Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
  • A61K39/12—Viral antigens
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
  • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
  • C12N7/00—Viruses; Bacteriophages; Compositions thereof; Preparation or purification thereof
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/185—Acids; Anhydrides, halides or salts thereof, e.g. sulfur acids, imidic, hydrazonic or hydroximic acids
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
  • A61P31/12—Antivirals
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
  • A61P31/12—Antivirals
  • A61P31/14—Antivirals for RNA viruses
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P37/00—Drugs for immunological or allergic disorders
  • A61P37/02—Immunomodulators
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P37/00—Drugs for immunological or allergic disorders
  • A61P37/02—Immunomodulators
  • A61P37/04—Immunostimulants
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
  • A61K47/06—Organic compounds, e.g. natural or synthetic hydrocarbons, polyolefins, mineral oil, petrolatum or ozokerite
  • A61K47/16—Organic compounds, e.g. natural or synthetic hydrocarbons, polyolefins, mineral oil, petrolatum or ozokerite containing nitrogen, e.g. nitro-, nitroso-, azo-compounds, nitriles, cyanates
  • A61K47/18—Amines; Amides; Ureas; Quaternary ammonium compounds; Amino acids; Oligopeptides having up to five amino acids
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
  • A61K47/06—Organic compounds, e.g. natural or synthetic hydrocarbons, polyolefins, mineral oil, petrolatum or ozokerite
  • A61K47/26—Carbohydrates, e.g. sugar alcohols, amino sugars, nucleic acids, mono-, di- or oligo-saccharides; Derivatives thereof, e.g. polysorbates, sorbitan fatty acid esters or glycyrrhizin
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
  • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
  • C12N2770/00—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA ssRNA viruses positive-sense
  • C12N2770/00011—Details
  • C12N2770/24011—Flaviviridae
  • C12N2770/24111—Flavivirus, e.g. yellow fever virus, dengue, JEV
  • C12N2770/24151—Methods of production or purification of viral material
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02A50/00—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE in human health protection, e.g. against extreme weather
  • Y02A50/30—Against vector-borne diseases, e.g. mosquito-borne, fly-borne, tick-borne or waterborne diseases whose impact is exacerbated by climate change

Definitions

• Stabilizer and vaccine composition comprising one or more live attenuated flaviviruses
• the present invention relates to a stabilizer for vaccine compositions comprising one or more live attenuated flaviviruses, to a bulk vaccine composition stabilized with this stabilizer, particularly a dry vaccine composition prepared from this bulk vaccine composition, and to a method for stabilizing one or more live attenuated flaviviruses.
• Flaviviruses are a genus of viruses of the family Flaviviridae. This group comprises the dengue (DEN) virus, the yellow fever (YF) virus, the Saint Louis encephalitis virus, the Japanese encephalitis (JE) virus and the West Nile (WN) virus. Among these viruses, some are unstable.
• DEN dengue
• YF yellow fever
• JE Japanese encephalitis
• WN West Nile
• flavivirus is intended to mean any virus of the family Flaviviridae which is pathogenic for animals, including mammals, in particular flaviviruses which are pathogenic for humans.
• flaviviruses dengue (DEN) viruses serotypes 1 , 2, 3 and 4, Japanese encephalitis (JE) virus, yellow fever (YF) virus and West Nile (WN) virus.
• DEN dengue
• JE Japanese encephalitis
• YF yellow fever
• WN West Nile
• live virus is a virus which has not been inactivated, i.e. a virus capable of replicating on permissive cells.
• a live attenuated flavivirus is a flavivirus which does not induce the disease caused by the corresponding wild-type virus in animals or humans and which is capable of inducing a specific immune response.
• Attenuated viral strains such as the JEV strain SA-14-14-2, the YF strain described in US 6589522, the dengue viral strains described in application WO 2006/134433 A1 , in particular the VDV1 strain, the strains described in application WO 2006/134443 A1 , in particular the VDV2 strain; the strains described, for example, in applications: WO 02/66621 , WO 00/57904, WO 00/57908, WO 00/57909; WO 00/57910, WO 02/095075 and WO 02/102828, and the strains DEN-1 16007/PDK13, also called “LAV1”, DEN-2 16681/PDK53, also called “LAV2", and LAV4, which are described in patent application EP1 159 968 A.
• the VDV1 strain is a strain obtained from a wild-type DEN-1 strain 16007 having undergone 11 passes on PDK cells (DEN-1 16007/PDK11) and which was subsequently amplified on Vero cells at 32°C, and the RNA of which was purified and transfected into Vero cells.
• the VDV-1 strain has 14 additional mutations compared with the vaccine strain DEN-1 16007/PDK13 (13 passes on PDK-Primary Dog Kidney cells).
• the complete sequence and also a preparation method and the characterization of the VDV-1 strain are given in application WO 2006/134433 Al Said strain can be readily reproduced based on this teaching.
• the VDV-2 strain is a strain obtained from a wild-type DEN-2 strain 16681 having undergone 50 passes on PDK cells (DEN-2 16681/PDK50), plaque- purified and the RNA of which was extracted and purified before being transfected into Vero cells.
• the VDV-2 strain was subsequently obtained by plaque-purification and amplification on Vero cells.
• the VDV-2 strain has 10 additional mutations compared with the vaccine strain DEN-2 16681/PDK53 (53 passes on PDK cells).
• the complete sequence and also a preparation method and the characterization of the VDV-2 strain are given in application WO 2006/134443 Al Said strain can be readily reproduced based on this teaching.
• live attenuated flaviviruses that can be used with the stabilizer according to the invention, mention may also be made - in a nonlimiting manner - of chimeric viruses such as: the chimeric viruses described, for example, in international application WO 93/06214 and also the ChimeriVaxTM.
• ChimeriVaxTM or "CYD” denotes a chimeric yellow fever (YF) virus which comprises the backbone of a YF virus in which the sequences encoding the premembrane and envelope proteins have been replaced with the corresponding sequences of any strain of a different flavivirus, for instance of a dengue (DEN) virus, of a Japanese encephalitis (JE) virus or of a West Nile (WN) virus.
• DEN dengue
• JE Japanese encephalitis
• WN West Nile
• a chimeric YF virus containing the prM and E sequences of a dengue serotype 1 strain is thus termed CYD-1 or CYD DEN1.
• a chimeric YF virus containing the prM and E sequences of a DEN-2 strain is termed CYD-2 or CYD DEN2.
• a chimeric YF virus containing the prM and E sequences of a DEN-3 strain is termed CYD-3 or CYD DEN3.
• a chimeric YF virus containing the prM and E sequences of a DEN-4 strain is termed CYD-4 or CYD DEN4.
• a dengue chimeric virus may, for example, be ChimeriVaxTM DEN-1, in particular a YF17D/DEN-1 virus, or else a ChimeriVaxTM DEN-2, in particular a YF17D/DEN-2 virus, a ChimeriVaxTM DEN-3, in particular a YF17D/DEN-3 virus or a ChimeriVaxTM DEN-4, in particular a YF17D/DEN-4 virus.
• the chimeras described in the examples were generated by using the prM and E sequences derived from the DEN 1 PUO359 (TVP1 140), DEN2 PUO218, DEN3 PaH881/88 and DEN4 1228 (TVP 980) strains.
• the chimeric YF virus comprises the backbone of an attenuated yellow fever strain YF17D (Theiler M, and Smith HH (1937) J Exp. Med 65, p 767-786.) (YF17D/DEN-1 , YF17D/DEN-2, YF17D/DEN-3, YF17D/DEN-4 viruses).
• YF17D strains that can be used include YF17D204 (YF-Vax®,.
• Any other attenuated yellow fever virus strain that can be used in humans may be used for the construction of the chimeras.
• These same yellow fever strains may be used as such with the stabilizer according to the invention for the preparation of a composition that can be used in the context of an immunization against yellow fever.
• chimeras in which the vector is a dengue virus can also be used with the stabilizer according to the invention.
• chimeric viruses are also described in applications WO 02/102828; WO 03/103571 ; WO 02/072835; WO 2004/045529; WO 2005/082020, which viruses can also be used with the stabilizer according to the present invention.
• chimeric vectors described above in which the heterologous sequences inserted are sequences as described in application WO 03/102166 can also be used in the context of the invention.
• the chimeric viruses have the particularity of exhibiting the characteristics of the live attenuated viruses as defined above. It is therefore possible to use, in the context of the invention, any chimeric virus expressing the envelope protein or one or more epitopes of one or more envelope protein(s) of one or more flaviviruses and inducing a specific immune response comprising antibodies which neutralize the strain, or at least one of the strains, from which the envelope protein or said epitope is derived.
• the term "bulk vaccine composition” is intended to mean a composition which exits the final stage of the antigen production, purified or nonpurified, monovalent, or after multivalent mixing.
• a dry vaccine composition is intended to mean a composition of which the residual water content is less than or equal to 3%, and which is ready to be reconstituted with an aqueous solution in order to be used as a vaccine or directly in dry particulate form.
• spray-freeze-drying is understood to mean the spraying with a fluid in a cryogenic environment, followed by freeze-drying of the frozen particles obtained.
• foam-drying is understood to mean the drying, in the form of a glassy foam by evaporation of water, of a concentrated solution.
• freeze-foam-drying is understood to mean the drying, in the form of a glassy foam by sublimation of ice, of a pre-frozen solution, at a temperature below the glass transition temperature and the matrix collapse temperature.
• the aqueous compositions of flaviviruses do not allow good viral stability in the long term and at a temperature above 5°C.
• the bulk aqueous compositions of the YF-DEN (yellow fever-dengue) chimera lose more than 4 log, stabilized in liquid after storage for 1 day at 37°C. Now, this thermolability represents a serious problem in subtropical YF-endemic countries where transport under cold-chain conditions is difficult.
• freeze-dried yellow fever vaccines exhibited a serious thermostability problem (storage: 6 months at +5°C). These freeze-dried vaccines without stabilizer degrade very rapidly when they are exposed to a temperature above 20°C. Efforts were made to improve the stabilization of freeze-dried yellow fever vaccine compositions (loss in 7 days at 37°C, nonstabilized vaccine: 0.87 log, stabilized vaccine: 0.24 log). The stabilizer developed for yellow fever (M. Barme and C. Bronnert, J. Biol. Standardization, 1984, 12, p.
• HSA human serum albumin
• the present invention therefore relates to a stabilizer for vaccine compositions comprising one or more live attenuated flaviviruses, characterized in that it comprises, in an aqueous solution without proteins of animal origin and without added salts having divalent cations, a buffer,
• an amino acid mixture comprising arginine (Arg), cystine (Cys-Cys), histidine (His), isoleucine (He), leucine (Leu), lysine (Lys), methionine (Met), phenylalanine (Phe), threonine (Thr), tryptophan (Trp), tyrosine (Tyr), valine (VaI), alanine (Ala), asparagine (Asn), aspartic acid (Asp), glutamic acid (GIu), glycine (GIy), proline (Pro) and serine (Ser).
• the stabilizer according to the present invention may contain one or more buffers chosen from the group comprising TRIS (tris(hydroxymethyl)amino- methane), HEPES (2-(4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazinyl)ethanesulfonic acid) and potassium phosphate and/or sodium phosphate, the TRIS for example at a concentration of from 5 to 10 mM, the HEPES for example at a concentration of from 7.5 to 20 mM.
• TRIS tris(hydroxymethyl)amino- methane
• HEPES 2-(4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazinyl)ethanesulfonic acid
• potassium phosphate and/or sodium phosphate potassium phosphate and/or sodium phosphate
• the TRIS for example at a concentration of from 5 to 10 mM
• HEPES for example at a concentration of from 7.5 to 20 mM.
• the stabilizer according to the present invention comprises
• the present invention also relates to a stabilized bulk aqueous vaccine composition which comprises one or more live attenuated flaviviruses and the stabilizer described above according to the invention.
• composition according to the present invention may comprise one or more serotypes of live attenuated dengue (DEN) viruses and/or of live attenuated yellow fever (YF) viruses and/or of live attenuated West Nile (WN) virus disease viruses and/or of live attenuated Japanese encephalitis (JE) viruses.
• DEN live attenuated dengue
• YF live attenuated yellow fever
• WN live attenuated West Nile
• JE live attenuated Japanese encephalitis
• Variations of the present invention comprise one or more live attenuated chimeric flaviviruses, for example one or more serotypes of a chimeric YF-DEN (yellow fever-dengue) virus, of a chimeric YF-WN (yellow fever-West Nile virus) virus and/or of a chimeric YF-JE (yellow fever-Japanese encephalitis) virus.
• a live attenuated chimeric flaviviruses for example one or more serotypes of a chimeric YF-DEN (yellow fever-dengue) virus, of a chimeric YF-WN (yellow fever-West Nile virus) virus and/or of a chimeric YF-JE (yellow fever-Japanese encephalitis) virus.
• the present invention also relates to a method for stabilizing one or more live attenuated flaviviruses.
• the purified or nonpurified and concentrated or nonconcentrated viral harvest comprising a live attenuated flavivirus is diluted by adding stabilizer so as to obtain the final concentrations of the stabilizer according to the present invention in order to obtain a stabilized bulk aqueous vaccine composition according to the present invention.
• Multivalent compositions are obtained by mixing purified or nonpurified, concentrated or nonconcentrated, and stabilized viral harvests.
• the stabilization method according to the present invention may also comprise drying the aqueous composition by a method selected from the group of foam- drying, spray-drying or freeze-foam-drying, for example drying the aqueous composition by the freeze-drying method or by the spray-freeze-drying method.
• the stabilization method according to the present invention may be modified by freezing the aqueous solution in the form of uniform particles or beads in a first step and by drying the frozen uniform particles or beads in a second step in order to obtain a stabilized dry product in the form of uniform particles or of beads.
• the generation of beads can preferably be carried out under sterile conditions.
• the uniform particles or the beads are generated by freezing drops of the aqueous composition according to the present invention either by dropping into a very cold gas (evaporated liquid nitrogen) or by direct dropping into a cryogenic liquid (for example liquid nitrogen).
• a very cold gas evaporated liquid nitrogen
• a cryogenic liquid for example liquid nitrogen.
• the preparations of the frozen uniform particles or frozen beads from an aqueous solution or liquid are illustrated in Price et al. (US 36555838), Adams et al. (US 4211015), A.A. Fawzy et al. (US 5307640), R.O. Williams III et al. (US 6862890 B2), P. F. Herbert et al. (WO 96/36317) and P.-R. Nyssen et al. (US 6903065 B2).
• the freezing of the droplets can e.g. also be achieved in that the stabilized bulk aqueous vaccine composition according to the present invention is prilled in order to generate calibrated droplets which diameter ranges from 100 ⁇ m to 1500 ⁇ m, with a very narrow size distribution.
• These droplets fall in a cryogenic chamber in which low temperature is maintained by a freezing medium, either by direct injection/nebulization of liquid nitrogen or by flowing counter currently a very cold gas such as nitrogen, CO 2 or air.
• the droplets freeze during their fall in order to form calibrated frozen particles.
• Prilling also known as laminar jet break-up technique, is a well known technique to generate calibrated droplets of liquid commonly used in the field of biocatalysts and living cells immobilization (Hulst et al., 1985. A new technique for the production of immobilized biocatalyst and large quantities. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 27, 870-876; Gotoh et al., 1993. Mass production of biocatalyst- entrapping alginate gel particles by a forced oscillation method. Chem. Eng. Commun. 120, 73-84.; Seifert and Philips, 1997. Production of small, monodispersed alginate beads for cell immobilization. Biotechnol. Prog.
• ⁇ op t is the optimal wave-length for jet break-up
• d is the diameter of the jet
• ⁇ is the viscosity of the fluid
• p is the density of the fluid
• ⁇ is the surface tension of the fluid.
• the frequency Ho apply to the fluid to achieve the desired results is related to the jet velocity (and therefore the flow rate of the fluid) U 1 and the wavelength by:
• the stabilized bulk aqueous vaccine composition according to the present invention can be prilled in order to generate calibrated droplets the diameter of which ranges from 100 ⁇ m to 1500 ⁇ m, with a very narrow size distribution.
• These droplets fall in a cryogenic chamber in which low temperature is maintained either by direct injection/nebulization of liquid nitrogen or by flowing counter currently a very cold gas such as nitrogen, CO 2 or air.
• the droplets freeze during their fall in order to form calibrated frozen particle.
• the minimum falling height to freeze the droplets i.e. ice crystals formation that solidifies the pellets
• Super-cooling can be reduced by seeding ice nucleation in the droplets either by contact with liquid nitrogen fog or droplets (direct injection of liquid nitrogen in the chamber) or with microscopic ice crystals (direct nebulization of water or superheated steam in the cold chamber).
• calibrated droplets such as ultrasonic atomization (Sindayihebura D., Dobre M., BoIIe L., 1997 - Experimental study of thin liquid film ultrasonic atomization. ExHFT'97, Geneva.), and, subsequently, calibrated frozen particles or, as known from the food industry, by means of a particular freezing drum as disclosed in US 5,036,673.
• microbeads The aqueous solution frozen in the form of uniform particles or of beads (microbeads) is subsequently freeze-dried. Under the laminar-flow ceiling, the microbeads are distributed on trays. The steps which were carried out are described below:
• the frozen microbeads are subsequently transferred from their containers into the trays.
• the trays are subsequently agitated so that the beads are homogeneously distributed.
• the beads distributed on the tray are subsequently freeze-dried.
• These uniform particles or beads (microbeads) of the stabilized dry product emerging from this process have a diameter of approximately 100 ⁇ m to 1500 ⁇ m, more particularly a diameter of approximately 500 ⁇ m to 1000 ⁇ m.
• the present invention also relates to a dry vaccine composition obtained by drying the stabilized bulk composition according to the present invention.
• This dry vaccine composition can be characterized in that the composition is present in the form of uniform particles or of beads.
• This dry vaccine composition in the form of uniform particles or of beads can be characterized in that each particle or each bead contains a mixture of various live attenuated and/or chimeric live attenuated flaviviruses.
• This dry vaccine composition in the form of uniform particles or of beads can also be characterized in that each particle or each bead contains live attenuated and/or chimeric live attenuated flaviviruses of a single type.
• the present invention also relates to a method for preparing a vaccine, comprising the step of reconstituting the dry vaccine composition obtained by drying the stabilized bulk composition according to the present invention, which may or may not be in the form of uniform particles or of beads (microbeads), with an aqueous solution.
• the present invention also relates to a flaviviral vaccine kit comprising a first container containing the dry vaccine composition according to the present invention and a second container containing an aqueous solution for reconstituting the vaccine.
• This kit can be characterized in that the first container contains a mixture of the various vaccine compositions, each particle or each bead containing live attenuated and/or chimeric live attenuated flaviviruses of a single type.
• Example 1 Preparation of a stabilized chimeric yellow fever-dengue bulk aqueous vaccine composition
• the monovalent composition was prepared by mixing the chimera YF-DEN, serotype 1 , 2, 3 or 4 (CYD-1 , -2, -3 or -4) with the stabilizer, so as to obtain the ad hoc stabilizing excipient concentrations.
• the multivalent composition is obtained by mixing the monovalent compositions.
• Each purified monovalent vaccine composition was stabilized with the stabilizer of the present invention and filtered, homogenized, aliquoted and then stored in the frozen aqueous form at a temperature below its glass transition temperature.
• Each monovalent vaccine composition was thawed with stirring and the volume of each vaccine composition, to be added to the final mixture in order to prepare the bivalent, trivalent and tetravalent vaccine compositions in target final concentrations was determined according to the following calculation:
• BFP signifies Bulk Final Product or mono- or multivalent vaccine composition.
• the calculated target volume of each aqueous vaccine composition was sampled and the rest of the volume of monovalent vaccine composition was refrozen.
• the volumes of the monovalent vaccine compositions were mixed with the stabilizer of the present invention, so as to obtain the target final concentrations and the target volumes.
• the mixture was homogenized by stirring for 20 minutes at a temperature of 5°C and filtered sterilely before freezing or drying of the mixture.
• the mixture had a temperature of 5°C during the standing periods.
• the vaccine composition was prepared by mixing one, two, three or four bulk monovalent compositions of the chimeric yellow fever-dengue (CYD) viruses with the stabilizer of the present invention, before freezing or drying of the monovalent, bivalent, trivalent and tetravalent bulk mixture so as to obtain the final compositions in concentrations of chosen target in log/ml.
• concentrations may be either equivalent between each monovalent vaccine composition, or different according to the chosen targets.
• Example 2 Preparation of a stabilized chimeric yellow fever-dengue bulk freeze-dried vaccine composition
• the aqueous monovalent, bivalent, trivalent or tetravalent vaccine composition was obtained according to the description of Example 1. This mixture, stirred and at a temperature of 5 0 C, was dispensed in an able and reproducible manner at a rate of 0.3 ml per vial, for a period of time necessary for the loading of an industrial freeze-drier. The vials were subsequently loaded onto trays identified by labels in the freeze-drier, the shelves of which were precooled to 5°C. The vials comprising the aqueous vaccine composition at the final target titer were freeze-dried according to the freeze-drying cycle described hereinafter. The vials were frozen to a temperature of -50 0 C.
• the frozen vaccine composition included in each vial was sublimated for 16.5 h, with a pressure of 50 ⁇ bar for the primary sublimation phase and a shelf temperature of -28 0 C.
• the secondary desiccation was carried out at 50 ⁇ bar and 30°C for 5 h.
• the freeze- dried vials were subsequently stoppered in the freeze-drier by shelf pressure, under vacuum or under partial nitrogen pressure.
• the vials were unloaded and crimped, labeled, and then stored at a temperature of 5°C.
• Example 3 Stability of the freeze-dried, stabilized chimeric yellow fever- dengue bulk tetravalent vaccine composition, according to Example 1 and 2
• the stabilized, aqueous chimeric yellow fever-dengue bulk tetravalent vaccine composition was stabilized with the stabilizer of the present invention at the target concentration of 6 log/ml, before freeze-drying each vial into which 0.3 ml had been dispensed.
• the percentage of excipients of the stabilized tetravalent vaccine composition is indicated in Table 1 below:
• the CCID50 technique is based on a series of dilutions of the dengue viral suspension, each diluted product is distributed into the wells of a 96-well plate containing Vero cells. After 7 days of culture, the Vero cells are fixed and stained when dengue virus is present after the use of monoclonal antibodies specific to each serotype. The infectious titer is calculated according to the number of positive wells, related to the dilution of the sample. The CCID50 is calculated by the least squares method, and the titer is expressed as log 10 CCID50/ml.
• the ⁇ PFU technique is based on the same principle as the CCID50 technique. However, the titer is obtained by individual counting of the cytopathogenic effects. The analysis is carried out by image analysis. The titering is accurate to +/- 0.3 log.
• Example 4 Stability of the freeze-dried, stabilized chimeric yellow fever- dengue bulk tetravalent vaccine composition - composition different in terms of sugar, according to Example 1 and 2
• Example 5 Stability of the freeze-dried, stabilized chimeric yellow fever- dengue bulk tetravalent vaccine composition - HEPES buffer composition, according to Examples 1 and 2
• Tris buffer was replaced with the HEPES buffer, at 0.36%, the other percentages of components of the stabilizer remaining unchanged.
• Example 6 Stability of the tetravalent bulk vaccine composition in the form of freeze-dried microbeads
• Example 2 This study compared the stability of the tetravalent bulk vaccine composition, produced as described in Example 1, dried either in the form of a freeze-dried material (Example 2) or in the form of freeze-dried microbeads.
• the freeze- dried microbeads were produced using the method illustrated in Figure 1 :
• the bulk aqueous vaccine composition was formed into calibrated droplets by virtue of the "prilling" technology, which is based on the vibration of calibrated nozzles. These droplets subsequently freeze as they fall in a cryogenic chamber inside which the temperature was maintained below -110 0 C, either by direct injection of liquid nitrogen or by countercurrent sweeping of this very cold gas (temperature ⁇ -110 0 C). Frozen calibrated beads thus obtained were distributed onto pre-cooled metal trays. These trays were then placed on the shelves, precooled to -50°C, of a freeze-drier such that the temperature of the frozen beads never exceeds their glass transition temperature at maximum cryoconcentration (Tg' which can be between -10°C and -40°C).
• Tg' glass transition temperature at maximum cryoconcentration
• Figure 2 gives an indication as to the particle size of the beads obtained by means of this method:
• the dry microbeads were collected in bulk so as to be analyzed and stored.
• the storage conditions were adapted for the storage of dry, friable and hygroscopic powders. When the microbeads were rehydrated with a diluent, reconstitution occurred instantaneously.
• the residual water content of the products was measured by the Karl Fischer method as defined by the International Pharmacopoeia (4th Edition, Methods of Analysis: 2. Chemical methods: 2.8 Determination of water by the Karl Fischer method). The value obtained was less than 2%.
• the beads obtained were subsequently dispensed so as to obtain the equivalent of one dose per vial. These vials were stored at 37°C and at 45°C in order to study the thermostability of this product and to compare it with that dried by conventional freeze-drying.
• the activity of the viruses was assayed by the ⁇ PFU technique and details of the results obtained are given in Tables 8 to 10 below:
• the losses during the drying process were equivalent between the freeze-drying (described in Examples 2 and 3) and the microbead method (between 0.2 and 0.4 Iog10 PFU/dose).
• the dry form in microbead form exhibited better thermostability at 37°C and at 45°C than the standard freeze-dry form, with a difference of 0.3 log after 1 month at 37°C, which difference became accentuated and reached 0.8 log after 14 days of storage at 45°C.
• the operating conditions of the microbead method, and more particularly the rapid freezing phase has a beneficial effect on the stability of the live chimeric viruses.
• Example 7 Stability of the freeze-dried, stabilized chimeric yellow fever-West Nile bulk vaccine composition, according to Examples 1 and 2
• the stabilized, aqueous chimeric yellow fever-West Nile bulk vaccine composition was stabilized with the stabilizer of the present invention (according to Examples 1 and 2) before freeze-drying (according to Example 3) each vial into which 0.3 ml had been dispensed.
• the percentage of excipients of the stabilized freeze-dried vaccine composition is indicated in Table 1 of Example 3.
• stabilized, aqueous chimeric yellow fever-West Nile bulk vaccine composition was stabilized with a reference stabilizer containing Human Serum Albumin (HSA) before freeze-drying each vial into which 0.3 ml had been dispensed
• HSA Human Serum Albumin
• Titers were measured using the PFU technique.
• the table below compares the stability profiles of the two stabilizer of the chimeric yellow fever-West Nile virus.
• Table 11 Stability results of the chimeric yellow fever-West Nile virus for the freeze-dried material, expressed in the form of loss (log)

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