EP2681812B2 - Kontakt bürste - Google Patents

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Publication number
EP2681812B2
EP2681812B2 EP12711942.8A EP12711942A EP2681812B2 EP 2681812 B2 EP2681812 B2 EP 2681812B2 EP 12711942 A EP12711942 A EP 12711942A EP 2681812 B2 EP2681812 B2 EP 2681812B2
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
silver
metal
layer
brush
carbon
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Active
Application number
EP12711942.8A
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English (en)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP2681812A1 (de
EP2681812B1 (de
Inventor
Geoffroy Berard
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Mersen France Amiens SAS
Original Assignee
Mersen France Amiens SAS
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
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Application filed by Mersen France Amiens SAS filed Critical Mersen France Amiens SAS
Publication of EP2681812A1 publication Critical patent/EP2681812A1/de
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Publication of EP2681812B1 publication Critical patent/EP2681812B1/de
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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01R—ELECTRICALLY-CONDUCTIVE CONNECTIONS; STRUCTURAL ASSOCIATIONS OF A PLURALITY OF MUTUALLY-INSULATED ELECTRICAL CONNECTING ELEMENTS; COUPLING DEVICES; CURRENT COLLECTORS
    • H01R39/00—Rotary current collectors, distributors or interrupters
    • H01R39/02—Details for dynamo electric machines
    • H01R39/18—Contacts for co-operation with commutator or slip-ring, e.g. contact brush
    • H01R39/20—Contacts for co-operation with commutator or slip-ring, e.g. contact brush characterised by the material thereof
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01R—ELECTRICALLY-CONDUCTIVE CONNECTIONS; STRUCTURAL ASSOCIATIONS OF A PLURALITY OF MUTUALLY-INSULATED ELECTRICAL CONNECTING ELEMENTS; COUPLING DEVICES; CURRENT COLLECTORS
    • H01R39/00—Rotary current collectors, distributors or interrupters
    • H01R39/64—Devices for uninterrupted current collection
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01R—ELECTRICALLY-CONDUCTIVE CONNECTIONS; STRUCTURAL ASSOCIATIONS OF A PLURALITY OF MUTUALLY-INSULATED ELECTRICAL CONNECTING ELEMENTS; COUPLING DEVICES; CURRENT COLLECTORS
    • H01R43/00—Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing, assembling, maintaining, or repairing of line connectors or current collectors or for joining electric conductors
    • H01R43/12—Manufacture of brushes
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01R—ELECTRICALLY-CONDUCTIVE CONNECTIONS; STRUCTURAL ASSOCIATIONS OF A PLURALITY OF MUTUALLY-INSULATED ELECTRICAL CONNECTING ELEMENTS; COUPLING DEVICES; CURRENT COLLECTORS
    • H01R39/00—Rotary current collectors, distributors or interrupters
    • H01R39/02—Details for dynamo electric machines
    • H01R39/18—Contacts for co-operation with commutator or slip-ring, e.g. contact brush
    • H01R39/26—Solid sliding contacts, e.g. carbon brush
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T29/00—Metal working
    • Y10T29/49—Method of mechanical manufacture
    • Y10T29/49002—Electrical device making
    • Y10T29/49117—Conductor or circuit manufacturing
    • Y10T29/49119—Brush

Definitions

  • the invention relates to the field of brushes intended to provide electrical contact between a part / fixed element and a rotating part / element in a rotating electrical machine.
  • This rotating part may for example be a part of a collector of an electric motor or a ring of a wind turbine generator.
  • These brooms are usually made of graphite. It is known, particularly for applications corresponding to strong currents, or to precise signals, to manufacture brushes from a mixture of graphite powders and silver.
  • the silver makes it possible to give the sliding electrical contacts a relatively low voltage drop in contact with the rotating part and a low electrical resistivity, which improves the heat dissipation.
  • silver oxides are formed which have the distinction of being good electrical conductors (compared to other metal oxides). Thanks to these properties, the materials allowing the sliding electrical contact, such as brushes, are advantageously used in particular in the fields of aeronautics or wind, operating under extreme conditions (corrosive atmospheres, hot, humid or under partial vacuum ). Therefore, it is usually ensured that the silver component of these materials is free of metal impurities which could alter their qualities and performance through undesirable oxidation or loss of electrical properties.
  • electrical contact materials, in particular brushes, containing a metal other than silver, such as copper are used for uses different from those of silver-based brushes.
  • silver is a relatively expensive raw material and not widely available on the market.
  • properties of the broom depend relatively closely on the quality of the silver powder used.
  • a brush according to claim 1 for providing electrical contact between a fixed part and a moving part of an electric power transfer machine is proposed, this broom comprising a layer composed mainly of carbon, silver and another metal distinct from silver.
  • carbon any compound containing the carbon element, advantageously graphite, which is carbon having both electrical properties and friction properties adapted to sliding electrical contacts.
  • this broom is less expensive than the brushes of the prior art, and the supply of silver is less determining for the properties of the brush than in the prior art for which, in case of difficulty of supply to a given supplier and choosing from another supplier, there is a risk of non-reproducibility of the properties of the brush.
  • the other metal distinct from silver, is able to partially replace it, while respecting, on the one hand, the physical properties of the material constituting the blade, which determine the functional performance of the brushes and on the other hand, by limiting the cost of the final broom material.
  • the nature of the other metal, the relative mass ratio silver / other metal and / or the sintering temperature during the manufacture of the brushes condition the electrical and mechanical properties, whether these metals are alloyed or unalloyed. For example, some metals either oxidize unacceptably or fail to exhibit the desired electrical resistivity properties.
  • the other metal is chosen so that the blade has at least the same electrical and mechanical properties as a broom composed mainly of silver and carbon.
  • the other metal is chosen from the group consisting of conductive metals typically having electrical resistivities of between 1.7 and 700 ⁇ 10 -8 ohm.m at 20 ° C.
  • this other metal may be selected from aluminum, zinc, iron, nickel, steel, tin and copper.
  • this other metal may be copper.
  • the preliminary experiments carried out by the Applicant on the silver-copper mixture have in fact shown that this mixture makes it possible to preserve or even improve the mechanical and electrical properties.
  • the use of money and copper in a broom allowed a better respect of the state of surface of the rotating part compared to the money alone.
  • the analysis of the microstructure of the materials obtained from a mixture of carbon, silver and copper has confirmed that during the manufacture of the material, according to these preferred embodiments, the copper does not form. alloy with silver. This is explained by a sintering temperature lower than that of silver-copper eutectic (779 ° C.). This absence of alloy makes it possible to take advantage of the most advantageous properties of each of the metals. For example, silver is known to be more ductile than copper, but copper has greater toughness than silver.
  • the analysis of the microstructure has shown that the material obtained by the partial substitution of silver with copper has a particularly fine and interconnected metallic network with respect to the material consisting of the only silver metal, that is to say allowing a better percolation in the material of the broom, beneficial for the passage of electric current.
  • the Applicant has selected some of the aforementioned parameters, such as the chemical nature, the packed density, the particle size distribution and the specific surface area of each powder. to produce a material comprising silver and the other metal having an optimum densification rate during the compression phase. This makes it possible to obtain a material after sintering with performances mechanical and electrical similar or even superior to those materials in which the metal is only silver, due to the specificity of the microstructure obtained. This selection was made in particular on the basis of the properties of the different powders.
  • the silver and the other metal are allied under the condition that the desired effects mentioned above are obtained.
  • the blade further comprises at least one additional layer, which can make it possible to better adapt the blade to the various constraints of manufacture and use.
  • the additional layer may be silver-free, or may comprise silver in a relatively small amount, for example less than 5% by weight. So limiting the amount of money in the broom can reduce the price and dependence on the quality of the raw material money.
  • the layer described above with carbon, silver and the other metal, as a wear layer, in contact with a rotating part, while the additional layer will constitute an anchor or connection layer, allowing the electrical connection to the fixed part. It can thus benefit from the properties that money brings to sliding contacts, including a relatively small drop in contact voltage.
  • the additional layer is located above the wear layer, along a vertical axis relative to a brush / rotary contact plane of contact. The size of this layer is chosen by those skilled in the art with regard to the plane of the broom studied.
  • the blade may have more than two layers, for example three or more layers.
  • the blade may comprise a switching layer, a lapping layer for honing a collector, or the like.
  • one or more intermediate layers between the wear and connection layer make it possible to constitute a mass proportion gradient of the other metal in the brush, a gradient that would increase from the wear layer to the connection layer, which allows a better mechanical cohesion in the broom.
  • the invention is therefore not limited by the number of layers, nor by their arrangement.
  • the blade may consist of a single silver layer, as described above.
  • This layer may, for example, be composed essentially of metal, for example copper.
  • the additional layer may be composed mainly of carbon and metal, advantageously of the other metal.
  • the use of the same metal, said other metal, from one layer to another, allows to have relatively satisfactory mechanical and electrical qualities, but it is of course not excluded to choose a third metal for this additional layer .
  • the layer may comprise at least one binder and / or at least one additive, in amounts customary to those skilled in the art, ranging from 1 to 20% by weight, the binder being typically a resin of phenolic type and the additives chosen especially from families of solid lubricants, abrasives and anti-oxidant additives usually used in the field of sliding electrical contacts.
  • the additional layer may have a composition close to the layer described above, in that the mass proportions of metal and carbon may be relatively close to one layer to another.
  • the additional layer may in particular have a proportion of metal substantially identical to the proportion of metal (that is to say, the whole silver and the other metal) of the silver layer described above.
  • said layers further comprise at least one binder and / or at least one additive, where the carbon, said at least one binder and / or said at least one additive are identical in nature and in substantially equal relative mass proportions from one layer to another.
  • the same binder (s), the same additive (s) and for example the same graphite and in substantially equal proportions from one layer to another are used.
  • the difference in the mass proportions of carbon in the one and the other layer represents less than 5% of the carbon mass of the wear layer or the anchoring layer, advantageously less than 2%.
  • This composition indeed allows better mechanical cohesion between the two layers after cooking.
  • the relative mass proportions of silver and other metal are advantageously 20/80 to 80/20.
  • the relative mass proportions of silver metal and other metal are preferably 70/30 to 30/70.
  • the relative proportions of silver metal and the other metal are in the range from 40/60 to 60/40, preferably 45/55 to 55/45, in particular 50/50.
  • the relative mass proportions of silver and other metal are 70/30, 50/50 or 30/70.
  • layer composed mainly of such and / or such component it will be understood that the mass of all such and such and / or component represents more than 70% of the mass of the layer, preferably more than 80% of the mass of the layer and preferably about 90% of the mass of the layer.
  • about 90% is meant between 85% and 95%, and advantageously between 88% and 92%.
  • the rest of the mass of the layer consists of additives and / or binders.
  • the mass proportion of the additive (s) may represent less than 10% of the mass of the layer, advantageously less than 5% of the mass of the layer, and advantageously more than 2% of the mass of the layer.
  • the mass proportion of the binder (s) may represent less than 20% of the mass of the layer, advantageously less than 10% of the mass of the layer, and advantageously more than 4% of the mass of the layer.
  • each of these components is present in the layer at more than 15% by weight relative to the weight of the layer, advantageously at more than 20% by weight relative to the weight of the layer and advantageously less than 80% by weight relative to the mass of the layer.
  • the mass of the silver / copper / carbon group can represent 90% of the mass of the wear layer, and the mass of the copper alone can represent between 20% and 40% of the mass of the layer of wear.
  • the mass of the copper-graphite assembly may represent 90% of the mass of the anchor layer.
  • a silver / carbon broom typically comprising 65% by weight of silver, may have a wear rate and a coefficient of friction substantially.
  • a broom based on carbon / silver / other metal especially the other metal being copper.
  • the Applicant has also observed a better respect for the surface condition of the rotating part, in particular a smaller deformation (out-of-roundness). Without being bound by any theory, the Applicant assumes that obtaining a particular microstructure of the material consisting of silver and other metal, which is in particular copper, could explain it, at least in part.
  • a method for manufacturing a broom according to the invention comprising a step of mixing a carbon powder, in particular graphite, with a metal powder, this metal powder consisting mainly of silver and another metal different from silver.
  • This metal powder may for example have itself been obtained by mixing a silver powder and a powder of this other metal.
  • the powders are then compressed, possibly in a suitable mold to the shape of the desired brush, then the raw material obtained, that is to say unsintered, is then sintered at a temperature below that of eutectic silver / other metal, which leads to obtaining a non-alloy material.
  • the powders of the various constituents are of neighboring particle size and are usually chosen by those skilled in the art in order to obtain the desired physical characteristics for the final material.
  • This method can make it possible to obtain a broom as described above.
  • the wear layer mainly comprises carbon in graphite form, silver, and copper.
  • the mass of silver present in the wear layer represents almost 32% of the mass of the wear layer.
  • the mass of copper present in the wear layer is about 32% of the mass of the wear layer.
  • the remaining mass, ie 36% of the mass of the wear layer consists mainly of graphite and further comprises one or more binder (s) and additives, in proportions customary to those skilled in the art.
  • a binder a phenolic resin is selected here.
  • graphite is present at 26% by weight relative to the weight of the wear layer, the additive (s) at 3.5% by weight, and the phenolic resin at 6.5% by weight.
  • connection layer mainly comprises graphite and copper.
  • the mass of copper present in the anchoring layer represents almost 64% of the mass of the anchoring layer.
  • the remaining mass, ie 36% of the mass of this anchoring layer consists mainly of graphite and may also comprise one or more binder (s) and additive (s) of the type and in proportions customary to those skilled in the art.
  • graphite is present at 26% by weight relative to the weight of the connecting layer, the additive (s) at 3.5% by weight, and the phenolic resin at 6.5% by weight.
  • Graphite, binders and additives are the same from one layer to another. For example, a supply of each of these materials may be provided by the same supplier.
  • the mass proportion of copper in the connection layer is substantially identical to the mass proportion of metal (ie here silver and copper) in the wear layer. In this example, there is thus 64% by weight of metal in one and the other layer.
  • the mass proportion of the graphite added to the binder (s) and additive (s) is substantially identical in the connection layer and in the wear layer.
  • the difference of the carbon masses in one and the other layer is less than 5% of the carbon mass of the wear layer or the connecting layer, advantageously less than 2% .
  • This composition indeed allows better mechanical cohesion between the two layers after cooking.
  • the anchor layer or connecting layer is not intended to be in contact with the rotating part during the life of the blade. Its function is to ensure the housing of cables or other electrical connection elements and to have the electrical and mechanical properties necessary for the proper operation of the blade.
  • This connection layer does not need to have money in its composition.
  • This layer is composed mainly of graphite and copper. This connection layer has the same metal content and the same carbon content as the wear layer also called functional layer or contact layer.
  • silver and copper are present in relative mass proportions of 50/50.
  • the relative proportion of silver relative to the relative mass proportion of copper is 70/30.
  • the relative mass proportion of silver relative to the relative proportion of copper is 30/70.
  • the relative weight proportions 50/50 are particularly advantageous in that they allow a 68% reduction in the cost of the blade compared to a brush of the prior art composed mainly of graphite and silver.
  • the relative mass proportions of silver and copper are 70/30, the cost reduction is about 30% compared with the prior art.
  • the wear layer it is possible, for example, to mix the phenolic resin with graphite.
  • the phenolic resin then coats the graphite particles.
  • the graphite thus coated is crushed and screened so as to obtain a particle size distribution that is customary for those skilled in the art.
  • this premix is mixed homogeneously with silver powder, copper powder and additive (s).
  • connection layer we can also provide mixing the same premix copper powder.
  • the bilayer broom can then be produced using a method as described in the document FR 2,709,611 .
  • the mixture composed mainly of copper and graphite on the one hand, and the mixture composed mainly of copper, silver and graphite on the other hand are brought into a mold via a partitioned hopper, guided by a bottom mobile type piston.
  • the powders in the mold are then compressed using an upper piston using a compressive force to obtain the desired density, and the resulting material is sintered at a temperature between 200 and 779 ° C. It is thus obtained a broom or metals are unalloyed.
  • the rotating part consists of a bronze slip ring with a diameter of 200 mm, a width adapted to the dimensions of the brushes, in this case 27 mm and rotating at a peripheral speed of 20m / s.
  • Table 1 shows that the brushes of the invention not only have wear comparable to that obtained with conventional brushes, but that this wear can be less important by a factor of 2.
  • the surface temperature of the ring is substantially identical from one sample to another, the measured values being in accordance with the recommendations recommended by those skilled in the art, that is to say an interval of 60 to 100 ° C, to obtain the formation of the third body, called patina, necessary for optimal tribological operation of the broom / ring assembly.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Motor Or Generator Current Collectors (AREA)
  • Contacts (AREA)
  • Powder Metallurgy (AREA)

Claims (13)

  1. Bürste, welche für die Gewährleistung eines elektrischen Kontaktes zwischen einem festen Teil und einem Teil in Bewegung einer elektrischen Maschine zur Leistungsübertragung vorgesehen ist, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Bürste eine Schicht umfasst, welche vorwiegend aus Kohlenstoff, Silber und einem weiteren, von Silber verschiedenen Metall zusammengesetzt ist, wobei der Kohlenstoff zu über 15 Ma% in Bezug auf die Masse der Schicht vorhanden ist, wobei das Silber zu über 15 Ma% in Bezug auf die Masse der Schicht vorhanden ist, und das andere, von Silber verschiedene Metall zu über 15 Ma% in Bezug auf die Masse der Schicht vorhanden ist, und dadurch, dass die Schicht durch Mischen eines Kohlenstoffpulvers und eines Metallpulvers erhalten wird, wobei das Metallpulver vorwiegend aus Silber und dem weiteren, von Silber verschiedenen Metall zusammengesetzt ist.
  2. Bürste nach Anspruch 1, wobei das weitere Metall derart ausgewählt ist, dass die Bürste zumindest die gleichen elektrischen und mechanischen Eigenschaften wie eine vorwiegend aus Silber und Kohlenstoff zusammengesetzte Bürste aufweist.
  3. Bürste nach Anspruch 1 oder 2, wobei das weitere Metall aus der Gruppe, bestehend aus leitenden Metallen mit elektrischen Widerständen von 1,7 bis 700 x 10-8 Ohm.m bei 20 °C, ausgewählt ist.
  4. Bürste nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 3, wobei das weitere Metall aus Aluminium, Zink, Eisen, Nickel, Stahl, Zinn und Kupfer ausgewählt ist.
  5. Bürste nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 4, wobei das Silber und das weitere Metall nicht legiert sind.
  6. Bürste nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 5, wobei die relativen Massenanteile an Silbermetall und an dem weiteren Metall innerhalb des Wertebereichs, der von 30/70 bis 70/30 reicht, insbesondere zwischen 40/60 und 60/40, liegen.
  7. Bürste nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 6, welche des Weiteren mindestens eine Zusatzschicht umfasst.
  8. Bürste nach Anspruch 7, wobei die Zusatzschicht frei von Silber ist.
  9. Bürste nach einem der Ansprüche 7 oder 8, wobei die Zusatzschicht vorwiegend aus Kohlenstoff und aus Metall zusammengesetzt ist.
  10. Bürste nach Anspruch 9, wobei die Zusatzschicht und die Verschleißschicht, enthaltend das Silber und das weitere Metall, des Weiteren mindestens ein Bindemittel und/oder mindestens einen Zusatzstoff enthalten,
    dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der Kohlenstoff, das mindestens eine Bindemittel und/oder der mindestens eine Zusatzstoff identischer Natur sind und in unter den Schichten in etwa gleichen relativen Massenanteilen vorliegen.
  11. Verwendung der Bürste nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 10 für eine elektrische Maschine zur Leistungsübertragung, wobei die Maschine insbesondere ein Generator ist.
  12. Verfahren zur Herstellung einer Bürste nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 10, umfassend einen Schritt des Mischens des Kohlenstoffpulvers und des Metallpulvers.
  13. Verfahren nach Anspruch 12, wobei die Pulver anschließend komprimiert werden, dann das erhaltene Rohmaterial anschließend bei einer Temperatur unterhalb der des Eutektikums Silber/weiteres Metall gesintert wird.
EP12711942.8A 2011-02-28 2012-02-27 Kontakt bürste Active EP2681812B2 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR1151594A FR2972082B1 (fr) 2011-02-28 2011-02-28 Balai de contact
PCT/FR2012/050400 WO2012117190A1 (fr) 2011-02-28 2012-02-27 Balai de contact

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP2681812A1 EP2681812A1 (de) 2014-01-08
EP2681812B1 EP2681812B1 (de) 2016-04-27
EP2681812B2 true EP2681812B2 (de) 2019-06-26

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ID=44060902

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP12711942.8A Active EP2681812B2 (de) 2011-02-28 2012-02-27 Kontakt bürste

Country Status (7)

Country Link
US (1) US9525258B2 (de)
EP (1) EP2681812B2 (de)
CA (1) CA2826205C (de)
DK (1) DK2681812T4 (de)
ES (1) ES2581357T5 (de)
FR (1) FR2972082B1 (de)
WO (1) WO2012117190A1 (de)

Families Citing this family (7)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2972082B1 (fr) 2011-02-28 2013-03-29 Mersen France Amiens Sas Balai de contact
DE102015205735A1 (de) * 2015-03-30 2016-10-06 Schunk Hoffmann Carbon Technology Ag Verwendung eines Kohlenstoffverbundmaterials zur Herstellung von elektrischen Kontaktkörpern für eine Kraftstoffpumpe sowie Kontaktkörper
WO2017032985A1 (en) 2015-08-24 2017-03-02 Morgan Advanced Materials And Technology, Inc Preparation of articles comprising graphitic particles
EP4338908A3 (de) * 2016-05-31 2024-05-15 SawStop Holding LLC Detektionssysteme für elektrowerkzeuge mit aktiver verletzungsminderungstechnologie
JP7250337B2 (ja) * 2019-11-25 2023-04-03 トライス株式会社 銀を主成分とする金属黒鉛質アースブラシ及びその製造方法
WO2023086436A1 (en) * 2021-11-10 2023-05-19 National Electrical Carbon Products, Inc. Carbon brush
SE545434C2 (en) 2022-01-31 2023-09-12 Ab Dynamoborstfabriken Carbon brush and method of supplying power to a carbon brush sensor

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Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
EP2681812A1 (de) 2014-01-08
CA2826205A1 (fr) 2012-09-07
CA2826205C (fr) 2019-04-02
FR2972082A1 (fr) 2012-08-31
EP2681812B1 (de) 2016-04-27
DK2681812T3 (en) 2016-07-25
ES2581357T3 (es) 2016-09-05
WO2012117190A1 (fr) 2012-09-07
ES2581357T5 (es) 2020-03-11
US20140001916A1 (en) 2014-01-02
DK2681812T4 (da) 2019-10-07
US9525258B2 (en) 2016-12-20
FR2972082B1 (fr) 2013-03-29

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