Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides
  • A61K38/16—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
  • A61K38/17—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
  • A61K38/39—Connective tissue peptides, e.g. collagen, elastin, laminin, fibronectin, vitronectin, cold insoluble globulin [CIG]
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
  • A61K9/0012—Galenical forms characterised by the site of application
  • A61K9/0019—Injectable compositions; Intramuscular, intravenous, arterial, subcutaneous administration; Compositions to be administered through the skin in an invasive manner
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
  • A61K9/14—Particulate form, e.g. powders, Processes for size reducing of pure drugs or the resulting products, Pure drug nanoparticles
  • A61K9/16—Agglomerates; Granulates; Microbeadlets ; Microspheres; Pellets; Solid products obtained by spray drying, spray freeze drying, spray congealing,(multiple) emulsion solvent evaporation or extraction
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
  • A61L27/00—Materials for grafts or prostheses or for coating grafts or prostheses
  • A61L27/14—Macromolecular materials
  • A61L27/20—Polysaccharides
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07K—PEPTIDES
  • C07K14/00—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
  • C07K14/435—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
  • C07K14/78—Connective tissue peptides, e.g. collagen, elastin, laminin, fibronectin, vitronectin or cold insoluble globulin [CIG]
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
  • A61L2400/00—Materials characterised by their function or physical properties
  • A61L2400/06—Flowable or injectable implant compositions

Definitions

• the present invention relates to tropoelastin and to tissue repair and restoration using biomaterials.
• Elastin is an extracellular matrix protein that is primarily found in skin, blood vessels, lung and other tissues and organs that require a degree of elasticity for function. It is classically formed when lysine residues on tropoelastin molecules become cross-linked with lysine residues on other tropoelastin molecules to form a mass that is more or less insoluble in an aqueous solution.
• Elastin, tropoelastin and related proteins are expected to be useful in medical applications including tissue repair and restoration and there is a particular need for compositions having a high solids content of such proteins that can be administered to tissue by injection. While microparticles formed from biomaterials are mentioned in WO99/11196 and WO2008/058323, compositions with a less particulate structure having a high solids content of such proteins and properties of flow sufficient to enable tissue delivery by injection are not known.
• One problem has been that at high solids content, tropoelastin forms a mass that cannot be delivered through needles of varying gauges that are used in clinical and cosmetic applications.
• compositions having a high solids content of tropoelastin or other elastic material and properties of flow that enable the composition to be delivered to tissue by injection.
• an injectable composition formed from tropoelastin, the composition including a tropoelastin-containing substance, wherein the substance further includes an agent in an amount effective for providing the substance with properties of flow enabling injection of the composition.
• the tropoelastin-containing substance can be particulate or non-particulate.
• an injectable composition for correcting a tissue defect including a liquid phase containing a plurality of microparticles formed from tropoelastin, the liquid phase having a coalescence- controlling agent dissolved therein in an amount effective for reducing coalescence of the microparticles.
• a process for producing microparticles formed from tropoelastin including the step of coacervating or polymerising tropoelastin in a liquid phase having a coalescence-controlling agent dissolved therein.
• Figure 1A SEM image of microparticles formed from tropoelastin with an estimated diameter of 1 ⁇ m, prepared by treating a 2 mg/mL solution of tropoelastin with alkali [example 1] followed by incubation at 37 0 C for 4 h.
• Figure 1 B An image of the elastic material mass produced when a 10mg/ml solution of tropoelastin is treated with alkali followed by incubation at 37 0 C in the absence of a coalescence controlling agent as described in Example 2.
• the material produced is a dense elastic mass which is not amenable to injection.
• Figure 2 SEM image of globules formed from tropoelastin prepared by treating a 50 mg/mL solution of tropoelastin with 0.05% (v/v) glutaraldehyde in the presence of 1% (w/v) CMC followed by incubation at 37 0 C for 24 h.
• Figure 3 SEM image of coalesced globules formed from tropoelastin prepared by treating a 50mg/ml solution of tropoelastin with 0.05% (v/v) glutaraldehyde in the presence of 1% (w/v) medium viscosity HA followed by incubation at 37°C for 16 hours.
• Figure 4A SEM image of material made from coalesced globules formed from tropoelastin with a range of apparent diameters from approximately 1 to 4 ⁇ m, prepared by treating a 10 mg/mL tropoelastin solution with base in the presence of 1 % (w/v) HA, followed by incubation at 37 0 C overnight.
• Figure 4B SEM image of material made from coalesced globules formed from tropoelastin with a range of apparent diameters from approximately 1 to 4 ⁇ m, prepared by treating a 25 mg/mL tropoelastin solution with base in the presence of 1% (w/v) HA, followed by incubation at 37 0 C overnight.
• Figure 4C SEM image of material made from coalesced globules formed from tropoelastin with a range of apparent diameters from approximately 1-10 ⁇ m, prepared by treating a 50 mg/mL tropoelastin solution with base in the presence of 1% (w/v) HA, followed by incubation at 37 0 C overnight.
• Figure 4D SEM image of material made from coalesced globules formed from tropoelastin with a range of apparent diameters from approximately 0.5-20 ⁇ m, prepared by treating a 75 mg/mL tropoelastin solution with base in the presence of 1% (w/v) HA, followed by incubation at 37 0 C overnight.
• Figure 5 Size distribution of globules (globule diameter ( ⁇ m) vs. percentage of counted globules) prepared by treating (o) 10 mg/mL tropoelastin; (•) 25 mg/mL tropoelastin; (D) 50 mg/mL tropoelastin; and (M) 75 mg/mL tropoelastin with alkali in the presence of 1 % (w/v) HA, followed by incubation at 37 0 C overnight. Data are obtained from SEM images in Figures 4A-4D.
• Figure 6A and 6B SEM image of material made from coalesced globules formed from tropoelastin of varying sizes prepared by treating a 100 mg/mL tropoelastin solution with 0.05% (v/v) GA in the presence of 1 % (w/v) CMC, followed by stirring at 37 0 C for 4 h.
• Figure 7A and 7B SEM images of material made from coalesced globules formed from tropoelastin prepared by treating a 100 mg/mL solution of tropoelastin with alkali in the presence of 1 % (w/v) CMC followed by incubation with stirring at 37 0 C for 4 h.
• Figure 7C and 7D SEM images of material made from coalesced globules formed from tropoelastin, prepared by treating a 100 mg/mL solution of tropoelastin with alkali in the presence of 1 % (w/v) CMC followed by incubation with stirring at 37 0 C for 4 h, refrigeration at 4 0 C for 16 h then solution neutralisation with 1 M HCI.
• Figure 8A and 8B SEM image of material made by treating a 100 mg/mL tropoelastin solution with 0.05% (v/v) GA in the presence of 1.5% (w/v) Xanthan Gum, followed by stirring at 37°C for 4 h.
• Figure 9A and 9B Photograph and SEM image of material made by treating a 100 mg/mL tropoelastin solution with 0.05% (v/v) GA in the presence of 2% (w/v) HPC followed by stirring at 37 0 C for 4 h.
• the inventors have found that when tropoelastin is coacervated and cross linked to form elastin, and/or subjected to alkali polymerisation to form an elastic material (as in WO 2008/058323, the contents of which are incorporated herein in their entirety by reference) at high solids content of tropoelastin, a mass is formed that cannot be passed through a surgical needle.
• the inventors have found that the non-injectable mass is formed because at high solids content the tropoelastin monomers aggregate or coalesce into microparticles or globules which further aggregate or coalesce to form a non-injectable mass.
• the inventors have further found that formation of the non- injectable mass at high solids content of tropoelastin may be reduced, if not avoided, by coacervating or polymerising tropoelastin in the presence of a coalescence-controlling agent, resulting in formation of a composition having high solids content and properties of flow required in an injectable composition. Further, it has been found that by adjusting the relative amounts of tropoelastin and coalescence-controlling agent it is possible to control the extent of aggregation of globules, hence producing a tropoelastin containing substance in the form of aggregated globules of predetermined size or structure with the desired properties of flow for injectable applications.
• a tropoelastin containing substance in the form of a mass that is also injectable but is substantially devoid of microparticular or globular structure.
• the injectable material may be better described as a deformable mass than as discrete particles or globules. This is remarkable because normally masses formed from cross linked or alkali polymerised tropoelastin are not readily injectable.
• tropoelastin refers to a protein that contains at least part of a hydrophobic domain derived from a protein molecule that may be cross linked, usually at lysine residues by lysyl oxidase, to form elastin.
• a number of isoforms of tropoelastin are known (see for example WO 99/03886, the contents of which are incorporated herein in their entirety by reference).
• Tropoelastin cannot normally be found in any significant amount in tissue as it tends to be cross linked to form elastin more or less immediately after synthesis.
• Tropoelastin may have a sequence that is the same as the entry shown in GenBank entry AAC98394.
• tropoelastin sequences are known in the art, including, but not limited to, CAA33627 (Homo sapiens), P15502 ⁇ Homo sapiens), AAA42271 (Rattus norvegicus), AAA42272 (Rattus norvegicus), AAA42268 ⁇ Rattus norvegicus), AAA42269 ⁇ Rattus norvegicus), AAA80155 (Mus musculus), AAA49082 (Gallus gallus), P04985 ⁇ Bos taurus), ABF82224 (Danio rerio), ABF82222 ⁇ Xenopus tropicalis), P11547 (Ovis aries). Tropoelastin may also be a fragment of these sequences.
• tropoelastin may be natural or recombinant.
• tropoelastin may been obtained from a recombinant expression system, examples of which are discussed in WO 00/04043 and WO 94/14958, the contents of which are disclosed herein in their entirety by reference, and WO 99/03886, or from peptide synthesis such as solid phase peptide synthesis.
• tropoelastin homolog refers to a protein having a sequence that is not the same as, but that is similar to, a tropoelastin reference sequence. It also has the same function as the reference sequence.
• Elastin refers to an extracellular matrix protein that is normally found in skin, blood vessels, lung and other tissues and organs that require elasticity for formation. It is formed when lysine residues on tropoelastin molecules are covalently cross linked to form a mass that is more or less insoluble in an aqueous solution. Cross linking of tropoelastin molecules in vivo classically occurs via one or more lysyl oxidases. Cross linking of tropoelastin molecules may be mediated in vitro by chemical cross linking agents such as glutaraldehyde or hexamethylenediisocyanate or other cross linking agents capable of reacting with proteins.
• amine-reactive cross linkers examples include disuccinimidyl glutarate (DSG), bis(sulfosuccinimidyl) suberate (BS3), ethylene glycol diglycidyl ether (EGDE) under neutral conditions (pH 7), tris-succinimidyl aminotriacetate (TSAT), disuccinimidyl suberate (DSS) and ⁇ - [tris(hydroxymethyl)phosphino]propionic acid (THPP).
• DSG disuccinimidyl glutarate
• BS3 bis(sulfosuccinimidyl) suberate
• EGDE ethylene glycol diglycidyl ether
• TSAT tris-succinimidyl aminotriacetate
• DSS disuccinimidyl suberate
• THPP ⁇ - [tris(hydroxymethyl)phosphino]propionic acid
• carboxyl reactive cross linkers examples include 1-ethyl-3-[3-dimethylaminopropyl]carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC), and ethylene glycol diglycidyl ether (EGDE) under acidic conditions (pH ⁇ 4).
• EDC 1-ethyl-3-[3-dimethylaminopropyl]carbodiimide hydrochloride
• EGDE ethylene glycol diglycidyl ether
• pH ⁇ 4 acidic conditions
• tropoelastin may be provided in a variety of forms, elastin itself may be composed of a variety of structures, influencing the elastic properties of elastin. The degree of cross linking does not need to be complete, where all of the potential reactive sites in the tropoelastin molecules have been cross linked. Instead, the tropoelastin may be only partially cross linked.
• Coacervation and “coacervating” refers to a process by which tropoelastin - which is generally soluble in aqueous solution at low temperatures - tends to aggregate to form a dense viscoelastic phase as temperature is raised to physiological range. The process is mainly due to interactions between the hydrophobic domains of tropoelastin. Coacervation is generally understood to be an essential precursor to covalent cross linking in the formation of elastin from tropoelastin.
• an “elastic material” refers to a material formed from tropoelastin by an alkali polymerisation process involving the hydrophilic domains of tropoelastin as described in WO 2008/058323, an irreversible process that forms a solid that has elastic properties in being stretchable, tensile, resilient and capable of recoil.
• the elastic material may be only partially polymerised; in certain embodiments the polymerisation reaction is not complete.
• Elastic material possesses elastic properties whether cross linked or not; the alkali polymerisation process to form elastic material may therefore optionally also include a chemical cross-linking step.
• Globules formed from tropoelastin or “microparticles formed from tropoelastin” refer to particles that contain or consist of either or both of “elastin” and “elastic material”. These particles tend to coalesce or aggregate further into a non-injectable mass in the absence of a coalesence-controlling agent.
• an "injectable composition substantially devoid of particulate structure” is a composition formed from tropoelastin, in which the globules formed from tropoelastin have coalesced or aggregated to the point that the globular or particulate structure of the composition is no longer apparent. Despite this, the composition remains injectable.
• Coalescence-controlling agent refers to a compound or extract that reduces, inhibits or otherwise controls aggregation, clumping or coalescence of particles or globules formed from tropoelastin, so as to permit the composition of the invention to be transmitted, generally by positive pressure through a needle or cannula having a bore or calibre generally used in clinical or cosmetic applications.
• the coalescence-controlling agent generally increases the viscosity of the liquid phase in which coacervation or polymerisation of tropoelastin to form elastin or an elastic material occurs. In certain embodiments, the coalescence-controlling agent limits the globules formed from tropoelastin from further coalescing with each other.
• the coalescence-controlling agent prevents or inhibits a tropoelastin-containing material that is substantially devoid of particulate structure from forming a non-injectable solid.
• an amount effective for reducing coalescence refers to an amount of coalescence-controlling agent that is sufficient to inhibit, slow, retard or substantially prevent coalescence of globules formed from tropoelastin. It is not necessary that all globules are prevented from aggregating or coalescing with other globules. In certain embodiments it is preferable that further coalescence of globules may occur, provided that this does not substantially prevent the composition from being injected. In particular, in certain embodiments the amount effective for preventing coalescence provides for an injectable composition that is substantially devoid of particulate or globular structure.
• an "injectable composition” refers to a composition that has properties that enable it to flow through a needle or cannula.
• the needle or cannula will have a bore or calibre generally used in clinical or cosmetic applications.
• the composition will pass without significant encumbrance through a needle or cannula with an internal diameter of about 1.194 mm, corresponding to a 16 gauge (G) needle. More preferably, the composition will readily pass through a 21 G needle. More preferably still, the composition will readily pass through a 27G needle.
• tissue defect refers to an abnormality, malformation or imperfection that culminates in abnormal tissue structure and/or function.
• a tissue defect may stem from, or be generally associated with a congential condition, a surgical procedure, trauma, disease or other injury. Alternatively, a tissue defect may be associated with aging. Examples include loss of tissue elasticity, loss of tissue volume, tissue wrinkling and sagging.
• tissue defect may also refer to tissue that falls within the anatomically and physiologically normal range of structure and function that a patient considers is inadequate and wishes to augment.
• Forming a tissue defect refers to at least partially restoring and/or augmenting tissue structure and/or function, including supporting, enhancing, bulking, or elasticising tissue, or facilitating tissue growth into a tissue defect.
• terapéuticaally effective amount means the quantity of injectable composition required to alter or correct the tissue defect.
• the effective amount may vary depending upon the patient's ability to absorb or break down the components of the injectable composition, the nature of the condition being treated, the site of the treatment, the composition of the injectable composition, the concentration and properties of the globules formed from tropoelastin, or alternatively the amount and nature of the tropoelastin-containing mass that substantially lacks particulate structure.
• an injectable composition for correcting a tissue defect including a liquid phase containing a plurality of particles or globules formed from tropoelastin, the liquid phase having a coalescence-controlling agent dissolved therein in an amount effective for reducing coalescence of the globules.
• the average size of the globules formed from tropoelastin will range from 0.1 micrometers to 100 micrometers.
• the globules may be provided in the form of a sphere or microsphere.
• the preferred microsphere diameter range is generally from about 0.05 ⁇ m to 50 ⁇ m, preferably 0.1 ⁇ m to 25 ⁇ m.
• the globules are substantially coalesced providing the composition with a non particulate appearance.
• the tropoelastin is included in the composition in an amount from about 1.5 mg/mL to about 400 mg/mL. Preferably the tropoelastin is included in an amount from about 5 mg/mL to about 300 mg/mL. More preferably, tropoelastin is included in an amount of about 10 mg/mL to about 200 mg/mL.
• each globule is formed from tropoelastin meaning that the globule itself may include elastin, an elastic material or both. Accordingly the globules may be formed of covalently cross linked or non cross linked tropoelastin or both.
• the injectable composition will typically possess a more particulate appearance, where the composition possesses discrete or, more typically, partially aggregated or coalesced globules when the concentration of tropoelastin is about 50 mg/mL and below. Without wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed that a particulate appearance results from a reduced level of globule coalescence or aggregation at lower concentrations of tropoelastin.
• an injectable composition for correcting a tissue defect including aggregated globules formed from tropoelastin and a coalescence-controlling agent in an amount effective for reducing coalescence of the globules.
• the injectable composition will typically possess a less particulate appearance when the concentration of tropoelastin is about 50mg/ml_ and above. Again, without wishing to be bound by theory it is believed that increasing the concentration of tropoelastin results in increased globule coalescence or aggregation, resulting in an injectable composition with a reduced particulate or globular structure.
• composition according to the invention typically includes a coalescence-controlling agent, especially an agent for providing the tropoelastin-containing substance with properties of flow.
• Coalescence-controlling agents are generally biocompatible, for example, they may display low toxicity and be non-immunogenic. Coalescence-controlling agents may be synthetic, semi-synthetic or naturally derived molecules.
• the coalescence-controlling agent possesses a net negative charge when dissolved in the liquid phase. In another embodiment, the coalescence-controlling agent includes functional groups that possess a net negative charge when dissolved in the liquid phase.
• the coalescence-controlling agent includes strongly acidic functional groups, for example carboxylates, sulfates, phosphates etc.
• the coalescence-controlling agent includes hydroxyl functional groups.
• the coalescence-controlling agent may be a polyol, possessing multiple hydroxyl functional groups.
• the coalescence-controlling agent is a polysaccharide.
• Polysaccharides are polymeric carbohydrate structures, formed of repeating units (typically mono- or di-saccharides) joined together by glycosidic bonds. These structures are often linear, but may contain various degrees of branching. Polysaccharides are often quite heterogeneous, containing slight modifications of the repeating unit. Depending on the structure, these macromolecules can have distinct properties from their oligosaccharide building blocks.
• the polysaccharide contains negatively charged functional groups.
• coalescence-controlling agent is a polysaccharide that contains iduronic acid, glucuronic acid or N-acetylglucosamine residues.
• Suitable polysaccharides include, for example, carboxymethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, hyaluronic acid, xanthan gum, guar gum, ⁇ -glucan, alginates, carboxymethyl dextran and their pharmaceutically acceptable salts.
• the polysaccharide may be a pectin or a derivative thereof, including linear and branched polysaccharides.
• the coalescence-controlling agent is a mono- or oligosaccharide, for example S'-N-acetylneuraminyl-N-acetyllactosamine, 3'-sialyl-N- acetyllactosamine, 3'-N-acetylneuraminyl-3-fucosyllactose, 6'-sialyl-N- acetyllactosamine, N-acetylglucosamine, glucose, lactose, maltotritol, sucrose, LS- Tetrasaccharide b and their pharmaceutically acceptable salts and their pharmaceutically acceptable salts.
• S'-N-acetylneuraminyl-N-acetyllactosamine 3'-sialyl-N- acetyllactosamine
• 3'-N-acetylneuraminyl-3-fucosyllactose 6'-sialyl-N-
• coalescence-controlling agents include dextrins, such as succinyl- ⁇ -cyclodextrin, carboxymethyl- ⁇ -cyclodextrin, ⁇ -cyclodextrin, ⁇ -cyclodextrin, and their pharmaceutically acceptable salts.
• a polysaccharide derivative may include but is not limited to a cross-linked or uncross- linked polysaccharide typically having a substitution or additional side chain comprising one or more groups consisting of hydrogen; alkyl; aryl; alkylaryl; arylalkyl; substituted alkylaryl containing an atom or atoms of oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, or phosphorous; substituted arylalkyl containing an atom or atoms of oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur phosphorous, halogen, or metal ion; substituted heterocycle containing an atom or atoms of oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur; phosphorous, halogen or metal ion; and, where said substituted groups may be bound directly to each other or separated by a member selected from the group consisting of ether, keto, amino, oxycarbonyl, sulfate, sulfoxide, carboxamide, alkyne and alkene; including, where said substitutions or additional side chains terminate with groups including but not limited to hydrogen, peptide
• a polysaccharide derivative includes a polysaccharide which has been cross-linked using a chemical cross-linker including but not limited to divinyl sulfone (DVS), 1 ,4-butanediol diglycidyl ether (BDDE), 1 ,2,7,8-diepoxyoctane (DEO) or other crosslinkers generally known to those skilled in the art.
• a chemical cross-linker including but not limited to divinyl sulfone (DVS), 1 ,4-butanediol diglycidyl ether (BDDE), 1 ,2,7,8-diepoxyoctane (DEO) or other crosslinkers generally known to those skilled in the art.
• the coalescence-controlling agent may be a glycoprotein such as mucin.
• the coalescence-controlling agent is an amino acid.
• the amino acid bears an acidic side chain.
• Suitable amino acids include aspartic acid, glutamic acid and their pharmaceutically acceptable salts.
• the coalescence-controlling agent is a lipid or fatty acid ester.
• Suitable fatty acid esters include, for example, phospholipids, dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholide and glyceryl monooleate.
• the fatty acid esters may be used in conjunction with or more other agents.
• propylene glycol and phospholipids may be used in conjunction with one another.
• the coalescence-controlling agent is a synthetic polymer.
• Such polymers include, for example, polymethacrylates, polyethylene glycols and (block) copolymers with polyethylene glycol subunits.
• the copolymers Poloxamer 188 and Poloxamer 407 may be suitable for use as coalescence-controlling agents.
• the coalescence-controlling agent is a surfactant.
• suitable surfactants include sodium lauryl sulfate and polysorbates.
• Preferred coalescence-controlling agents include pantothenol, polyethylene glycols, xanthan gum, guar gum, polysorbate 80, N-acetylglucosamine and their pharmaceutically acceptable salts.
• Particularly preferred coalescence-controlling agents are carboxymethylcellulose, hyaluronic acid, xanthan gum, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose and hydroxypropylcellulose and their pharmaceutically acceptable salts.
• the agent when the coalescence-controlling agent is a polysaccharide, the agent is provided in the composition in an amount of from about 0.01 to about 10 percent (w/v). Preferably, when the coalescence-controlling agent is a polysaccharide, the agent is provided in an amount of from about 0.5 to about 3.5 percent (w/v).
• the agent may be provided in an amount of from about 0.01 to 10 percent (w/v). In a preferred embodiment, when the coalescence-controlling agent is carboxymethylcellulose or xanthan gum, the agent is provided in an amount of from 0.5 to 3.5 percent (w/v).
• the agent When the coalescence-controlling agent is hyaluronic acid, the agent may be provided in an amount of from about 0.01 to 10 percent (w/v). In a preferred embodiment, when the coalescence-controlling agent is hyaluronic acid, the agent is provided in an amount of from 0.5 to 3.5 percent (w/v).
• the agent may be provided in an amount of from about 10 to about 90 percent (w/v).
• the effective amount of coalescence-controlling agent provided is dependent upon a number of factors, for example, the properties of the coalescence- controlling agent, the nature of the other components of the composition, and the method used to form the composition.
• the effective amount of coalescence-controlling agent will be dependent upon the concentration of tropoelastin in the composition.
• the amount of coalescence-controlling agent required to prevent coalescence increases as the concentration of tropoelastin in the composition also increases.
• the nature of the coalescence-controlling agent will affect its ability to control coalescence.
• the invention provides for a composition including tropoelastin and a polysaccharide coalescence-controlling agent, wherein the mass ratio of tropoelastin to polysaccharide is from about 0.05:1 to 3000:1.
• the ratio of tropoelastin to polysaccharide is from about 0.1 :1 to about 500:1. More preferably, the ratio of tropoelastin to polysaccharide is from about 0.2:1 to about 100:1.
• the invention provides for a composition including tropoelastin and carboxymethylcellulose, wherein the mass ratio of tropoelastin to carboxymethylcellulose is 0.1 :1 to about 500:1. In certain embodiments, the mass ratio of tropoelastin to carboxymethylcellulose is about 0.2:1 to about 100:1.
• the invention provides for a composition including tropoelastin and xanthan gum, wherein the mass ratio of tropoelastin to xanthan gum is 0.1 :1 to about 500:1. In certain embodiments, the mass ratio of tropoelastin to xanthan gum is about 0.2:1 to about 100:1.
• the invention provides for a composition including tropoelastin and hyaluronic acid, wherein the mass ratio of tropoelastin to hyaluronic acid is 0.1 :1 to about 500:1. In certain embodiments, the mass ratio of tropoelastin to hyaluronic acid is about 0.2:1 to about 100:1.
• the agent for providing a tropoelastin-containing substance with properties of flow excludes, or is not PEG or DMSO.
• the composition according to the current invention may also include a liquid phase.
• liquid phase generally refers to a biologically acceptable liquid vehicle that is suitable for injection.
• the solvent of the liquid phase will be water.
• Preferred liquid phases include aqueous solutions such as phosphate buffered saline (PBS).
• PBS phosphate buffered saline
• the liquid phase may include buffers such as phosphate, citrate, and other organic acids.
• the liquid phase includes at least one agent intended to alter the ionic strength of the liquid phase.
• composition according to the present invention may include one or more additional agents active principles or ingredients.
• the additional agents may provide a therapeutic effect, such as the stimulation of tissue repair.
• the additional agents may prevent or limit an adverse tissue response.
• the additional agents may assist in the stability or viability of the injectable composition.
• other compounds are provided as diluents, carriers, excipients or like compounds.
• the additional agents may be present (either dissolved or suspended) in the liquid phase of the composition. Alternatively, the additional agents may be present in the globules of the composition.
• pharmaceutical agents including antibiotics, growth promoters, anti-infectives, antiseptics, angiogenic compounds, anti-cancer agents, antiinflammatory agents, protease inhibitors and the like, may be included in the composition.
• biological factors such as tissue factors, cytokines, growth factors and the like, may be included in the composition. Particularly preferred are those factors involved in wound healing, fibrosis and granulation.
• cells in particular, cells that are involved in wound healing, may be included in the composition.
• examples include epithelial cells, fibrocytes, fibroblasts, keratinocyte precursors, keratinocytes, myofibroblasts, phagocytes and the like.
• the composition may be packaged in a variety of ways including a container having deposited therein the composition in an appropriate form.
• Suitable containers are well- known to those skilled in the art and include materials such as bottles (plastic and glass), syringes, sachets, ampoules, plastic bags, metal cylinders, and the like.
• the container may also include a tamper-proof assemblage to prevent indiscreet access to the contents of the package.
• the container may have deposited thereon a label that describes the contents of the container. The label may also include appropriate warnings.
• the invention provides a process for producing a composition formed from tropoelastin including the step of coacervating or polymerising tropoelastin in a liquid phase having a coalescence-controlling agent dissolved therein.
• composition produced by it may be injected without further manipulation or processing steps.
• composition produced from the process contains a high tropoelastin solids content whilst still maintaining the injectable property of the composition. This is also a distinguishing aspect of the invention compared with other biomaterial-containing compositions known in the art.
• a solution of tropoelastin having a concentration greater than about 1.5 mg/mL is capable of forming an injectable composition of desirable integrity although lesser concentrations are also useful. In most applications the solution concentration is less than about 400 mg/mL. Therefore, a solution of tropoelastin having a concentration from about 1.5 mg/mL to about 400 mg/mL is preferable. More preferably, a solution of tropoelastin having a concentration between about 5 mg/mL to about 300 mg/mL is used. Most preferably, a solution of tropoelastin having a concentration of between about 10 mg/mL to about 200 mg/mL is used.
• the salt concentration of the liquid phase may be controlled by adding salt, including any ionic compound, or low molecular weight species capable of affecting the osmolality of the solution.
• salt including any ionic compound, or low molecular weight species capable of affecting the osmolality of the solution.
• NaCI, KCI, MgSO 4 , Na 2 CO 3 or glucose may be used.
• a preferred salt is NaCI.
• the solution temperature may be raised to physiological ranges of about 37 0 C, so that a viscoelastic phase is formed.
• a cross linking agent such as glutaraldehyde may be added prior to this coacervation step or it may be added after.
• a pH of about pH 7.5 or more is sufficient to cause an elastic material to form from the tropoelastin in the solution.
• the pH is generally kept from exceeding about pH 13 as above this the elastic material is less well formed. More preferably a pH of between about pH 9 and pH 13 is desirable. However, most preferably a pH of between about pH 10 and pH 11 is used. Other pH measures that could be used include 8.0, 8.5, 9.5, 10, 10.5, and 11.5.
• a cross linking agent such as glutaraldehyde may be added prior to the change in pH, or it may be added after.
• Alkalinity can be adjusted by a number of approaches including 1) directly adding a pH increasing substance to a solution of tropoelastin, 2) by mixing a solution containing sufficient amounts of a pH increasing substance to cause it to be alkaline with a solution of tropoelastin.
• the pH increasing substance could be a base, buffer, proton adsorbent material. Examples including Tris base, NH 4 OH and NaOH have been found to be useful as pH increasing or controlling substances.
• salt may be required to form the elastic material of the invention.
• the concentration is generally more than 25 mM and may be up to 200 mM.
• the salt concentration is between about 100 mM and 150 mM. More preferably, the salt concentration is about 150 mM.
• salt concentration is required to cause formation of the elastic material and the amount of salt required increases as pH decreases. So for example, at about pH 9 to 10, salt is required, for example a salt concentration equivalent to about 60 mM should be provided to the solution.
• the solution is to have an osmolarity equivalent to that of mammalian isotonic saline (150 mM) or less. In other embodiments, the solution is to have an osmolarity greater than 15OmM.
• the salt concentration may also be 0 mM.
• the salt concentration of the solution may be controlled by adding salt, including any ionic compound, monovalent or divalent ions, or low molecular weight species capable of affecting the osmolality of the solution. For instance, NaCI, KCI, MgSO 4 , Na 2 CO 3 or glucose may be used. A preferred salt is NaCI.
• the liquid phase may be agitated during coacervation.
• the liquid phase may be agitated by mechanical means, for example through use of magnetic stirrer apparatus, manual mixing, or placement on an orbital shake.
• the process according to the current invention may be carried out in sterile conditions to ensure that the compositions produced by the process are suitable for use in vivo.
• the pH of the composition may be adjusted to a value to within a physiologically acceptable range.
• the ionic strength of the composition is adjusted to within a physiologically acceptable range.
• the composition may be provided in the form of a device, disposable or reusable, including a receptacle for holding the composition.
• the device is a syringe.
• the device may hold 0.1 to 10 ml_ of the composition. More preferably the device may hold 0.5 to 5 ml of the composition.
• the composition may be provided in the device in a state that is ready for use for example in a cross linked form, or in a state requiring mixing or addition of further components, such as a cross linker (if cross linking is required).
• kit for use in one of the above described embodiments including:
• kit may contain one or more active principles or ingredients further to the globules. These active ingredients are described above.
• the kit may comprise a container and a label or package insert on or associated with the container.
• Suitable containers include, for example, bottles, vials, syringes, blister pack, etc.
• the containers may be formed from a variety of materials such as glass or plastic.
• the container holds the composition or formulation thereof and may have a sterile access port (for example the container may be an intravenous solution bag or a vial having a stopper pierceable by a hypodermic injection needle).
• the label or package insert indicates that the composition is used for treating the condition of choice, such as tissue bulking.
• the label or package insert includes instructions for use and indicates that the composition can be used to treat a disorder or a complication arising from a tissue defect.
• the kit may comprise (a) a first container with the composition of the invention; and (b) a second container with an active principle or ingredient contained therein.
• the kit in this embodiment of the invention may further comprise a package insert indicating that the composition and other active principle can be used to treat a disorder.
• the kit may further comprise a second (or third) container comprising a pharmaceutically-acceptable buffer, such as bacteriostatic water for injection (BWFI), phosphate-buffered saline, Ringer's solution and dextrose solution. It may further include other materials desirable from a commercial and user standpoint, including other buffers, diluents, filters, needles, and syringes.
• BWFI bacteriostatic water for injection
• composition according to the invention in the manufacture of a formulation or prosthesis for correcting a tissue defect, especially a defect requiring soft tissue or dermal augmentation.
• a method of soft tissue of dermal augmentation including administering an effective amount of a composition according to the invention to an individual in need of such treatment.
• An individual suitable for treatment with this method may display minor symptoms of the aging process, for example, minor wrinkles around the eyes and mouth, minor wrinkles of the lips and a minor decrease in lip volume.
• the signs of aging may be more pronounced.
• an individual may show more pronounced signs of aging, with deep set wrinkles and a deepening of the nasolabial fold.
• an individual may wish to augment their appearance in the absence of any signs of aging, for example the individual may wish to augment their lip volume.
• the composition may be injected intradermal ⁇ , intracutaneously and/or subcutaneously. Injection of the composition provides a bulking or filling effect, reducing the appearance of wrinkles or folds, or alternatively providing an aesthetically pleasing effect.
• tissue defects to which the composition may be applied include dermal scars arising from, for example, skin diseases (such as acne, mumps, chicken pox or measles), scars from trauma (injury or burns) or from surgical procedures.
• skin diseases such as acne, mumps, chicken pox or measles
• scars from trauma injury or burns
• tissue defects to which the composition may be applied include gross tissue loss or atrophy, such as lipoatrophy in the facial region of HIV patients as a side effect of retroviral therapies.
• composition according to the invention for the treatment of a condition associated with an incompetent sphincter.
• An individual suitable for this treatment may suffer from a condition or a disease such as, for example, intrinsic sphincter deficiency, urinary incontinence, gastrointestinal reflux disease or vesicoureteral reflux.
• an individual suitable for this form of treatment may suffer from faecal incontinence.
• the composition is administered to the site of the tissue defect by injection although other routes of administration may be appropriate depending on the nature of the tissue defect.
• a range of needle gauges may be used. The gauge used depends upon, among other things, the nature of the tropoelastin-containing material (for example, its viscosity) and the nature of the defect (for example, the depth of the injection site). For example, when the composition is intended for use in tissue augmentation the needle gauge will generally be in the range of between about 16G and 31 G. Typically, for dermal fillers the needle gauge will be in the range of between about 25G and 31 G.
• Superficial dermis injections for fine wrinkles may use, for example, needles with a gauge in the range of 27-31 G whilst a larger gauge needle such as a 25G or a 27G needle may be necessary for deep injections beneath the dermis.
• the needle gauge will generally be between about 16G to about 21 G.
• composition may be administered over a number of treatments to correct the tissue defect and/or to achieve or to maintain the desired result.
• Example 1 Production of globules formed from tropoelastin at low tropoelastin concentrations using an alkali polymerisation process.
• microparticles produced tend to coat the side of the tube.
• An SEM image of a sample of the solution shows the presence of microparticles with an estimated diameter of 1 ⁇ m. The spheres tend to aggregate together due to the 'sticky' nature of the elastin material.
• Example 2 Alkali polymerisation of Tropoelastin in the absence of a coalescence- controlling agent at a concentration of 10 mg/ml.
• tropoelastin 50 mg tropoelastin was dissolved in 4.9 ml_ PBS at 4 0 C overnight (estimated 16 hrs). Keeping the solution on ice throughout, the starting pH of the solution was measured (pH 7.22) and 47 ⁇ l_ 1 M NaOH was added to take the pH of the solution to a value of 10.7. An additional 53 ⁇ l_ of PBS was added to make a tropoelastin solution with a final concentration 10 mg/mL The solution was then incubated at 37 0 C overnight (16 hrs) in a 5 mL flat bottomed tube before being removed from the incubator and placed at room temperature.
• the material produced was a solid elastic material that retained the shape of the tube it was prepared in. More than 4.5 mL of fluid separated from the resultant solid, suggesting the majority of the 50 mg Tropoelastin (>40mg) was present in approximately 0.5 mL of liquid in the construct produced. In other words, the tropoelastin is significantly more concentrated in the solid compared to the starting material (10 mg/mL) due to the dense aggregation of tropoelastin at this concentration in the absence of a coalescence-controlling agent.
• Example 3 Production of globules in the presence of CMC as the coalescence- controlling agent using chemical cross-linking. Materials & Methods
• a stock solution 200 mg/mL Tropoelasti ⁇ was produced by dissolving 300 mg Tropoelastin in 1.5 mL PBS overnight at 4 0 C.
• a stock solution of 2% (w/v) high viscosity carboxy methylcellulose (CMC; Sigma Cat No.C5013) was produced by dissolving 2 g CMC in 100 mL PBS with stirring overnight at room temperature.
• the resultant mixture of 50 mg/mL tropoelastin, 1% (w/v) CMC, 0.05% (v/v) GA was stirred using a cooled pipette tip (pipette tips were pre-cooled by placing at -2O 0 C overnight) prior to being incubated at 37 0 C for 24 hours in a 5 mL flat-bottomed tube.
• the material produced appeared pink and viscous after 3 hours incubation and remained the same following the remainder of the 24 hour incubation period.
• the material could be passed through a 29G needle and then a 31 G needle and appeared to become less viscous after needle passage.
• An SEM image of a sample of the material shows a homogeneous mix of globules with a range of diameters from approximately 0.5 to 1 ⁇ m ( Figure 2). A low level of coalescence between the globules is evident in this formulation.
• Example 4 Production of globules in the presence of HA as the coalescence- controlling agent using chemical cross-linking.
• Tropoelastin Stock Solution H 2 O (1 ml_) + PBS (0.5 ml) was added to 200mg freeze-dried tropoelastin and kept at 2 - 8 0 C to dissolve - resultant concentration, as determined by measuring the UV absorbance at 280 nm of a 1/250 dilution in H 2 O, was 150 mg/ml. The concentration was determined using an extinction coefficient of 0.3125 mL/mg.cm.
• a 2% solution of HA was prepared in PBS by adding autoclaved PBS to 1 g of HA (final volume of 50 ml_) and stirring with a magnetic stirrer. The sample was stored at 2 - 8 0 C.
• a 1 % solution of glutaraldehyde was prepared by adding 2 ⁇ l_ of 25% GA to 48 ⁇ l_ of PBS and mixing in an Eppendorf tube. All tips were chilled at ⁇ 10 0 C prior to use.
• HA, PBS and tropoelastin stock solutions were combined in a 5ml tube on ice using a pipette.
• the resultant composition was mixed using a magnetic stirrer at 2 - 8 0 C for 2 minutes and spun briefly in a centrifuge to remove any air bubbles.
• Glutaraldehyde was added and the resultant composition was mixed using a magnetic stirrer at 2 - 8 0 C for a further 2 minutes.
• the stirring bar was removed; the sample spun briefly in a centrifuge to remove any air bubbles and then incubated at 37 0 C for 16 hours.
• Final composition 50 mg/ml tropoelastin, 1% HA, 0.05% glutaraldehyde.
• the material produced appeared as a pink viscous gel.
• the material could be passed directly through a 31 G needle and did not change appearance after passage through the needle.
• An SEM image of a sample of the material ( Figure 3) shows a homogeneous mix of globules with an approximate diameter of 1 ⁇ m. Clear connectivity between the globules is evident.
• SEM analysis of the material after extrusion through a 31 G needle and following a wash in excess water or PBS revealed no changes to the structure of the material.
• Example 5 Effect of titrating the concentration of Tropoelastin against the coalescence-controlling agent in the formation of globules formed from tropoelastin using alkali catalysis.
• a stock solution 200 mg/mL Tropoelastin was produced by dissolving 300 mg Tropoelastin in 1.5 ml_ PBS overnight at 4 0 C.
• a stock solution of 2% (w/v) hyaluronic acid was produced by dissolving 100mg HA in 5 mL PBS overnight at 4 0 C.
• Sample A 50 ⁇ l_ Tropoelastin solution + 450 ⁇ l_ PBS + 500 ⁇ L HA solution. Starting pH of 6.8 adjusted by the addition of 4 ⁇ L 1 M NaOH to provide a pH of 10.7. End solution produced is 10 mg/mL Tropoelastin, 1% (w/v) HA.
• Sample B 125 ⁇ L Tropoelastin solution + 375 ⁇ L PBS + 500 ⁇ L HA solution. Starting pH of 6.8 adjusted by the addition of 7 ⁇ L 1 M NaOH to provide a pH of 10.3. End solution produced is 25 mg/mL Tropoelastin, 1% (w/v) HA.
• Sample C 250 ⁇ L Tropoelastin solution + 250 ⁇ L PBS + 500 ⁇ L HA solution. Starting pH of 6.8 adjusted by the addition of 10.5 ⁇ L 1 M NaOH to provide a pH of 10.4. End solution produced is 50 mg/mL Tropoelastin, 1% (w/v) HA.
• Sample D 375 ⁇ L Tropoelastin solution + 125 ⁇ L PBS + 500 ⁇ L HA solution. Starting pH of 6 adjusted by the addition of 16 ⁇ L 1 M NaOH to provide a pH of 10.3. End solution produced is 75 mg/mL Tropoelastin, 1 % (w/v) HA. All samples were then incubated at 37 0 C overnight (16 hrs) in a 5 ml flat-bottomed tube.
• Sample A 10 mq/mL Tropoelastin, 1% (w/v) HA, pH 10.7
• the material produced was a homogeneous white liquid that could be passed through a 3OG needle after sequential extrusions through an 18G, 21 G, 25G and 3OG needle.
• An SEM image ( Figure 4A) of the resultant solution reveals a relatively homogeneous mix of coalescing globules formed from tropoelastin with a range of diameters from approximately 1 to 4 ⁇ m.
• Sample B 25 mg/mL Tropoelastin, 1 % (w/v) HA, pH 10.3
• the material produced was a thick white paste formed at the bottom of the tube and covered by a white liquid.
• the paste could be mixed into the rest of the solution; however, the solution remained fairly heterogeneous and clogged up a 29G needle - it is likely that the material could be extruded through a broader gauge needle such as 18G [N. B. extrusion was attempted directly into a fixed 29G needle only - no sequential extrusion approach was tried here].
• An SEM image ( Figure 4B) of the resultant solution after mixing demonstrates the presence of coalesced globules with a range of diameters from approximately 1 to 4 ⁇ m.
• Sample C 50 mq/mL Tropoelastin, 1% (w/v) HA, pH 10.4
• the material produced was a thick white paste/solid formed at the bottom of the tube. This paste could be partially mixed into the above liquid however this gave rise to a heterogeneous suspension that contained chunks of solid material. It could not be passed through a 29G needle, although it is likely that the material could be extruded through a broader gauge needle such as 18G [N. B. extrusion was attempted directly into a fixed 29G needle only - no sequential extrusion approach was tried here].
• An SEM image ( Figure 4D) of the resultant solution after mixing demonstrates the presence of coalesced globules with a range of diameters from approximately 0.5-20 ⁇ m.
• Example 6 Effect of agitation on the formation of globules in the presence of a coalescence-controlling agent.
• a 222 mg/mL Tropoelastin solution was produced by dissolving 100 mg Tropoelastin in 450 ⁇ L PBS overnight at 4 0 C.
• a stock solution of 2% (w/v) high viscosity carboxy methylcellulose (CMC; Sigma Cat No.C5013) was produced by dissolving 2 g CMC in 100 ml_ PBS overnight with stirring at room temperature.
• Tropoelastin solution was mixed with 500 ⁇ L of the 2% (w/v) CMC.
• a fresh vial of 25% (v/v) Glutaraldehyde solution was opened on ice and 2 ⁇ L 25% (v/v) GA was mixed with 48 ⁇ L PBS before being added immediately to the Tropoelastin solution.
• the resultant mixture of 100 mg/mL Tropoelastin, 1% (w/v) CMC, 0.05% (v/v) GA was stirred using a cooled pipette tip (pipette tips were pre-cooled by placing at -2O 0 C overnight). The mixture was placed in an incubator at 37 0 C and stirred using a magnetic stirrer for 4 hours. The solution was then refrigerated overnight (16 hrs) without stirring.
• the material produced was pink, opaque and viscous after the initial 4 hr incubation at 37 0 C. Following refrigeration the material became slightly translucent (although remaining pink & viscous); however, on warming to room temperature it quickly became opaque once more. The material could be passed through a 31 G needle. After passage through a needle the solution remained unchanged.
• Example 7 Production of globules in the presence of a coalescence-controlling agent using an alkali polymerisation process.
• tropoelastin 222 mg/ml was added to 500 ⁇ l 2% CMC on ice. After thorough mixing the pH of the solution was adjusted from 7.1 to 10.2 with 19 ⁇ l 1 M NaOH and 31 ⁇ l PBS was then added while the sample remained on ice. The sample was then incubated at 37°C for 4 h with stirring and then stored at 4 0 C. For a neutral sample the pH was then adjusted at room temperature from 9.7 to 7.4 with 11 ⁇ l of 1 M HCI. The resulting solutions contained 100 mg/mL tropoelastin, 1 % (w/v) CMC.
• the material produced was a homogeneous white liquid that could be passed through a 26G - 29G needle.
• An SEM image of the alkaline solution ( Figure 7A and 7B) and the neutralised alkaline solution ( Figure 7C and 7D) reveals material comprising of coalesced globules. Both materials are a translucent light brown viscous liquid at 4 0 C becoming an opaque white/brown viscous liquid with warming.
• Example 8 Stability of the microparticles formed from tropoelastin in the presence of a coalescence-controlling agent.
• Samples produced according to Example 4A and Example 6 were stored at 4 0 C for greater than 60 days. After greater than 60 days the material was still amenable to injection and its appearance had not changed as judged by SEM.
• Example 9 Formation of injectable material comprising cross-linked tropoelastin and xanthan gum (XG)
• tropoelastin 222 mg/ml was added to 500 ⁇ l 3% XG on ice and mixed thoroughly.
• a fresh vial of 25% (v/v) Glutaraldehyde solution was opened on ice and 2 ⁇ l_ 25% (v/v) GA was mixed with 48 ⁇ l_ PBS before being added immediately to the Tropoelastin solution.
• the sample was then incubated at 37°C for 4 h with stirring and then stored at 4 0 C.
• the resulting mixture contained 100 mg/mL Tropoelastin, 1.5% (w/v) XG, 0.05% (v/v) GA.
• the material produced was a translucent pink viscous gel at 4 0 C becoming an opaque pink gel with warming.
• SEM imaging ( Figure 8A and 8B) shows the material is composed of accretions. The material could be passed through a 31 G needle. After passage through a needle the solution remained unchanged.
• Example 10 Formation of material for delivery through wide bore needle or cannula comprising cross-linked tropoelastin and HPC
• tropoelastin 222 mg/mL was added to 500 ⁇ l 4% hydroxypropylcellulose (HPC) on ice and mixed thoroughly. A fresh vial of 25% (v/v) Glutaraldehyde solution was opened on ice and 2 ⁇ L 25% (v/v) GA was mixed with 48 ⁇ L PBS before being added immediately to the Tropoelastin solution. The sample was then incubated at 37°C for 4 h with stirring and then stored at 4°C. The resulting mixture contained 100 mg/mL Tropoelastin, 2% (w/v) HPC 1 0.05% (v/v) GA.
• Example 11 Optimisation of a formulation for delivery through a fine gauge needle
• composition is indicated for mid-to-deep dermal implantation for the correction of moderate to severe facial wrinkles and folds, such as nasolabial folds.
• composition is supplied in a disposable syringe with a 31 G x 1/2" needle.
• the composition should be administered using a thin gauge needle (31 G x ⁇ z").
• the needle is inserted at an approximate angle of 30° parallel to the length of the wrinkle or fold.
• the injection technique with consideration to the angle and orientation of the bevel, the depth of injection, and the quantity administered may differ.
• composition is injected too deep or intramuscularly, the duration of the effect will be shorter.
• the treated site should be gently massaged so that it conforms to the contour of the surrounding tissues.
• Typical usage for each treatment session is 1ml per treatment site.
• the correct injection technique is critical for the final result of the treatment.

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