EP2699728B1 - Vorrichtung und verfahren zur herstellung einer materialbahn - Google Patents

Vorrichtung und verfahren zur herstellung einer materialbahn Download PDF

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Publication number
EP2699728B1
EP2699728B1 EP12707566.1A EP12707566A EP2699728B1 EP 2699728 B1 EP2699728 B1 EP 2699728B1 EP 12707566 A EP12707566 A EP 12707566A EP 2699728 B1 EP2699728 B1 EP 2699728B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
fibrous web
press belt
permeable
belt
fabric layer
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Active
Application number
EP12707566.1A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP2699728A1 (de
Inventor
Luiz Carlos Silva
Thomas Scherb
Daniel SCHOEPS
Dalcio Chiaranda
Daniela Reis
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Voith Patent GmbH
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Voith Patent GmbH
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Filing date
Publication date
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Publication of EP2699728A1 publication Critical patent/EP2699728A1/de
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP2699728B1 publication Critical patent/EP2699728B1/de
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Classifications

    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
    • D21F—PAPER-MAKING MACHINES; METHODS OF PRODUCING PAPER THEREON
    • D21F7/00—Other details of machines for making continuous webs of paper
    • D21F7/08—Felts
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
    • D21F—PAPER-MAKING MACHINES; METHODS OF PRODUCING PAPER THEREON
    • D21F3/00—Press section of machines for making continuous webs of paper
    • D21F3/02—Wet presses
    • D21F3/0209—Wet presses with extended press nip
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
    • D21F—PAPER-MAKING MACHINES; METHODS OF PRODUCING PAPER THEREON
    • D21F1/00—Wet end of machines for making continuous webs of paper
    • D21F1/66—Pulp catching, de-watering, or recovering; Re-use of pulp-water
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
    • D21F—PAPER-MAKING MACHINES; METHODS OF PRODUCING PAPER THEREON
    • D21F1/00—Wet end of machines for making continuous webs of paper
    • D21F1/66—Pulp catching, de-watering, or recovering; Re-use of pulp-water
    • D21F1/80—Pulp catching, de-watering, or recovering; Re-use of pulp-water using endless screening belts
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
    • D21F—PAPER-MAKING MACHINES; METHODS OF PRODUCING PAPER THEREON
    • D21F11/00—Processes for making continuous lengths of paper, or of cardboard, or of wet web for fibre board production, on paper-making machines
    • D21F11/14—Making cellulose wadding, filter or blotting paper
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
    • D21F—PAPER-MAKING MACHINES; METHODS OF PRODUCING PAPER THEREON
    • D21F3/00—Press section of machines for making continuous webs of paper
    • D21F3/02—Wet presses
    • D21F3/0272—Wet presses in combination with suction or blowing devices
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
    • D21F—PAPER-MAKING MACHINES; METHODS OF PRODUCING PAPER THEREON
    • D21F3/00—Press section of machines for making continuous webs of paper
    • D21F3/02—Wet presses
    • D21F3/029—Wet presses using special water-receiving belts
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
    • D21F—PAPER-MAKING MACHINES; METHODS OF PRODUCING PAPER THEREON
    • D21F3/00—Press section of machines for making continuous webs of paper
    • D21F3/02—Wet presses
    • D21F3/04—Arrangements thereof
    • D21F3/045—Arrangements thereof including at least one extended press nip
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
    • D21F—PAPER-MAKING MACHINES; METHODS OF PRODUCING PAPER THEREON
    • D21F3/00—Press section of machines for making continuous webs of paper
    • D21F3/02—Wet presses
    • D21F3/10—Suction rolls, e.g. couch rolls

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a device for dewatering a fibrous web, in particular a paper, board or tissue web with a press zone, which is formed by a evacuated counter element with a curved surface and a curved surface at least partially encircling, permeable press belt with a running side and contact side and wherein the fibrous web can be guided with a first side lying on a permeable carrier tape through the press zone and the carrier tape can be arranged between the counterelement and the fibrous web, wherein the apparatus is designed such that a fluid in the region of the press zone, the press belt, the fibrous web and the permeable carrier tape can flow through.
  • the invention also relates to a press belt, a method and a machine for dewatering a fibrous web, in particular a paper, board or tissue web, and the use of the device.
  • US2008 / 0210397 A1 is a belt press for dewatering a fibrous web in a paper machine with a roller and a permeable band revealed.
  • the permeable belt is passed over a portion of the roller and has a tension of at least about 30 kN / m.
  • Another disadvantage of the known devices is that, for example, in the production of tissue webs several different types of paper are produced on a paper machine. In order to meet the different quality requirements of the varieties, at least a part of the strips touching the fibrous web must be adapted, ie exchanged, with regard to their properties. The effort for this is great in the known machines.
  • the object of the invention is to further develop the known devices in terms of lower operating and investment costs, as well as the increase in flexibility with respect to the production of different types of paper.
  • the object is solved by the features of claim 1.
  • the invention relates to a device for dewatering a fibrous web, in particular a paper, board or tissue web, with a press zone which passes through an evacuated counter-element with a curved surface and through a permeable pressing belt at least partially encircling the curved surface, with a running side and a contact side , and wherein the fibrous web can be guided with a first side lying on a permeable carrier tape through the press zone and thereby the support band between the counter element and the fibrous web can be arranged, wherein the device is designed such that a fluid at least in a partial area in the direction of the press zone, the press belt, the fibrous web and the permeable strap can flow through.
  • the invention is characterized in that the permeable press belt with the second side of the fibrous web its contact side can touch directly and is designed such that a tensile stress of at least 20 kN / m, preferably of at least 30 kN / m for generating a pressing pressure in the press zone can be applied and that the structure of the contact side of the press belt on the quality of the fibrous web to be produced is tuned.
  • the configuration of the device is selected so that the pressing pressure in the pressing zone is in the range of 0.3 bar to 2 bar, preferably between 0.4 bar and 1.5 bar.
  • the permeable press belt is the only belt on the side of the press zone facing the second side of the fibrous web.
  • the evacuated counter-element is formed by a suction roll or a suction box.
  • These elements have, at least in a partial region of the pressing zone, a suction zone for receiving the fluid.
  • the suction zone may be arranged in the direction of travel at the beginning or inside or at the end of the press zone or extend over the entire press zone.
  • the fluid first flows through the press belt, then the fibrous web and then the carrier tape.
  • the press belt is not flowed through with the water loaded from the fibrous web fluid. It can thus achieve higher dry contents of the fibrous web.
  • the fluid first flows through the carrier tape, then the fibrous web and then the press belt. This may be advantageous for making certain paper grades in terms of quality with selected fabrics.
  • the fastener tape may be a felt or a fabric screen, such as a coarse screen used to pattern the surface of the fibrous web. Such screens are also known as TAD (Through Air Drying) screens.
  • the permeable press belt comprises at least a first fabric layer.
  • This fabric layer is such that it can absorb the high tensile stress to generate the pressing pressure in the press zone.
  • the fabric layer can consist, for example, of a 5-stranded, woven sieve, in the weave pattern of which the warp threads run under one and over 4 weft threads. The repeat thus extends over 5 weft threads.
  • This type of weave pattern produces a very coarse surface of the contact side of the press belt, which is advantageous for producing a fibrous web having a large thickness and a high specific volume, but with a smaller dry content increase. This applies in particular to the production of tissue papers.
  • the coarse structure effectively shapes a structure in the surface of the fibrous web.
  • the support screen is formed as a felt.
  • the coarse structure of the permeable press belt produces in the press zone first areas in which the fibrous web is pressed less strongly than in other areas. In the first areas, the fibrous web is less compressed. this leads to Total to a voluminous fibrous web with a greater thickness and higher specific volume of the fibrous web produced.
  • the first fabric layer consists at least of weft threads and warp threads and has a seam transverse to the direction of the connection of the two ends of the fabric layer, wherein the warp threads of the respective ends in the region of the seam by at least 150 mm , preferably overlap by 200 mm or more.
  • the permeable press belt consists exclusively of the first fabric layer, and preferably for the production of a fibrous web having a large thickness of 0.14 mm and thicker, preferably of 0.15 mm and thicker and / or a high specific volume of Fibrous web after the mechanical dewatering, of preferably more than 6.5 cm 3 / g, in particular more than 7 cm 3 / g can be used.
  • the device can be arranged downstream of a further press nip for further mechanical dehydration and for transferring the tissue web to a drying cylinder, wherein after the transfer, the mechanical drainage is completed.
  • the dry content increase is greater and it can achieve a dry content of 45% or more.
  • the permeable press belt consists of an additional second fabric layer connected to the first fabric layer, the first and second fabric layers being different Have fineness and the first fabric layer forms the running side and the second fabric layer forms the contact side and preferably for a large thickness of 0.13 mm and thicker, preferably 0.14 mm and thicker and / or an average specific volume of the fibrous web after mechanical dewatering of preferably more than 6 cm 3 / g, in particular more than 6.5 cm 3 / g can be used.
  • the second fabric layer may be made of thinner threads than the first fabric layer. It is also possible that the second fabric layer consists of more weft and / or more warp threads per centimeter, that is to say a higher weaving density. For this variant, the dry content increase is even greater and it can achieve a dry content of 46% and more.
  • the permeable press belt consists of an additional second non-woven layer connected to the first fabric layer, the first fabric layer and the second layer having a different fineness or roughness in the surface structure and first fabric layer the running side and the second layer forms the contact side and preferably for a high dry content of the fibrous web after a mechanical dewatering of preferably more than 47%, can be used.
  • the second non-woven layer may consist of individual fibers, which are needled on the first fabric layer. This process is already known from the production of felts.
  • the second, non-woven layer comprises felt fibers having a fineness of less than 5 dtex, preferably of 3.3 dtex or less.
  • the second, non-woven layer comprises felt fibers having a fineness of less than 5 dtex, preferably of 3.3 dtex or less.
  • a permeable press belt of a non-woven belt it is also possible to use a permeable press belt of a non-woven belt.
  • the surface structure of the contact side for example, during the casting of the strip and / or by melting of plastics or other materials and / or by material-removing processes, for example by laser or water jet technology can be generated.
  • the advantage lies in the manufacturability of an almost arbitrarily configurable surface structure.
  • the permeability can be generated, for example, during casting of the strip and / or by material-removing processes, for example by laser or water jet technology.
  • the permeable press belt has a permeability of more than 10.16 cm 3 / cm 2 / s (20) cfm), in particular more than 25.4 cm 3 / cm 2 / s (50 cfm).
  • the press zone within the loop of the permeable press belt is assigned a hood for acting on the fibrous web with hot fluid.
  • the hood may be arranged in the running direction at the beginning or inside or at the end of the press zone or extending over the entire press zone.
  • a steam blow pipe or steam blow box for heating the fibrous web.
  • the fluid hot, dry air, steam or moist, hot air can be used.
  • the fluid can serve for heating the fibrous web and / or for receiving water from the fibrous web.
  • the fluid can be taken from a hood exhaust air, for example, an impingement flow or through-flow drying device of the paper machine.
  • a hood exhaust air for example, an impingement flow or through-flow drying device of the paper machine.
  • Another aspect of the invention relates to a machine for producing a fibrous web, in particular a paper, board or tissue web, with a described device for dewatering a fibrous web, in particular a paper, board or tissue web, wherein the device upstream of a Formier Scheme and a Drying area is arranged downstream.
  • the forming region can be designed as a crescent former or as a twin-wire former or as a wire former.
  • the drying area in which it is thermally dried comprises at least one drying cylinder. Depending on the application, several drying groups consisting of several drying cylinders are also conceivable.
  • the drying area comprises a drying cylinder with a drying cylinder hood.
  • the fibrous web that is to say the tissue web, is guided by the device according to the invention through the carrier tape to and through a press nip formed by a suction press roll or shoe press roll and the drying cylinder and transferred to the jacket surface of the drying cylinder for drying.
  • the drying cylinder may have a diameter of more than 3 m, preferably more than 4 m.
  • the invention also relates to a press belt for use in a device for dewatering a fibrous web with a press zone, in particular for use in a device described above, wherein the press zone formed by a counter-element with a curved surface and by the curved surface at least partially encircling press belt is and the press belt is permeable and has a contact side and the fibrous web with the contact side preferably can touch directly.
  • the press belt is designed such that a tensile stress of at least 20 kN / m, preferably of at least 30 kN / m for generating a pressing pressure in the press zone can be applied and that the structure of the contact side is matched to the quality of the fibrous web to be produced.
  • the permeable press belt comprises at least a first fabric layer.
  • This fabric layer is such that it can absorb the high tensile stress to generate the pressing pressure in the press zone.
  • the fabric layer can consist, for example, of a 5-stranded, woven sieve, in the weave pattern of which the warp threads run under one and over 4 weft threads. The repeat thus extends over 5 weft threads.
  • This type of weave pattern produces a very coarse surface of the contact side of the press belt, which is advantageous for producing a fibrous web having a large thickness and a high specific volume, but with a smaller dry content increase. This applies in particular to the production of tissue papers.
  • the coarse structure effectively shapes a structure in the surface of the fibrous web.
  • the support screen is formed as a felt.
  • the coarse structure of the permeable press belt produces in the press zone first areas in which the fibrous web is pressed less strongly than in other areas. In the first areas, the fibrous web is less compressed. Overall, this results in a bulkier fibrous web having a greater thickness and a higher specific volume of the fibrous web produced.
  • the first fabric layer consists at least of weft threads and warp threads and has a seam transverse to the direction of the connection of the two ends of the fabric layer, wherein the warp threads of the respective ends in the region of the seam overlap by at least 150 mm, preferably by 200 mm or more.
  • the permeable press belt consists exclusively of the first fabric layer, and preferably for the production of a fibrous web having a large thickness of 0.14 mm and thicker, preferably of 0.15 mm and thicker and / or a high specific volume of Fibrous web after the mechanical dewatering, of preferably more than 6.5 cm 3 / g, in particular more than 7 cm 3 / g can be used.
  • the permeable press belt consists of an additional second fabric layer connected to the first fabric layer, wherein the first and second fabric layers have different fineness and the first fabric layer forms the running side and the second fabric layer forms the contact side and preferably for a large thickness of 0,13 mm and thicker, preferably of 0,14 mm and thicker and / or an average specific volume of the fibrous web after a mechanical dewatering of preferably more than 6 cm 3 / g, in particular more than 6.5 cm 3 / g can be used is.
  • the second fabric layer may be made of thinner threads than the first fabric layer. It is also possible that the second fabric layer consists of more weft and / or more warp threads per centimeter, that is to say a higher weaving density. For this variant, the dry content increase is even greater and it can achieve a dry content of 46% and more.
  • the permeable press belt consists of an additional second non-woven layer connected to the first fabric layer, the first fabric layer and the second layer having a different fineness or roughness in the surface structure and first fabric layer the running side and the second layer forms the contact side and preferably for a high dry content of the fibrous web after a mechanical dewatering of preferably more than 47%, can be used.
  • the second non-woven layer may consist of individual fibers, which are needled on the first fabric layer. This process is already known from the production of felts.
  • the second, non-woven layer comprises felt fibers having a fineness of less than 5 dtex, preferably of 3.3 dtex or less.
  • the second, non-woven layer comprises felt fibers having a fineness of less than 5 dtex, preferably of 3.3 dtex or less.
  • a permeable press belt of a non-woven belt it is also possible to use a permeable press belt of a non-woven belt.
  • the surface structure of the contact side for example, during the casting of the strip and / or by melting of plastics or other materials and / or by material-removing processes, for example by laser or water jet technology can be generated.
  • the advantage lies in the manufacturability of an almost arbitrarily configurable surface structure.
  • the permeability can be generated, for example, during casting of the strip and / or by material-removing processes, for example by laser or water jet technology.
  • the permeable press belt has a permeability of more than -10.16 cm 3 / cm 2 / s (20 cfm), in particular more than 25.4 cm 3 fcm 2 / s (50 cfm).
  • the invention also relates to the use of the device according to the invention in a machine for producing a fibrous web, in particular a paper, board or tissue web, and a method for dewatering a fibrous web, in particular a paper, board or tissue web.
  • the FIG. 1 shows a machine for producing a fibrous web W, in this case a tissue web W, in the embodiment as a crescent former.
  • the former comprises a forming roller 8, which is looped around by a carrier belt 6 and an outer forming screen 7.
  • the carrier tape 6 is designed as a felt or felt belt.
  • the outer forming fabric 7 is formed as a fabric sieve.
  • the support band 6 and the outer Formiersieb 7 form at the beginning of the looping a gap in which a headbox 9 for introducing a pulp suspension in the gap from which the fibrous web W is formed, is arranged. In the wrap area, a portion of the water of the pulp suspension is removed.
  • the outer forming fabric 7 is led away from the formed, still moist fibrous web W, after the end of the wrapping region.
  • the fibrous web W has a dry content of more than 10% after the initial dewatering.
  • the fibrous web W is then passed through the fastener tape 6 to the device 1 for further drainage.
  • a suction element 16 is arranged within the loop of the fastener tape 6 to increase the dry content to up to 20%.
  • the device 1 has a press zone 20, which is formed by a suction roll 3 and a permeable press belt 2.
  • the fibrous web W is guided by a first side lying on the support belt 6 lying through the press zone 20 and dehydrated.
  • the dewatering pressure is generated mainly by the permeable press belt 2 stretched at at least 20 kN / m, preferably at least 30 kN / m.
  • the press belt 2 in this case touches the fibrous web W and thus is in direct contact with the fibrous web W.
  • the press belt 2 is the only band on the second side of the fibrous web W facing side of the press zone 20.
  • the permeable press belt 2 comprises at least one first tissue layer.
  • This fabric layer is such that it can absorb the high tensile stress for generating the pressing pressure in the press zone 20.
  • the fabric layer can consist, for example, of a 5-stranded, woven sieve, in the weave pattern of which the warp threads run under one and over 4 weft threads.
  • the repeat thus extends over 5 weft threads.
  • a very rough surface of the contact side 18 of the press belt 2 can be produced, which is advantageous for producing a fibrous web W with a high specific volume and a large thickness of 0.14 mm and thicker.
  • the coarse structure effectively shapes a structure in the surface of the fibrous web W.
  • the coarse structure of the permeable press belt 2 generates in the press zone first areas in which the fibrous web W is pressed less strongly than in other areas. In the first areas, the fibrous web W is less compressed. This leads to an overall higher specific volume and a large thickness of the fibrous web W produced.
  • the first and only fabric layer of the press belt 2 consists of weft threads and warp threads and has a seam transverse to the running direction LR for joining the two ends of the fabric layer. wherein the warp threads of the respective ends in the region of the seam overlap by 200 mm or more. This creates seam widths of over 400 mm. This allows the sieve with seam to absorb the required for a good drainage of the fibrous web W, that is, the paper web W, tensile stresses without deforming under train substantially. The sieving properties thus remain constant over the entire sieve surface. Markings of the seam in the fibrous web W thus do not occur.
  • a hood 5 is provided in the region of the press zone 20 for heating the fibrous web W with moist hot air.
  • the moist, hot air first flows through the permeable press belt 2, then the fibrous web W and then the felt 6, before it is discharged via the suction roller 3 via the suction zone 4, which extends over the entire press zone 20.
  • the moist, hot air of the exhaust air is removed from the drying cylinder hood 11 arranged above the drying cylinder 10.
  • the device 1 is a drying cylinder 10, which is designed as a Yankee cylinder 10 with a diameter of 4.5 m, arranged downstream.
  • the fibrous web W is guided by the fastener tape 6 to and through a press nip formed by a shoe press roll 12 and by the Yankee cylinder 10 and transferred to the Yankee cylinder surface. After the transfer, the mechanical dewatering of the fibrous web is terminated and the thermal drying via contact with the Yankee cylinder surface and by impact air drying with hot, dry air in the area of the drying cylinder hood 11 begins. After the press nip, the fibrous web W has a specific volume of more than 6.5 cm 3 / g and / or a large thickness of 0.14 mm and thicker.
  • the fastener tape 6 is returned to the forming roll after the press nip via three reciprocally arranged suckers 13, 14, 15 for conditioning and cleaning.
  • the device 1 is arranged as close as possible to the press nip.
  • the length of the uncovered second side of the tissue web W should be less than 5 m in order to minimize or prevent cooling of the tissue web W.
  • FIG. 2 shows an alternative embodiment of the tissue machine with twin-wire former or wire, wherein for themselves corresponding elements the same reference numerals as in FIG. 1 were used.
  • the tissue web W is formed in the Langsiebdition on the inner Formiersieb 17 and transferred to the fastener tape 6 by means of a sucker.
  • a sucker When using a Doppelsiebformers the tissue web W is dewatered between two woven screens and then passed through the inner Formiersieb 17 to the transfer point to the support belt 6.
  • the arrangement in the further course of the production of the tissue web W corresponds to the arrangement in FIG FIG. 1 ,

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EP12707566.1A 2011-04-18 2012-03-05 Vorrichtung und verfahren zur herstellung einer materialbahn Active EP2699728B1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE102011007568A DE102011007568A1 (de) 2011-04-18 2011-04-18 Vorrichtung und Verfahren zur Herstellung einer Materialbahn
PCT/EP2012/053692 WO2012143163A1 (de) 2011-04-18 2012-03-05 Vorrichtung und verfahren zur herstellung einer materialbahn

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP2699728A1 EP2699728A1 (de) 2014-02-26
EP2699728B1 true EP2699728B1 (de) 2016-03-02

Family

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Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP12707566.1A Active EP2699728B1 (de) 2011-04-18 2012-03-05 Vorrichtung und verfahren zur herstellung einer materialbahn

Country Status (5)

Country Link
US (2) US9267236B2 (zh)
EP (1) EP2699728B1 (zh)
CN (1) CN103476986B (zh)
DE (1) DE102011007568A1 (zh)
WO (1) WO2012143163A1 (zh)

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DE102018124016A1 (de) * 2018-09-28 2019-11-21 Voith Patent Gmbh Vorrichtung und Verfahren zur Entwässerung einer Faserstoffbahn
DE102018123899A1 (de) * 2018-09-27 2020-04-02 Voith Patent Gmbh Maschine und Verfahren zur Herstellung einer Faserstoffbahn

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WO2015000687A1 (de) * 2013-07-04 2015-01-08 Voith Patent Gmbh Verfahren zum umrüsten und betreiben einer vorrichtung zum herstellen von vliesstoff
EP3212843B1 (de) * 2014-10-29 2018-07-18 Voith Patent GmbH Vorrichtung zur entwässerung einer faserstoffbahn
AT517330B1 (de) * 2015-10-06 2017-01-15 Andritz Ag Maschf Verfahren zur herstellung einer faserstoffbahn
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DE102018122632A1 (de) * 2018-09-17 2020-03-19 Voith Patent Gmbh Maschine und Verfahren zur Herstellung einer Faserstoffbahn
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DE102018124016A1 (de) * 2018-09-28 2019-11-21 Voith Patent Gmbh Vorrichtung und Verfahren zur Entwässerung einer Faserstoffbahn

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US9347180B2 (en) 2016-05-24
US9267236B2 (en) 2016-02-23
DE102011007568A1 (de) 2012-10-18
WO2012143163A1 (de) 2012-10-26
US20150167242A1 (en) 2015-06-18
CN103476986A (zh) 2013-12-25
US20140053997A1 (en) 2014-02-27
EP2699728A1 (de) 2014-02-26
CN103476986B (zh) 2016-01-06

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