EP2376370A1 - Reservoir adiabatique d'hydrure metallique - Google Patents
Reservoir adiabatique d'hydrure metalliqueInfo
- Publication number
- EP2376370A1 EP2376370A1 EP09801232A EP09801232A EP2376370A1 EP 2376370 A1 EP2376370 A1 EP 2376370A1 EP 09801232 A EP09801232 A EP 09801232A EP 09801232 A EP09801232 A EP 09801232A EP 2376370 A1 EP2376370 A1 EP 2376370A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- hydrogen
- heat
- storage tank
- hydrogen storage
- alloy
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B3/00—Hydrogen; Gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen; Separation of hydrogen from mixtures containing it; Purification of hydrogen; Reversible storage of hydrogen
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B3/00—Hydrogen; Gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen; Separation of hydrogen from mixtures containing it; Purification of hydrogen; Reversible storage of hydrogen
- C01B3/0005—Reversible storage of hydrogen, e.g. by hydrogen getters or electrodes
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B3/00—Hydrogen; Gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen; Separation of hydrogen from mixtures containing it; Purification of hydrogen; Reversible storage of hydrogen
- C01B3/0005—Reversible storage of hydrogen, e.g. by hydrogen getters or electrodes
- C01B3/001—Reversible storage of hydrogen, e.g. by hydrogen getters or electrodes characterised by the uptaking media; Treatment thereof
- C01B3/0078—Composite solid storage media, e.g. mixtures of polymers and metal hydrides, coated solid compounds or structurally heterogeneous solid compounds
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B6/00—Hydrides of metals including fully or partially hydrided metals, alloys or intermetallic compounds ; Compounds containing at least one metal-hydrogen bond, e.g. (GeH3)2S, SiH GeH; Monoborane or diborane; Addition complexes thereof
- C01B6/04—Hydrides of alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, beryllium or magnesium; Addition complexes thereof
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
- F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
- F17C11/00—Use of gas-solvents or gas-sorbents in vessels
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
- F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
- F17C11/00—Use of gas-solvents or gas-sorbents in vessels
- F17C11/005—Use of gas-solvents or gas-sorbents in vessels for hydrogen
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/32—Hydrogen storage
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P20/00—Technologies relating to chemical industry
- Y02P20/10—Process efficiency
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P20/00—Technologies relating to chemical industry
- Y02P20/10—Process efficiency
- Y02P20/129—Energy recovery, e.g. by cogeneration, H2recovery or pressure recovery turbines
Definitions
- the invention relates to an adiabatic tank of metal hydride.
- Hydrogen is used in many industrial fields, especially as fuel or reagent (for hydrogenation reactions for example).
- fuel or reagent for hydrogenation reactions for example.
- the most common mode of storage currently is to compress hydrogen gas. This so-called “hyperbaric" storage is at a pressure of between 350 and 700 bars.
- the tanks used must withstand high pressures and are therefore expensive.
- poor aging of the materials and the structure of these tanks is observed, which poses safety problems beyond a certain number of filling cycles.
- Another storage method consists in liquefying hydrogen in cryogenic tanks at low temperature (-253 ° C.).
- One of the major drawbacks of this solution lies in the insulation of the tanks, especially in consumer applications. Indeed, despite efficient insulation, it is found that the hydrogen in these reservoirs is warming. It turns into gas and escapes from the tank. This phenomenon is called "boil-off”. It generates losses, which prohibits its application in closed premises.
- the two previous types of storage require, in addition, a significant amount of energy to compress or cool the hydrogen. The energy balance of the use of hydrogen with these modes of storage is therefore bad.
- Certain metals or alloys may reversibly incorporate hydrogen atoms into the crystal lattice. Hydrogen is absorbed / desorbed by these materials depending on the temperature and pressure conditions. These are, for example, palladium (Pd), magnesium (Mg), ZrMn 2 , Mg 2 Ni or alloys such as Mg-Mg 2 Ni or alanates.
- metal hydride as used herein also covers, depending on the process step, the metal partially or completely charged with hydrogen.
- heavy hydrides mainly LaNi 5 , and alloys such as ferro-titanium alloy or Ti-V-Cr-based alloy
- light hydrides mainly magnesium
- lithium lithium
- heavy hydrides hydrogen is absorbed at ambient temperature and pressure.
- the exothermicity of the reaction is generally moderate (less than or equal to 35 kJ / mol Hb).
- the hydrogen is desorbed at ambient temperature and pressure.
- the energy input needed to use hydrogen is reasonable.
- These heavy hydrides are, therefore, generally recommended for the hydrogen supply of fuel cells.
- the absorption of hydrogen by the light metal hydride requires a higher temperature (approximately 300 ° C. for MgH 2 ). This reaction is very exothermic (75 kJ / mol H 2 ). The energy input required to initiate the hydrogen absorption reaction is therefore moderate. On the other hand, the absorption reaction is interrupted spontaneously if the heat produced is not evacuated. In addition, during use, the desorption of hydrogen requires a high heat input, the reaction being endothermic. The use of light hydrides therefore requires very precise thermal management, both during absorption and desorption of hydrogen.
- the present invention proposes to recover the thermal energy of the absorption and to use it for desorption in order to reach a satisfactory overall yield.
- EP 0 015 106 excludes any possibility of exploitation at high levels of thermal power.
- molten salts in addition to their low thermal conductivity, are corrosive or, for some, toxic or explosive. In case of accidental leakage, the reaction between the molten salt and the metal hydride is extremely violent. They also have a large difference in specific mass between their solid phase and their liquid phase which causes significant shrinkage.
- the present invention therefore aims to provide a safe hydrogen storage tank, easy to manufacture, offering rapid kinetics of hydrogen absorption, minimizing volume variations and inexpensive material and energy.
- the present invention proposes a hydrogen storage tank using a light metal hydride, in particular magnesium hydride, compacted with a thermally conductive matrix and combined with a reversible storage system for the heat of absorption of hydrogen over magnesium hydride, preferably a metal system such as that for example a magnesium alloy.
- the subject of the invention is a hydrogen storage tank comprising an inlet and a hydrogen outlet in fluid communication with at least one solid body capable of exothermic absorption and endothermic desorption of hydrogen, in wherein said at least one solid body is formed of a compacted material comprising light metal hydride and a thermally conductive matrix, and wherein said at least one solid body is in heat transfer relationship with at least one storage material of heat, devoid of compound salt or molten salts, and capable of absorbing the heat produced by the absorption of hydrogen, and to restore this heat absorbed to provide heat for the desorption of hydrogen.
- at least one solid body is formed of a compacted material comprising light metal hydride and a thermally conductive matrix
- said at least one solid body is in heat transfer relationship with at least one storage material of heat, devoid of compound salt or molten salts, and capable of absorbing the heat produced by the absorption of hydrogen, and to restore this heat absorbed to provide heat for the desorption of hydrogen.
- Said at least one heat storage material may be a phase change material such that the heat produced by the hydrogen absorption is stored in the phase change material as it changes from a first to a second phase. second phase, and is restored to provide heat for hydrogen desorption when the phase change material changes from the second to the first phase;
- the thermally conductive matrix may be chosen from the group consisting of expanded natural graphite, metallic felts, non-oxide ceramics and copper foams coated with non-oxide ceramics;
- the compacted material may comprise 80 to 99% by weight of magnesium hydride and 20 to 1% by weight of expanded natural graphite;
- the metal hydride may be chosen from the group consisting of magnesium hydride and hydride of a magnesium alloy;
- the phase change material may have a phase change temperature between a first equilibrium absorption / desorption temperature of the compacted material at a first operating pressure of between 1 and 4 bar, and a second equilibrium temperature absorption / desorption of the compacted material at a second operating pressure of between 10 and 20 bar;
- the phase-change material may have a thermal conductivity greater than or equal to 5 W / m ⁇ K, advantageously greater than or equal to 10 W / m ⁇ K, typically equal to approximately 100 W / m ⁇ K;
- the phase-change material may be a metal alloy
- the metal alloy may be selected from the list consisting of a magnesium-based alloy, a zinc-based alloy, a tin-based alloy, an indium-based alloy, a lead-based alloy, a strontium-based alloy, a bismuth-based alloy, an antimony-based alloy, an aluminum-based alloy, a silicon-based alloy, and a calcium-based alloy;
- the magnesium-based metal alloy may be chosen from the list consisting of a magnesium-zinc alloy, a magnesium-tin alloy and a magnesium-bismuth alloy;
- the reservoir may comprise at least one tubular container delimited by a thermally conductive wall, in which is disposed at least one solid body formed of a compacted material comprising metal hydride and a thermally conductive matrix, said at least one container being arranged in a vessel comprising the heat storage material;
- the reservoir may comprise a plurality of tubular containers arranged in a spindle in the tank and around which the heat storage material is arranged;
- the reservoir may comprise a plurality of solid bodies stacked inside said at least one container, in at least one stacking direction;
- Each solid body may have a pellet shape comprising a central hole
- a solid body may comprise at least two parts associated with a thrust means of each part in thermal contact with the wall of the container:
- the reservoir may be further provided with a heat exchanger arranged to transfer the heat from the pellets or half pellets to the heat storage material and vice versa;
- the heat exchanger may comprise metal plates stacked alternately with the pellets or two half-pellets;
- the reservoir may include a neutral gas supply arranged to ensure the presence of the neutral gas in contact with areas of the heat recovery material, such as a phase change material, may be exposed to air; and
- Said at least one heat storage material may comprise at least two reagents capable of reacting with each other during an endothermic reaction using the heat of hydrogen absorption to generate at least one product reaction, the latter being able to react during an exothermic reaction providing heat for the desorption of hydrogen to generate the said at least two reagents.
- the use of a light metal hydride compacted with a thermally conductive matrix makes it possible to use a reversible storage system for the heat of absorption of hydrogen, and to obtain rapid absorption kinetics (of the order of a few minutes).
- the storage system according to the invention is, moreover, lightweight, inexpensive in energy, safe and minimizes volume variations.
- the invention also relates to the use of a compacted material comprising light metal hydride and a thermally conductive matrix for storing hydrogen in a tank comprising a heat storage material in heat transfer relationship with the compacted material.
- FIGS. 1a to 1c three comparative diagrams of the hydrogen absorption kinetics by, respectively , magnesium hydride powder, by a compacted material of magnesium hydride comprising 5% by weight of expanded natural graphite combined with a heat exchanger, and a compacted material of magnesium hydride comprising 20% by weight expanded natural graphite;
- - Figure 2 is a schematic perspective view of a pellet of a solid hydrogen storage body according to the invention
- Figure 3 is a diagram of the hydrogen desorption kinetics with a compacted magnesium hydride pellet comprising 20% by weight of expanded natural graphite, as a function of the characteristic pellet length and the desorption pressure;
- FIG. 1a to 1c three comparative diagrams of the hydrogen absorption kinetics by, respectively , magnesium hydride powder, by a compacted material of magnesium hydride comprising 5% by weight of expanded natural graphite combined with a heat exchanger, and a compacted material of magnesium hydride comprising 20% by weight expanded natural graphit
- FIG. 4 a diagram of the absorption kinetics at a pressure of 10 bar as a function of the thermal conductivity of the phase change material, for a MgH 2 / GNE pellet (20%), and a characteristic length of 5 cm;
- Figure 6 is a schematic side sectional view of a first embodiment of a hydrogen storage tank according to the invention;
- Figure 7 is a schematic sectional view from above of the reservoir of Figure 6;
- Figure 8 is a schematic sectional view from above of a second embodiment of a hydrogen storage tank according to the invention;
- solid body is used as opposed to a fluid body such as a powder.
- the term "compacted material” as used hereinafter means a material whose density is significantly higher than that of the raw materials in powder form. This material is in particular obtained by compression of a mixture of raw materials in powder form. The porosity is 0.7 for the powdery MgH 2 and can reach 0.3 after compaction at 10 8 Pa.
- the invention relates mainly, but not exclusively, to magnesium hydride MgH 2 because it has many advantages: magnesium is recyclable, biocompatible, abundant and inexpensive.
- Magnesium hydride has, in addition, a high hydrogen storage capacity (7.6% by mass) and a volumetric density close to that of liquid hydrogen.
- magnesium hydride MgH 2 is activated by co-grinding magnesium hydride with a transition metal, a transition metal alloy or a transition metal oxide preferably introduced in proportions included between 1 and 10 atomic% relative to the mixture.
- transition metal refers to chemical elements having in the atomic state a partially filled d-sublayer or which form at least one ion with a partially filled d-underlayer. Particularly targeted are the transition metals V,
- the activated magnesium hydride is advantageously in the form of a very fine powder, with a particle size of between 1 and 10 ⁇ m.
- This activation can be carried out in particular by co-grinding with an alloy of centered cubic structure based on titanium, vanadium and either chromium or manganese.
- the powders obtained have very good performance in terms of absorption kinetics and hydrogen desorption, but are however very reactive and can ignite spontaneously in air.
- the magnesium hydride thus activated is mixed with a thermally conductive matrix selected, for example, but not exclusively from expanded graphite, expanded natural graphite (GNE), graphite fibers, metal felts, non-oxide ceramics, and foam foams. copper coated.
- thermally conductive matrix means a material mixed with the powder and promoting the cohesion of the product obtained by compacting and thermal conduction.
- GNE is a form of graphite modified by chemical and thermal treatments.
- Graphite is advantageous because it is hydrophobic, refractory and a good conductor of heat.
- the GNE is particularly effective because it is in the form of small sheets of millimeter size, which gives it a strongly anisotropic character, and which promotes the conduction of heat over great distances, on a much larger scale than the grains magnesium.
- the particles of GNE are advantageously in the form of elongated vermicles having a diameter of the order of 500 microns and a length of a few millimeters.
- the force exerted during the compaction is chosen in particular according to the desired porosity in the material.
- a compression force of the order of 1 t / cm 2 has proved appropriate for obtaining pellets of material (FIG. 2) having a porosity of the order of 0.3.
- the proportion of expanded natural graphite in the composition results from a compromise between the increase in thermal conductivity and the decrease in the absorption capacity, the GNE does not absorb hydrogen.
- the compacted material comprises between 75 and 99% by weight of magnesium hydride and between 25 and 1% by weight of expanded natural graphite.
- the GNE allows a better management of thermal flows during the exothermic hydriding operation, and therefore a significant reduction in the time of recharging in hydrogen.
- MghVGNE (X%), where X is the percentage of matrix, such as the GNE, used.
- the material obtained has a reduced porosity with respect to the powder, which increases its capacity for storage of hydrogen. Its compact shape gives it a mechanical strength that facilitates its use and allows machining to give it a desired shape.
- the composite is manipulable in the air, without risk of spontaneous ignition even when it has been prepared with activated magnesium hydride. This allows safer and easier loading of the tanks.
- FIGS. 1a to 1c illustrate three comparative diagrams of the absorption kinetics of hydrogen by non-compacted magnesium hydride powder (FIG. 1a), by a compacted material of magnesium hydride comprising 5% by weight of GNE ( Figure 1b) and by a compacted magnesium hydride material comprising 20% by weight of GNE (FIG. 1c).
- Graph 1a is given for a natural heat evacuation regime of the hydrogen uptake by the metal hydride, ie: 0 NI per minute (normoliter: the normoliter NI represents one liter of the gas under normal conditions temperature and pressure).
- Charts 1b and 1c are given for three regimes of heat removal from hydrogen uptake by metal hydride: 0 NI per minute, 5 NI per minute and 22 NI per minute.
- Figure 1a shows that the magnesium hydride powder alone is hydrolyzed slowly. Typically, its maximum absorption capacity is reached in about 150 minutes.
- the compacted material used for Figure 1b has been related heat transfer with a heat exchanger.
- FIG. 1b shows that the maximum absorption capacity of the compacted material of magnesium hydride comprising 5% by weight of expanded natural graphite is reached in about 50 minutes without cooling. When cooling is maximum (22 Ni / minute), the maximum capacity is reached in only about 25 minutes.
- FIGS. 1a and 1b show that the solid body according to the invention has a radial thermal conductivity much higher than that obtained with a magnesium powder.
- the heat exchanger used comprises metal fins (copper) stacked alternately with pellets or half pellets of MgHVGNE (5%) in at least one stacking direction.
- this heat exchanger requires the use in the tank of a mass of copper equivalent to the mass of magnesium pellets. In other words, half of the mass is represented by copper which does not store hydrogen.
- FIG. 1c shows that the maximum absorption capacity of the compacted material of magnesium hydride comprising 20% by weight of expanded natural graphite is reached in about 40 minutes without cooling. When the cooling is maximum (22 Ni / minute), this volume is filled in only about 20 minutes.
- the thermal conductivity of MgH 2 / GNE is about 4 W / mK while the thermal conductivity of MgH 2 ZGNE (20%) is about 15W / m. K.
- the size of the pellets also has a significant influence on the hydrogen loading / unloading time which is a function of the characteristic heat diffusion length in the material.
- a characteristic length L c defined as being the distance equal to the outer radius RE of the wafer minus the radius RT of the central hole is defined.
- Figure 3 shows the unloading times calculated as a function of this characteristic length and the pressure at the outlet of the tank. These hydrogen desorption times are those obtained when the thermal conductivity of the hydrogen storage material is the limiting factor of the reaction. To maintain a loading / unloading time (or absorption / desorption) of the order of a few hours, it is therefore preferable to maintain a limited characteristic lozenge length. Thus, to optimize the efficiency of the tank in terms of loading / unloading speed, it is desirable to favor several stacks of pellets of reduced characteristic length, arranged in "bundles" rather than a single stack of pellets of great length characteristic . By way of example, according to FIG. 3, a pellet in
- MghVGNE (20%) having a characteristic length of 12 cm would allow the tank to be discharged in 6 hours for an outlet pressure of 4 bar, or 3h30 for a pressure of 3 bar, which is compatible with a day / night cycle of operation .
- the invention proposes the use of such a compacted material, comprising metal hydride and a thermally conductive matrix, in heat transfer relationship with a heat recovery material, free of salts or molten salt compounds, and able to absorb the heat produced by the absorption of hydrogen, and to restore this absorbed heat to provide heat for the desorption of hydrogen.
- the invention proposes the use of such a compacted material, comprising metal hydride and a thermally conductive matrix, in heat transfer relationship with a phase change material.
- the phase-change material used is preferably a metal alloy.
- the heat produced by the absorption of hydrogen is stored in the phase change material 42 when it passes from a first to a second phase. Subsequently, during use, the stored heat is restored when the phase change material changes from the second to the first phase.
- the material is chosen to pass from the solid phase to the liquid phase and vice versa. This ensures a high thermal conduction and a reasonable tank volume.
- a reactor has an internal reservoir 10 cm in diameter filled with composite material MgH 2 + 20% GNE in the dehydrided state.
- the internal reservoir is introduced into an insulated cylinder and successively filled with Mg83% -Zn27% atomic composition metal alloy and with molar composition salts: 60% NaCl 60% -FeCb.
- the heat storage material is preheated to 330 ° C.
- a hydrogen pressure of 7 bar is introduced, the temperature of the hydride suddenly reaches the value of 360 ° C. and the melting front propagates in the phase change material.
- the loading times are respectively more than 2h with the salts, and only 15 minutes with the metal alloy.
- the value of 0.5 W / m.K typically corresponds to a salt. That of a molten metal is greater than 100 W / m.K.
- the curves show that beyond a value of 10 W / m.K, it is the thermal conductivity of the hydride which becomes the limiting factor.
- the phase-change material used has a thermal conductivity greater than or equal to 5 W / m ⁇ K, advantageously greater than or equal to 10 W / m ⁇ K, typically equal to approximately 100 W / m ⁇ K. It is also chosen to have a maximum latent heat of fusion, preferably greater than 200 kJ / kg. The heat produced during the absorption of hydrogen is stored in the phase change material and is used to subsequently provide heat to the compacted material for desorption of hydrogen.
- the target supply pressures P 2 are typically of the order of 10 to 20 bar (absorption) and the operating pressures P 1 targeted are typically of the order of 1 to 4 bars (desorption).
- These feed pressures are those obtained by the use of a conventional electrolyser, fed for example by photovoltaic cells. These use pressures are conventional for feeding in hydrogen in heat engines, turbines and fuel cells.
- the phase change material has a melting temperature T f between Ti and T 2 . If one does not wish to favor one direction of reaction with respect to the other (in terms of loading or unloading time), T f should be as close as possible to (Ti + T 2 ) / 2.
- phase-change material used is preferably a metal alloy selected from magnesium, zinc, tin, indium, lead, strontium, bismuth, antimony, magnesium alloys. aluminum, silicon, or calcium.
- the magnesium-based alloy is taken from the eutectics of the Mg-Zn system for their latent heat of high melting and their melting point between the preceding temperatures Ti and T 2 .
- the phase change material may also include elements such as Sn, Si, Pb, Bi, Sb, Al, Ca .... which may be used as a minor addition element to modulate the phase change temperatures.
- the Mg-Sn and Mg-Bi alloys can also be used.
- phase change material with a high thermal conductivity (greater than or equal to 5 W / mK, advantageously greater than or equal to 10 W / mK, typically equal to approximately 100 W / mK) improves the absorption speed of hydrogen by the compact material MgH 2 / thermally conductive matrix.
- the solid body according to the invention is supplied with gaseous hydrogen at a storage pressure P 2 , for example 15 bar.
- the heat transfer relationship is preferably achieved by providing, between the hydrogen storage material and the heat storage material, a heat-tight, thermally conductive wall.
- phase change material begins to melt.
- a fusion front then propagates from the wall separating the hydride from the phase change material.
- the melting front propagates rapidly in the phase change material.
- This material being chosen to have a high thermal conductivity, the temperature gradient in the phase change material is low, allowing the interface wall temperature Ti, to remain close to Tf, and thus to retain a driving force important reaction.
- the heat of reaction being evacuated quickly, the solid body is charged very quickly. The amount of material changing This phase must be sufficient for the corresponding latent heat to store all the heat released by the hydrogen absorption reaction.
- the hydrogen pressure is lowered to the operating pressure P-1.
- phase change material is chosen to have a high thermal conductivity, it rapidly transmits heat to MgH 2 / GNE (X%).
- phase change material begins to solidify and the desorption reaction continues.
- FIGS. 6 and 7 A first embodiment of a hydrogen storage tank according to the invention is illustrated in FIGS. 6 and 7.
- the tank 1 comprises a plurality of solid bodies 10 according to the invention, in fluid communication with an inlet 21 and a hydrogen outlet 22.
- the solid corbs are stacked inside tubular cores 30, in a stacking direction L.
- the containers are arranged in a tank 40 comprising phase change material 42.
- each solid body 10 has a pellet shape 11 comprising a central hole 12 (see FIGS. 2, 6 and 7).
- Each solid body is in fluid communication with the inlet 21 and the hydrogen outlet 22 by means of at least one hydrogen porous tube 23 arranged in the central hole.
- the tube may be porous by the presence of holes in its wall, or by the material chosen to make the tube.
- Solid bodies 10 are in heat transfer relationship with phase change material 42.
- the heat transfer relationship is preferably obtained via the wall 31 of each container 30.
- a good heat-conducting material, resistant to hydrogen and melting temperature above the maximum temperature of use of the phase change material Preferably, a steel of the stainless steel type will be used.
- each container 30 has a coefficient of expansion different from that of the solid bodies.
- each solid body consists of at least two parts, preferably two half-bodies.
- the solid body preferably comprises two half-pellets each provided with a notch such that, by combining two half-pellets in the same plane, a central hole 12 be spared. If each solid body comprises more than two parts, the notch is such that, by associating each part in the same plane, a central hole 12 is formed.
- the invention provides a means of thrusting each part of the solid body against the wall 31 of the container 30 which contains them.
- the thrust means is a compression spring means disposed between each part of the solid body.
- the thrust means is a graphite cord or a spring plate which compresses each portion against the wall 31.
- the MghVGNE compacted material (X%) may not be in tablet form.
- the or each container may comprise a solid body having an overall tube shape with a central lumen.
- the or each solid body is then in fluid communication with an inlet and a hydrogen outlet, possibly by means of at least one porous hydrogen tube arranged in the central lumen.
- Each tube may also comprise several parts associated with means for thrusting each tube portion against the wall 31 of the container 30 which contains them.
- the tank with a heat exchanger arranged to transfer the heat from the compact material MgHVGNE (X%) to the phase change material.
- the tubular containers 30 are arranged in a spindle.
- the phase-change material 42 Around and between the containers 30 is arranged the phase-change material 42.
- the tank may further comprise heat-conducting plates 45 arranged between the containers and extending in thermal contact with each other. the phase change material.
- FIG. 7 makes it possible, on the one hand, to conduct the heat between two containers 30 and, on the other hand, generates an annular space e between the central container and the other containers.
- This space e is then filled with phase change material 42 and allows efficient heat transfer between the central container and all of the phase change material 42 of the tank 40.
- FIG. Another embodiment is illustrated in FIG. in which the containers are arranged in a loose spindle. Thus, the storytellers are not in contact or substantially in contact with each other. Their respective spacing is sufficient for a determined quantity of phase change material 42 to be around each container 31.
- the compacted material comprises 90 to 95% by weight of magnesium hydride and 10 to 5% by weight of expanded natural graphite
- the reservoir is preferably provided with an additional heat exchanger arranged to transfer the heat. pellets with phase change material and vice versa.
- This heat exchanger may comprise metal plates stacked alternately with the pellets. It may also include heat transfer fluid conduits arranged to capture the heat of the pellets and redistribute it to the phase change material.
- the compacted material comprises about 80% by weight magnesium hydride and about 20% by weight expanded natural graphite, the foregoing heat exchanger is useful but not necessary.
- insulating material 44 arranged to thermally insulate the assembly.
- the insulation is chosen to have a thermal conductivity less than or equal to about 0.1 W / m.K.
- the tank according to the invention may comprise a heating means 47 of the phase change material.
- This means can be, for example, an electrical resistance.
- the heating means maintains the molten material in the liquid state.
- the reservoir may also include at least one hydrogen pressure sensor and a safety valve opening beyond a defined pressure and allowing the evacuation of hydrogen to a reservoir evacuation (not shown). These devices also ensure the correct supply of hydrogen.
- the hydrogen storage tank according to the invention may comprise a supply 50 of neutral gas 51 arranged to ensure the presence of the neutral gas (such as argon or helium) in contact with areas of the recovery material heat, here the phase change material, may be exposed to air.
- the neutral gas is preferably at overpressure with respect to atmospheric pressure.
- a pressure sensor may be provided within this neutral gas. In this way, if one or more containers leak and hydrogen escapes into the heat storage material, this hydrogen will diffuse to the surface through the heat storage material without combining with it. said material. As a result, the hydrogen will mix with the neutral gas and create an overpressure. The pressure sensor will then detect this overpressure is stop the operation of the tank. A safety installation (not shown) can then take care of evacuating hydrogen to a discharge tank and refuel the reservoir with neutral gas.
- the production of a 250 kg reservoir of magnesium hydride can be envisaged according to the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 8.
- the geometry used is a cylindrical vessel comprising seven identical cylindrical containers arranged in a loose bundle.
- the magnesium hydride is disposed in each container in the form of pellets 11 pierced at their center to allow the passage of hydrogen.
- the amount of heat released by the reaction in such a tank is 555 MJ.
- the phase-change material chosen is the Mg-Zn eutectic alloy with a majority of magnesium.
- the amount of alloy used for storage of the reaction heat is 2340 kg (840 liters).
- the stacking height of the pellets is of the order of 1.5 m and the outer diameter of the tank should be 1 m.
- the convection losses on the external surface of the tank amount to approximately 2% of the energy. stored as hydrogen for 24 hours.
- the reservoir according to the invention is particularly intended for stationary applications: buffer storage of electricity produced in off-peak hours or by renewable energies, storage of very large quantities of hydrogen for chemical use, etc. Many variants and alternatives can be made without departing from the invention and in particular:
- the cylindrical geometry of the containers, the tank, and / or the entire tank makes it possible to optimize the quantities of material with respect to the volume.
- the tank, and in particular the tank and the container or containers may have other geometry, such as a polygonal section (square, rectangular hexagonal, standardized forms for their handling, for example those containers for land transport and marine (20 feet or 40 feet, etc.) • containers may be randomly placed in the tank;
- the reservoir may comprise an auxiliary means for heating the solid hydrogen storage body or bodies.
- This auxiliary means makes it possible to overcome a possible lack of latent heat, especially when the tank has not been used for a long time;
- the thermally conductive matrix may be composed of non-oxide ceramics such as TiN or AlN;
- the metal alloy of the phase change material may be ternary or quaternary;
- the reservoir according to the invention can also use the enthalpy of heats of reactions between condensed phases, that is to say during the passage from a liquid phase to a gaseous phase and vice versa.
- the phase change can thus be the evaporation of a substance compatible with the application.
- the heat of evaporation of chemical compounds and elements is much greater than that of their fusion.
- Volatile systems can preferably be used as "coolants" to relocate heat storage if necessary.
- Solids capable of sublimation can also be used as a phase change material.
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Geology (AREA)
- Sustainable Development (AREA)
- Sustainable Energy (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Filling Or Discharging Of Gas Storage Vessels (AREA)
- Hydrogen, Water And Hydrids (AREA)
- Fuel Cell (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP15153599.4A EP2891624A1 (fr) | 2008-12-16 | 2009-12-16 | Reservoir adiabatique d'hydrure metallique |
| DE09801232T DE09801232T8 (de) | 2008-12-16 | 2009-12-16 | Adiabatischer tank für metallhydrid |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR0807087A FR2939784B1 (fr) | 2008-12-16 | 2008-12-16 | Reservoir adiabatique d'hydrure metallique |
| PCT/FR2009/001427 WO2010076415A1 (fr) | 2008-12-16 | 2009-12-16 | Reservoir adiabatique d'hydrure metallique |
Related Child Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP15153599.4A Division EP2891624A1 (fr) | 2008-12-16 | 2009-12-16 | Reservoir adiabatique d'hydrure metallique |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP2376370A1 true EP2376370A1 (fr) | 2011-10-19 |
Family
ID=40892215
Family Applications (2)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP09801232A Withdrawn EP2376370A1 (fr) | 2008-12-16 | 2009-12-16 | Reservoir adiabatique d'hydrure metallique |
| EP15153599.4A Withdrawn EP2891624A1 (fr) | 2008-12-16 | 2009-12-16 | Reservoir adiabatique d'hydrure metallique |
Family Applications After (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP15153599.4A Withdrawn EP2891624A1 (fr) | 2008-12-16 | 2009-12-16 | Reservoir adiabatique d'hydrure metallique |
Country Status (12)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US8636834B2 (fr) |
| EP (2) | EP2376370A1 (fr) |
| JP (2) | JP2012512125A (fr) |
| KR (1) | KR20110125206A (fr) |
| CN (2) | CN102292282A (fr) |
| AU (1) | AU2009334709B2 (fr) |
| BR (1) | BRPI0922563A2 (fr) |
| CA (1) | CA2746971C (fr) |
| DE (1) | DE09801232T8 (fr) |
| ES (1) | ES2380280T1 (fr) |
| FR (1) | FR2939784B1 (fr) |
| WO (1) | WO2010076415A1 (fr) |
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| GB201806840D0 (en) * | 2018-04-26 | 2018-06-13 | Univ Of The Western Cape | Metal hydride hydrogen storage arrangement for use in a fuel cell utility vehicle and method of manufacturing the same |
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| CN112762347B (zh) * | 2020-12-16 | 2022-05-06 | 淄博安泽特种气体有限公司 | 一种智能排气防爆储氢柜 |
| CN112919406B (zh) * | 2021-03-01 | 2022-06-21 | 氢源风新动力科技(苏州)有限公司 | 一种固态氢源反应器 |
| EP4141315A1 (fr) * | 2021-08-23 | 2023-03-01 | GRZ Technologies SA | Système de stockage-compression d'hydrogène |
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| CN114370602B (zh) * | 2022-01-18 | 2023-04-11 | 中国科学院上海应用物理研究所 | 一种抗应力强、传热传质效果好的金属氢化物储氢罐 |
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-
2008
- 2008-12-16 FR FR0807087A patent/FR2939784B1/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2009
- 2009-12-16 US US13/139,575 patent/US8636834B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2009-12-16 ES ES09801232T patent/ES2380280T1/es active Pending
- 2009-12-16 JP JP2011541533A patent/JP2012512125A/ja not_active Ceased
- 2009-12-16 WO PCT/FR2009/001427 patent/WO2010076415A1/fr not_active Ceased
- 2009-12-16 EP EP09801232A patent/EP2376370A1/fr not_active Withdrawn
- 2009-12-16 CA CA2746971A patent/CA2746971C/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2009-12-16 KR KR1020117016601A patent/KR20110125206A/ko not_active Withdrawn
- 2009-12-16 CN CN2009801552891A patent/CN102292282A/zh active Pending
- 2009-12-16 AU AU2009334709A patent/AU2009334709B2/en not_active Ceased
- 2009-12-16 EP EP15153599.4A patent/EP2891624A1/fr not_active Withdrawn
- 2009-12-16 CN CN201410665707.4A patent/CN104528648B/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2009-12-16 BR BRPI0922563A patent/BRPI0922563A2/pt not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2009-12-16 DE DE09801232T patent/DE09801232T8/de active Active
-
2014
- 2014-10-30 JP JP2014222020A patent/JP5989059B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
Non-Patent Citations (1)
| Title |
|---|
| See references of WO2010076415A1 * |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CA2746971A1 (fr) | 2010-07-08 |
| US8636834B2 (en) | 2014-01-28 |
| CN104528648A (zh) | 2015-04-22 |
| EP2891624A1 (fr) | 2015-07-08 |
| DE09801232T8 (de) | 2013-04-25 |
| KR20110125206A (ko) | 2011-11-18 |
| BRPI0922563A2 (pt) | 2015-12-15 |
| JP2012512125A (ja) | 2012-05-31 |
| JP5989059B2 (ja) | 2016-09-07 |
| FR2939784B1 (fr) | 2012-02-03 |
| WO2010076415A1 (fr) | 2010-07-08 |
| AU2009334709B2 (en) | 2015-07-30 |
| CA2746971C (fr) | 2017-07-11 |
| JP2015092107A (ja) | 2015-05-14 |
| CN102292282A (zh) | 2011-12-21 |
| DE09801232T1 (de) | 2012-09-06 |
| CN104528648B (zh) | 2017-04-12 |
| ES2380280T1 (es) | 2012-05-10 |
| US20120061397A1 (en) | 2012-03-15 |
| AU2009334709A1 (en) | 2011-07-07 |
| FR2939784A1 (fr) | 2010-06-18 |
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