EP2962043B1 - Desiccant air conditioning system - Google Patents

Desiccant air conditioning system Download PDF

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Publication number
EP2962043B1
EP2962043B1 EP14756438.9A EP14756438A EP2962043B1 EP 2962043 B1 EP2962043 B1 EP 2962043B1 EP 14756438 A EP14756438 A EP 14756438A EP 2962043 B1 EP2962043 B1 EP 2962043B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
heat
transfer fluid
conditioner
heat transfer
regenerator
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Active
Application number
EP14756438.9A
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German (de)
English (en)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP2962043A4 (en
EP2962043A1 (en
Inventor
Peter F. Vandermeulen
Arthur Laflamme
Mark Allen
Robert DOODY
David Pitcher
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Copeland LP
Original Assignee
7AC Technologies Inc
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Publication date
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Priority to EP18179986.7A priority Critical patent/EP3428549B1/en
Publication of EP2962043A1 publication Critical patent/EP2962043A1/en
Publication of EP2962043A4 publication Critical patent/EP2962043A4/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP2962043B1 publication Critical patent/EP2962043B1/en
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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24F—AIR-CONDITIONING; AIR-HUMIDIFICATION; VENTILATION; USE OF AIR CURRENTS FOR SCREENING
    • F24F11/00—Control or safety arrangements
    • F24F11/70—Control systems characterised by their outputs; Constructional details thereof
    • F24F11/80—Control systems characterised by their outputs; Constructional details thereof for controlling the temperature of the supplied air
    • F24F11/81—Control systems characterised by their outputs; Constructional details thereof for controlling the temperature of the supplied air by controlling the air supply to heat-exchangers or bypass channels
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24F—AIR-CONDITIONING; AIR-HUMIDIFICATION; VENTILATION; USE OF AIR CURRENTS FOR SCREENING
    • F24F3/00—Air-conditioning systems in which conditioned primary air is supplied from one or more central stations to distributing units in the rooms or spaces where it may receive secondary treatment; Apparatus specially designed for such systems
    • F24F3/12—Air-conditioning systems in which conditioned primary air is supplied from one or more central stations to distributing units in the rooms or spaces where it may receive secondary treatment; Apparatus specially designed for such systems characterised by the treatment of the air otherwise than by heating and cooling
    • F24F3/14—Air-conditioning systems in which conditioned primary air is supplied from one or more central stations to distributing units in the rooms or spaces where it may receive secondary treatment; Apparatus specially designed for such systems characterised by the treatment of the air otherwise than by heating and cooling by humidification; by dehumidification
    • F24F3/1411—Air-conditioning systems in which conditioned primary air is supplied from one or more central stations to distributing units in the rooms or spaces where it may receive secondary treatment; Apparatus specially designed for such systems characterised by the treatment of the air otherwise than by heating and cooling by humidification; by dehumidification by absorbing or adsorbing water, e.g. using an hygroscopic desiccant
    • F24F3/1417—Air-conditioning systems in which conditioned primary air is supplied from one or more central stations to distributing units in the rooms or spaces where it may receive secondary treatment; Apparatus specially designed for such systems characterised by the treatment of the air otherwise than by heating and cooling by humidification; by dehumidification by absorbing or adsorbing water, e.g. using an hygroscopic desiccant with liquid hygroscopic desiccants
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24F—AIR-CONDITIONING; AIR-HUMIDIFICATION; VENTILATION; USE OF AIR CURRENTS FOR SCREENING
    • F24F3/00—Air-conditioning systems in which conditioned primary air is supplied from one or more central stations to distributing units in the rooms or spaces where it may receive secondary treatment; Apparatus specially designed for such systems
    • F24F3/12—Air-conditioning systems in which conditioned primary air is supplied from one or more central stations to distributing units in the rooms or spaces where it may receive secondary treatment; Apparatus specially designed for such systems characterised by the treatment of the air otherwise than by heating and cooling
    • F24F3/14—Air-conditioning systems in which conditioned primary air is supplied from one or more central stations to distributing units in the rooms or spaces where it may receive secondary treatment; Apparatus specially designed for such systems characterised by the treatment of the air otherwise than by heating and cooling by humidification; by dehumidification
    • F24F3/1411—Air-conditioning systems in which conditioned primary air is supplied from one or more central stations to distributing units in the rooms or spaces where it may receive secondary treatment; Apparatus specially designed for such systems characterised by the treatment of the air otherwise than by heating and cooling by humidification; by dehumidification by absorbing or adsorbing water, e.g. using an hygroscopic desiccant
    • F24F3/1429—Air-conditioning systems in which conditioned primary air is supplied from one or more central stations to distributing units in the rooms or spaces where it may receive secondary treatment; Apparatus specially designed for such systems characterised by the treatment of the air otherwise than by heating and cooling by humidification; by dehumidification by absorbing or adsorbing water, e.g. using an hygroscopic desiccant alternatively operating a heat exchanger in an absorbing/adsorbing mode and a heat exchanger in a regeneration mode
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B25/00—Machines, plants or systems, using a combination of modes of operation covered by two or more of the groups F25B1/00 - F25B23/00
    • F25B25/005—Machines, plants or systems, using a combination of modes of operation covered by two or more of the groups F25B1/00 - F25B23/00 using primary and secondary systems
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B29/00—Combined heating and refrigeration systems, e.g. operating alternately or simultaneously
    • F25B29/006—Combined heating and refrigeration systems, e.g. operating alternately or simultaneously of the sorption type system
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24F—AIR-CONDITIONING; AIR-HUMIDIFICATION; VENTILATION; USE OF AIR CURRENTS FOR SCREENING
    • F24F3/00—Air-conditioning systems in which conditioned primary air is supplied from one or more central stations to distributing units in the rooms or spaces where it may receive secondary treatment; Apparatus specially designed for such systems
    • F24F3/12—Air-conditioning systems in which conditioned primary air is supplied from one or more central stations to distributing units in the rooms or spaces where it may receive secondary treatment; Apparatus specially designed for such systems characterised by the treatment of the air otherwise than by heating and cooling
    • F24F3/14—Air-conditioning systems in which conditioned primary air is supplied from one or more central stations to distributing units in the rooms or spaces where it may receive secondary treatment; Apparatus specially designed for such systems characterised by the treatment of the air otherwise than by heating and cooling by humidification; by dehumidification
    • F24F2003/1435—Air-conditioning systems in which conditioned primary air is supplied from one or more central stations to distributing units in the rooms or spaces where it may receive secondary treatment; Apparatus specially designed for such systems characterised by the treatment of the air otherwise than by heating and cooling by humidification; by dehumidification comprising semi-permeable membrane
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24F—AIR-CONDITIONING; AIR-HUMIDIFICATION; VENTILATION; USE OF AIR CURRENTS FOR SCREENING
    • F24F3/00—Air-conditioning systems in which conditioned primary air is supplied from one or more central stations to distributing units in the rooms or spaces where it may receive secondary treatment; Apparatus specially designed for such systems
    • F24F3/12—Air-conditioning systems in which conditioned primary air is supplied from one or more central stations to distributing units in the rooms or spaces where it may receive secondary treatment; Apparatus specially designed for such systems characterised by the treatment of the air otherwise than by heating and cooling
    • F24F3/14—Air-conditioning systems in which conditioned primary air is supplied from one or more central stations to distributing units in the rooms or spaces where it may receive secondary treatment; Apparatus specially designed for such systems characterised by the treatment of the air otherwise than by heating and cooling by humidification; by dehumidification
    • F24F2003/144—Air-conditioning systems in which conditioned primary air is supplied from one or more central stations to distributing units in the rooms or spaces where it may receive secondary treatment; Apparatus specially designed for such systems characterised by the treatment of the air otherwise than by heating and cooling by humidification; by dehumidification by dehumidification only
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24F—AIR-CONDITIONING; AIR-HUMIDIFICATION; VENTILATION; USE OF AIR CURRENTS FOR SCREENING
    • F24F3/00—Air-conditioning systems in which conditioned primary air is supplied from one or more central stations to distributing units in the rooms or spaces where it may receive secondary treatment; Apparatus specially designed for such systems
    • F24F3/12—Air-conditioning systems in which conditioned primary air is supplied from one or more central stations to distributing units in the rooms or spaces where it may receive secondary treatment; Apparatus specially designed for such systems characterised by the treatment of the air otherwise than by heating and cooling
    • F24F3/14—Air-conditioning systems in which conditioned primary air is supplied from one or more central stations to distributing units in the rooms or spaces where it may receive secondary treatment; Apparatus specially designed for such systems characterised by the treatment of the air otherwise than by heating and cooling by humidification; by dehumidification
    • F24F2003/1458—Air-conditioning systems in which conditioned primary air is supplied from one or more central stations to distributing units in the rooms or spaces where it may receive secondary treatment; Apparatus specially designed for such systems characterised by the treatment of the air otherwise than by heating and cooling by humidification; by dehumidification using regenerators
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24F—AIR-CONDITIONING; AIR-HUMIDIFICATION; VENTILATION; USE OF AIR CURRENTS FOR SCREENING
    • F24F12/00—Use of energy recovery systems in air conditioning, ventilation or screening
    • F24F12/001—Use of energy recovery systems in air conditioning, ventilation or screening with heat-exchange between supplied and exhausted air
    • F24F2012/007—Use of energy recovery systems in air conditioning, ventilation or screening with heat-exchange between supplied and exhausted air using a by-pass for bypassing the heat-exchanger
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24F—AIR-CONDITIONING; AIR-HUMIDIFICATION; VENTILATION; USE OF AIR CURRENTS FOR SCREENING
    • F24F2203/00—Devices or apparatus used for air treatment
    • F24F2203/02—System or Device comprising a heat pump as a subsystem, e.g. combined with humidification/dehumidification, heating, natural energy or with hybrid system
    • F24F2203/021—Compression cycle
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24F—AIR-CONDITIONING; AIR-HUMIDIFICATION; VENTILATION; USE OF AIR CURRENTS FOR SCREENING
    • F24F2203/00—Devices or apparatus used for air treatment
    • F24F2203/10—Rotary wheel
    • F24F2203/1008—Rotary wheel comprising a by-pass channel
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B2339/00—Details of evaporators; Details of condensers
    • F25B2339/04—Details of condensers
    • F25B2339/047—Water-cooled condensers

Definitions

  • the present application relates generally to the use of liquid desiccants to dehumidify and cool, or heat and humidify an air stream entering a space. More specifically, the application relates to the control systems required to operate 2 or 3 way liquid desiccant mass and heat exchangers employing micro-porous membranes to separate the liquid desiccant from an air stream. Such heat exchangers can use gravity induced pressures (siphoning) to keep the micro-porous membranes properly attached to the heat exchanger structure.
  • the control systems for such 2 and 3-way heat exchangers are unique in that they have to ensure that the proper amount liquid desiccant is applied to the membrane structures without over pressurizing the fluid and without over- or under-concentrating the desiccant.
  • Liquid desiccants have been used parallel to conventional vapor compression HVAC equipment to help reduce humidity in spaces, particularly in spaces that require large amounts of outdoor air or that have large humidity loads inside the building space itself.
  • Humid climates, such as for example Miami, FL require a lot of energy to properly treat (dehumidify and cool) the fresh air that is required for a space's occupant comfort.
  • Conventional vapor compression systems have only a limited ability to dehumidify and tend to overcool the air, oftentimes requiring energy intensive reheat systems, which significantly increase the overall energy costs, because reheat adds an additional heat-load to the cooling system.
  • Liquid desiccant systems have been used for many years and are generally quite efficient at removing moisture from the air stream.
  • liquid desiccant systems generally use concentrated salt solutions such as ionic solutions of LiCl, LiBr or CaCl 2 and water.
  • concentrated salt solutions such as ionic solutions of LiCl, LiBr or CaCl 2 and water.
  • Such brines are strongly corrosive, even in small quantities, so numerous attempts have been made over the years to prevent desiccant carry-over to the air stream that is to be treated.
  • micro-porous membranes to contain the desiccant.
  • An example of such as membrane is the EZ2090 poly-propylene, microporous membrane manufactured by Celgard, LLC, 13800 South Lakes Drive Charlotte, NC 28273. The membrane is approximately 65% open area and has a typical thickness of about 20 ⁇ m.
  • This type of membrane is structurally very uniform in pore size (100nm) and is thin enough to not create a significant thermal barrier.
  • such super-hydrophobic membranes are typically hard to adhere to and are easily subject to damage.
  • Several failure modes can occur: if the desiccant is pressurized the bonds between the membrane and its support structure can fail, or the membrane's pores can distort in such a way that they no longer are able to withstand the liquid pressure and break-through of the desiccant can occur.
  • the desiccant crystallizes behind the membrane, the crystals can break through the membrane itself creating permanent damage to the membrane and causing desiccant leaks. And in addition the service life of these membranes is uncertain, leading to a need to detect membrane failure or degradation well before any leaks may even be apparent.
  • the conditioner's cold heat transfer fluid is additionally directed through a cooling coil and the regenerator's hot heat transfer fluid is additionally directed through a heating coil.
  • the hot heat transfer fluid has an independent method or rejecting heat, such as through an additional coil or other appropriate heat transfer mechanism.
  • the system has multiple refrigerant loops or multiple heat transfer fluid loops to achieve similar effects for controlling air temperature on the conditioner and liquid desiccant concentration by controlling the regenerator temperature.
  • the heat transfer loops are serviced by separate pumps.
  • the heat transfer loops are services by a single shared pump.
  • the refrigerant loops are independent.
  • the refrigerant loops are coupled so that one refrigerant loop only handles half the temperature difference between the conditioner and the regenerator and the other refrigerant loop handles the remaining temperature difference, allowing each loop to function more efficiently.
  • a conditioner receives an air stream that is pushed through the conditioner by a fan resulting in a positive pressure in the conditioner that is above the ambient pressure.
  • a regenerator receives an air stream that is pulled through the regenerator by a fan resulting in a negative pressure in the regenerator compared to the ambient pressure.
  • the air stream entering the regenerator comprises a mixture of return air from a space and outside air that is being delivered to the regenerator from the conditioner air stream.
  • an air stream's lowest pressure point is connected through some suitable means such as through a hose or pipe to an air pocket above a desiccant reservoir in such a way as to ensure that the desiccant is flowing back from a conditioner or regenerator membrane module through a siphoning action and wherein the siphoning is enhanced by ensuring that the lowest pressure in the system exists above the desiccant in the reservoir.
  • siphoning action ensures that a membrane is held in a flat position against a support plate structure.
  • a conditioner receives a desiccant stream and employs siphoning to return the used desiccant to a reservoir.
  • a pump or similar device takes desiccant from the reservoir and pumps the desiccant through a valve and heat exchanger to a regenerator.
  • the valve can be switched so that the desiccant flows to the conditioner instead of flowing through the heat exchanger.
  • a regenerator receives a desiccant stream and employs siphoning to return the used desiccant to a reservoir.
  • a pump or similar device takes desiccant from a reservoir and pumps the desiccant through a heat exchanger and valve assembly to a conditioner.
  • the valve assembly can be switched to pump the desiccant to the regenerator instead of to the conditioner.
  • the heat exchanger can be bypassed.
  • the desiccant is used to recover latent and/or sensible heat from a return air stream and apply the latent heat to a supply air stream by bypassing the heat exchanger.
  • the regenerator is switched on solely when regenerator of desiccant is required. In one or more embodiments, the switching of the desiccant stream is used to control the desiccant concentration.
  • Optional diverter valve 325 can be employed to bypass the fan coil if desired.
  • An optional preheating coil 328 is used to preheat the air entering the regenerator. It should be clear that the return air 322 could be mixed with outdoor air or could even be solely outdoor air.
  • control valves 304a and 304b With the same control valves 304a and 304b the system is able to control the amount of heat removed from the supply air and added to the return air. In some instances it is possible to eliminate the heat exchangers 401 and 403 and to run the cold or hot fluid directly through the conditioner 301 and/or regenerator 312. This is possible if the external cold or hot fluids are compatible with the conditioner and/or regenerator modules. This can simplify the system while making the system also slightly more energy efficient.
  • FIG. 5A shows an alternate summer cooling mode arrangement wherein a portion (typically 20-40%) of the treated air 319 is diverted through a set of louvers 502 into a side air stream 501 that enters a 3-way evaporator module 505.
  • the evaporator module 505 receives a water stream 504 that is to be evaporated and has a leaving residual water stream 503.
  • the water stream 504 can be potable water, sea water or grey water.
  • the evaporator module 505 can be constructed very similar to the conditioner and regenerator modules and can also employ membranes. Particularly when the evaporator module 505 is evaporating seawater or grey water, a membrane will ensure that none of the salts and other materials entrained in the water become air borne.
  • FIG. 7C shows a hybrid embodiment wherein the conditioner is using a positive pressure similar to FIG. 7A but wherein the regenerator is under negative pressure similar to FIG. 7B .
  • the main difference is that the air stream 717 is now reversed in direction compared to the mixed air stream 706 in FIG. 7A and 7B .
  • This allows a single fan 713 to supply outside air to both the conditioner 301 and the regenerator 312.
  • the return air stream 707 is now mixed with the outside air stream 717 so that ample air is supplied to the regenerator.
  • the fan 710 is pulling air through the regenerator 312 resulting in a slightly negative pressure in the regenerator.
  • the advantage of this embodiment is that the system only requires 2 fans and 2 sets of louvers.
  • a slight disadvantage is that the regenerator experiences negative pressures and is thus less able to siphon and has a higher risk of the membrane being pulled into the air gap.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Central Air Conditioning (AREA)
  • Drying Of Gases (AREA)
  • Air Humidification (AREA)
  • Air Conditioning Control Device (AREA)
EP14756438.9A 2013-03-01 2014-02-28 Desiccant air conditioning system Active EP2962043B1 (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP18179986.7A EP3428549B1 (en) 2013-03-01 2014-02-28 Desiccant air conditioning systems

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US201361771340P 2013-03-01 2013-03-01
PCT/US2014/019470 WO2014134473A1 (en) 2013-03-01 2014-02-28 Desiccant air conditioning methods and systems

Related Child Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP18179986.7A Division EP3428549B1 (en) 2013-03-01 2014-02-28 Desiccant air conditioning systems

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP2962043A1 EP2962043A1 (en) 2016-01-06
EP2962043A4 EP2962043A4 (en) 2017-01-04
EP2962043B1 true EP2962043B1 (en) 2018-06-27

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ID=51420209

Family Applications (2)

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EP14756438.9A Active EP2962043B1 (en) 2013-03-01 2014-02-28 Desiccant air conditioning system
EP18179986.7A Active EP3428549B1 (en) 2013-03-01 2014-02-28 Desiccant air conditioning systems

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EP18179986.7A Active EP3428549B1 (en) 2013-03-01 2014-02-28 Desiccant air conditioning systems

Country Status (7)

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US (2) US9631848B2 (zh)
EP (2) EP2962043B1 (zh)
JP (2) JP6393697B2 (zh)
KR (3) KR20150122167A (zh)
CN (2) CN105121965B (zh)
ES (1) ES2683855T3 (zh)
WO (1) WO2014134473A1 (zh)

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