EP2824414B1 - Method and device for controlling the performance of an active system - Google Patents

Method and device for controlling the performance of an active system Download PDF

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Publication number
EP2824414B1
EP2824414B1 EP14002293.0A EP14002293A EP2824414B1 EP 2824414 B1 EP2824414 B1 EP 2824414B1 EP 14002293 A EP14002293 A EP 14002293A EP 2824414 B1 EP2824414 B1 EP 2824414B1
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Prior art keywords
charge
igniting
explosive
initiation
active system
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EP14002293.0A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP2824414A1 (en
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Markus Graswald
Hans-Dieter Ackermann
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TDW Gesellschaft fuer Verteidigungstechnische Wirksysteme mbH
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TDW Gesellschaft fuer Verteidigungstechnische Wirksysteme mbH
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F42—AMMUNITION; BLASTING
    • F42C—AMMUNITION FUZES; ARMING OR SAFETY MEANS THEREFOR
    • F42C19/00—Details of fuzes
    • F42C19/08—Primers; Detonators
    • F42C19/0838—Primers or igniters for the initiation or the explosive charge in a warhead
    • F42C19/0842—Arrangements of a multiplicity of primers or detonators, dispersed within a warhead, for multiple mode selection

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a device for power control of an active system comprising at least one ignition system, a first ignition device for the detonative initiation of a first charge, wherein the first charge initiates the deflagration of a second charge, and a second igniter for the detonative initiation of the second charge,
  • the effect of flexible warhead systems is more precise and adaptable to the target, on the ground with the detonator setting or, if possible, in the field of use (e.g., cockpit selectable). This can at least reduce unintentional damage and, ideally, avoid it.
  • warheads or bombs with Blast horrin- and splinter effect are used primarily against soft and possibly also semi-hard targets, such as unarmoured vehicles, standing on the ground aircraft, radar positions and / or individuals or groups of people. Also, the effect on intrusion inside infrastructure buildings can be limited. Other applications exist in the coastal environment, especially in harbors where e.g. small, fast pirate boats to the target range to be added. These tasks are covered by previously known solutions only insufficient.
  • the DE 102 22 184 A1 shows a warhead with two adjacent arranged ignition devices, which is adjustable depending on the target to be combated.
  • the DE 10 2009 017 160 B3 deals with a warhead, which on the one hand has a detonative initiation that is locally displaceable around to be able to achieve different splitter sizes. Furthermore, the warhead has a subdetonative ignition device, which is usually spatially separated from the detonative initiation.
  • a subdetonative reaction e.g. a deflagration
  • a detonation for the purpose of power control and limitation of the effective areas to take over, while avoiding the mentioned weaknesses.
  • the principle should also be applicable to effective systems with a significantly larger form factor and increase their reliability.
  • the two initiation locations are spatially next to each other, can even be integrated in a detonator with two ignition points.
  • Charge at a second time e.g. according to calculated specifications or by means of an evaluation of the measurement of the reaction progress of the first charge.
  • the object is further achieved according to the invention by a device having a first ignition device for the initiation of a first charge, and a second ignition device for the detonative initiation of a second charge, wherein the arrangement of the first and the second ignition device is selected such that these ignition devices lie directly adjacent, and wherein the second ignition device is arranged directly at the rear end of the system enclosing the active system.
  • the first ignition device is ignited at a first time and the second ignition device at a second time, wherein t1 ⁇ t2 and wherein the time interval between t1 and t2 is decisive for the quantitative ratio of the subdetonatively converted explosive component to the detonatively converted explosive component.
  • the ignition times are controlled according to specifications or are spontaneously adjustable. It is equally possible to set one of the ignition times in dependence on the other ignition timing and the resulting measured reaction progress.
  • the first charge is designed as a detonating cord arranged in the region of the longitudinal axis of the active system. It is also possible to carry out the first charge as a plurality of detonating cords arranged parallel to the longitudinal axis of the active system.
  • the function of the first charge is designed as a shaped charge or as a charge forming several projectiles.
  • the hollow charge may be provided with an upstream plate.
  • a further alternative according to the invention is that the first charge is implemented by an explosive charge core with an explosive charge of higher sensitivity than the second charge.
  • This explosive charge core can also be sheathed, e.g. with a plastic jacket.
  • the device can also be designed so that the first charge L1 is designed as a multiplicity of explosive charge cores having a higher sensitivity arranged in the region of the longitudinal axis LA. These explosive charge cores can also be encased in plastic.
  • the initial velocity of the splinters is reduced in the first place, which (regardless of fragmentation masses and numbers) ultimately leads to a reduction in the effects and effects (Collateral) damage surfaces leads.
  • the blast pressure in particular the first peak overpressure, is significantly reduced. The latter also depends on the damming by a shell.
  • the scalability device described here initiates the detonating cord arranged centrally, for example, and the subsequent detonation by means of a detonator from the same side.
  • This has two main advantages.
  • the detonation velocity of detonating cord and explosive is approximately the same over the entire charge length, resulting in approximately the same superposition ratios of the two subdetonative reaction and detonation modes.
  • the installation of a compact ignition system instead of spatially distributed ignition points offers advantages in terms of installation, cost and reliability as well as impact surfaces against military targets on the ground and damage surfaces against non-military targets or objects on the ground. No cable ducts / connections, neither inside nor outside, need to be routed from the rear part to the front side.
  • the initiation of the subdetonative reaction here, for example, the centrally arranged detonating cord
  • the initiation of the subdetonative reaction here, for example, the centrally arranged detonating cord
  • one or more, also curved, eccentrically arranged detonating cords or a combination of several subdetonation triggers can be effected.
  • the detonation cord can basically also be replaced by a hollow charge, the effect being set by the design of the hollow charge and possibly by additional ballasts so that the explosive charge L2 is only excited to a subdetonative conversion.
  • the spike tip speed (possibly after the ballast plate) is then designed to be on a similar order of magnitude as the detonation rate of the explosive charge.
  • the subdetonator triggers a subdetonative reaction called deflagration or low velocity detonation (LVD).
  • deflagration low velocity detonation
  • the pressure and flame front of the multiphase reaction zone are spatially separated and can propagate at different rates. The speeds also depend on the damming, i. Thickness and strength of the metal shell, from.
  • the speed of the pressure front is in the range of the speed of sound of the explosive, i. at a deflagration just below the speed of sound and at an LVD up to 1.4 times the speed of sound.
  • This deflagration is e.g. initiated by the detonating cord and then propagates radially outward from the warhead center. Since the speed of this deflagration reaction is in the order of magnitude of the speed of the explosive and thus much slower than a detonation (the detonating cord is detonated), the reaction front of the deflagration is similar to a Mach cone.
  • the in FIG. 3 schematically simplified, results in a superimposed effect, which lies between the effects of a subdetonative reaction and a detonation. It can be done by initiation of the subdetonator (deflagrator) and later time-delayed initiation of the detonator.
  • the reduction of the effect compared to a pure detonation becomes greater, the greater the time interval between the intions of the subdetonator and the detonator.
  • the firing interval must be at least so long that, depending on the length of the warhead or the bomb, the subdetonative reaction is in no case overtaken, especially if the detonation speed of the detonating cord is smaller than that of the explosive itself.
  • the other limit results from the period of time after the subdetonative reaction reaches the charge edge and thus the explosive charge is implemented radially completely subdetonatively.
  • the time delay of the detonator determines the pyrotechnic scaling factor.
  • the ignition system is programmable on it.
  • the ignition delay time ⁇ t can be determined in several ways: once from continuously measuring the progress of the reaction (e.g., through one or more corresponding probes in the explosive charge) or as a fixed value determined from known quantities such as reaction rates of e.g. Detonating cord and radial velocity of the subdetonative reaction front.
  • the sub-detonator is not ignited at all or the sub-detonator and detonator are ignited simultaneously (the time delay is set to zero). Then the power of the active part corresponds to the classic ignition with a high order detonation of the entire explosive charge including the charge L1, e.g. the detonating cord.
  • FIG. 1 An embodiment is exemplary in the Fig, 1 the drawing shown.
  • This shows a schematically simplified longitudinal section through an active system, each equipped with an ignition device for an I1 initiation of the charge L1 and for a detonative initiation I2 of the charge L2.
  • Both igniters are located not only on the same side of the active system, but they are also arranged as close to each other as possible.
  • the subdetonative reaction emanating from the centrally located detonating cord SP in this case a deflagration, which is similar to a Mach cone due to its typical reaction rates in the axial and in the radial direction.
  • the Fig.2 shows an arrangement for measuring the course of a subdetonative reaction of an explosive, which was triggered by means disposed in the region of the longitudinal axis detonating cord.
  • the structure of the measuring arrangement is shown in the upper left half of the diagram.
  • Good to see is the coated explosive charge L1, which surrounds the centrally arranged detonating cord SP.
  • two probes are provided parallel to the detonating cord SP.
  • the first probe VOD 1 is located close to the detonating cord SP and senses the reaction in the immediate vicinity of the detonating cord, the other is located in the vicinity of the envelope HU and senses the delayed reaction process near the envelope.
  • the signal of the outer probe VOD 3 also shows a steeper increase in speed at the beginning of the measurement than in the further course. This can be explained by the fact that at the edge of the charge, the reaction and an associated increase in pressure start later (geometric start-up effects). At the other charge end, i. At the end of the measurement, the reaction at the edge of the charge already subsides after approximately 200 mm of charge length. This is due to the lack of detonating cord in the lower charge segment, which leads to the reaction initially igniting and finally dying out altogether. Thus, sufficient pressure is not generated to cause a short circuit of the probe, which can then be measured indirectly by a measuring device.
  • FIG. 3 is simplified, the intermediate mode for the reduced detonative implementation of the explosive charge L2 shown.
  • the central bright part DFU is the representation of the subdetonatively converted part and the darker part DTU surrounding the lighter one is the representation of the detonatively converted part of the explosive charge.
  • the section AA clarifies the concentric arrangement of the two parts DFU and DTU.
  • the described principle of action is not limited to this bomb, but applicable to almost all active bodies with blast / splinter effect.

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Description

Die Erfindung betrifft eine Vorrichtung zur Leistungssteuerung eines Wirksystems umfassend wenigstens ein Zündsystem, eine erste Zündeinrichtung für die detonative Initiierung einer ersten Ladung, wobei die erste Ladung die Deflagration einer zweiten Ladung initiiert, sowie eine zweite Zündeinrichtung für die detonative Initiierung der zweiten Ladung,The invention relates to a device for power control of an active system comprising at least one ignition system, a first ignition device for the detonative initiation of a first charge, wherein the first charge initiates the deflagration of a second charge, and a second igniter for the detonative initiation of the second charge,

In der Vergangenheit stand die Maximierung der Wirkung von Gefechtsköpfen im Vordergrund der Entwicklungen, inzwischen erfordern Einsatzszenarien der Streitkräfte Gefechtskopfsysteme mit einer flexiblen Wirkung. Gegen weiche und halbharte Einzel- und Flächenziele, die meistens stationär sind, werden Blast-/Splittergefechtsköpfe eingesetzt, die z.T. auch über eine Penetrationsfähigkeit gegen Infrastrukturziele und / oder schwimmende Plattformen verfügen. Die maximale Wirkung eines klassischen Gefechtskopfes bekämpft dabei nicht nur das gewünschte Ziel, sondern ruft regelmäßig auch unbeabsichtigte Schäden hervor (Collateral Damage). Wirkungs- und Schadensflächen um den Treffpunkt / Detonationsort sind unter Umständen sehr groß und in ihrer Größe nicht direkt veränderbar.In the past, maximizing the impact of warheads has been at the forefront of developments, and military intervention scenarios now require warhead systems with a flexible impact. Against soft and semi-hard single and surface targets, which are mostly stationary, blast / fragmentation warheads are used, the z.T. also have a penetration capability against infrastructure targets and / or floating platforms. The maximum effect of a classic warhead not only fights the desired target, but also regularly causes unintentional damage (collateral damage). Impact and damage areas around the meeting point / detonation site may be very large and not directly changeable in size.

Im Gegensatz dazu ist die Wirkung flexibler Gefechtskopfsysteme präziser und an das Ziel anpassbar, am Boden mit der Zündereinstellung oder nach Möglichkeit auch noch im Einsatzgebiet (z.B. cockpit selectable). Damit können unbeabsichtigte Schäden zumindest reduziert und im Idealfall vermieden werden.In contrast, the effect of flexible warhead systems is more precise and adaptable to the target, on the ground with the detonator setting or, if possible, in the field of use (e.g., cockpit selectable). This can at least reduce unintentional damage and, ideally, avoid it.

Aus der DE 19961204 A1 und der DE 10008914 A1 , die den Oberbegriff der Ansprüche 1, 4 und 6 offenbart, ist je ein Gefechtskopf mit zwei gegenüberliegenden Zündketten zur Skalierung von Wirkungs- und Schadensflächen bekannt geworden. Bei entsprechender Wahl der Verzögerungszeiten wird ein Teilbereich der Sprengladung detonativ und der andere deflagrativ umgesetzt. Beide weisen folgende Eigenschaften auf:

  • Bei sehr später Initiierung des Detonators wird ein großer Anteil der Sprengladung durch eine überlagerte Reaktion umgesetzt. Hierdurch können zwar die Splittergeschwindigkeiten im Vergleich zur Detonation reduziert werden, aber infolge der größeren Splittermassen ändern sich die Wirk- und Schadensbereiche am Boden nicht signifikant. Demzufolge besteht gerade im Zwischenwirkmodus erheblicher Verbesserungsbedarf.
  • Die Aufrechterhaltung einer stabilen Deflagration in Längsachse der Ladung ist kritisch und bis heute nicht zuverlässig nachgewiesen.
  • Die Installation des genannten Deflagrators an der gegenseitigen Stirnfläche des Wirkkörpers bedingt zusätzlichen Raumbedarf und Änderungen der Systemnahtstellen.
From the DE 19961204 A1 and the DE 10008914 A1 , which discloses the preamble of claims 1, 4 and 6, is ever a warhead with two opposite igniter chains for scaling of effect and Damage surfaces become known. With a suitable choice of the delay times, a portion of the explosive charge detonative and the other implemented deflagrativ. Both have the following properties:
  • At very late initiation of the detonator, a large proportion of the explosive charge is converted by a superimposed reaction. As a result, although the splitter speeds compared to the detonation can be reduced, but due to the larger splinter masses, the impact and damage areas on the ground do not change significantly. Consequently, there is a considerable need for improvement, especially in the intermediate mode.
  • The maintenance of a stable deflagration in the longitudinal axis of the charge is critical and not reliably proven to date.
  • The installation of said deflagrator on the mutual end face of the active body requires additional space and changes the system seams.

Die hier betrachteten Gefechtsköpfe oder Bomben mit Blastdruck- und Splitterwirkung werden in erster Linie gegen weiche und ggf. auch halbharte Ziele, wie ungepanzerte Fahrzeuge, am Boden stehende Flugzeuge, Radarstellungen und / oder einzelne Personen oder Personengruppen eingesetzt. Auch kann die Wirkung nach Eindringen im Inneren von Infrastrukturgebäuden begrenzt werden. Weitere Anwendungen existieren im küstennahen Umfeld, vor allem auch in Häfen, in denen z.B. kleine, schnelle Piratenboote zum Zielspektrum hinzutreten. Diese Aufgaben werden durch bisher bekannte Lösungsvorschläge nur unzureichend abgedeckt.The considered warheads or bombs with Blastdruck- and splinter effect are used primarily against soft and possibly also semi-hard targets, such as unarmoured vehicles, standing on the ground aircraft, radar positions and / or individuals or groups of people. Also, the effect on intrusion inside infrastructure buildings can be limited. Other applications exist in the coastal environment, especially in harbors where e.g. small, fast pirate boats to the target range to be added. These tasks are covered by previously known solutions only insufficient.

Die DE 102 22 184 A1 zeigt einen Gefechtskopf mit zwei benachbart angeordneten Zündeinrichtungen, welcher in Abhängigkeit vom zu bekämpfenden Ziel einstellbar ist.The DE 102 22 184 A1 shows a warhead with two adjacent arranged ignition devices, which is adjustable depending on the target to be combated.

Die DE 10 2009 017 160 B3 befasst sich mit einem Gefechtskopf, der zum einen eine detonative Initiierung aufweist, die örtlich verschiebbar ist um unterschiedliche Splittergrößen erzielen zu können. Weiterhin weist der Gefechtskopf eine üblicherweise räumlich von der detonativen Initiierung getrennt angeordneten subdetonative Zündvorrichtung auf.The DE 10 2009 017 160 B3 deals with a warhead, which on the one hand has a detonative initiation that is locally displaceable around to be able to achieve different splitter sizes. Furthermore, the warhead has a subdetonative ignition device, which is usually spatially separated from the detonative initiation.

In der DE 10 2012 006 044 B3 wird eine Meßvorrichtung für den Verlauf einer in einem Gefechtskopf sich ausbreitenden Deflagrationsfront beschrieben.In the DE 10 2012 006 044 B3 a measuring device for the course of a propagating in a warhead deflagration front is described.

Es ist deshalb Aufgabe der vorliegenden Erfindung, die bewährte Idee der Überlagerung einer subdetonativen Reaktion, z.B. einer Deflagration, und einer Detonation zum Zweck der Leistungssteuerung und Eingrenzung der Wirkflächen zu übernehmen, dabei aber die genannten Schwachpunkte zu vermeiden. Weiterhin soll das Prinzip auch auf Wirksysteme mit einem erheblich größeren Formfaktor anwendbar sein und deren Funktionssicherheit erhöhen.It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide the well-established idea of superimposing a subdetonative reaction, e.g. a deflagration, and a detonation for the purpose of power control and limitation of the effective areas to take over, while avoiding the mentioned weaknesses. Furthermore, the principle should also be applicable to effective systems with a significantly larger form factor and increase their reliability.

Diese Aufgabe wird erfindungsgemäß durch eine Vorrichtung nach einem der unabhängigen Ansprüche 1, 4 oder 6 gelöst. Der Vorteil der erfindungsgemäßen Lösung besteht darin, dass die Reaktionsfronten beider Ladungen mit fast der gleichen Geschwindigkeiten in gleicher Richtung der Ladungslängsachse laufen. Dabei entstehen über die gesamte Ladungslänge fast gleiche Überlagerungsverhältnisse, ein entscheidener Vorteil dieser Erfindung gegenüber den vorherigen Anmeldungen. Damit können die Wirkflächen und die Letalität der Wirkkörper wirklich skaliert werden.This object is achieved by a device according to one of the independent claims 1, 4 or 6. The advantage of the solution according to the invention is that the reaction fronts of both charges run at almost the same speeds in the same direction of the charge longitudinal axis. Over the entire charge length, almost identical superimposition conditions arise, a decisive advantage of this invention over the previous applications. Thus the effective areas and the lethality of the active bodies can be really scaled.

Die beiden Initiierungsorte liegen räumlich unmittelbar nebeneinander, können sogar in einem Zünder mit zwei Zündstellen integriert sein.The two initiation locations are spatially next to each other, can even be integrated in a detonator with two ignition points.

Ladung zu einem zweiten Zeitpunkt, z.B. nach errechneten Vorgaben oder mittels einer Auswertung der Messung des Reaktionsfortschritts der ersten Ladung.Charge at a second time, e.g. according to calculated specifications or by means of an evaluation of the measurement of the reaction progress of the first charge.

Die Aufgabe wird weiterhin erfindungsgemäß durch eine Vorrichtung gelöst, die eine erste Zündeinrichtung für die Initiierung einer ersten Ladung, sowie eine zweite Zündeinrichtung für die detonative Initiierung einer zweiten Ladung aufweist, wobei die Anordnung der ersten und der zweiten Zündeinrichtung derart gewählt ist, dass diese Zündeinrichtungen unmittelbar benachbart liegen, und wobei die zweite Zündeinrichtung direkt am heckseitigen Ende der das Wirksystem umschließenden Hülle angeordnet ist.The object is further achieved according to the invention by a device having a first ignition device for the initiation of a first charge, and a second ignition device for the detonative initiation of a second charge, wherein the arrangement of the first and the second ignition device is selected such that these ignition devices lie directly adjacent, and wherein the second ignition device is arranged directly at the rear end of the system enclosing the active system.

In vorteilhafter Weise wird die erste Zündeinrichtung zu einem ersten Zeitpunkt und die zweite Zündeinrichtung zu einem zweiten Zeitpunkt gezündet, wobei gilt t1 ≤ t2 und wobei der zeitliche Abstand zwischen t1 und t2 maßgeblich für das quantitative Verhältnis des subdetonativ umgesetzten Sprengstoffanteils zum detonativ umgesetzten Sprengstoffanteil ist. Die Zündzeitpunkte werden dabei nach Vorgaben gesteuert oder sind spontan einstellbar sind. Es ist ebenso gut möglich, einen der Zündzeitpunkte in Abhängigkeit von dem anderen Zündzeitpunkt und den sich daraus ergebenden gemessenen Reaktionsfortschritt einzustellen.Advantageously, the first ignition device is ignited at a first time and the second ignition device at a second time, wherein t1 ≦ t2 and wherein the time interval between t1 and t2 is decisive for the quantitative ratio of the subdetonatively converted explosive component to the detonatively converted explosive component. The ignition times are controlled according to specifications or are spontaneously adjustable. It is equally possible to set one of the ignition times in dependence on the other ignition timing and the resulting measured reaction progress.

Eine Ausführungsmöglichkeit besteht darin, dass die erste Ladung als eine im Bereich der Längsachse des Wirksystems angeordnete Sprengschnur ausgeführt ist. Es ist auch möglich, die erste Ladung als eine Vielzahl parallel zur Längsachse des Wirksystems angeordneten Sprengschnüren auszuführen.One possible embodiment is that the first charge is designed as a detonating cord arranged in the region of the longitudinal axis of the active system. It is also possible to carry out the first charge as a plurality of detonating cords arranged parallel to the longitudinal axis of the active system.

Eine erfindungsgemäße Alternative besteht darin, dass die Funktion der ersten Ladung als Hohlladung oder als eine mehrere Projektile bildende Ladung ausgeführt ist. Gegebenenfalls kann die Hohlladung mit einer vorgeschalteten Platte versehen sein.An alternative according to the invention is that the function of the first charge is designed as a shaped charge or as a charge forming several projectiles. Optionally, the hollow charge may be provided with an upstream plate.

Eine weitere erfindungsgemäße Alternative besteht darin, dass die erste Ladung durch einen Sprengladungskern mit einer Sprengladung höherer Sensitivität als die zweite Ladung ausgeführt ist. Dieser Sprengladungskern kann auch ummantelt sein, z.B. mit einem Kunststoffmantel.A further alternative according to the invention is that the first charge is implemented by an explosive charge core with an explosive charge of higher sensitivity than the second charge. This explosive charge core can also be sheathed, e.g. with a plastic jacket.

Die Vorrichtung kann auch so ausgeführt sein, dass die erste Ladung L1 als eine Vielzahl von im Bereich der Längsachse LA angeordneten Sprengladungskernen mit Sprengladung höherer Sensitivität ausgeführt ist. Diese Sprengladungskerne können auch mit Kunststoff ummantelt sein.The device can also be designed so that the first charge L1 is designed as a multiplicity of explosive charge cores having a higher sensitivity arranged in the region of the longitudinal axis LA. These explosive charge cores can also be encased in plastic.

Ein Ausführungsbeispiel der Erfindung ist in der Zeichnung schematisch vereinfacht dargestellt und wird im Folgenden näher beschrieben, ohne dass die Erfindung ausschließlich hierauf beschränkt wäre. Es zeigt

Fig. 1:
einen Längsschnitt durch ein Wirksystem mit zwei auf einer Seite des Wirksystems angeordneten Zündeinrichtungen;
Fig. 2:
ein Weg- Zeit- Diagramm einer typischen zylinderförmigen verdämmten Sprengladung gemessen mittels in der Ladung eingelegter VOD-Sonden;
Fig. 3:
Schnitte durch ein Wirksystem mit gemischt subdetonativer und detonativer Umsetzung des Sprengstoffes.
An embodiment of the invention is shown schematically simplified in the drawing and will be described in more detail below, without the invention being limited thereto. It shows
Fig. 1:
a longitudinal section through an active system with two arranged on one side of the active system ignition devices;
Fig. 2:
a path-time diagram of a typical cylindrical atomized explosive charge as measured by charge-trapped VOD probes;
3:
Cuts through an active system with mixed subdetonative and detonative implementation of the explosive.

Bei den angestrebten subdetonativen Reaktionsprozessen wird in erster Linie die Anfangsgeschwindigkeit der Splitter reduziert, was (unabhängig auch von Splittermassen und -zahlen) letztlich zu einer Verringerung von Wirkungs- und (Kollateral-) Schadensflächen führt. Zudem wird der Blastdruck, insbesondere der erste Spitzenüberdruck, deutlich verringert. Letzteres hängt auch auch von der Verdämmung durch eine Hülle ab.In the desired subdetonative reaction processes, the initial velocity of the splinters is reduced in the first place, which (regardless of fragmentation masses and numbers) ultimately leads to a reduction in the effects and effects (Collateral) damage surfaces leads. In addition, the blast pressure, in particular the first peak overpressure, is significantly reduced. The latter also depends on the damming by a shell.

Die hier beschriebene Vorrichtung zur Skalierbarkeit initiiert die beispielsweise mittig angeordnete Sprengschnur und die nachfolgende Detonation mittels eines Detonators von der gleichen Seite aus. Dies hat im Wesentlichen zwei Vorteile. Zum einem kommt es durch die angenähert gleiche Detonationsgeschwindigkeit von Sprengschnur und Sprengstoff über die gesamte Ladungslänge zu annähernd gleichen Überlagerungsverhältnissen der beiden Modi subdetonative Reaktion und Detonation. Zum anderen bietet der Einbau eines kompakten Zündsystems anstelle räumlich verteilter Zündstellen Vorteile in Bezug auf Einbau, Kosten und Zuverlässigkeit sowie Wirkungsflächen gegen militärische Ziele am Boden und Schadensflächen gegen nicht militärische Ziele oder Objekte am Boden . Es brauchen keine Kabelkanäle / Verbindungen, weder innen noch außen, vom Heckteil zur Stirnseite geführt werden. Dabei kann die Einleitung der subdetonativen Reaktion (hier beispielsweise die mittig angeordnete Sprengschnur) oder auch durch eine oder auch mehrere, auch gekrümmte, außermittig angeordnete Sprengschnüre oder eine Kombination mehrerer Subdetonationsauslöser bewirkt werden.The scalability device described here initiates the detonating cord arranged centrally, for example, and the subsequent detonation by means of a detonator from the same side. This has two main advantages. On the one hand, the detonation velocity of detonating cord and explosive is approximately the same over the entire charge length, resulting in approximately the same superposition ratios of the two subdetonative reaction and detonation modes. On the other hand, the installation of a compact ignition system instead of spatially distributed ignition points offers advantages in terms of installation, cost and reliability as well as impact surfaces against military targets on the ground and damage surfaces against non-military targets or objects on the ground. No cable ducts / connections, neither inside nor outside, need to be routed from the rear part to the front side. In this case, the initiation of the subdetonative reaction (here, for example, the centrally arranged detonating cord) or else by one or more, also curved, eccentrically arranged detonating cords or a combination of several subdetonation triggers can be effected.

Die Detonationsschnur kann grundsätzlich auch durch eine Hohlladung ersetzt werden, wobei die Wirkung durch das Design der Hohlladung und ggf. durch zusätzliche Vorschaltplatten so eingestellt wird, dass die Sprengladung L2 lediglich zu einer subdetonativen Umsetzung angeregt wird. Die Stachelspitzengeschwindigkeit (ggf. nach der Vorschaltplatte) ist dann so ausgelegt, dass sie in einer ähnlichen Größenordnung wie die Detonationsgeschwindigkeit der Sprengladung liegt.The detonation cord can basically also be replaced by a hollow charge, the effect being set by the design of the hollow charge and possibly by additional ballasts so that the explosive charge L2 is only excited to a subdetonative conversion. The spike tip speed (possibly after the ballast plate) is then designed to be on a similar order of magnitude as the detonation rate of the explosive charge.

Grundsätzlich werden bei der Initiierung eines Wirksystems im Rahmen dieser Erfindung drei unterschiedliche Modi unterschieden, die in der Folge zu unterschiedlichen Wirkungen führen.In principle, three different modes are distinguished during the initiation of an active system in the context of this invention, which subsequently lead to different effects.

Im Modus für die geringste Wirkung wird mit dem Subdetonator (Deflagrator) eine subdetonative Reaktion ausgelöst, die als Deflagration oder Low Velocity Detonation (LVD) bezeichnet wird. Druck- und Flammenfront der mehrphasigen Reaktionszone sind im Gegensatz zur Detonation räumlich voneinander getrennt und können sich mit unterschiedlicher Geschwindigkeit fortpflanzen. Die Geschwindigkeiten hängen auch von der Verdämmung, d.h. Dicke und Festigkeit der Metallhülle, ab. Die Geschwindigkeit der Druckfront liegt im Bereich der Schallgeschwindigkeit des Sprengstoffs, d.h. bei einer Deflagration knapp unter der Schallgeschwindigkeit und bei einer LVD bis zur 1,4fachen Schallgeschwindigkeit. Diese Deflagration wird z.B. durch die Sprengschnur initiiert und pflanzt sich dann von der Gefechtskopfmitte radial nach außen hin fort. Da die Geschwindigkeit dieser Deflagrationsreaktion in der Größenordnung der Schallgeschwindigkeit des Sprengstoffs liegt und damit erheblich langsamer als eine Detonation ist (auch die Sprengschnur wird detonativ umgesetzt), gleicht die Reaktionsfront der Deflagration einem Mach'schen Kegel.In the least effective mode, the subdetonator (deflagrator) triggers a subdetonative reaction called deflagration or low velocity detonation (LVD). In contrast to detonation, the pressure and flame front of the multiphase reaction zone are spatially separated and can propagate at different rates. The speeds also depend on the damming, i. Thickness and strength of the metal shell, from. The speed of the pressure front is in the range of the speed of sound of the explosive, i. at a deflagration just below the speed of sound and at an LVD up to 1.4 times the speed of sound. This deflagration is e.g. initiated by the detonating cord and then propagates radially outward from the warhead center. Since the speed of this deflagration reaction is in the order of magnitude of the speed of the explosive and thus much slower than a detonation (the detonating cord is detonated), the reaction front of the deflagration is similar to a Mach cone.

Im Zwischenwirkmodus, der in Figur 3 schematisch vereinfache dargestellt ist, ergibt sich eine überlagerte Wirkung, die zwischen den Wirkungen einer subdetonativen Reaktion und einer Detonation liegt. Sie kann durch Initiierung des Subdetonators (Deflagrators) und spätere, zeitversetzte Initiierung des Detonators erfolgen. Die Wirkungsreduzierung gegenüber einer reinen Detonation wird dabei umso größer, je größer der Zeitabstand zwischen den Intiierungen von Subdetonator und Detonator ist. Der zeitliche Zündabstand muss mindestens so groß sein, dass abhängig von der Gefechtskopf- oder Bombenlänge die subdetonative Reaktion in keinem Fall überholt wird, insbesondere wenn die Detonationsgeschwindigkeit der Sprengschnur kleiner als die der Sprengladung selbst ist. Die andere Grenze ergibt sich aus der Zeitdauer, nachdem die subdetonative Reaktion den Ladungsrand erreicht und somit die Sprengladung radial vollständig subdetonativ umgesetzt wird.In the intermediate mode, the in FIG. 3 schematically simplified, results in a superimposed effect, which lies between the effects of a subdetonative reaction and a detonation. It can be done by initiation of the subdetonator (deflagrator) and later time-delayed initiation of the detonator. The reduction of the effect compared to a pure detonation becomes greater, the greater the time interval between the intions of the subdetonator and the detonator. The firing interval must be at least so long that, depending on the length of the warhead or the bomb, the subdetonative reaction is in no case overtaken, especially if the detonation speed of the detonating cord is smaller than that of the explosive itself. The other limit results from the period of time after the subdetonative reaction reaches the charge edge and thus the explosive charge is implemented radially completely subdetonatively.

Der Zeitverzug des Detonators bestimmt den pyrotechnischen Skalierungsfaktor. Das Zündsystem ist darauf programmierbar. Die Zündverzögerungszeit Δt kann auf mehrere Weise ermittelt werden: einmal aus der kontinuierlichen Messung des Reaktionsfortschrittes (z.B. durch eine oder mehrere entsprechende Sonden in der Sprengladung) oder als Fixwert, bestimmt aus bekannten Größen wie Reaktionsgeschwindigkeiten von z.B. Sprengschnur und radialer Geschwindigkeit der subdetonativen Reaktionsfront.The time delay of the detonator determines the pyrotechnic scaling factor. The ignition system is programmable on it. The ignition delay time Δt can be determined in several ways: once from continuously measuring the progress of the reaction (e.g., through one or more corresponding probes in the explosive charge) or as a fixed value determined from known quantities such as reaction rates of e.g. Detonating cord and radial velocity of the subdetonative reaction front.

Weiterhin sind die Wirksystemdimensionen zu berücksichtigen. Für jeden Wirkladungstyp ergeben sich so parametrische Datensätze für die jeweils gewünschte Skalierung.Furthermore, the effective system dimensions have to be considered. For each active charge type, this results in parametric data sets for the respectively desired scaling.

Im Modus für die maximale Wirkung gilt, je kleiner die Zeitverzögerung zwischen der Initiierung der Sprengschnur und des Detonators gewählt wird, um so höher ist die Ausgangsleistung. Zur Erzielung der maximalen detonativen Umsetzung des Sprengstoffes wird der Subdetonator gar nicht gezündet oder es werden Subdetonator und Detonator gleichzeitig gezündet (die Zeitverzögerung wird auf Null gesetzt). Dann entspricht die Leistung des Wirkteiles der klassischen Zündung mit einer High Order-Detonation der gesamten Sprengladung inklusive der Ladung L1, z.B. der Sprengschnur.In the maximum effect mode, the smaller the time delay between initiating the detonating cord and the detonator, the higher the output power. To achieve the maximum detonation of the explosive, the sub-detonator is not ignited at all or the sub-detonator and detonator are ignited simultaneously (the time delay is set to zero). Then the power of the active part corresponds to the classic ignition with a high order detonation of the entire explosive charge including the charge L1, e.g. the detonating cord.

Ein Ausführungsbeispiel ist beispielhaft in der Fig, 1 der Zeichnung dargestellt. Diese zeigt einen schematisch vereinfachten Längsschnitt durch ein Wirksystem, das mit je einer Zündeinrichtung für eine I1 Initiierung der Ladung L1 und für eine detonative Initiierung I2 der Ladung L2 ausgestattet ist. Beide Zündeinrichtungen befinden sich nicht nur auf derselben Seite des Wirksystems, sondern sie sind auch so nahe wie möglich aneinander angeordnet.An embodiment is exemplary in the Fig, 1 the drawing shown. This shows a schematically simplified longitudinal section through an active system, each equipped with an ignition device for an I1 initiation of the charge L1 and for a detonative initiation I2 of the charge L2. Both igniters are located not only on the same side of the active system, but they are also arranged as close to each other as possible.

Weiterhin ist außerdem die von der in der Mitte angeordneten Sprengschnur SP ausgehende subdetonative Reaktion, hier einer Deflagration, die aufgrund der für sie typischen Reaktionsgeschwindigkeiten in axialer und in radialer Richtung einem Mach'schen Kegel gleicht.In addition, the subdetonative reaction emanating from the centrally located detonating cord SP, in this case a deflagration, which is similar to a Mach cone due to its typical reaction rates in the axial and in the radial direction.

Zum Verständnis sind nachfolgend jeweils für unterschiedliche Ladungen beispielhaft typische Fortpflanzungsgeschwindigkeiten der Detonationen und Deflagration angegeben:

  • Detonationsgeschwindigkeit einer Sprengschnur SP: ca. 7000 m/s (fertigungsbedingte Streuungen liegen in der Größenordnung von bis zu 10%);
  • Detonationsgeschwindigkeit der Sprengladung L2: ca. 7400 m/s;
  • Schallgeschwindigkeit der Sprengladung L2: ca. 2000 m/s;
  • Deflagrationsgeschwindigkeit in der Sprengladung L1 < 2200 m/s;
  • Winkel des Mach'schen Kegels ca. 16° (bei den o.a. Geschwindigkeiten).
For understanding, typical propagation velocities of the detonations and deflagration are given below in each case for different charges:
  • Detonation velocity of a detonating cord SP: approx. 7000 m / s (production-related dispersions are of the order of magnitude of up to 10%);
  • Detonation velocity of the explosive charge L2: approx. 7400 m / s;
  • Sound velocity of the explosive charge L2: approx. 2000 m / s;
  • Deflagration velocity in the explosive charge L1 <2200 m / s;
  • Angle of the Mach cone about 16 ° (at the above speeds).

Die Fig.2 zeigt eine Anordnung zur Messung des Verlaufs einer subdetonativen Reaktion eines Sprengstoffes, welche mittels einer im Bereich der Längsachse angeordneten Sprengschnur ausgelöst wurde. Der Aufbau der Messanordnung ist in der linken oberen Hälfte des Diagramms dargestellt. Gut zu erkennen ist die ummantelte Sprengladung L1, welche die zentral angeordnete Sprengschnur SP umgibt. In der Sprengladung sind parallel zur Sprengschnur SP zwei Sonden vorgesehen. Die erste Sonde VOD 1 ist nahe an der Sprengschnur SP angeordnet und sensiert die Reaktion in unmittelbarer Nähe der Sprengschnur, die andere ist in der Nähe der Hülle HU angeordnet und sensiert den verzögerten Reaktionsverlauf nahe der Hülle.The Fig.2 shows an arrangement for measuring the course of a subdetonative reaction of an explosive, which was triggered by means disposed in the region of the longitudinal axis detonating cord. The structure of the measuring arrangement is shown in the upper left half of the diagram. Good to see is the coated explosive charge L1, which surrounds the centrally arranged detonating cord SP. In the explosive charge two probes are provided parallel to the detonating cord SP. The first probe VOD 1 is located close to the detonating cord SP and senses the reaction in the immediate vicinity of the detonating cord, the other is located in the vicinity of the envelope HU and senses the delayed reaction process near the envelope.

Mit der in der Sprengladung SP einsetzenden Reaktion steigen beide Kurven relativ stetig an und weisen eine geringfügig andere Steigung auf. Die im Diagramm angegebenen Geschwindigkeiten in longitudinaler Richtung wurden mittels linearer Regression ermittelt. Die Geschwindigkeit der inneren Sonde VOD 1 liegt mit ca. 7200 m/s etwas oberhalb der ebenfalls gemessenen Detonationsgeschwindigkeit der Sprengschnur mit 6900 m/s, aber unterhalb der Detonationsgeschwindigkeit der Sprengladung von 7400 m/s. Am Ladungsrand setzt sich die Sprengladung etwas langsamer um, ist allerdings nach wie vor deutlich durch die Sprengschnur gesteuert. Mit Hilfe des bekannten Abstands der beiden Sonden lassen sich Reaktionsgeschwindigkeiten in radialer Richtung bestimmen, die dann im Bereich der Schallgeschwindigkeit der Sprengladung liegen.With the reaction starting in the explosive charge SP, both curves increase relatively steadily and have a slightly different slope. The speeds given in the diagram were in the longitudinal direction determined by linear regression. The speed of the inner probe VOD 1 is about 7200 m / s slightly above the also measured detonation velocity of the detonating cord with 6900 m / s, but below the detonation velocity of the explosive charge of 7400 m / s. At the edge of the cargo, the explosive charge is a bit slower, but is still clearly controlled by the detonating cord. With the help of the known distance of the two probes can be determined reaction speeds in the radial direction, which are then in the range of the speed of sound of the explosive charge.

Das Signal der äußeren Sonde VOD 3 zeigt außerdem zu Beginn der Messung einen steileren Anstieg der Geschwindigkeit als im weiteren Verlauf. Erklären lässt sich dies dadurch, dass am Ladungsrand die Reaktion und ein damit verbundener Druckanstieg erst später einsetzen (geometrische bedingte Anlaufeffekte). Am anderen Ladungsende, d.h. zum Ende der Messung, klingt die Reaktion am Ladungsrand bereits nach ca. 200 mm Ladungslänge ab. Dies ist auf die fehlende Sprengschnur im unteren Ladungssegment zurückzuführen, die dazu führt, dass die Reaktion zunächst in einen Abbrand übergeht und schließlich gänzlich ausstirbt. Somit wird kein ausreichender Druck erzeugt, um einen Kurzschluss der Sonde hervorzurufen, der dann indirekt durch eine Messeinrichtung gemessen werden kann.The signal of the outer probe VOD 3 also shows a steeper increase in speed at the beginning of the measurement than in the further course. This can be explained by the fact that at the edge of the charge, the reaction and an associated increase in pressure start later (geometric start-up effects). At the other charge end, i. At the end of the measurement, the reaction at the edge of the charge already subsides after approximately 200 mm of charge length. This is due to the lack of detonating cord in the lower charge segment, which leads to the reaction initially igniting and finally dying out altogether. Thus, sufficient pressure is not generated to cause a short circuit of the probe, which can then be measured indirectly by a measuring device.

In der Figur 3 ist vereinfacht der Zwischenmodus für die reduzierte detonative Umsetzung der Sprengladung L2 dargestellt. Durch Einstellung einer längeren Verzögerungszeit zwischen den Zündzeitpunkten von I1 und I2 wird ein Teil der Sprengladung L2 subdetonativ, also mir geringer Wirkung, umgesetzt. In der Figur ist der zentrale helle Teil DFU die Darstellung des subdetonativ umgesetzten Teils und der dunklere Teil DTU, der den helleren umgibt, die Darstellung des detonativ umgesetzten Teils der Sprengladung. Der Schnitt AA' verdeutlicht die konzentrische Anordnung der beiden Teile DFU und DTU.In the FIG. 3 is simplified, the intermediate mode for the reduced detonative implementation of the explosive charge L2 shown. By setting a longer delay time between the ignition times of I1 and I2, part of the explosive charge L2 subdetonatively, so me little effect implemented. In the figure, the central bright part DFU is the representation of the subdetonatively converted part and the darker part DTU surrounding the lighter one is the representation of the detonatively converted part of the explosive charge. The section AA 'clarifies the concentric arrangement of the two parts DFU and DTU.

Betrachtet man als konkretes Anwendungsbeispiel eine MK84 Dumb Bomb als Skalierungsbeispiel, so ergeben sich etwa folgende Parameter:

  • Radius der Sprengladung von 15 cm - 20 cm , daraus folgt:
  • Zeit der vollständigen deflagrativen Umsetzung radial im Mittel ∼ 90 µs,
  • Zeitverschiebung der beiden Detonationsfronten über 3 m Lauflänge aufgrund unterschiedlicher Geschwindigkeiten ∼ 30 µs.
If one considers a concrete example of an MK84 Dumb Bomb as a scaling example, the following parameters result:
  • Radius of the explosive charge of 15 cm - 20 cm, it follows:
  • Time of complete deflagrative conversion radially on average ~ 90 μs,
  • Time shift of the two detonation fronts over 3 m run length due to different velocities ~ 30 μs.

Daraus ergeben sich grob folgende Zündverzögerungszeiten Δt:

  • Minimale Wirkleistung : > 1ms >> keine Detonatorzündung
  • 30 % der Vollleistung : 70 µs
  • 60 % der Vollleistung : 40 µs
  • Maximale Wirkleistung : 0s >> bzw. nur Detonatorzündung
This results roughly in the following ignition delay times Δt:
  • Minimum active power:> 1ms >> no detonator ignition
  • 30% of full power: 70 μs
  • 60% of full power: 40 μs
  • Maximum active power: 0s >> or only detonator ignition

Das beschriebene Wirkprinzip ist jedoch nicht auf diese Bombe beschränkt, sondern auf nahezu alle Wirkkörper auch mit Blast-/Splitterwirkung anwendbar.However, the described principle of action is not limited to this bomb, but applicable to almost all active bodies with blast / splinter effect.

Claims (7)

  1. Device for controlling the performance of an active system, comprising:
    - at least one ignition system,
    - a first igniting device (Z1) for the detonative initiation (I1) of a first charge (L1), the first charge (L1) being configured as at least one detonating cord (SP) arranged in the region of the longitudinal axis and initiating the deflagration of a second charge (L2),
    - a second igniting device (Z2) for the detonative initiation (12) of the second charge (L2),
    characterized by
    an arrangement of the first and second igniting devices (Z1, Z2) in such a way that these igniting devices (Z1, Z2) lie directly adjacent, the second igniting device (Z2) being arranged directly at the tail end (EH) of a casing (HU) enclosing the active system.
  2. Device according to Claim 1, characterized in that the first igniting device (Z1) can be ignited at a first point in time (t1) and the second igniting device (Z2) can be ignited at a second point in time (t2), where (t1) ≤ (t2) and where the time interval between (t1) and (t2) can be set to correspond to the quantitative ratio of the sub-detonatively converted component of the explosive to the detonatively converted component of the explosive, depending on the target to be engaged.
  3. Device according to Claim 1 or 2, characterized in that, after triggering the initiation (I1) of the first charge (L1) at a first point in time (t1), the detonative initiation (I2) of a second charge (L2) can then be triggered at a second point in time (t2), which can be calculated on the basis of specifications or can be determined by means of an evaluation of the measurement of the progress in the redaction of the first charge (L1).
  4. Device for controlling the performance of an active system, comprising:
    - at least one ignition system,
    - a first igniting device (Z1) for the detonative initiation (I1) of a first charge (L1), the first charge (L1) being configured as a hollow charge (HL) or as a multiple-projectile charge (PL) and initiating the Deflagration of a second charge (L2),
    - a second igniting device (Z2) for the detonative initiation (12) of the second charge (L2),
    characterized by
    an arrangement of the first and second igniting devices (Z1, Z2) in such a way that these igniting devices (Z1, Z2) lie directly adjacent, the second igniting device (Z2) being arranged directly at the tail end (EH) of a casing (HU) enclosing the active system.
  5. Device according to Claim 4, characterized in that the hollow charge (HL) is provided with an in-front plate (PV).
  6. Device for controlling the performance of an active system, comprising:
    - at least one ignition system,
    - a first igniting device (Z1) for the detonative initiation (I1) of a first charge (L1), the first charge (L1) initiating the deflagration of a second charge (L2),
    - a second igniting device (Z2) for the detonative initiation (12) of the second charge (L2),
    characterized by
    - an arrangement of the first and second igniting devices (Z1, Z2) in such a way that these igniting devices (Z1, Z2) lie directly adjacent, the second igniting device (Z2) being arranged directly at the tail end (EH) of casing (HU) enclosing the active system,
    - the first charge (L1), which is configured as a core of an explosive charge arranged in the region of the longitudinal axis (LA) or as a multiplicity of cores of explosive charges arranged in the region of the longitudinal axis (LA), the explosive charge respectively having a higher sensitivity.
  7. Device according to Claim 6, characterized in that the core of an explosive charge or the cores of explosive charges is/are sheathed in plastic.
EP14002293.0A 2013-07-09 2014-07-04 Method and device for controlling the performance of an active system Active EP2824414B1 (en)

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DE102014004003B3 (en) 2014-03-20 2014-10-30 TDW Gesellschaft für verteidigungstechnische Wirksysteme mbH Ignition system for a scalable active system
DE102014014332B3 (en) * 2014-10-01 2016-03-17 TDW Gesellschaft für verteidigungstechnische Wirksysteme mbH Apparatus and method for the controlled fragmentation by means of temperature-activated Kerbladungen
DE102014018218B4 (en) 2014-12-06 2023-05-17 TDW Gesellschaft für verteidigungstechnische Wirksysteme mbH Device for the controlled initiation of the deflagration of an explosive charge
DE102015010855A1 (en) 2015-08-18 2017-02-23 TDW Gesellschaft für verteidigungstechnische Wirksysteme mbH Device for monitoring an ignition device
DE102021002470B4 (en) 2021-05-10 2023-09-21 TDW Gesellschaft für verteidigungstechnische Wirksysteme mit beschränkter Haftung Scalable active system and warhead

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DE19961204C2 (en) * 1999-12-18 2003-06-26 Daimler Chrysler Ag ignition device
DE10008914C2 (en) * 2000-02-25 2003-06-26 Tdw Verteidigungstech Wirksys Explosive charge for a warhead
DE10222184B4 (en) * 2002-05-18 2005-06-09 TDW Gesellschaft für verteidigungstechnische Wirksysteme mbH warhead
DE102009017160B3 (en) * 2009-04-09 2010-08-19 TDW Gesellschaft für verteidigungstechnische Wirksysteme mbH Disassembling device for the explosive charge of a warhead
DE102012006044B3 (en) * 2012-03-27 2013-03-21 TDW Gesellschaft für verteidigungstechnische Wirksysteme mbH Method and device for measuring the course of a deflagration front in a cylindrical warhead with at least two ignition devices

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