EP2279280A2 - Procédé pour appliquer un revêtement sur un élément composite renforcé par des fibres pour un aéronef ou un véhicule spatial et élément composite renforcé par des fibres produit selon un tel procédé - Google Patents

Procédé pour appliquer un revêtement sur un élément composite renforcé par des fibres pour un aéronef ou un véhicule spatial et élément composite renforcé par des fibres produit selon un tel procédé

Info

Publication number
EP2279280A2
EP2279280A2 EP09737929A EP09737929A EP2279280A2 EP 2279280 A2 EP2279280 A2 EP 2279280A2 EP 09737929 A EP09737929 A EP 09737929A EP 09737929 A EP09737929 A EP 09737929A EP 2279280 A2 EP2279280 A2 EP 2279280A2
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
layer
fiber composite
composite component
adhesive layer
resin
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP09737929A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Peter Knepper
Klaus Eisenmenger
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Airbus Operations GmbH
Original Assignee
Airbus Operations GmbH
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Airbus Operations GmbH filed Critical Airbus Operations GmbH
Publication of EP2279280A2 publication Critical patent/EP2279280A2/fr
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C4/00—Coating by spraying the coating material in the molten state, e.g. by flame, plasma or electric discharge
    • C23C4/02—Pretreatment of the material to be coated, e.g. for coating on selected surface areas
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C4/00—Coating by spraying the coating material in the molten state, e.g. by flame, plasma or electric discharge
    • C23C4/04—Coating by spraying the coating material in the molten state, e.g. by flame, plasma or electric discharge characterised by the coating material
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C4/00—Coating by spraying the coating material in the molten state, e.g. by flame, plasma or electric discharge
    • C23C4/04—Coating by spraying the coating material in the molten state, e.g. by flame, plasma or electric discharge characterised by the coating material
    • C23C4/06—Metallic material
    • C23C4/08—Metallic material containing only metal elements
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C4/00—Coating by spraying the coating material in the molten state, e.g. by flame, plasma or electric discharge
    • C23C4/12—Coating by spraying the coating material in the molten state, e.g. by flame, plasma or electric discharge characterised by the method of spraying
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C4/00—Coating by spraying the coating material in the molten state, e.g. by flame, plasma or electric discharge
    • C23C4/12—Coating by spraying the coating material in the molten state, e.g. by flame, plasma or electric discharge characterised by the method of spraying
    • C23C4/129—Flame spraying
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/249921—Web or sheet containing structurally defined element or component
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/31504—Composite [nonstructural laminate]
    • Y10T428/31678—Of metal

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a method for coating a fiber composite component for an aerospace vehicle and to a fiber composite component produced by such a method.
  • CFRP carbon fiber plastic
  • fiber composite components are widely used in aircraft construction. They are for example by Vakuuminfusionsclar for introducing a matrix, such as an epoxy resin, in semi-finished fiber products and subsequent curing produced. Infusion methods may be inexpensive compared to other known methods for producing fiber composite components, such as the prepreg method, because this allows the use of less expensive fiber semi-finished products.
  • the high strength coupled with lower weight of the fiber composites also counteract inadequate properties on the surface.
  • the low wear and erosion resistance and the lack of electrical conductivity should be mentioned here as an example.
  • DE 10 2005 008 487 A1 describes a coated body, in particular a roll, of carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) and a method for producing such a body.
  • CFRP carbon fiber reinforced plastic
  • Such a roll in particular for paper and printing presses, is coated with an adhesion promoter layer and then with a wear protection layer by means of thermal spray processes.
  • the object of the present invention is to provide a method for coating a fiber composite component for an aircraft or spacecraft and a corresponding fiber composite component in order to remedy or substantially reduce the abovementioned disadvantages.
  • this object is achieved by a method having the features of patent claim 1. This object is further achieved by a fiber composite component with the features of claim 13.
  • a method for coating a fiber composite component for an aircraft or spacecraft is provided with the following method steps. First, a detention layer formed by at least partially pretreating a surface layer of the fiber composite component. In this case, the surface layer in which the adhesive layer is formed, spaced from the fibers introduced in the fiber composite component to protect the same. This is followed by applying at least one functional layer to the adhesive layer formed.
  • a fiber composite component with at least one functional layer is provided.
  • the at least one functional layer is applied to an adhesive layer which is formed by at least partial pretreatment of a surface layer of the fiber composite component which is spaced apart from the fibers introduced in the fiber composite component in order to protect it.
  • a basic idea of the invention is that at least sections pretreatment of one of the fibers introduced in the fiber composite component for protecting the same spaced apart surface layer of the fiber composite component for forming an adhesive layer for applying at least one functional layer. Contact between fibers and applied or formed adhesive layer is excluded.
  • the present invention has, inter alia, the advantage over the approaches mentioned at the outset that damage to the fibers of the fiber composite component is avoided, at the same time meeting a demand for weight optimization.
  • Coating types can be produced which are suitable via a material selection to improve the fiber composite components in such a way that a larger field of use of fiber composite components in aircraft construction can be made possible.
  • the following properties, and also their combinations, can be made possible, such as, for example, wear protection, erosion protection, electrical conductivity, shielding against electromagnetic radiation, thermal insulation, resistance to chemical influences, electrical insulation.
  • defined structured surfaces such as, for example, nanostructures and / or simulated fish skin surfaces, can also be produced.
  • Pre-treatment can remove impurities and any type of grease.
  • chemical processes, laser processing, cold jets or other suitable techniques can be used.
  • the adhesive layer may be formed with a surface topography with a roughened surface. This increases the adhesion surface.
  • the surface topography can be formed with cavities with undercuts. This is possible, for example, by means of a laser treatment, in which case spherical bubbles, for example in the tenth range, can form in the layer, which burst open and thus produce undercuts.
  • the adhesive layer in the step of pre-treating the surface layer, is produced by applying at least one resin / adhesive layer.
  • the resin / adhesive layer may be applied as a thin layer. This also makes it possible
  • the resin / adhesive layer may comprise a resin / adhesive substance with particles which are mixed in the resin / adhesive substance before the application of the resin / adhesive layer.
  • the particles may also be applied to and bonded to the resin after the application of the resin / adhesive layer. For example, it is possible to spread the particles on the thus applied resin / adhesive layer.
  • the particles are then bonded to the resin / adhesive layer by the adhesive properties of the resin / adhesive layer, which particles can also be incorporated into the resin / adhesive layer, for example.
  • a combination of premixed resin / adhesive substance with particles and subsequently applied particles is also possible.
  • Any type of resins and / or adhesives is suitable.
  • the curing takes place partially or completely so far that they meet the requirements of a subsequent spraying and the component requirements in their degree of cure.
  • all available as a powder materials metal, ceramics, oxides, carbides, etc.
  • This approach is characterized by its particularly simple technology, resulting in a very economical and cost-effective solution.
  • the pretreatment is carried out by applying individual particles to form an at least partially closed adhesive layer.
  • the adhesive surface is increased and the adhesion of a functional layer to be applied is improved.
  • the application of the individual particles takes place by means of a thermal spraying method.
  • particle materials for thermal spraying all materials suitable for thermal spraying (for example metals, ceramics, oxides, carbides, thermoplastics, etc.) can be used.
  • An exemplary range for the particle size may be from 1 to 100 microns, but nanoparticles may also be possible.
  • the thermal spraying process can be high velocity flame spraying.
  • the thus pretreated surface layer forms with the adhesive layer a base on which any desired functional layer can be applied.
  • injection molding methods and materials according to the prior art can be used. This allows, for example, improvements in the following functions: noise reduction, wear protection,
  • Corrosion protection for emergency running properties, rolling resistance, material application, electrical conductivity, thermal insulation, electrical insulation, etc.
  • the component made of fiber-reinforced material can be completely or partially coated with the desired functional layer.
  • all thermal spraying processes can be used for this purpose.
  • the at least one functional layer may have embedded components. These may be, for example, printed conductors and / or fibers for different purposes. These components can also be fitted with a corresponding cover that can protect them from damage during spraying. Further systems and components that can be integrated are, for example, heating systems, glass fibers, testing components (also for online evaluation).
  • a fiber composite component is manufactured as described above.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic cross-sectional, cross-sectional view of fibers of an exemplary fiber composite component according to the present invention illustrating a pretreatment of a surface layer;
  • Fig. 2 is another schematic sectional view transverse to
  • Fibers of an exemplary fiber composite component according to the present invention for illustrating further pretreatment of a surface layer
  • FIG 3 is a schematic cross-sectional view of fibers of an exemplary coated fiber composite component according to the present invention.
  • FIG. 1 shows a schematic cross-sectional view, cross-sectionally, of fibers 5 of an exemplary fiber composite component 1 according to the present invention for illustrating a pretreatment of a surface layer 8.
  • the fiber composite component 1 has fibers 5 embedded in a matrix 4, for example made of a resin, and is in a cured state in this example.
  • the resin forms in the figure below a bottom 3 with a cover layer under the fibers 5 and above a top 2 with a cover layer over the fibers. 5
  • the cover layer of the upper side 2 has a surface layer 8 with a surface 7 and a surface layer thickness 9.
  • surface layer thickness 9 the dimension from the surface 7 to a fiber surface 6 is to be understood here, which has the smallest distance to the surface 7.
  • the left side of the fiber composite component 1 shows the surface 7, which is to be coated in order, for example, to effect wear protection of the fiber composite component 1.
  • the surface 7 of the surface layer 8 if it is not degreased and still contaminated, in a first
  • Surface topography 10 is generated.
  • the surface layer 8 is roughened, wherein in this example cavities 11 have formed with undercuts 12, for example by bursting of bubbles.
  • Other mechanical or chemical treatments are of course possible.
  • the adhesion layer 13 is formed within a certain penetration depth 16 in the surface layer 8.
  • the penetration depth 16 is a measure of the surface 7 up to a certain distance 20 to the
  • FIG. 2 shows a further schematic cross-sectional view across fibers 5 of the exemplary fiber composite component 1 according to the present invention to illustrate a further preliminary
  • an alternative formation of an adhesive layer 13 by applying particles 15 as a particle layer 14 in the surface layer 8 is shown. It is also important, as described above, that the penetration depth 16 is not exceeded.
  • the particles 15 are applied, for example, by means of a thermal spraying process. In this case, a high adhesive strength of the particles 15 is generated in the surface layer 8.
  • an enlargement of the surface 7 is achieved by the pretreatment, wherein an adhesive layer 13 forms, on which in a further process step a further coating is applied, which thereby achieves an excellent adhesion to the fiber composite component 1, without the fibers 5 to be damaged.
  • FIG 3 shows a schematic cross-sectional view across fibers 5 of an exemplary coated fiber composite component 1 according to the present invention.
  • a first functional layer 17 and above it a second functional layer 18 are applied.
  • the application also takes place by means of a thermal spraying process.
  • the second functional layer 18 forms an outer surface 19 of the coated fiber composite component 1.
  • the first functional layer 17 may be, for example, a metallic layer, wherein the second functional layer 18 may be a corrosion protection layer or an insulation layer.
  • the Second functional layer 18 may also form a structured outer surface 19 with nanostructures. There are many different combinations possible.
  • the pretreatment of the surface layer 8 may cause roughening of the surface layer 8, wherein no undercuts 12 are formed.
  • conductor tracks for heating systems can be integrated into the functional layers 17, 18.
  • the functional layers 17, 18 can also serve as metal layers for electromagnetic shielding and / or as lightning protection and / or as impact protection.
  • the cover layer which is shown in FIG. 1 as a surface layer 8 with a superficially shown surface layer thickness 9, can also be brought to this dimension by applying additional resin / adhesive layers, for example to obtain a sufficient distance 20 from the penetration depth 16.
  • additional resin / adhesive layers for example to obtain a sufficient distance 20 from the penetration depth 16.
  • Such an increase of the surface layer 8 by an additional resin / adhesive layer can take place in this way, for example, by means of two variants for the production of an adhesive layer 13.
  • particles are first mixed into a resin / adhesive substance and then applied as a thin layer to the surface layer 8.
  • the resin / adhesive substance is applied as a thin layer on the surface layer 8, then particles are scattered and optionally incorporated or pressed on or in the resin / adhesive substance.
  • resin and / or adhesive all types are suitable.
  • the curing of the thus formed resin / adhesive layer takes place partially or completely so far that they meet in their degree of cure the requirements of the subsequent spraying of further layers, for example the functional layer 17, 18, and the requirements of the component.
  • All materials available as powders metal, ceramics, oxides, carbides, etc.
  • a combination of the above-described further pretreatments of this resin / adhesive layer is possible for the formation of surface topographies and / or further coatings with identical, similar or / and different particles of different or / and the same dimensions.
  • a fiber composite component 1 for an aircraft or spacecraft pretreatment of at least one of the fibers 3 introduced into the fiber composite component 1 to protect the same spaced apart surface layer 8 of the fiber composite component 1 to form an adhesive layer 13; after which application of at least one functional layer 17, 18 to the formed adhesive layer 13 is performed.
  • a corresponding fiber composite component 1 has at least one functional layer 17, 18 which is applied to an adhesive layer 13.

Landscapes

  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Laminated Bodies (AREA)
  • Application Of Or Painting With Fluid Materials (AREA)
  • Chemical Or Physical Treatment Of Fibers (AREA)
  • Coating By Spraying Or Casting (AREA)
  • Paints Or Removers (AREA)
  • Treatments For Attaching Organic Compounds To Fibrous Goods (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne un procédé pour l'application d'un revêtement sur un élément composite (1) renforcé par des fibres pour un aéronef ou un véhicule spatial. Selon ce procédé, on procède, en vue de la formation d'une couche adhésive (13), au prétraitement d'au moins certaines parties d'une couche de surface (8) de l'élément composite (1) située à distance des fibres (3) insérées dans l'élément composite (1) pour la protection de ces dernières, puis on procède à l'application d'au moins une couche fonctionnelle (17, 18) sur la couche adhésive formée (13). L'invention concerne également un élément composite (1) renforcé par des fibres qui présente au moins une couche fonctionnelle (17, 18) appliquée sur une couche adhésive (13).
EP09737929A 2008-04-30 2009-03-12 Procédé pour appliquer un revêtement sur un élément composite renforcé par des fibres pour un aéronef ou un véhicule spatial et élément composite renforcé par des fibres produit selon un tel procédé Withdrawn EP2279280A2 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US12600308P 2008-04-30 2008-04-30
DE200810001468 DE102008001468B4 (de) 2008-04-30 2008-04-30 Verfahren zum Beschichten eines Faserverbundbauteils für ein Luft- oder Raumfahrzeug und durch ein derartiges Verfahren hergestelltes Faserverbundbauteil
PCT/EP2009/052902 WO2009132885A2 (fr) 2008-04-30 2009-03-12 Procédé pour appliquer un revêtement sur un élément composite renforcé par des fibres pour un aéronef ou un véhicule spatial et élément composite renforcé par des fibres produit selon un tel procédé

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP2279280A2 true EP2279280A2 (fr) 2011-02-02

Family

ID=41152379

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP09737929A Withdrawn EP2279280A2 (fr) 2008-04-30 2009-03-12 Procédé pour appliquer un revêtement sur un élément composite renforcé par des fibres pour un aéronef ou un véhicule spatial et élément composite renforcé par des fibres produit selon un tel procédé

Country Status (9)

Country Link
US (2) US20110091709A1 (fr)
EP (1) EP2279280A2 (fr)
JP (1) JP2011518956A (fr)
CN (1) CN102027150B (fr)
BR (1) BRPI0911880A2 (fr)
CA (1) CA2722108A1 (fr)
DE (1) DE102008001468B4 (fr)
RU (1) RU2010142648A (fr)
WO (1) WO2009132885A2 (fr)

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DE102011089287A1 (de) 2011-12-20 2013-06-20 Bayerische Motoren Werke Aktiengesellschaft Verfahren für das Herstellen einer Befestigungsschnittstelle
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DE202013011760U1 (de) 2013-08-13 2014-07-10 Holger Gläsner Profilformteil aus einem Faserverbundwerkstoff
US20150111058A1 (en) * 2013-10-21 2015-04-23 The Boeing Company Method of coating a composite material and a coated edge of a composite structure
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US20200131615A1 (en) * 2017-04-26 2020-04-30 Fisher-Barton Inc. Method of thermal spray coating fiber-reinforced composite materials
DE102017006358A1 (de) * 2017-07-06 2019-01-10 Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH Verfahren zur Strukturierung einer Substratoberfläche
JP6730407B2 (ja) 2018-11-16 2020-07-29 三菱重工業株式会社 風車翼およびその製造方法
CN112706427B (zh) * 2020-12-08 2022-06-21 同济大学 雷击防护、电磁屏蔽及承载一体化航空材料及其制备方法

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Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
CN102027150A (zh) 2011-04-20
JP2011518956A (ja) 2011-06-30
WO2009132885A3 (fr) 2010-04-15
WO2009132885A4 (fr) 2010-06-03
BRPI0911880A2 (pt) 2017-05-23
CN102027150B (zh) 2013-08-14
DE102008001468A1 (de) 2009-11-12
RU2010142648A (ru) 2012-06-10
CA2722108A1 (fr) 2009-11-05
WO2009132885A2 (fr) 2009-11-05
US20110256414A1 (en) 2011-10-20
DE102008001468B4 (de) 2013-09-19
US20110091709A1 (en) 2011-04-21

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