A EP2968533A1 EP 2968533 A1 EP2968533 A1 EP 2968533A1 EP 14709977 A EP14709977 A EP 14709977A EP 2968533 A1 EP2968533 A1 EP 2968533A1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
antibody
composition
antibody composition
antigen
isoforms
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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Application number
EP14709977.4A
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German (de)
English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
Guillaume CHEVREUX
Nicolas Bihoreau
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LFB SA
Original Assignee
LFB SA
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Publication date
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Publication of EP2968533A1 publication Critical patent/EP2968533A1/fr
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
    • A61K39/395—Antibodies; Immunoglobulins; Immune serum, e.g. antilymphocytic serum
    • A61K39/39591—Stabilisation, fragmentation
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K16/00—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies
    • C07K16/18—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans
    • C07K16/28—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against receptors, cell surface antigens or cell surface determinants
    • C07K16/2896—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against receptors, cell surface antigens or cell surface determinants against molecules with a "CD"-designation, not provided for elsewhere
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
    • A61P31/04—Antibacterial agents
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P37/00—Drugs for immunological or allergic disorders
    • A61P37/02—Immunomodulators
    • A61P37/06—Immunosuppressants, e.g. drugs for graft rejection
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K1/00—General methods for the preparation of peptides, i.e. processes for the organic chemical preparation of peptides or proteins of any length
    • C07K1/14—Extraction; Separation; Purification
    • C07K1/16—Extraction; Separation; Purification by chromatography
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K2317/00—Immunoglobulins specific features
    • C07K2317/20—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by taxonomic origin
    • C07K2317/21—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by taxonomic origin from primates, e.g. man
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K2317/00—Immunoglobulins specific features
    • C07K2317/20—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by taxonomic origin
    • C07K2317/24—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by taxonomic origin containing regions, domains or residues from different species, e.g. chimeric, humanized or veneered
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K2317/00—Immunoglobulins specific features
    • C07K2317/70—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by effect upon binding to a cell or to an antigen
    • C07K2317/73—Inducing cell death, e.g. apoptosis, necrosis or inhibition of cell proliferation
    • C07K2317/732—Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity [ADCC]
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K2317/00—Immunoglobulins specific features
    • C07K2317/70—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by effect upon binding to a cell or to an antigen
    • C07K2317/73—Inducing cell death, e.g. apoptosis, necrosis or inhibition of cell proliferation
    • C07K2317/734—Complement-dependent cytotoxicity [CDC]

Definitions

  • Novel Drugs comprising an Antibody Composition Enriched with Majority Charge Isoform
  • the present invention is in the technical field of antibody therapies involving a target cell killing mechanism by ADCC. It relates to purified antibody compositions, obtained by chromatographic fractionation of the different charge isoforms naturally present in an antibody composition and grouping of one or more chromatographic fractions corresponding to the major peak of the chromatogram, the monoclonal antibody composition as well as obtained being enriched in said majority peak, which represents at least 85% of the chromatogram of the composition obtained, for use as a medicament.
  • Prior art relates to purified antibody compositions, obtained by chromatographic fractionation of the different charge isoforms naturally present in an antibody composition and grouping of one or more chromatographic fractions corresponding to the major peak of the chromatogram, the monoclonal antibody composition as well as obtained being enriched in said majority peak, which represents at least 85% of the chromatogram of the composition obtained, for use as a medicament.
  • an antibody composition is inherently heterogeneous. Indeed, the antibody compositions used in therapy are produced in biological systems (cells, animals or transgenic plants), in which the proteins in general, and therefore the antibodies in particular, are subjected to a number of post-modification modifications. translational (enzymatic modifications or degradations), which will vary from one antibody molecule to another and thus generate micro-heterogeneity within the antibody composition produced.
  • Antibodies are glycoproteins consisting of four polypeptide chains: two heavy chains (called “H” for “heavy”) generally identical and two light chains (called “L” for “light”) generally identical associated by a variable number of disulfide bridges and non-covalent interactions. These chains form a Y-shaped structure, the heavy chain contributing to the trunk of the Y and half of each arm of the Y, the light chain contributing to half of each arm of the Y.
  • Each light chain consists of a constant domain ( C L ) and a variable domain (V L ); the heavy chains are composed of a variable fragment (V H ) and 3 or 4 constant fragments (Cm-C H 3 or Cm) according to the isotype of the antibody (the IgG comprise 3 constant fragments Cm to Cm) -
  • the association of the light chain (V L + C L ) and the heavy chain domains V H and Cm form the Fab fragment, the associated VL and VH domains being responsible for the recognition of the antigen.
  • the constant domains (C H 2 and Cm) or (C H 2 -C H4) of the two heavy chains form the constant Fc fragment.
  • the antibodies are known to be subjected to the following post-translational modifications: terminal modifications of heavy or light chains, glycosylation of the Fc (and possibly Fab) part, deamidation, isomerization, oxidation, fragmentation, and aggregation (see Vlasak et al. 2008).
  • the glycosylation of the constant Fc part of the antibodies is now well known to strongly influence many biological properties of the antibody: in vivo half-life (see Wright et al. induce an ADCC response (cytotoxic cell response dependent on the antibody, see Satoh et al. 2006, Presta et al. 2006), a CDC response (complement-dependent cytotoxic response, see Wright et al. 1994, Presta et al. 2006). ), etc.
  • the content of the antibody composition in fucosylated glycan forms is today known to very strongly affect the ability of the composition to induce an ADCC response in vivo.
  • Khawli et al-2010 and Vogel et al-201 1 describe the separation by chromatographic techniques using a cation exchange resin of the acidic, predominant, and basic isoforms of a monoclonal antibody composition used passive immunotherapy; the analysis of post-translational modifications leading to the existence of several isoforms; as well as the study of the pharmacokinetic properties and certain functional properties of three purified fractions (acid, majority and basic).
  • the chromatogram of the native composition shows, as always, a majority peak, surrounded by peaks comprising acidic isoforms and peaks comprising basic isoforms.
  • the identified post-translational modifications include the reduction of some disulfide bridges (Khawli et al-2010), glycations (Khawli et al-2010, Vogel et al-201 1), dehydration (Khawli et al-2010, Vogel et al. al-201 1), the cleavage of C-terminal lysines of the heavy chains (Khawli et al-2010, Vogel et al-201 1), the presence of aggregates (Gandhi et al-201 1), oxidation phenomena (Gandhi et al-201 1).
  • EP1308456 and WO2004 / 024866 describe chromatographic methods for removing acidic variants of a monoclonal antibody composition, without the effectiveness of the effector properties of the composition before and after purification being tested.
  • WO201 1/009623 discloses a chromatographic method for removing acidic variants or basic variants of a monoclonal antibody composition, without the effector properties of the composition before and after purification being tested.
  • the method described in this document eliminates only one type of variant and only the elimination of acid variants is actually implemented.
  • a fraction purified by chromatography, enriched in the major charge isoform of an antibody composition has a significantly higher capacity to induce an effector response via the CD16 receptor by the effector cells expressing this receptor.
  • a purified fraction enriched in the major charge isoform of an antibody composition makes it possible to induce a stronger ADCC response and a stronger CDC response in vivo, and thus to increase the clinical and / or decrease the doses administered, thus limiting the side effects.
  • the present invention therefore relates to a monoclonal antibody composition obtainable by a process comprising:
  • step b) fractionating the composition obtained in step a) by chromatography, and c) the grouping of one or more chromatographic fractions obtained in step b), corresponding to the major peak of the chromatogram, the monoclonal antibody composition thus obtained being enriched in said majority peak, the latter representing at least 85%, advantageously at least 86%, at least 87%, at least 88%, at least 89%, more preferably at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, minus 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 98,5%, at least 99%, or at least 99,5% of the chromatogram of the composition obtained in step c) ,
  • step b) is carried out by fractionation of the composition obtained in step a) by conventional ion exchange chromatography, by chromatofocusing, or by hydrophobic interaction chromatography.
  • the ion exchange chromatography uses one of the following eluting means:
  • compositions for use as a medicament at least 95%, advantageously at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or even at least 98.5%, at least 99%, or at least less than 99.5% of the heavy chains of the antibodies present in the composition do not comprise a C-terminal lysine residue.
  • the invention also relates to a monoclonal antibody composition, wherein at least 95%, preferably at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 98.5%, at least 99%, or at least less than 99.5% of the heavy chains of the antibodies present in the composition do not comprise a C-terminal lysine residue for use as a medicament.
  • the antibody is advantageously directed against a non-ubiquitous antigen present on healthy donor cells, an antigen of a cancer cell, or an antigen of an infected cell. by pathogen.
  • the antibody is an anti-Rhesus D antibody and the composition and intended for the prevention of alloimmunisation in Rh-negative individuals.
  • the antibody is directed against an antigen of a cancer cell and the composition and intended for the treatment of a cancer, the antibody is directed against an antigen of a cell infected with a pathogen and the composition and intended for the treatment of an infection by said pathogenic organism,
  • the antibody is directed against an antigen of an immune cell and the composition for the treatment of an autoimmune disease.
  • the antibody comprises a modification of the Fc fragment increasing its binding to the Fc ⁇ RIII receptor and its effector properties via the Fc ⁇ RIII receptor.
  • the composition for use as a medicament according to the invention may in particular comprise mutations in the Fc fragment increasing its binding to the Fc ⁇ RIII receptor and / or a low fucose content.
  • the antibodies present in the composition have on their N-glycosylation sites of the Fc fragment glycan structures of biantenné type, with a fucose content of less than 65%.
  • the antibody comprises a modification of the Fc fragment increasing its binding to the C1 protein and its effector properties via the complement.
  • the present invention also relates to the use of a chromatographic fractionation step to increase the ability of a monoclonal antibody composition directed against a given antibody to induce antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) of target cells expressing said antigen by the effector cells of the immune system expressing the Fc ⁇ RIII receptor (CD16).
  • ADCC antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity
  • the present invention also relates to the use of a chromatography fractionation step for increasing the ability of a monoclonal antibody composition directed against a given antibody to induce complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) of target cells expressing said antigen by the complement.
  • CDC complement-dependent cytotoxicity
  • FIG. 1 Chromatograms obtained for three separations by chromatofocusing of an anti-CD20 antibody composition (anion exchange resin (Mono TM P column marketed by GE Life Sciences) with elution by a descending gradient of pH (9.5 at 8.0 using two buffers: buffer A (25 mM diethanolamine), buffer B (polybuffer 96 + pharmalyte 8-10.5))
  • the antibody composition was desalted, and 20 mg was injected onto the column . Fractions of 2 ml were collected. Fractions 33 to 50 were collected for analysis.
  • FIG. 1 Chromatograms of the CEX purified anti-CD20 antibody composition.
  • A Chromatogram of the anti-CD20 antibody composition before purification.
  • B Chromatogram of the composition formed by assembling fractions 1 to 20 corresponding to the major peak of the chromatogram before separation (A). The percentage of the different peaks are indicated.
  • FIG. 4 Binding to CD16 (Biacore) purified fractions by cation exchange chromatography. The CD16 binding of each sample is expressed as a percentage of the CD16 binding of a reference sample
  • the CD16 activity (secretion of IL-2 by Jurkat CD16 cells) of each sample is expressed as a percentage of the CD16 activity of a reference sample.
  • the present invention therefore relates to a monoclonal antibody composition obtainable by a process comprising:
  • step b) fractionating the composition obtained in step a) by chromatography
  • step c) the grouping of one or more chromatographic fractions obtained in step b), corresponding to the major peak of the chromatogram, the monoclonal antibody composition thus obtained being enriched in said majority peak, the latter representing at least 85%, advantageously at least 86%, at least 87%, at least 88%, at least 89%, more preferably at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 98,5%, at least 99%, or at least 99.5% of the chromatogram of the composition obtained in stage c),
  • a monoclonal antibody composition is produced from a cell clone, a transgenic animal or a transgenic plant.
  • antibody or “immunoglobulin” is meant a molecule comprising at least one binding domain to a given antigen and a constant domain comprising a Fc fragment capable of binding to FcR receptors.
  • an antibody is composed of 4 polypeptide chains: 2 heavy chains and 2 light chains linked together by a variable number of disulfide bridges providing flexibility to the molecule.
  • Each light chain consists of a constant domain (CL) and a variable domain (VL); the heavy chains being composed of a variable domain (VH) and 3 or 4 constant domains (CH1 to CH3 or CH1 to CH4) according to the isotype of the antibody.
  • VH variable domain
  • CH1 to CH3 or CH1 to CH4 constant domains
  • antibodies consist of only two heavy chains, each heavy chain comprising a variable domain (VH) and a constant region.
  • Variable domains are involved in antigen recognition, while constant domains are involved in the biological, pharmacokinetic and effector properties of the antibody.
  • the constant domains are characterized by an amino acid sequence very close to one antibody to another, characteristic of the species and the isotype, with possibly somatic mutations.
  • the Fc fragment is naturally composed of the constant region of the heavy chain excluding the CH1 domain, that is to say the lower hinge region and the constant CH2 and CH3 or CH2 to CH4 domains (depending on the isotype ).
  • the complete Fc fragment is composed of the C-terminal portion of the heavy chain from the cysteine residue at position 226 (C226), the numbering of amino acid residues in the Fc fragment being throughout the present invention. description that of the EU index described in Edelman et al. 1969 and Kabat et al. 1991.
  • the corresponding Fc fragments of other types of immunoglobulins can be easily identified by those skilled in the art by sequence alignments.
  • the Fc fragment is glycosylated at the CH2 domain with the presence, on each of the 2 heavy chains, of a / V-glycan linked to the asparagine residue at position 297 (Asn 297).
  • the following binding domains, located in the Fc, are important for the biological properties of the antibody:
  • FcRn receptor binding domain involved in the pharmacokinetic properties (in vivo half-life) of the antibody:
  • C1 complement protein binding domain q involved in the CDC response (for "complement dependent cytotoxicity"): located in the CH2 domain;
  • the Fc fragment of an antibody may be natural, as defined above, or may have been modified in various ways, provided that it comprises a FcR receptor binding domain (Fc ⁇ R receptors for IgG) functional, and preferably a functional FcRn receptor binding domain.
  • the modifications may include deleting certain portions of the Fc fragment, provided that it contains a functional FcR receptor binding domain (Fc ⁇ R receptors for IgG), and preferably a functional FcRn receptor binding domain.
  • the modifications may also include different amino acid substitutions that may affect the biological properties of the antibody, provided that it contains a functional FcR receptor binding domain, and preferably a functional FcRn receptor binding domain.
  • the antibody when it is an IgG, it may comprise mutations intended to increase the binding to the Fc ⁇ RIII receptor (CD16), as described in WO00 / 42072, Shields et al-2001, Lazar et al. 2006, WO2004 / 029207, WO / 2004063351, WO2004 / 074455. Mutations to increase FcRn receptor binding and thus in vivo half-life may also be present, as described for example in Shields et al-2001, Dall'Acqua et al. 2002, Hinton et al. 2004, Dall Acqua et al.
  • “monoclonal antibody” or “monoclonal antibody composition” is meant a composition comprising antibody molecules having identical and unique antigenic specificity.
  • the antibody molecules present in the composition are likely to vary in their post-translational modifications, and in particular in their glycosylation structures or their isolating point, but have all been coded by the same heavy and light chain sequences and therefore have, before any modification post-translational, the same protein sequence.
  • Certain protein sequence differences, related to post-translational modifications eg cleavage of C-terminal heavy chain lysine, deamidation of asparagine residues and / or isomerization of aspartate residues
  • the monoclonal antibody present in the composition used as a medicament in the context of the invention may advantageously be chimeric, humanized, or human. Indeed, this makes it possible to avoid the immune reactions of the patient against the administered antibody.
  • chimeric antibody an antibody which contains a naturally occurring variable (light chain and heavy chain) derived from an antibody of a given species in association with the constant light chain and heavy chain regions of an antibody of a heterologous species to said given species.
  • the monoclonal antibody composition for use as a medicament according to the invention comprises a chimeric monoclonal antibody, it comprises human constant regions.
  • a chimeric antibody can be prepared using genetic recombination techniques well known to those skilled in the art.
  • the chimeric antibody may be made by cloning for the heavy chain and the light chain a recombinant DNA comprising a promoter and a sequence coding for the variable region of the non-human antibody, and a sequence coding for the constant region of the a human antibody.
  • a recombinant DNA comprising a promoter and a sequence coding for the variable region of the non-human antibody, and a sequence coding for the constant region of the a human antibody.
  • humanized antibody is meant an antibody which contains CDRs regions derived from an antibody of non-human origin, the other parts of the antibody molecule being derived from one (or more) human antibodies.
  • some of the skeletal segment residues (referred to as FR) can be modified to maintain binding affinity (Jones et al., 1986, Verhoeyen et al., 1988, Riechmann et al., 1988).
  • the humanized antibodies according to the invention may be prepared by techniques known to those skilled in the art such as “CDR grafting", “resurfacing”, Superhumanization, "Human string content", “FR libraries” technologies.
  • » « FR shuffling "and” Humaneering as summarized in the review of Almagro et al.
  • human antibody is understood to mean an antibody whose entire sequence is of human origin, that is to say whose coding sequences have been produced by recombination of human genes coding for the antibodies. Indeed, it is now possible to produce transgenic animals (eg mice) that are capable, upon immunization, of producing a complete repertoire of human antibodies in the absence of endogenous production of immunoglobulin (see Jakobovits et al. -1993 (a) and (b), Bruggermann et al., 1993 and Duchosal et al., 1992, US patents 5,591, 669, 5,598,369, 5,545,806, 5,545,807, 6,150,584). Human antibodies can also be obtained from phage display libraries (Hoogenboom et al 1991, Marks et al 1991 Vaughan et al 1996).
  • the antibodies can be several isotypes, depending on the nature of their constant region: the constant regions ⁇ , ⁇ , ⁇ , ⁇ and ⁇ correspond respectively to immunoglobulins IgG, IgA, IgM, IgE and IgD.
  • the monoclonal antibody present in a composition used as a medicament in the context of the invention is of IgG isotype.
  • this isotype shows an ability to generate ADCC activity ("Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity", or antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity) in the largest number of individuals (humans).
  • the constant regions ⁇ comprise several subtypes: ⁇ 1, ⁇ 2, ⁇ 3, these three types of constant regions having the particularity of fixing the human complement, and ⁇ 4, thus creating the lgG1, IgG2, IgG3, and IgG4 sub-isotypes.
  • the monoclonal antibody present in a composition used as a medicament in the context of the invention is of the IgG1 or IgG3 isotype, preferably IgG1.
  • the monoclonal antibody composition can be produced by a cell clone, a transgenic non-human animal or a transgenic plant, by technologies well known to those skilled in the art.
  • cell clones producing the composition can be obtained by 3 main technologies:
  • a heavy and light chain expression vector of the antibody comprises the elements necessary for the expression of the sequences coding for the heavy and light chains of the antibody, and in particular a promoter, a codon for initiation of transcription, termination sequences, and appropriate transcriptional regulatory sequences. These elements vary according to the host serving for the expression and are readily selected by those skilled in the art in view of his general knowledge.
  • the vector may especially be plasmidic or viral. Transformation techniques are also well known to those skilled in the art.
  • Transformation of cell lines by one or more expression vectors of the sequences coding for the heavy and light chains of the antibody is the most commonly used, in particular for obtaining chimeric or humanized antibodies.
  • the transformed cell line is preferably of eukaryotic origin, and may in particular be chosen from insect, plant, yeast or mammalian cells.
  • the antibody composition can then be produced by culturing the host cell under appropriate conditions.
  • Cell lines suitable for the production of antibodies include the lines selected from: SP2 / 0; YB2 / 0; IR983F; human myeloma Namalwa; PERC6; the CHO lines, in particular CHO-K-1, CHO-Lec10, CHO-Lec1, CHO-Lec13, CHO Pro-5, CHO dhfr-, or CHO line deleted for the two alleles coding for the FUT8 gene and / or the gene GMD; Wil-2; Jurkat; Vero; Molt -4; COS-7; 293-HEK; BHK; K6H6; NSO; SP2 / 0-Ag 14, P3X63Ag8.653, embryonic duck cell line EB66® (Vivalis); and
  • a transgenic non-human animal can be obtained by direct injection of the gene (s) of interest (here, the rearranged genes encoding the heavy and light chains antibody) in a fertilized egg (Gordon et al. 1980).
  • a transgenic non-human animal can also be obtained by introducing the gene (s) of interest (here, the rearranged genes encoding the heavy and light chains of the antibody) into an embryonic stem cell and preparing it. animal by a chimera aggregation method or a chimeric injection method (see Manipulating the Mouse Embryo, A Laboratory Manual, Second Edition, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press (1994), Gene Targeting, A Practical Approach, IRL Press at Oxford University Press (1993)).
  • a transgenic non-human animal can also be obtained by a cloning technique in which a nucleus, in which the gene (s) of interest (here, the rearranged genes encoding the heavy and light chains of the antibody) has been introduced, is transplanted into an enucleated egg (Ryan et al 1997, Cibelli et al., 1998, WO0026357A2).
  • a transgenic non-human animal producing an antibody of interest can be prepared by the above methods. The antibody can then be accumulated in the transgenic animal and harvested, in particular from the milk or eggs of the animal.
  • Non-human transgenic animals of interest include mice, rabbits, rats, goats, cattle (including cows), and poultry (especially chicken).
  • the antibody composition can be produced in a transgenic plant.
  • Many antibodies have already been produced in transgenic plants and the technologies necessary to obtain a transgenic plant expressing an antibody of interest and to the recovery of the antibody are well known to those skilled in the art (see Stoger et al-2002, Fisher et al. 2003, Ma et al. 2003, Schillberg et al. 2005). It is also possible to influence the glycosylation obtained in the plants to obtain glycosylation close to that of natural human antibodies (without xylose), but with, in addition, low fucosylation, for example with the aid of small interfering RNAs (Forthal et al. al, 2010).
  • step b) of the process for obtaining a monoclonal antibody composition intended to be used as a medicament according to the invention the different antibody loading isoforms present in the composition obtained in step a) are separated by fractionation of the composition obtained in step a) by chromatography.
  • any monoclonal antibody composition produced by a cell clone, a non-human transgenic animal or a transgenic plant is characterized by the presence of a number of isoforms or charge variants of the same monoclonal antibody.
  • Each isoform or charge variant is characterized by its isoelectric point (p1, also called isoelectric hydrogen potential (pHI)), which corresponds to the pH (hydrogen potential) for which the overall charge of this molecule is zero or, in other words, the pH for which the molecule is electrically neutral (zwitterionic form or mixed ion).
  • p1 isoelectric point
  • pHI isoelectric hydrogen potential
  • the different isoforms or charge variants of a monoclonal antibody will therefore have variable net charges, those whose pl is below the pH carrying a negative charge (the molecule tends to give its protons to the basic medium), those whose pH is equal to pH being neutral, and those whose pH is higher than the pH carrying a positive charge (the molecule tends to conserve its protons or to capture acidic medium).
  • the different isoforms or charge variants of a monoclonal antibody are present in varying proportions, depending on the frequency of post-translational modifications present on each variant.
  • a monoclonal antibody composition generally comprises a major variant or isoform, accompanied by a plurality of so-called acidic or basic variants or isoforms, depending on whether their p1 is lower or higher than that of the majority isoform.
  • the proportions of the acid isoforms, the majority peak and the basic isoforms (calculated from the chromatogram of an ion exchange chromatography) , generally vary around the following values: 10 to 30% of acid isoforms, 50 to 75% of dominant peak, and 8 to 20% of basic isoforms (see Farnan et al. 2009, Rea et al-201 1, Rea and al-2012, Khawli et al., 2010, Zhang et al. 201 1, WO201 1/009623, and EP1308456).
  • the antibody loading isoforms present in a given antibody composition can be separated by different chromatography technologies.
  • Chromatography is a technique for separating chemical substances (homogeneous liquid or gaseous mixture) based on differences in behavior between a current mobile phase and a stationary phase (or fixed phase). Chromatographic methods can be classified according to the nature of the phases used or the phenomena used in the separation.
  • the fractionation of step b) is carried out using ion exchange chromatography. This makes it possible to separate the charge isoforms of the same protein.
  • ion exchange chromatography anions or cations
  • the parameter that will allow the separation of the various constituents is their net charge.
  • the antibody composition is first loaded onto an ion exchange resin.
  • resins stationary or stationary phase
  • anion exchange chromatography or negatively (cation exchange chromatography).
  • charge molecules opposite to that of the resin ions will be retained / fixed on the resin.
  • any type of strong or weak cation or anion exchange resin known to those skilled in the art and suitable for the separation of the antibody composition of interest may be used.
  • the average isoelectric point (pI) of an antibody composition generally varies between 5 and 9, most often between 7 and 9.
  • a cation exchange resin is used for a pI greater than 8
  • an anion exchange resin is used for a pI less than 6, an anion exchange resin is used for a pI between 6 and 8, both types of ion exchange resins (cations or anions) can be tested.
  • anion exchange chromatography negatively charged resin
  • anion exchange chromatography charged resin positively.
  • the ion exchange resins generally consist of a crosslinked polymer or gel, on which positively charged (anion exchange resin) or negatively (cation exchange resin) groups are grafted.
  • the crosslinked polymer or gel may especially be chosen from dextran (eg Sephadex®), agarose (eg Sepharose®), cellulose, methacrylate polymers (eg Fratogel®), vinyl polymers (eg Fractoprep ®) such as poly (styrene divinylbenzene) (eg Monobeads TM, Source TM, Bio Mab NP-5 or NP-10, Sepax Antibodix TM NP1.7, NP3, NP5 and NP10).
  • the gel may advantageously be in the form of beads, with a mean diameter of between 10 and 200 ⁇ .
  • cation exchange resins negatively charged groups are grafted onto the crosslinked polymer, such as sulfopropyl (SP), methyl sulfonate (S) or carboxymethyl (CM) groups.
  • positively charged groups are grafted on the crosslinked polymer, such as quaternary ammonium groups (Q), especially aminoethyl quaternary (QAE), diethylaminoethyl (DEAE), dimethylaminoethyl (DMAE), trimethylaminoethyl (TMAE), or dimethylaminopropyl (ANX).
  • Q quaternary ammonium groups
  • Q quaternary ammonium groups
  • QAE aminoethyl quaternary
  • DEAE diethylaminoethyl
  • DMAE dimethylaminoethyl
  • TMAE trimethylaminoethyl
  • ANX dimethylaminopropyl
  • Cation exchange resins suitable for use in the present invention include Source TM 15S or 30S, Mono-S resins (commercially available from GE Life Sciences); ProPac® WCX (in particular ProPac® WCX-10), ProPac® SCX (in particular ProPac® SCX-10 or SCX-20), ProSwift WCX, MAbPac® SCX (in particular MAbPac® SCX-10) (marketed by Dionex) ; Bio Mab (in particular Bio Mab NP-5 or NP-10, marketed by Agilent), PL-SCX (marketed by Agilent); Sepax Antibodix TM (in particular Sepax Antibodix TM NP1.7, NP3, NP5 and NP10) (marketed by Sepax) (see Farnan et al.
  • ProPac® WCX in particular ProPac® WCX-10
  • ProPac® SCX in particular ProPac® SCX-10 or SCX-20
  • anion exchange resins suitable for use in the present invention include Source TM 15Q or 30Q, Mono TM -Q resins (commercially available from GE Life Sciences); ProPac® WAX (in particular ProPac® WAX-10), ProPac® SAX (in particular ProPac® SAX-10) (marketed by Dionex).
  • the elution of the fixed molecules may in particular be carried out using an elution buffer (mobile phase) containing ions of charge opposite to that of the resin ions, which will compete with the molecules fixed to interact with the charged charges. by the resin.
  • an elution buffer mobile phase
  • ions of charge opposite to that of the resin ions which will compete with the molecules fixed to interact with the charged charges. by the resin.
  • the elution is carried out not with the aid of an ionic strength gradient, but with the aid of a pH gradient.
  • many ionizable groups are sensitive to pH. With an ascending gradient of pH (i.e. increasing the pH), the ionization of the acid groups (negatively charged) is favored and the ionization of the basic groups (positively charged) is unfavorable. By increasing the pH, the appearance of a net negative charge is therefore favored for the molecules carrying pH-sensitive ionizable groups.
  • An ascending pH gradient thus also makes it possible to separate the charge isoforms of an antibody composition fixed on a negatively charged resin (cation exchange). With a descending gradient of pH (i.e.
  • Rea et al-2012 also describes the principle of this technology, as well as how to appropriately select the column, buffers and operation parameters for separating isoforms or antibody load variants (see section 8, pages 451 -452).
  • Example 1 also describes the separation of charge isoforms from an antibody composition by cation exchange chromatography and elution by an ascending pH gradient.
  • the elution can also be carried out by the combination of an ionic strength gradient and a pH gradient ("hybrid" elution), as described in Rea et al. -2012 (see section 9 page 453).
  • an ion exchange resin (anions or cations) is also used as a stationary or stationary phase, but elution is not performed using a force gradient ionic and / or pH, but using a displacement molecule, that is to say a molecule with a high affinity for the chromatography resin, which will compete for the fixation on the resin with the antibody molecules previously fixed on the resin, and thus move the antibody molecules having a lower affinity for the resin than the displacement molecule.
  • the antibody molecules are thus forced to migrate along the column by a wave of displacement molecule.
  • any elution buffer pH gradient or ionic strength
  • appropriate displacement may be used, depending on the chosen column.
  • resins and associated buffers are described in Farnan et al. 2009, Khawli et al. 2010, Lucas et al. 201, Zhang et al. 201, Rea et al. 201, and McAtee et al.
  • Another chromatographic technique that separates the charge isoforms from an antibody composition is chromatofocusing.
  • the proteins are separated according to their isoelectric point (p1).
  • This technique relies on the use of the combination of a particular resin (fixed or stationary phase) and a particular amphoteric buffer.
  • obtaining a linear gradient of pH requires an equal buffer capacity over the entire pH range used for the separation, hence the need for buffers designed specifically for this application and resins substituted with charged buffer amines.
  • the principle of separation is as follows: a chromatofocusing resin is equilibrated with a starting buffer at a pH slightly higher than the highest required pH. An elution buffer (adjusted to the lowest pH required) is passed through the column and begins to titrate the amines of the resin and proteins. As the elution buffer passes through the column, the pH is decreased and a descending and moving gradient of pH is generated. The sample is applied to the column after a first volume of elution buffers is passed over the column. The proteins in the sample are titrated (pH adjustment) as soon as that they are introduced in the column. Those that are at pH above their p1 are negatively charged and retained near the top of the column (by binding to positively charged amino groups). Proteins that are at a pH below their pI begin to migrate along the column with the buffer flow and will not bind to the column before reaching an area where the pH is greater than their pI. This is the beginning of the separation process.
  • proteins with different pIs migrate at different rates across the column as the pH gradient develops, binds, and continuously dissociates from the positively charged amino-bearing resin. by being gradually focused into narrow bands and finally eluted. Proteins with the highest pH are eluted first, while protein with the lowest pH is eluted last.
  • the resin used for separation by chromatofocusing is based on a conventional resin (crosslinked polymer or gel as described above, preferably in the form of beads as described above), in particular of the poly (styrene divinylbenzene) or agarose type. crosslinked, which is characterized by the grafting of positively charged amino groups. These amino groups positively charged buffers are especially secondary, tertiary and / or quaternary amine groups.
  • resins useful in chromafocalization include Mono TM -P (crosslinked poly (styrene divinylbenzene) grafted with secondary, tertiary and / or quaternary amine groups), PBE 94 and PBE 1 18 (crosslinked 6% agarose resins).
  • the Mono TM -P and PBE 94 columns are suitable for separation between pH 9 and pH 4, while the PBE 1 18 column is suitable for separation with a pH gradient starting above pH 9.
  • the Mono TM columns -P and PBE 94, and in particular the Mono TM -P column, are preferred.
  • the starting buffers used may in particular be based on a solution of diethanolamine, Tris, triethanolamine, bis-Tris, triethylamine, ethanolamine, imidazole, histidine, or piperazine at different pH (addition of a type of acid HCI, acetic acid, or iminodoacetic acid).
  • amphoteric elution buffers used include Polybuffer 74 (pH range: 7-4, for Mono TM -P and PBE 94 columns), Polybuffer 96 (pH range: 9-6, for Mono TM columns -P and PBE 94), and Pharmalyte pH8-10.5 (pH range: 1-18, for PBE column 1 18).
  • step b) of the method for obtaining a monoclonal antibody composition intended to be used as a medicament according to the invention the fractionation of step a) is carried out by one of the following chromatography techniques:
  • step b) of the method for obtaining a monoclonal antibody composition intended to be used as a medicament according to the invention the fractionation of step a) is carried out by one of the following techniques: following chromatography:
  • the inventors have been able to separate the isoforms or charge variants of a monoclonal antibody composition by two different techniques that may be used in the context of the invention:
  • the chromatogram of an antibody composition obtained by chromatographic technology for separating the charge isoforms still comprises a major peak comprising the major charge isoform as well as other isoforms close to the major isoform (this is that is to say with few modifications compared to the majority isoform and therefore a pl and a net charge at a given pH very close to that or that of the majority isoform), surrounded by minority peaks comprising on the one hand the isoforms called "acid”, whose pl is lower compared to the major isoform, and on the other hand the so-called "basic” isoforms, whose pl is greater than the majority isoform (see Figures 1-2) .
  • the different isoforms appear on the chromatogram and are eluted in the following order: • Use of cation exchange chromatography (negatively charged resin), whatever the elution mode (elution by ionic gradient, pH gradient, Ph gradient and ionic strength or by a molecule of displacement): the acidic isoforms (which are less positively charged than the major isoform) are eluted first, followed by the major isoform, then basic isoforms (which are more positively charged than the majority isoform) (see Figure 1).
  • Chromatofocusing the basic isoforms are eluted first, followed by the major isoform, then acid isoforms (see FIG. 1 of the present description);
  • the isoforms or charge variants of an antibody present in an antibody composition produced by a cell clone, a non-human transgenic animal or a transgenic plant may also be separated by other technologies than chromatography. However, if these technologies are very useful for the purpose of analysis or characterization of the isoforms or charge variants, they do not allow these isoforms to be separated with an acceptable yield and are therefore little used for a preparative purpose.
  • isoelectric focusing (so-called “IEF” for "Isoelectric focusing”, and also called electrofocusing).
  • FIE isoelectric focusing
  • the basic principle of isoelectric focusing (FIE) is to create in a gel (possibly included in a capillary) a pH gradient in which the proteins subjected to an electric field can move. The proteins will migrate in this electric field. Arrivals at the pH corresponding to their pl, they will stop because their net charge will be zero. In this way, it is possible to separate the proteins of a preparation according to their pl.
  • Such a pH gradient can be created with polyelectrolytes bearing a certain number of positively or negatively ionizable groups (amines, carboxyls or sulphates) and possessing a certain buffering power. These molecules are called ampholytes. If these ampholytes are subjected to an electric field bounded by a solution of a strong acid at the anode and by a solution of a strong base at the cathode, they will migrate and be distributed in order of pl. Their buffering capacity will help to maintain around them a small zone of pH equal to their pl. A series of ampholytes each having a pl covering a certain pH range will therefore create a continuous pH gradient. If a small amount of protein is migrated into this system, after or during training, they will also migrate and become immobile.
  • agarose As an inert matrix for the gel, it is possible to use agarose, acrylamide or, more rarely, dextran, in which the pH gradient will be formed. A polyacrylamide gel is most often used. Since only pI must influence migration, it is necessary to use acrylamide concentrations whose porosity will not slow down large proteins compared to small ones, but is sufficiently strong to be easily handled. A gel of 5-6% is usually the case.
  • the anode buffer is a strong acid, usually phosphoric acid.
  • a strong base is placed, often triethanoamine.
  • Ampholytes are included in the gel preparation mixture prior to polymerization. These molecules, which are polyelectrolytes, move in the electric field and arrange themselves one after the other in the order of their own pl. Many companies manufacture a large number of ampholyte mixtures covering very narrow or very wide ranges of pH: Ampholine® (including Ampholine® pH 6/8 and Ampholine® pH 7/9 marketed by Sigma Aldrich), Pharmalyte® (particularly Pharmalyte® pH 8 / 10.5 sold in particular by Sigma Aldrich and GE Healthcare, Life Sciences), BioLite® (in particular BioLite® pH 6/8, BioLite® pH 7/9 and BioLite® pH 8/10 marketed by Bio-Rad ), Zoom® (including Zoom® pH 6/9 marketed by Life Technologies / Invitrogen), Servalyt TM (including Servalyt TM pH 6/8, Servalyt TM pH 6/9, Servalyt TM pH 7/9 marketed by Serva), SinuLyte
  • each ampholyte When a voltage is applied between the two electrodes, each ampholyte will move to its isoelectric point and become immobilized there. Gradients of various pH amplitudes can be created by combining various ampholytes.
  • gradients with very small intervals eg 0.1 pH unit
  • the antibody composition to be analyzed may be added after polymerization of the gel or directly into the mixture prior to polymerization. Since the antibodies are larger than the ampholytes, they will migrate much more slowly and the ampholytes will therefore be able to stabilize well before the antibodies have moved substantially.
  • the duration of the migration is not critical. Indeed, the antibodies are not likely to come out of the gel since they will stop at the point where they have reached their pl. It is only necessary that the migration lasts long enough for the ampholytes to have the time to migrate properly and that the antibodies have time to reach their pl. At 2 mA, the estimated time required is about 1 hour.
  • the gel may be stained to analyze the different charge isoforms present in the antibody composition. Staining can be performed by any conventional technique used in conventional electrophoresis. However, ampholytes must be removed from the gel as they may become stained. Thus, the staining is usually preceded by soaking in a 5 or 10% trichloroacetic acid bath to diffuse out of the gel while fixing the antibodies on the spot.
  • markers possessing a given p1 makes it possible to determine quite precisely the p1 of the different isoforms of charge.
  • the proportion in the analyzed composition of each IEF separated charge isoform relative to the total isoforms can be quantified using image analysis software, such as the Quantity One® software, for example. by Bio-Rad.
  • the isoelectric focusing technology does not allow easy harvesting of the separated isoforms and is therefore generally used for analysis and quantification purposes. for purposes of preparative separation of different isoforms.
  • step c) of the process the composition of interest according to the invention, intended to be used as a medicament, is obtained by grouping one or more chromatographic fractions obtained in step b), corresponding to the peak majority of the chromatogram, the monoclonal antibody composition thus obtained being enriched in said majority peak, the latter representing at least 85%, advantageously at least 86%, at least 87%, at least 88%, at least 89%, more at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, or at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least at least 98%, at least 98.5%, at least 99%, or at least 99.5% of the chromatogram of the composition obtained in step c).
  • a composition for use as a medicament at least 95%, advantageously at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or even at least 98.5%, at least 99% or at least 99.5% of the heavy chains of the antibodies present in the composition do not include a C-terminal lysine residue.
  • the invention also relates to a monoclonal antibody composition, wherein at least 95%, preferably at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 98.5%, at least 99%, or at least less than 99.5% of the heavy chains of the antibodies present in the composition do not comprise a C-terminal lysine residue for use as a medicament.
  • the basic isoforms of the antibodies present in the composition have at least one heavy chain with a C-terminal lysine residue.
  • Such a composition thus comprises only the major isoform and acid isoforms. Since the basic isoforms are not very active for the effector functions via Fc ⁇ RIII and via the complement (see Examples) and represent before purification approximately 8 to 20% (measured by chromatography), such a composition is capable of inducing a stronger ADCC via Fc ⁇ RIII and a stronger CDC response than the total composition, before excluding basic isoforms.
  • Such a composition can be obtained by chromatographic separation as described above, but the collected fractions corresponding in this case to those of the acid and majority isoforms.
  • the antibody composition obtainable by the process described above and intended to be used as a medicament may be used in any pathology that may be treated with monoclonal antibodies, in particular when the destruction of target cells by ADCC or CDC is useful for treatment.
  • ADCC Alzheimer et al.
  • 1994, Velders et al. 1998, Cartron et al 2002, lanello et al-2005, Weiner et al-2010 the prevention of alloimmunization in Rh-negative pregnant women
  • Béliard et al-2008 the ADCC response is also known to play an important role in the anti-infectious response against viruses (Ahmad et al. 1996, Miao et al. (Albrecht et al 2007, Casadevall et al 2002) and parasites (Zeitlin et al 2000).
  • new therapies aim to eliminate the immune cells responsible for the attacks, such as B or T lymphocytes for example, the ADCC then playing a very important role (Edwards et al-2006; et al-2010).
  • the CDC response is also known to be important in various pathologies and in particular in the treatment of cancers.
  • the antibody is advantageously directed against a non-ubiquitous antigen present on healthy donor cells, an antigen of a cancer cell, an antigen of a cell infected with a pathogen, or an antigen from an immune cell.
  • the antibody is an anti-Rhesus D antibody (in particular Roledumab, Atorolimumab or Morolimumab, in particular Roledumab) and the composition is intended for the prevention of alloimmunisation in Rh-negative individuals,
  • the antibody is directed against an antigen of a cancer cell and the composition is for the treatment of cancer
  • the antibody is directed against an antigen of a cell infected with a pathogenic agent and the composition is intended for the treatment of an infection by said pathogenic organism,
  • the antibody is directed against an antigen of an immune cell and the composition is for the treatment of an autoimmune disease.
  • the antibodies can in particular be directed against the following antigens: CD20, Her2 / neu, CD52, EGFR, EPCAM, CCR4, CTLA-4 (CD152), CD19, CD22, CD3, CD30, CD33, CD4, CD40, CD51 (Integrin alpha-V), CD80, CEA, FR-alpha, GD2, GD3, HLA-DR, IGF1 R (CD221), phosphatidylserine, SLAMF7 (CD319), TRAIL-R1, TRAIL-R2.
  • Hematologic cancers rituximab, ofatumumab,
  • Solid cancers including:
  • lymphocytic leukemia Hematologic cancers, including lymphocytic leukemia
  • Solid tumors including:
  • colorectal cancer head cancer Futuximab, Imgatuzumab,
  • stomach glioma, astrocytoma Zalutumumab
  • Solid cancers including:
  • CCR4 Mogamulizumab including: Leukemia / adult T-cell lymphoma
  • CD152 Hematological cancers
  • Visilizumab in particular: multiple myeloma
  • CD33 Lintuzumab in particular: acute myeloid leukemia, myelodysplastic syndromes
  • Cedelizumab Cedelizumab, Clenoliximab, Melanoma, T cell lymphoma
  • Dacetuzumab in particular: non-lymphoma
  • Lucatumumab Hodgkin's Teneliximab, Hodgkin's Lymhoma, Multiple Myeloma
  • B cell lymphoma including: B cell lymphoma
  • Solid tumors including:
  • HLA-DR Apolizumab Hematologic cancers
  • Solid tumors including:
  • IGF1 R non-small lung cancer
  • CD221 cells, adenocortical carcinoma
  • pancreatic cancer Solid tumors including:
  • Solid tumors including:
  • Solid tumors including:
  • the antibodies may in particular be directed against the following antigens: antigens of Clostridium difficile, antigens of Staphylococcus aureus (in particular ClfA and lipotheicoic acid), antigens of cytomegalovirus (in particular glycoprotein B), Escherichia coli antigens (including Shiga-like toxin, MB subunit), Respiratory syncytial virus antigens (Protein F in particular), Hepatitis B virus antigens, Influenza A virus antigens (including haemagglutinin), Pseudomonas antigens aeruginosa serotype IATS 01 1, antigens of rabies virus (Glycoprotein in particular), phosphatidylserine
  • Clostridium difficile infection Clostridium difficile Bezlotoxumab ClfA antigen
  • glycoprotein B glycoprotein B
  • the antibodies can in particular be directed against the following antigens: CD20, CD52, CD25, CD2, CD22, CD3, and CD4. More specifically, specific pairs (antigen / autoimmune disease) known for their therapeutic interest (antibodies of this antigenic specificity approved in at least one country for the treatment of the aforementioned autoimmune disease, or clinical trials in progress) are indicated in Table 3. below.
  • Antibody compositions for use as a medicine according to the invention are particularly intended for therapies involving an ADCC response, which includes many cases as explained in detail above. It is therefore advantageous that these antibodies have also been optimized by other means to induce an in vivo ADCC response via the strongest possible FcyRIII receptor.
  • the antibody in a composition for use as a medicament according to the invention, comprises a modification of the Fc fragment increasing its binding to the Fc ⁇ RIII receptor and its effector properties via the Fc ⁇ RIII receptor.
  • a composition for use as a medicament according to the invention comprises a monoclonal antibody whose sequence has been modified at at least one amino acid residue of the Fc fragment to increase the binding to the Fc ⁇ RIII receptor, as described in WO00 / 42072, Shields et al-2001, Lazar et al. 2006, WO2004 / 029207, WO / 2004063351, WO2004 / 074455.
  • mutations at the following positions of Fc have been described as allowing to increase the affinity for the FcyRI II receptor and the ability to induce an ADCC via this receptor: 219, 222, 224, 239, 247, 256, 267 , 270, 283, 280, 286, 290, 294, 295, 296, 298, 300, 320, 326, 330, 332, 333, 334, 335, 339, 360, 377, 396.
  • Combinations of interesting mutations include: E333A / K334A, T256A / S298A, S298A / E333A, S298A / K334A, S298A / E333A / K334A, S267A / D280A (WO00 / 42072), S239D / I332E, S239D / I332E / A330L (Lazar and al-2006), V264I / I332E, S298A / I332E, S239E / I332E, S239Q / I332E, S239D / I332D, S239D / I332E, S239D / I332N, S239D / I332Q, S239E / I332D, S239E / I332N, S239N / I332E, S239Q / I332D, A330Y / I
  • a monoclonal antibody composition for use as a medicament according to the invention comprises a low fucose content.
  • fucose content is meant the percentage of fucosylated forms within the N-glycans attached to the Asn297 residue of the Fc fragment of each heavy chain of each antibody.
  • low fucose content is meant a fucose content less than or equal to 65%.
  • the fucose content is less than or equal to 65%, preferably less than or equal to 60%, 55% or 50%, or even less than or equal to 45%, 40%, 35% or 30%. , 25% or 20%. However, it is not necessary that the fucose content be zero, and it may for example be greater than or equal to 5%, 10%, 15% or 20%.
  • the fucose content can for example be between 5 and 65%, between 5 and 60%, between 5 and 55%, between 5 and 50%, between 5 and 45%, between 5 and 40%, between 5 and 35% between 5 and 30%, between 5 and 25%, between 5 and 20%, between 10 and 65%, between 10 and 60%, between 10 and 55%, between 10 and 50%, between 10 and 45%, between 10 and 40%, between 10 and 35%, between 10 and 30%, between 10 and 25%, between 10 and 20%, between 15 and 65%, between 15 and 60%, between 15 and 55%, between 15 and 50%, between 15 and 45%, between 15 and 40%, between 15 and 35%, between 15 and 30%, between 15 and 25%, between 15 and 20%, between 20 and 65%, between 20 and 60% between 20 and 55%, between 20 and 50%, between 20 and 45%, between 20 and 40%, between 20 and 35%, between 20 and 30%, between 20 and 25%.
  • the antibody composition may furthermore possess different types of glycosylation (oligomannose-type N-glycans or biantennary complexes, variable proportion of N-acetylglucosamine residues (GIcNAc)) or galactose residues in the case of N-glycans of the biantennary complex type. ), provided that it has a low fucose content.
  • glycosylation oligomannose-type N-glycans or biantennary complexes, variable proportion of N-acetylglucosamine residues (GIcNAc)) or galactose residues in the case of N-glycans of the biantennary complex type.
  • oligomannose-type N-glycans can be obtained by culturing in the presence of different glycosylation inhibitors, such as the inhibitors of ⁇ 1,2-mannosidase I (such as Deoxymannojirimycin or "DMM”) or ⁇ -glucosidase (such as castanospermine or "Cs"); or by production of the antibody in the CHO Lec 1 line.
  • different glycosylation inhibitors such as the inhibitors of ⁇ 1,2-mannosidase I (such as Deoxymannojirimycin or "DMM") or ⁇ -glucosidase (such as castanospermine or "Cs"); or by production of the antibody in the CHO Lec 1 line.
  • N-glycans of the biantennen complex type can be obtained in most mammalian cells, but also in bacteria, yeasts or plants whose glycosylation machinery has been modified.
  • lines naturally possess a low activity of the FUT8 (1, 6-fucosyltransferase) enzyme responsible for the addition of fucose to the Fc-linked GIcNAc; such as the YB2 / 0 line, the EB66® duck embryonic cell line, or the rat rat H4-II-E hepatoma lines (DSM ACC3129), H4-ll-Es (DSM ACC3130); can be used.
  • Mutant lines for other genes whose subexpression or overexpression leads to a low fucose content may also be used, such as the CHO Lec13 line, a mutant of the CHO line having decreased GDP-fucose synthesis.
  • N-glycans notably FUT8, see Yamane-Ohnuki et al-2004, but also GMD, a gene involved in the transport of GDP-fucose, see Kanda et al-2007.
  • Another alternative is to select a line of interest and overexpress a protein interfering in one way or another with the fucosylation of N-glycans, such as the protein GnTIII ( ⁇ (1,4) -N-acetylglucosaminetransferase III ).
  • GnTIII ⁇ (1,4) -N-acetylglucosaminetransferase III
  • Oligomannose N-glycans have a reduced half-life in vivo compared to biantennane-type N-glycans. Therefore, advantageously, the antibodies present in the composition have, at their N-glycosylation sites of the Fc fragment, glycan structures of the bantennate complex type, with a low fucose content, as defined above.
  • the monoclonal antibody composition may have a content of G0 + G1 + G0F + G1 F greater than 60% and a low fucose content as defined above. It may also have a G0 + G1 + G0F + G1 F content content greater than 65% and a low fucose content, as defined above. It may also have a G0 + G1 + G0F + G1 F content content greater than 70% and a low fucose content, as defined above. It may also have a G0 + G1 + G0F + G1 F content content greater than 75% and a low fucose content, as defined above.
  • G0 + G1 + G0F + G1 F content content greater than 80% and a low fucose content, as defined above. It may also have a G0 + G1 + G0F + G1 F content content greater than 60%, 65%, 70%, 75% or 80% and a G0F + G1 F content content of less than 50%.
  • the forms G0, G1, G0F and G1 F are as defined below:
  • Such antibody compositions can in particular be obtained by production in YB2 / 0, in CHO Lec13, in wild-type CHO lines cultured in the presence of small interfering RNAs directed against FUT8 or GMD, in CHO lines including the two alleles of the FUT8 gene. coding for the 1, 6- fucosyltransferase or the two alleles of the GMD gene encoding the GDP-fucose transporter in Golgi were deleted.
  • Antibody compositions for use as a medicine according to the invention are also intended for therapies involving a CDC response. It may therefore also be advantageous, in addition to or alternatively to modifications increasing the activity via Fc ⁇ RIII, that these antibodies have also been optimized by other means to induce a CDC response in vivo via the strongest C1 protein q possible.
  • the antibody in a composition for use as a medicament according to the invention, comprises a modification of the Fc fragment increasing its binding to C1 protein and its effector properties via complement.
  • the present invention also relates to the use of a chromatographic fractionation step to increase the ability of a monoclonal antibody composition directed against a given antibody to induce antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) of target cells expressing said antigen by the effector cells of the immune system expressing the Fc ⁇ RIII receptor (CD16).
  • ADCC antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity
  • the composition thus obtained has an improved ability to induce ADCC of target cells expressing the antigen of interest by the effector cells of the immune system expressing the Fc ⁇ RIII receptor (CD16), and especially by natural killer cells (or NK cells for "Natural killer cells”).
  • the ratio R of the ADCC levels obtained with the composition enriched in isoforms of the major peak and with the composition before fractionation defined by the following formula:
  • ADCC level obtained with the isoform enriched composition of the majority ADCC rate peak obtained with the composition before fractionation is at least 1.15 (corresponding to an increase in the ADCC level of at least 15%); advantageously at least 1, 16; at least 1, 17; at least 1, 18; at least 1, 19; more preferably at least 1, 20; at least 1.25; at least 1.30; at least 1.35; at least 1.40; at least 1.45; or at least 1.50 (corresponding to an increase in the ADCC rate of at least 50%).
  • the present invention also relates to the use of a chromatography fractionation step for increasing the ability of a monoclonal antibody composition directed against a given antibody to induce complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) of target cells expressing said antigen by the complement.
  • CDC complement-dependent cytotoxicity
  • composition thus obtained has an improved ability to induce complement lysis of target cells expressing the antigen of interest.
  • ratio R of the CDC levels obtained with the composition enriched in isoforms of the majority peak and with the composition before fractionation defined by the following formula:
  • CDC level obtained with the isoform enriched composition of the majority CDC level peak obtained with the composition before fractionation is at least 1.15 (corresponding to a CDC rate increase of at least 15%); advantageously at least 1, 16; at least 1, 17; at least 1, 18; at least 1, 19; more preferably at least 1, 20; at least 1.25; at least 1.30; at least 1.35; at least 1.40; at least 1.45; at least 1, 50 (corresponding to a CDC rate increase of at least 50%).
  • the chromatography fractionation step can be carried out in any of the above described ways to obtain the majority isoform enriched antibody compositions according to the invention for use as a medicament.
  • the fractionation can be carried out by one of the following chromatography techniques:
  • the monoclonal antibody composition for which such a chromatography fractionation step is performed in order to increase the ADCC or CDC response capabilities via the CD16 expressing effector cells may be any of the monoclonal antibody compositions described above.
  • the monoclonal antibody present in the composition may be human, humanized or chimeric.
  • the antibody can be directed against a cancer cell antigen, and in particular one of the antigens described above in the context of the treatment of cancers.
  • the antibody may be directed against an antigen of the infected cells, and in particular against one of the antigens described above as part of the treatment of infectious diseases.
  • the target cells are immune cells involved in the development of an autoimmune disease, the antibody can be directed against an antigen of these immune cells, and in particular against one of the antigens described above in the context of the treatment of autoimmune diseases.
  • the fractionation step by chromatography (step a)) is preferably followed by a step of grouping the chromatographic fractions obtained corresponding to the major peak of the chromatogram (step b)), the monoclonal antibody composition thus obtained being enriched in said majority peak, this representing at least 85% of the chromatogram of the composition obtained in step b) (after fractionation and grouping of the chromatographic fractions of interest).
  • Mono P 5/200 GL anion exchange resin was used. 20 mg of desalted protein were injected at each separation. Elution was performed using a descending pH gradient (pH 9.5 to 8.0), using the following two buffers:
  • Buffer A 25 mM diethanolamine
  • Buffer B polybuffer 96 + pharmalyte 8-10.5.
  • the eluates from the separations were collected in fractions of 2mL.
  • the fractions of interest are fractions 33 to 50.
  • Separation 1 has undergone a particular concentration so that the fractions can be rendered sterile by filtration:
  • SCX cation exchange resin (MabPac SCX 4x250 mm, Dionex) was used at 30 ° C. Elution was performed using an ascending pH gradient (pH 6 to 10), using the following two buffers:
  • Buffer A 20 mM NaH 2 PO 4, 60 mM NaCl (pH 6),
  • Buffer B 20 mM Na 2 HPO 4, 60 mM NaCl (pH 10).
  • the gradient was obtained as follows: 10% to 60% buffer B in 60 minutes.
  • the eluates of the separations were collected in fractions.
  • the fractions of interest are fractions 1 to 20. Analysis of CD16 receptor binding by BIACORE
  • SPR Surface Plasmon Resonance
  • a soluble CD16a receptor was immobilized on the detection chip using amine coupling.
  • One flow cell is used for the antibody, the other flow cell is left free to subtract the background noise.
  • the antibodies are injected at three concentrations and the kinetic parameters are estimated by performing for each concentration a binding ratio at both the association phase and the dissociation phase.
  • the SPR signal expressed in resonance units (RU), represents the association and dissociation of the antibody to the receptor.
  • the test used is the following:
  • the antibodies are incubated with WIL2-S cells (CD20 positive target cells) and Jurkat CD16 cells (effector cells) (CD16FF genotype).
  • WIL2-S cells CD20 positive target cells
  • Jurkat CD16 cells effector cells
  • IL2 cytokines
  • Antibody 50 ⁇ dilutions ranging from 0.156 to 10 ng / ml in IMDM 5% FCS
  • WIL2-S cells 50 ⁇ to 6x10 5 / ml in IMDM 5% SVF (ie 30x10 3 cells / 5 ( ⁇ l)
  • the WN2-S target cells are cultured in IMDM medium with 10% decomplemented FCS (medium 110). They are subcultured twice a week in 100 ml of media at 0.2 ⁇ 10 6 cells / ml in an F175 flask. The test is performed on transplanted cells for 24 to 72 hours, and repeated at 1. 10 6 cells / ml in an IMDM + 5% FCS decomplemented medium (medium 15).
  • Human serum (AB human serum obtained by coagulation of whole blood) is thawed on the day it is used. Thawing is carried out at + 4 ° C. After thawing, the serum is diluted to 1 ⁇ 2 in medium 15.
  • CelITiter-Blue® (Proméga) is stored at -20 ° C, thawed at room temperature before use.
  • the concentration of the antibodies to be studied is adjusted to 1 ⁇ g ml in medium 15.
  • concentration of the antibodies to be studied is adjusted to 1 ⁇ g ml in medium 15.
  • the cells are deposited directly in the plate after adjustment at 1.10 ° C. / ml and set at 37 ° C.
  • the cells and the sample are incubated for 5 minutes with shaking at 37 ° C. before depositing the serum.
  • the reading can be delayed the next day by stopping and stabilizing the reaction by adding 25 ⁇ l of 3% SDS.
  • the plate is then stored at room temperature.
  • the plates are centrifuged for 2 minutes at 125 g. 100 ⁇ of each well is taken and distributed in a black optical plate with transparent backgrounds while maintaining the plate plan.
  • the reading of the plate is performed with the fluorescence reader with the following parameters:
  • This method involves the use of a bacterial cysteine protease (IdeS, an enzyme that breaks down the immunoglobulins of Streptococcus pyogenes), which specifically cleaves the IgGs under their hinge domain, the heavy chain being cleaved into two 25 kDa fragments respectively constituted by the VH domains. -CH1 and CH2-CH3.
  • IdeS an enzyme that breaks down the immunoglobulins of Streptococcus pyogenes
  • the fragments are separated by liquid chromatography with an acetonitrile gradient and analyzed by mass spectrometry, by the following protocol:
  • fraction purified by chromatofocusing or by CEX were freeze-dried and redissolved in 20 ⁇ l of a digestion buffer (50 mM NaH2PO2 and 150 mM NaCl, pH 6.30), and 100 ⁇ l of IdeS enzyme were added in following the instructions of the enzyme kit (FabRICATOR Kit, Genovis, Lund, Sweden).
  • the preparation was incubated at 37 ° C for 1 hour under microwave power at 50 W power (CEM Discover System, CEM, Matthews, NC, USA) to improve hydrolysis.
  • a denaturing buffer 8M urea and 0.4M NH 4 HCO 3, pH 8.0
  • DTT dithiothreitol
  • the eluted species were then analyzed by a QSTAR mass spectrometer (QSTAR XL, Applied Biosystems, Toronto, Canada) operating in a positive ion mode of 500 to 3000 m / z and calibrated according to the procedure described by the manufacturer for renin .
  • QSTAR mass spectrometer QSTAR XL, Applied Biosystems, Toronto, Canada
  • FIG. 1 The chromatograms of the 3 separations are presented in FIG. 1, which shows that they are perfectly superimposable, thus demonstrating the reproducibility of the chromatofocusing separation method. Due to the use of an anion exchange resin and a descending pH gradient, the basic isoforms are eluted first followed by the major isoform followed by acid isoforms.
  • the chromatograms of 1 1 cation exchange chromatographic (CEX) separations of the charge isoforms are shown in FIG. 2. Due to the use of a cation exchange resin, the acid isoforms are eluted first, followed by isoform, followed by basic isoforms.
  • CEX cation exchange chromatographic
  • Peak 4 (P4, main peak) was reanalyzed to CEX to verify the purification efficiency.
  • the percentages of acidic, main and basic isoforms obtained before and after separation by CEX are shown in Figure 3 and Table 4 below, and clearly show the purification efficiency of the main peak.
  • the fraction corresponding to the major isoform induces a significantly greater activation of Jurkat CD16 cells than the fractions comprising the acidic or basic isoforms.
  • the ability of the different charge isoforms to activate effector cells via CD16 varies significantly, with the major isoform having a significantly improved ability compared to other isoforms to activate CD16 expressing effector cells.
  • Activation of Jurkat CD16 cells by a reference composition by the total composition before separation, and by the fractions F36 (basic isoforms), F39 (major isoform), and F43, F44, F48, F49 and F50 (isoforms of more and more acidic) of a separation by chromatofocusing.
  • CEX cation exchange chromatography
  • the purified fractions by chromatofocusing and the CEX purified fractions were analyzed by LC-MS to characterize the percentage of heavy chains with or without N-terminal lysine.
EP14709977.4A 2013-03-15 2014-03-14 Nouveaux médicaments comprenant une composition d'anticorps enrichie en isoforme de charge majoritaire Withdrawn EP2968533A1 (fr)

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EP3498293A1 (en) 2017-12-15 2019-06-19 Institut National De La Sante Et De La Recherche Medicale (Inserm) Treatment of monogenic diseases with an anti-cd45rc antibody
EP3626265A1 (en) 2018-09-21 2020-03-25 INSERM (Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale) Anti-human cd45rc antibodies and uses thereof
AU2020211728A1 (en) 2019-01-23 2021-08-12 Encefa CD31 competitors and uses thereof
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WO2023041717A1 (en) 2021-09-16 2023-03-23 Aboleris Pharma Anti-human cd45rc binding domains and uses thereof
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CA2907358A1 (fr) 2014-09-18
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JP2016512216A (ja) 2016-04-25
CN105163758A (zh) 2015-12-16
KR20150132522A (ko) 2015-11-25
AU2014230134A1 (en) 2015-10-29
BR112015023209A2 (pt) 2017-07-18
US20160046722A1 (en) 2016-02-18
CN105163758B (zh) 2017-11-17
FR3003171A1 (fr) 2014-09-19
FR3003171B1 (fr) 2015-04-10
WO2014140322A1 (fr) 2014-09-18

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