EP2865808A1 - Durchgehende Fahrbahn auf Viaduktbauwerk - Google Patents

Durchgehende Fahrbahn auf Viaduktbauwerk Download PDF

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Publication number
EP2865808A1
EP2865808A1 EP20130290254 EP13290254A EP2865808A1 EP 2865808 A1 EP2865808 A1 EP 2865808A1 EP 20130290254 EP20130290254 EP 20130290254 EP 13290254 A EP13290254 A EP 13290254A EP 2865808 A1 EP2865808 A1 EP 2865808A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
slab
track
segment
continuous
head
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP20130290254
Other languages
English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
Romain Lauriot Dit Prevost
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Siemens SAS
Original Assignee
Siemens SAS
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Siemens SAS filed Critical Siemens SAS
Priority to EP20130290254 priority Critical patent/EP2865808A1/de
Priority to SG11201602860VA priority patent/SG11201602860VA/en
Priority to CN201480058299.4A priority patent/CN105658045A/zh
Priority to CA2928303A priority patent/CA2928303A1/en
Priority to KR1020167013066A priority patent/KR20160072224A/ko
Priority to US15/031,885 priority patent/US20160265176A1/en
Priority to PCT/EP2014/065599 priority patent/WO2015058871A1/fr
Priority to RU2016119562A priority patent/RU2016119562A/ru
Publication of EP2865808A1 publication Critical patent/EP2865808A1/de
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
    • E01D—CONSTRUCTION OF BRIDGES, ELEVATED ROADWAYS OR VIADUCTS; ASSEMBLY OF BRIDGES
    • E01D19/00—Structural or constructional details of bridges
    • E01D19/04—Bearings; Hinges
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
    • E01B—PERMANENT WAY; PERMANENT-WAY TOOLS; MACHINES FOR MAKING RAILWAYS OF ALL KINDS
    • E01B1/00—Ballastway; Other means for supporting the sleepers or the track; Drainage of the ballastway
    • E01B1/002—Ballastless track, e.g. concrete slab trackway, or with asphalt layers
    • E01B1/007—Ballastless track, e.g. concrete slab trackway, or with asphalt layers with interlocking means to withstand horizontal forces
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
    • E01B—PERMANENT WAY; PERMANENT-WAY TOOLS; MACHINES FOR MAKING RAILWAYS OF ALL KINDS
    • E01B2/00—General structure of permanent way
    • E01B2/003—Arrangement of tracks on bridges or in tunnels
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
    • E01D—CONSTRUCTION OF BRIDGES, ELEVATED ROADWAYS OR VIADUCTS; ASSEMBLY OF BRIDGES
    • E01D19/00—Structural or constructional details of bridges
    • E01D19/12—Grating or flooring for bridges; Fastening railway sleepers or tracks to bridges

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a continuous viaduct raceway according to the preamble of claim 1, and an anti-lift device adapted to said raceway.
  • the present invention relates to the field of rigid rolling tracks on a bridge structure intended to support the movement of a vehicle, in particular a guided vehicle.
  • guided vehicle reference is made in particular to a means of public transport such as buses, trolleybuses, trams, subways, trains or train units, etc., for which guidance is provided in particular by at least one guide rail disposed on the track.
  • a bridge (or viaduct) for supporting a raceway comprises a set of piles (or pillars) distributed between a first abutment at one end of said bridge, and a second abutment located at the other end of said bridge.
  • Said piers and abutments are intended to support bridge segments which are for example metal beams or prefabricated concrete elements intended to form a support surface for the raceway, commonly called the apron of said bridge.
  • Each of said segments distributed between the first and the last stack is supported at each of its ends on one of said piles of the bridge thus extending from one stack to another, the end of a segment being separated from the end an adjacent segment by an area commonly called "seal of work".
  • said segment may be supported by one or more other cells disposed between said stacks of ends.
  • the first and the last segment respectively support the first end abutment and the first stack, and the last stack and the second end abutment.
  • the various elements of said bridge are chosen according to the load characteristics and use of the bridge.
  • Said segments thus typically form a discontinuous surface for supporting the track.
  • said segments bear on said piles of the bridge by means of fixed and / or sliding support devices, which tolerate a displacement of at least one end of said segment, said displacement being able for example to be generated by differences in temperatures and / or the passage of the vehicle on said bridge.
  • Bearings on a bridge or viaduct structure are also designed to withstand thermal and / or mechanical deformations (eg due to vehicle passage) that may occur during normal use of said track. Different solutions make it possible to compensate for these deformations.
  • said track may consist of several track sections, each of said track sections being anchored to one of said segments and separated from a directly adjacent section by a transverse expansion joint.
  • said track is discontinuous and comprises, distributed along its length, a number of expansion joints separating the different sections and intended to compensate for the longitudinal expansion of the track under the effect of temperature changes and / or the passage of a vehicle.
  • a solution is, for example, not suited to the urban environment, because it causes noise pollution, reduces passenger comfort, requires checks and frequent maintenance, and may prematurely increase the wear of the tires or wheels of the vehicle. traveling on said track.
  • the need to distribute expansion joints along the raceway increases the cost of construction of the bridge or viaduct, and stresses can be generated in the segment or section. when the materials of said segment and said path respond differently to changes in temperature.
  • Said continuous path previously described is a continuous path partially secured. It requires in fact an anchoring of the slab to the different segments, which creates punctually (anchoring points) tensions and harmful stresses for the slab or said segment, especially when a guided vehicle on said road.
  • An object of the present invention is to provide a vehicle raceway configured to be supported by a bridge or viaduct bridge, requiring little maintenance, providing a minimum of noise, minimizing the stresses and tensions that may occur in said pathway. rolling, thus increasing the service life of the track and reducing the maintenance efforts associated with it, and making it economically advantageous in other words.
  • Another objective is to propose a running track adapted to the implementation of a Long Rail Welded (LRS), ie a continuous rail which has the advantage of reducing the noise nuisance due to the passage of a vehicle on said rail , increase passenger comfort and be characterized by reduced wear and maintenance.
  • another object of the present invention is to provide an anti-lift device for the implementation of such a raceway.
  • a raceway is provided by the contents of claim 1 and an anti-lift device is provided by the contents of claim 14.
  • a set of subclaims also has advantages of the invention.
  • said anti-lifting device comprises an abutment intended to limit said displacement of said slab in the direction perpendicular to said sliding plane.
  • Said anti-lifting device is thus notably configured to allow a non-zero displacement of said slab in a direction perpendicular to said sliding plane to said stop, while allowing a displacement of said slab on said sliding plane, or in a general manner in a plane parallel to said sliding plane.
  • said anti-lifting device is in particular capable of taking up a stress perpendicular to the sliding plane and resulting from a displacement of said slab in said direction perpendicular to said sliding plane to said stop of said anti-sliding device. lifting, and retransmitting said stress to said segment, in particular at the location of the securing said anti-lift device with said segment.
  • Said attachment can for example be achieved by means of anchor sleeves pre-implanted in said segment or in lateral stops of said continuous slab.
  • said anti-lifting device and said fastening means used for securing to said segment are dimensioned and made of materials so as to withstand the forces resulting from said vertical stress.
  • the continuous path according to the invention comprises several anti-lifting devices distributed along the length of said path and allowing its displacement along its longitudinal and / or transverse axis relative to said segments while limiting said displacement of said slab in a perpendicular direction.
  • said slip plane in particular by allowing this movement only over a distance defined by said stop of said anti-lifting device.
  • said path includes anti-lift devices near the ends of said segments.
  • the figure 1 and the figure 2 schematically show an embodiment of a track 5 according to the invention in a front view and from above respectively.
  • Said track 5 is a continuous track on bridge structure 1, said bridge structure 1 comprising at least two bridge segments 4, a first abutment 31 located at one end of said bridge 1 and a second abutment 32 located at the other end. end of said bridge, and a carrier structure formed of stacks 2 distributed between the first abutment 31 and the second abutment 32 to support said segments 4.
  • said segments may rest at their ends on fixed support devices 22 and / or 23 as known to those skilled in the art.
  • Each segment is in particular separated from the segment 4 immediately adjacent by a construction joint 23.
  • the upper surface of said segments 4 thus forms a discontinuous bearing surface for the track 5.
  • the antifriction layer 55 comprises a first geotextile layer 551 intended to be in contact with said continuous slab 50, for example by being glued / fixed to the lower surface of said continuous slab 50, and a second geotextile layer 552 intended to be in contact with said continuous slab 50, contact with said segments 4, for example by being glued to the upper surface of said segments, said first and second geotextile layers 551, 552 sandwiching one or more polyane layers 553 (or geomembrane).
  • the geotextile / polyane / geotextile sandwich configuration of the anti-friction layer improves the sliding of the continuous slab on said segments.
  • the crossing plates 53 are extruded polystyrene panels (Styrodur type).
  • said segments 4 comprise at their ends reservations 41 whose dimensions correspond to the dimensions of the crossing plates 53 so that when said crossing plates 53 are inserted in said reservations 41, the upper surface of said segment 4 and the upper surface of said crossing plate 53 coincide, or in other words, are at the same level so as to form a continuous surface.
  • this makes it possible to maintain a continuity of the level under the continuous slab 50, thus favoring the sliding of the latter on the continuous surface formed by the upper surfaces of the segments 4 and the upper surfaces of the crossing plates 53.
  • a feature of the track 5 according to the invention is that it comprises at least one anti-lifting device 54 configured to be securable to a segment 4, for example using a system of bolts and anchor sleeves pre-implanted in said segment 4, or else by reinforcement and pouring of concrete in order to fix a portion of said anti-lifting device to said segment 4.
  • the anti-lifting device 54 according to the invention is moreover capable of limiting a translation or displacement of said slab 50 in a direction N perpendicular to the sliding plane while allowing freedom of movement of said slab on the sliding plane defined by said antifriction layer 55. Due to its construction as a free monoblock movement on the sliding surface defined by the friction layer, the track 5 according to the invention is particularly well suited to the support of a rail 6 type LRS (long welded rail) since its surface for fixing said rail has no discontinuity.
  • LRS long welded rail
  • an anti-lifting device 54 comprises a body 542 designed to be secured / anchored directly or indirectly.
  • said segment 4 and a head 543 preferably comprising an abutment or itself acting directly abutment.
  • Said head is in particular designed to limit a displacement of said slab 50 in the direction N substantially perpendicular to said sliding plane, said displacement being in particular non-zero and limited by said head 543 or said stop.
  • said continuous slab 50 is a self-cleaning slab.
  • said sanitation device 58 shown in dashed lines for preventing accumulation of water on said continuous path, said sanitation device being integrated in said slab 50 and free of evacuation under slab 50 to ensure free movement on said sliding plane.
  • Said slab 50 is in particular a slab having three distinct parts: two support portions A having an upper surface forming a rolling surface for the wheels of a vehicle intended to circulate on the bridge and a receiving portion B of the means of guiding said vehicle.
  • Said parts A are thus in particular intended to withstand the forces generated by the movement of a vehicle on said bridge structure and have upper faces, on which the wheels of said vehicle move, located in the same plane.
  • Part B is in particular intended to accommodate a guide rail 6, for example an LRS, the upper face of part B being in particular in a plane located below the level of the plane defined by the upper faces of parts A.
  • the drainage system 58 is capable of discharging on said lateral sides of said slab 50 the water accumulated on the upper surface of the parts A and / or B.
  • Said purification device comprises, for example, a network of channels, for example example dug or implanted before casting in said parts A of the slab 50, and describing a slight slope between the level of the upper face of the portion B upstream and a lateral end of the slab 50 downstream so that the water can flow from upstream to downstream by gravity.
  • the upper surface of said part B comprises at least one engravure or a flow channel, passing particularly through said part B and being preferably in the extension of one of said channels dug or implanted in said parts A, in order to improve the flow of water from said portion B to the lateral sides of the slab 50.
  • said continuous path comprises electrical sleeves 57 implanted in said continuous slab 50 and / or a heating device 56 implanted under the upper surface of said portions A so as to heat said upper surface of said portions A.
  • Said electric sleeves 57 allow for example the passage of electrical cables for heating a running surface of said continuous track (eg Joule effect), or for grounding, or for supplying electricity to the guided vehicle intended to move on said track keep on going.
  • said body 542 is a plate, for example a metal plate, configured to be fixed either directly to said segment 4, or to a lateral stop 541 of said continuous slab, in particular for example by means of a device height adjustment of said plate, said lateral stop 541 itself being fixed to said segment 4.
  • said head 543 is for example fixed to one end of said plate so as to be positioned screw-in -vis and overhang at least a portion of one of the lateral sides of the upper face of said slab 50 continues as illustrated in Fig. 4 .
  • Said anti-lifting devices 54 are preferably distributed on each side of the continuous slab 50.
  • the interval separating on the same side of slab 50 continues two immediately adjacent anti-lifting devices 54 is preferably determined by calculation using methods by finite elements so as to standardize the recovery of the stresses generated in said direction N throughout said slab 50 continues.
  • different lengths of plates can be used.
  • Each of said plates is preferably positioned relative to said slab 50 so as, on the one hand, to have its end supporting said head 543 overhanging the upper face of a lateral side of the continuous slab, and secondly, to have its other end attached to a lateral stop 541, or directly to a bridge segment by means or not of a height adjustment device.
  • said head 543 has a substantially parallelepipedal shape and comprises in particular at least one side opposite the upper face of said slab 50, which is parallel to the latter, and capable of contacting said upper face of the slab 50 when the latter moves in said direction N, said side being particularly able to be covered with a layer of material 544 antifriction and compressive strength, for example Teflon.
  • said head 543 may comprise at least a first part comprising at least one incompressible material intended to form a vertical stop capable of taking up forces directed in said direction N and exerted by the slab 50, and optionally a second part comprising at least a compressible or elastic material for damping the displacement of said slab 50 in the direction N.
  • said anti-lifting device allows free movement or damping in said N direction of said slab 50 to said stop or first part.
  • other constructive arrangements 54R, 54E for the head 543 and the body 542 according to the invention can be made by those skilled in the art, said other constructive arrangements 54R, 54E being all characterized in that they retain the characteristic vertical holding of the head relative to the body while allowing on the one hand the slight play in the direction N, and secondly said relative movement of the head relative to the body in a plane parallel to said sliding plane when said anti-lift device is mounted on / in the continuous raceway according to the invention.
  • These other constructive arrangements 54R, 54E are also illustrated in Fig. 6 .
  • said body may comprise a base intended to be fixed / anchored to said segment 4, said base being attached to a substantially vertical rod or structure surmounted by a substantially horizontal structure with respect to said rod or vertical structure, said substantially horizontal structure being of regular thickness E, oblong, for example elliptical or rectangular as illustrated by references 54E and 54R respectively, the section of said substantially horizontal structure in a horizontal plane (ie parallel to the sliding plane when said anti-uplift team said raceway) being larger than the section of said rod or vertical structure in a plane parallel to said horizontal plane.
  • Said head in turn has a shape adapted to enclose at least a portion of said rod or substantially vertical structure and to enclose / imprison said substantially horizontal structure so as to allow relative movement of the head relative to said body, said authorized movement according to the length of said oblong shape being in particular greater than the authorized movement according to the width of said oblong shape.
  • said head 543 comprises a hollow portion intended to receive said vertical rod or structure and to guide it, the end of said hollow portion directed towards said base of the body 542 of the anti-lifting device 54 being open and its other end being closed by a hollow cap of dimensions greater than the outer dimensions of said substantially horizontal structure and inner height substantially equal to or greater than the thickness E in order to accommodate within said substantially horizontal structure.
  • the hollow cap is thus preferably dimensioned so that the displacement allowed for said substantially horizontal structure inside said cap is greater in the direction of the longitudinal axis (length) of said horizontal structure to its displacement. in the direction of its transverse axis (width).
  • the anti-lifting device is configured to be mounted in / on said continuous track so that the longitudinal axis of the oblong structure is aligned with the longitudinal axis of said track or slab .
  • these other constructive provisions of the anti-lifting device according to the invention promote the longitudinal displacement of said slab compared to its transverse displacement.
  • the anti-lifting device 54 facilitates the construction of said track 5. Indeed, during the construction of the latter, it is for example possible to position and then fix the body 542 of each anti-lock device. lifting 54 to a segment 4 of said bridge 1 or to a lateral stop 541, the head 543 of said anti-lift device remaining free at first. Then, in a second step, it is possible to build the continuous slab 50 so that it is integral only with said head 543 of said anti-lifting device. In this way, the slab 50 continues and said segment 4 are coupled vertically so as to allow a vertical displacement for the slab 50, while simultaneously allowing it to move in a plane parallel to said sliding plane.
  • an elastic or compressible material fills the space between the hollow part, for example the hollow cylindrical portion 82, and said rod 72 and / or between said cap 83 and said substantially horizontal structure, for example said disc 73, so as to oppose a displacement of said rod 72 in said hollow portion.
  • the outer circular surfaces of said rod 72 and / or said disc 73 are covered by a layer of said elastic / compressible material.
  • Said body 542 and said head 543 are in turn preferentially metal.
  • said continuous path 5 comprises, at each end of said slab 50 continuous along its length, one or more abutments anchors 51, 52 intended to take up longitudinal forces appearing in said slab 50 continues.
  • Said anchor 51, 52 may for example be anchored to an end abutment 31 of said deck or to a raft 32.
  • the present invention proposes a continuous path on a bridge structure comprising a slab completely separated from the surface formed by an upper face of the deck, ie bridge segments, thereby guaranteeing free movement of said slab on said deck while limiting a vertical and / or transverse displacement of said slab, by means of anti-lifting devices capable of resuming normal stresses to the deck exerted for example during an uplift of said slab 50 and subsidiarily transverse forces, said anti-lifting devices being able to in particular cooperate with lateral stops for said recovery of transverse forces.
  • Said rolling track according to the invention is thus characterized in that it may comprise a plurality of anti-lifting devices distributed along its length, arranged for example laterally on each side of said slab (50) as shown in FIGS. Figures 1-4 and / or anchored in said slab, for example as represented in Figures 5 and 6 .
EP20130290254 2013-10-23 2013-10-23 Durchgehende Fahrbahn auf Viaduktbauwerk Withdrawn EP2865808A1 (de)

Priority Applications (8)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP20130290254 EP2865808A1 (de) 2013-10-23 2013-10-23 Durchgehende Fahrbahn auf Viaduktbauwerk
SG11201602860VA SG11201602860VA (en) 2013-10-23 2014-07-21 Continuous travel track on a viaduct structure
CN201480058299.4A CN105658045A (zh) 2013-10-23 2014-07-21 高架桥结构上的连续路面
CA2928303A CA2928303A1 (en) 2013-10-23 2014-07-21 Continuous travel track on a viaduct structure
KR1020167013066A KR20160072224A (ko) 2013-10-23 2014-07-21 육교 구조 상의 연속 주행 트랙
US15/031,885 US20160265176A1 (en) 2013-10-23 2014-07-21 Continuous travel track on a viaduct structure
PCT/EP2014/065599 WO2015058871A1 (fr) 2013-10-23 2014-07-21 Voie de roulement continue sur ouvrage viaduc
RU2016119562A RU2016119562A (ru) 2013-10-23 2014-07-21 Сплошная проезжая часть на путепроводе

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP20130290254 EP2865808A1 (de) 2013-10-23 2013-10-23 Durchgehende Fahrbahn auf Viaduktbauwerk

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP2865808A1 true EP2865808A1 (de) 2015-04-29

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ID=49622760

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP20130290254 Withdrawn EP2865808A1 (de) 2013-10-23 2013-10-23 Durchgehende Fahrbahn auf Viaduktbauwerk

Country Status (8)

Country Link
US (1) US20160265176A1 (de)
EP (1) EP2865808A1 (de)
KR (1) KR20160072224A (de)
CN (1) CN105658045A (de)
CA (1) CA2928303A1 (de)
RU (1) RU2016119562A (de)
SG (1) SG11201602860VA (de)
WO (1) WO2015058871A1 (de)

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN106835925A (zh) * 2016-12-29 2017-06-13 李金达 市政应急高架桥

Citations (4)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPH03257201A (ja) * 1990-03-06 1991-11-15 Takenaka Komuten Co Ltd 常電導磁気浮上式リニアモーターカー用軌道
DE19719987A1 (de) * 1997-05-13 1998-06-04 Zueblin Ag Feste Fahrbahn auf Eisenbahn-Brücken
DE102005032912A1 (de) * 2005-07-12 2007-01-18 Max Bögl Bauunternehmung GmbH & Co. KG Feste Fahrbahn auf einem Brückenbauwerk
DE102011085058A1 (de) * 2011-10-24 2013-04-25 Hilti Aktiengesellschaft Verbundanker

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US4187573A (en) * 1977-07-05 1980-02-12 Watson Bowman Associates, Inc. High load bearing for bridges and similar structures
DE2829309B2 (de) * 1978-07-04 1980-08-07 Glacier Gmbh Deva Werke Verfahren zum Auskleiden der Konkav gewölbten Oberseite der Unterplatte eines Kippbewegungen eines Brückenüberbaus o.dgl. ermöglichenden Lagers und nach diesem Verfahren ausgekleidetes Lager
DE3802580A1 (de) * 1988-01-29 1989-08-10 Maurer Friedrich Soehne Topflager fuer bauwerke wie bruecken und dgl.
FR2750440B1 (fr) * 1996-06-26 1999-04-23 Jarret Dispositif pour le positionnement d'au moins un point fixe dans un ouvrage de genie civil et application a de tels ouvrages
ITMI20071434A1 (it) * 2007-07-17 2009-01-18 Cvi Engineering S R L Cuscinetto a strisciamento per l'ingegneria strutturale e materiali per lo stesso
CN101424061B (zh) * 2008-12-10 2010-04-21 中铁二院工程集团有限责任公司 无砟轨道构造
KR100994026B1 (ko) * 2010-04-15 2010-11-11 김은주 안티 익스팬션 죠인트 교량
CN202181507U (zh) * 2011-07-04 2012-04-04 浙江省交通规划设计研究院 简支桥梁的桥面连续结构

Patent Citations (4)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPH03257201A (ja) * 1990-03-06 1991-11-15 Takenaka Komuten Co Ltd 常電導磁気浮上式リニアモーターカー用軌道
DE19719987A1 (de) * 1997-05-13 1998-06-04 Zueblin Ag Feste Fahrbahn auf Eisenbahn-Brücken
DE102005032912A1 (de) * 2005-07-12 2007-01-18 Max Bögl Bauunternehmung GmbH & Co. KG Feste Fahrbahn auf einem Brückenbauwerk
DE102011085058A1 (de) * 2011-10-24 2013-04-25 Hilti Aktiengesellschaft Verbundanker

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN106835925A (zh) * 2016-12-29 2017-06-13 李金达 市政应急高架桥
CN106835925B (zh) * 2016-12-29 2019-07-09 北京知投家知识产权运营有限公司 市政应急高架桥

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
RU2016119562A (ru) 2017-11-28
CA2928303A1 (en) 2015-04-30
KR20160072224A (ko) 2016-06-22
SG11201602860VA (en) 2016-05-30
US20160265176A1 (en) 2016-09-15
CN105658045A (zh) 2016-06-08
WO2015058871A1 (fr) 2015-04-30

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