EP2394747A1 - Procédé destiné au revêtement de canal d'une matière première polymère - Google Patents

Procédé destiné au revêtement de canal d'une matière première polymère Download PDF

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Publication number
EP2394747A1
EP2394747A1 EP10165851A EP10165851A EP2394747A1 EP 2394747 A1 EP2394747 A1 EP 2394747A1 EP 10165851 A EP10165851 A EP 10165851A EP 10165851 A EP10165851 A EP 10165851A EP 2394747 A1 EP2394747 A1 EP 2394747A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
component
upper edge
paint
flood coating
holder
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP10165851A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Thomas Tschurl
Dominic Güldner
Sebastian Schmidt
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Saint Gobain Glass France SAS
Compagnie de Saint Gobain SA
Original Assignee
Saint Gobain Glass France SAS
Compagnie de Saint Gobain SA
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Saint Gobain Glass France SAS, Compagnie de Saint Gobain SA filed Critical Saint Gobain Glass France SAS
Priority to EP10165851A priority Critical patent/EP2394747A1/fr
Priority to KR1020167006617A priority patent/KR101743894B1/ko
Priority to JP2013514640A priority patent/JP2013532059A/ja
Priority to EP11724624.9A priority patent/EP2579995B1/fr
Priority to KR1020127029686A priority patent/KR20130073892A/ko
Priority to US13/640,164 priority patent/US9162253B2/en
Priority to ES11724624.9T priority patent/ES2536630T3/es
Priority to PCT/EP2011/059462 priority patent/WO2011157603A1/fr
Priority to CN201180024003.3A priority patent/CN102883824B/zh
Priority to PT117246249T priority patent/PT2579995E/pt
Priority to PL11724624T priority patent/PL2579995T3/pl
Publication of EP2394747A1 publication Critical patent/EP2394747A1/fr
Priority to JP2015162698A priority patent/JP6324932B2/ja
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
    • B05D—PROCESSES FOR APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
    • B05D3/00—Pretreatment of surfaces to which liquids or other fluent materials are to be applied; After-treatment of applied coatings, e.g. intermediate treating of an applied coating preparatory to subsequent applications of liquids or other fluent materials
    • B05D3/04—Pretreatment of surfaces to which liquids or other fluent materials are to be applied; After-treatment of applied coatings, e.g. intermediate treating of an applied coating preparatory to subsequent applications of liquids or other fluent materials by exposure to gases
    • B05D3/0406—Pretreatment of surfaces to which liquids or other fluent materials are to be applied; After-treatment of applied coatings, e.g. intermediate treating of an applied coating preparatory to subsequent applications of liquids or other fluent materials by exposure to gases the gas being air
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
    • B05D—PROCESSES FOR APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
    • B05D1/00—Processes for applying liquids or other fluent materials
    • B05D1/30—Processes for applying liquids or other fluent materials performed by gravity only, i.e. flow coating
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
    • B05D—PROCESSES FOR APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
    • B05D3/00—Pretreatment of surfaces to which liquids or other fluent materials are to be applied; After-treatment of applied coatings, e.g. intermediate treating of an applied coating preparatory to subsequent applications of liquids or other fluent materials
    • B05D3/04—Pretreatment of surfaces to which liquids or other fluent materials are to be applied; After-treatment of applied coatings, e.g. intermediate treating of an applied coating preparatory to subsequent applications of liquids or other fluent materials by exposure to gases
    • B05D3/0406—Pretreatment of surfaces to which liquids or other fluent materials are to be applied; After-treatment of applied coatings, e.g. intermediate treating of an applied coating preparatory to subsequent applications of liquids or other fluent materials by exposure to gases the gas being air
    • B05D3/0413—Heating with air
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
    • B05D—PROCESSES FOR APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
    • B05D3/00—Pretreatment of surfaces to which liquids or other fluent materials are to be applied; After-treatment of applied coatings, e.g. intermediate treating of an applied coating preparatory to subsequent applications of liquids or other fluent materials
    • B05D3/04—Pretreatment of surfaces to which liquids or other fluent materials are to be applied; After-treatment of applied coatings, e.g. intermediate treating of an applied coating preparatory to subsequent applications of liquids or other fluent materials by exposure to gases
    • B05D3/0406—Pretreatment of surfaces to which liquids or other fluent materials are to be applied; After-treatment of applied coatings, e.g. intermediate treating of an applied coating preparatory to subsequent applications of liquids or other fluent materials by exposure to gases the gas being air
    • B05D3/042—Directing or stopping the fluid to be coated with air
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
    • B05D—PROCESSES FOR APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
    • B05D7/00—Processes, other than flocking, specially adapted for applying liquids or other fluent materials to particular surfaces or for applying particular liquids or other fluent materials
    • B05D7/02—Processes, other than flocking, specially adapted for applying liquids or other fluent materials to particular surfaces or for applying particular liquids or other fluent materials to macromolecular substances, e.g. rubber
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
    • B05D—PROCESSES FOR APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
    • B05D7/00—Processes, other than flocking, specially adapted for applying liquids or other fluent materials to particular surfaces or for applying particular liquids or other fluent materials
    • B05D7/50—Multilayers
    • B05D7/52—Two layers
    • B05D7/54—No clear coat specified

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method and a device for flood coating a polymeric material.
  • Coating and painting in addition to the visual appearance, have a significant impact on the surface finish and durability of a polymeric material. This concerns both the visual impression as well as the color or gloss of the polymeric material, as well as its chemical and mechanical resistance. If the coating adheres poorly to the workpiece to be coated, the application of a permanently adhering lacquer can take place in a two-stage process.
  • a primer is applied, which produces a chemical or physical bond between the polymeric workpiece and the topcoat.
  • the functional layer can be applied.
  • the functional layer and the primer can contain, in addition to colorants and pigments, UV blockers, preservatives and components for increasing the scratch resistance, for example nanoparticles.
  • the primer applied first contains UV blockers and preservatives.
  • the hardcoat is then applied on the primer in a second step.
  • Hardcoats in many cases contain hybrid polysiloxanes which contain both Si-O groups and Si-R groups with organic radicals -R. These hardcoats have a high resistance to mechanical stress and aggressive chemical substances or compounds. This includes above all organic solvents but also dilute acids and bases.
  • the application of the coating of primer and topcoat can be done by different methods. Common methods include brushing and rolling, spraying of aerosols, powder coating, dip coating and flood coating of solutions, emulsions or suspensions, as well as CVD (chemical vapor deposition) and PVD (physical vapor deposition) method from the gas phase. The methods differ significantly in terms of their equipment, the cost and especially for large quantities of their reproducibility.
  • One common method of coating polymeric materials in large numbers is flood coating. For this purpose, a component is acted upon from the top edge with a liquid paint. The resulting coating can be done with one or more fixed flood or paint curtain or with a movable flood robot arm. The running paint wets the entire component depending on the position of the flood robot arm.
  • a disadvantage of the flood coating is the physical layer thickness gradient from the point of the paint application or the upper tipping edge and the lower drip edge of the excess paint.
  • Part of the solvent evaporates on the way over the component to be coated.
  • the decrease in the solvent concentration leads in many cases to an increase in viscosity of the paint in the region of the drip edge.
  • the increase in viscosity at the same time reduces the dripping speed and at the same time causes an increase in the layer thickness in the region of the drip edge.
  • pre- and partially polymerized paint components can collect and accumulate in the area of the drip edge. In the tread area, the required layer thickness is often not reached, while at the drip edge, due to the subsequent flow of the paint, can build up too high a layer thickness.
  • Too small a layer thickness can result in the loss of weathering stability and thus rapid aging of the coated component. In contrast, too high a layer thickness of the paint often causes stress cracking. This effect is intensified when several paint or functional layers are applied to the workpiece to be coated.
  • the DE 199 06 247 A1 discloses a method for producing a two-layer topcoat on motor vehicle bodies.
  • a transparent topcoat layer of a clearcoat coating is applied to a waterborne basecoat.
  • the GB 1,097,461 A discloses a method of printing and dyeing plastic pages or films.
  • the paint can be applied by brushing, spraying or flood coating and then optionally fixed by drying.
  • the GB 1,201,292 A discloses an acrylic varnish for wood, glass, plastic and plastic body parts which can be cured at low temperatures.
  • the acrylic paint can be applied by spraying, dipping, brushing or flood coating.
  • the GB 2 123 841 A discloses a thin, scratch-resistant polyurethane coating which can be applied to the material via dip and flood coating techniques.
  • Possible substrates include transparent polycarbonates and thermoplastic polyurethane slices.
  • the object of the invention is to provide a method for flood coating a polymeric material, which on the component to be coated uniform Layer thickness of the applied paint layers allows.
  • the layer thickness gradient of the coating from the upper inflow edge to the lower drip edge should be as low as possible.
  • the inventive method for flood coating a polymeric material comprises a first step, wherein at least one component is inserted at an angle of 25 ° to 90 ° to the ground in a holder.
  • the component is then coated from an upper edge with a paint.
  • the paint flows from the upper edge over the component to the drip edge.
  • the paint flows from a paint curtain and / or from a plurality of juxtaposed nozzles onto the component.
  • the paint is applied from a movable nozzle arm on the component.
  • the paint is subjected to an air flow below the upper edge of the component.
  • below the upper edge in the context of the invention includes 30% of the surface of the component adjacent to the edge.
  • the application of the air flow of at least portions within the range below the upper edge increases the evaporation of the solvent in the paint and increases the viscosity of the paint.
  • the increased viscosity slows the flow of the paint in the area below the upper edge and equalizes the layer thickness of the paint below the upper edge of the layer thickness of the paint on the lower drip edge.
  • At least one component is inserted in a holder at an angle of 25 ° to 90 ° to the ground in a first step. Subsequently, the component is heated at an upper edge to a temperature of 25 ° C to 100 ° C and during and / or subsequently coated from the upper edge with a lacquer.
  • the term "upper edge” refers to 30% of the edge-adjacent surface of the component. The heating of the upper edge can be done with a hot air stream or blower. An alternative possibility is the Heating with the help of radiant heat, for example with an infrared radiator.
  • the heating of the component below the upper edge increases, as with the application of an air flow, the evaporation of the solvent in the paint and increases the viscosity of the paint.
  • the increased viscosity slows the flow of the paint in the area below the upper edge and equalizes the layer thickness of the paint below the upper edge (tipping edge) to the layer thickness of the paint at the lower drip edge.
  • the two described embodiments of the method according to the invention can also be repeated in an automated process.
  • the repetition of the paint application and the application of an air stream or the heating of the component allow the deposition of several identical and / or different paint layers.
  • the repetition can take place both on the same device and on different devices according to the invention connected to each other by a treadmill.
  • the component is preferably inserted at an angle of 35 ° to 70 °, more preferably 40 ° to 60 ° to the ground in the holder.
  • the holder preferably contains metals and / or alloys, more preferably iron, aluminum, chromium, vanadium, nickel, molybdenum, manganese or polymers such as polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, polyurethanes, polycarbonates, polymethylmethacrylates, polyacrylates, polyesters, polyamides and / or mixtures or Copolymers thereof
  • the air flow preferably has a speed of 1 m / s to 5 m / s, preferably 2 m / s to 4 m / s.
  • the air stream preferably has a temperature of 30 ° C to 150 ° C, preferably from 40 ° C to 80 ° C.
  • the invention further includes a device for flood coating a polymeric material.
  • the device comprises at least one component inserted into a holder at an angle of 25 ° to 90 ° to the ground.
  • the component contains at least one polymeric material, in addition, the component may also contain a metal and / or glass.
  • the polymeric material preferably contains polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, polyurethanes, polycarbonates, polymethylmethacrylates, polyacrylates, polyesters, polyamides, polyethylene terephthalate and / or mixtures or copolymers thereof, more preferably polycarbonate and polycarbonate blends such as polycarbonate / polyethylene terephthalate; Polycarbonate / acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene; Polycarbonate / polybutylene terephthalate.
  • the component preferably has a surface area of more than 250 cm 2 , more preferably of more than 500 cm 2 .
  • a nozzle preferably a movable robot arm, arranged for applying paint on the component.
  • the nozzle or movable robotic arm allows the paint to be applied to the bottom edge of the floor and 30% of the surface of the component adjacent the edge.
  • An air nozzle and / or heat source is aligned with the top edge of the component.
  • a plurality of air nozzles and / or heat sources may be arranged side by side.
  • the holder is preferably mounted on a treadmill, floor conveyor or overhead conveyor.
  • the treadmill is preferably located within a painting line and thus allows the flood coating of large quantities of the component and several coating steps.
  • the air nozzle or air lance is preferably arranged at a distance of 100 mm to 1000 mm, preferably 150 mm to 400 mm from the component in the temporarily stationary (parked) state.
  • the paint preferably contains a topcoat and / or primer, particularly preferably in the topcoat organically modified silicone resins and / or polyacrylates in the primer.
  • the paint preferably contains solvents, preferably water, alcohols, and / or ketones, more preferably methanol, 2-propanol, n-butanol, 1-methoxy-2-propanol, 4-hydroxy-4-methyl-2-pentanone, and / or mixtures or derivatives thereof.
  • solvents preferably water, alcohols, and / or ketones, more preferably methanol, 2-propanol, n-butanol, 1-methoxy-2-propanol, 4-hydroxy-4-methyl-2-pentanone, and / or mixtures or derivatives thereof.
  • the primer contains solvents, preferably 1-methoxy-2-propanol, 4-hydroxy-4-methyl-2-pentanone, and / or mixtures or derivatives thereof.
  • the topcoat contains solvents, preferably water, more preferably methanol, 2-propanol, n-butanol, and / or mixtures or derivatives thereof.
  • the paint preferably contains 4-methyl-2-pentanone (MIBK) and / or derivatives thereof.
  • MIBK 4-methyl-2-pentanone
  • the invention further comprises the use of the device according to the invention for flood coating of polymeric materials, preferably for flood coating of plastic parts in vehicles, particularly preferably for flood coating of vehicle roofs and / or car glazings made of plastic.
  • FIG. 1 shows a schematic view of a preferred embodiment of the device (10) according to the invention.
  • the component to be coated (1) is located in a holder (2) and is coated by a movable nozzle arm (6) of the upper edge (1a) of the component (1) with lacquer (3).
  • the paint (3) is acted upon by an air flow (4) from an air nozzle (7a).
  • the holder (2) is preferably located on bottom conveyors (8).
  • the floor conveyor (8) on the floor (5) allow the use of the device (10) according to the invention in painting lines and conveyor belts.
  • FIG. 2 shows a schematic view of another preferred embodiment of the device (10) according to the invention.
  • the basic structure corresponds to that in FIG. 3 described construction of the device.
  • the component is heated by a heat source (7b) before or during the coating application (3), not shown.
  • the solvent in the paint (3) evaporates faster in the heated area and thus produces a higher viscosity and layer thickness (a) at the upper edge (1a).
  • the treadmills (8) on allow the floor (5) as well as in FIG. 3 the use of the device (10) according to the invention in painting lines and assembly lines.
  • FIG. 3 shows a cross section of a flood-coated component according to the prior art.
  • the component (1) was flood-coated from the upper edge (a ') to the drip edge (b').
  • the paint (3) evaporates when flowing over the component (1), a part of the solvent. This effect is greater, the longer the component (1) and the higher the outside temperature.
  • the decrease of the solvent in the paint (3) causes an increase in the viscosity of the paint (3) and thus a disadvantageous increase in the paint film thickness in the region of the drip edge (b ').
  • FIG. 4 shows a cross section of a flood-coated component according to the inventive method.
  • the component (1) was flood-coated from the upper edge (a) to the drip edge (b) and the paint (3) meanwhile applied below the upper edge (1a) of the component (1) with an air flow (4).
  • the paint (3) a part of the solvent evaporates when flowing over the component (1), this is as in FIG. 1 described the larger, the longer the component and the higher the outside temperature.
  • the application of an air stream (4) increases the evaporation of the solvent of the paint (3) at the upper edge (a).
  • the resulting higher viscosity increases the layer thickness of the lacquer (3) at the upper edge (a) and ensures a smaller difference to the layer thickness of the lacquer (3) at the drip edge (b).
  • the average layer thickness of the upper edge (1a) increases by 3% to 5%.
EP10165851A 2010-06-14 2010-06-14 Procédé destiné au revêtement de canal d'une matière première polymère Withdrawn EP2394747A1 (fr)

Priority Applications (12)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP10165851A EP2394747A1 (fr) 2010-06-14 2010-06-14 Procédé destiné au revêtement de canal d'une matière première polymère
US13/640,164 US9162253B2 (en) 2010-06-14 2011-06-08 Method for the flow coating of a polymeric material
JP2013514640A JP2013532059A (ja) 2010-06-14 2011-06-08 高分子材料をフローコートするための方法
EP11724624.9A EP2579995B1 (fr) 2010-06-14 2011-06-08 Procédé destiné au revêtement de canal d'une matière première polymère
KR1020127029686A KR20130073892A (ko) 2010-06-14 2011-06-08 중합체 재료의 유동 코팅을 위한 방법
KR1020167006617A KR101743894B1 (ko) 2010-06-14 2011-06-08 중합체 재료를 유동 코팅하기 위한 방법
ES11724624.9T ES2536630T3 (es) 2010-06-14 2011-06-08 Procedimiento para el recubrimiento por aspersión de un material polímero
PCT/EP2011/059462 WO2011157603A1 (fr) 2010-06-14 2011-06-08 Procédé de revêtement par aspersion d'un matériau polymère
CN201180024003.3A CN102883824B (zh) 2010-06-14 2011-06-08 聚合物材料的流涂方法
PT117246249T PT2579995E (pt) 2010-06-14 2011-06-08 Processo para o revestimento por fluxo com um material polímero
PL11724624T PL2579995T3 (pl) 2010-06-14 2011-06-08 Sposób powlekania materiału polimerowego przez polewanie
JP2015162698A JP6324932B2 (ja) 2010-06-14 2015-08-20 高分子材料をフローコートするための方法

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP10165851A EP2394747A1 (fr) 2010-06-14 2010-06-14 Procédé destiné au revêtement de canal d'une matière première polymère

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP2394747A1 true EP2394747A1 (fr) 2011-12-14

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Family Applications (2)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP10165851A Withdrawn EP2394747A1 (fr) 2010-06-14 2010-06-14 Procédé destiné au revêtement de canal d'une matière première polymère
EP11724624.9A Not-in-force EP2579995B1 (fr) 2010-06-14 2011-06-08 Procédé destiné au revêtement de canal d'une matière première polymère

Family Applications After (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP11724624.9A Not-in-force EP2579995B1 (fr) 2010-06-14 2011-06-08 Procédé destiné au revêtement de canal d'une matière première polymère

Country Status (9)

Country Link
US (1) US9162253B2 (fr)
EP (2) EP2394747A1 (fr)
JP (2) JP2013532059A (fr)
KR (2) KR101743894B1 (fr)
CN (1) CN102883824B (fr)
ES (1) ES2536630T3 (fr)
PL (1) PL2579995T3 (fr)
PT (1) PT2579995E (fr)
WO (1) WO2011157603A1 (fr)

Cited By (3)

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WO2013087290A1 (fr) * 2011-12-14 2013-06-20 Saint-Gobain Glass France Pièce polymère destinée à un revêtement par aspersion
WO2014067745A1 (fr) * 2012-10-30 2014-05-08 Saint-Gobain Glass France Glaçage polymère de véhicule doté d'une zone de bord opaque affleurante
EP2735378A1 (fr) * 2012-11-23 2014-05-28 3S Swiss Solar Systems AG Procédé de fabrication d'un module solaire avec agent d'encapsulation et appareil pour l'effectuer

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GB1201292A (en) 1968-05-14 1970-08-05 Du Pont Acrylic coating composition
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WO2008025311A1 (fr) * 2006-08-28 2008-03-06 Webasto Ag Procédé de revêtement d'une pièce en matière plastique
WO2008134768A1 (fr) * 2007-05-01 2008-11-06 Exatec, Llc Procédé pour prévoir une résistance uniforme aux intempéries d'un revêtement

Cited By (10)

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WO2013087290A1 (fr) * 2011-12-14 2013-06-20 Saint-Gobain Glass France Pièce polymère destinée à un revêtement par aspersion
US20140302235A1 (en) * 2011-12-14 2014-10-09 Saint-Gobain Glass France Polymer workpiece for flow coating
US9802219B2 (en) 2011-12-14 2017-10-31 Saint-Gobain Glass France Polymer workpiece for flow coating
WO2014067745A1 (fr) * 2012-10-30 2014-05-08 Saint-Gobain Glass France Glaçage polymère de véhicule doté d'une zone de bord opaque affleurante
CN104781061A (zh) * 2012-10-30 2015-07-15 法国圣戈班玻璃厂 具有齐平安装的不透明边缘带的聚合物交通工具玻璃
CN104781061B (zh) * 2012-10-30 2017-02-22 法国圣戈班玻璃厂 具有齐平安装的不透明边缘带的聚合物交通工具玻璃
EA028366B1 (ru) * 2012-10-30 2017-11-30 Сэн-Гобэн Гласс Франс Автомобильное полимерное остекление с установленной заподлицо непрозрачной краевой зоной
US10118364B2 (en) 2012-10-30 2018-11-06 Saint-Gobain Glass France Polymeric vehicle glazing with a flush mounted opaque edge zone
EP2735378A1 (fr) * 2012-11-23 2014-05-28 3S Swiss Solar Systems AG Procédé de fabrication d'un module solaire avec agent d'encapsulation et appareil pour l'effectuer
WO2014080258A1 (fr) * 2012-11-23 2014-05-30 3S Swiss Solar Systems Ag Procédé de fabrication d'un module solaire présentant un encapsulant et système correspondant

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KR20130073892A (ko) 2013-07-03
CN102883824B (zh) 2014-12-03
WO2011157603A1 (fr) 2011-12-22
KR20160034425A (ko) 2016-03-29
ES2536630T3 (es) 2015-05-27
EP2579995B1 (fr) 2015-02-18
PT2579995E (pt) 2015-05-27
US20130202798A1 (en) 2013-08-08
KR101743894B1 (ko) 2017-06-05
JP2016041421A (ja) 2016-03-31
US9162253B2 (en) 2015-10-20
JP6324932B2 (ja) 2018-05-16
CN102883824A (zh) 2013-01-16
EP2579995A1 (fr) 2013-04-17

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