EP2279279B1 - Procédé pour préparer une surface à l'application d'une couche par projection à chaud - Google Patents

Procédé pour préparer une surface à l'application d'une couche par projection à chaud Download PDF

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Publication number
EP2279279B1
EP2279279B1 EP09735658.8A EP09735658A EP2279279B1 EP 2279279 B1 EP2279279 B1 EP 2279279B1 EP 09735658 A EP09735658 A EP 09735658A EP 2279279 B1 EP2279279 B1 EP 2279279B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
brush
groove
wires
percussion
process according
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Not-in-force
Application number
EP09735658.8A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP2279279A1 (fr
Inventor
Clemens Maria Verpoort
Mark Silk
Spencer Lindon
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Ford Global Technologies LLC
Original Assignee
Ford Global Technologies LLC
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Ford Global Technologies LLC filed Critical Ford Global Technologies LLC
Publication of EP2279279A1 publication Critical patent/EP2279279A1/fr
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP2279279B1 publication Critical patent/EP2279279B1/fr
Not-in-force legal-status Critical Current
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical

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Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C4/00—Coating by spraying the coating material in the molten state, e.g. by flame, plasma or electric discharge
    • C23C4/02—Pretreatment of the material to be coated, e.g. for coating on selected surface areas
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A46—BRUSHWARE
    • A46B—BRUSHES
    • A46B3/00—Brushes characterised by the way in which the bristles are fixed or joined in or on the brush body or carrier
    • A46B3/08—Brushes characterised by the way in which the bristles are fixed or joined in or on the brush body or carrier by clamping
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A46—BRUSHWARE
    • A46B—BRUSHES
    • A46B7/00—Bristle carriers arranged in the brush body
    • A46B7/06—Bristle carriers arranged in the brush body movably during use, i.e. the normal brushing action causing movement
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A46—BRUSHWARE
    • A46B—BRUSHES
    • A46B7/00—Bristle carriers arranged in the brush body
    • A46B7/06—Bristle carriers arranged in the brush body movably during use, i.e. the normal brushing action causing movement
    • A46B7/10—Bristle carriers arranged in the brush body movably during use, i.e. the normal brushing action causing movement as a rotating cylinder
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A46—BRUSHWARE
    • A46B—BRUSHES
    • A46B9/00—Arrangements of the bristles in the brush body
    • A46B9/02—Position or arrangement of bristles in relation to surface of the brush body, e.g. inclined, in rows, in groups
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A46—BRUSHWARE
    • A46B—BRUSHES
    • A46B9/00—Arrangements of the bristles in the brush body
    • A46B9/08—Supports or guides for bristles
    • A46B9/12—Non-adjustable supports
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A46—BRUSHWARE
    • A46B—BRUSHES
    • A46B2200/00—Brushes characterized by their functions, uses or applications
    • A46B2200/30—Brushes for cleaning or polishing
    • A46B2200/3093—Brush with abrasive properties, e.g. wire bristles
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T29/00—Metal working
    • Y10T29/45—Scale remover or preventor
    • Y10T29/4506—Scale remover or preventor for hollow workpiece
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T29/00—Metal working
    • Y10T29/47—Burnishing
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/12—All metal or with adjacent metals
    • Y10T428/12201—Width or thickness variation or marginal cuts repeating longitudinally
    • Y10T428/12208—Variation in both width and thickness

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method for preparing a surface on a workpiece made of metal for applying a thermally sprayed layer according to the preamble of claim 1, a hammer or impact brush for performing the method and a workpiece produced by this method.
  • a known method is also the preparation of the surface by sandblasting with corundum particles and subsequent cleaning before the surface coating can be applied by means of thermal spraying.
  • a significant disadvantage of sand blasting with corundum particles is, in particular, that the smallest corundum particles can penetrate into the surface to be coated and remain there despite intensive cleaning.
  • Such jet particles can significantly affect the adhesive tensile strength of the coating on the previously cleaned surface after application of the surface coating.
  • particles of the blasting material can also adhere to surface areas of the workpiece to be coated, which are not coated and therefore have not previously been irradiated.
  • Such blasting material particles can lead to significant problems when using the workpiece. This can for example be done on the cylinder surfaces of engines that have been processed in this form. Corundum particles that are left in or on the engine components can thus lead to significant problems and may cause a failure of the engine under certain circumstances.
  • the US 53633821 describes a method for preparing a surface on workpieces made of metal for the application of a thermally sprayed layer.
  • the surface is roughened either by wire brushing or by rough mechanical processing to a certain surface roughness.
  • DE 10 2006 004769 A1 discloses a method for preparing a previously mechanically roughened surface having sharp-edged ridges and depressions on metal workpieces for applying a thermally sprayed layer, wherein the ridge edges are fractured to improve adhesiveness of the subsequently applied thermally sprayed layer and / or to form undercuts be at least partially bent, characterized in that the sharp-edged ridges and depressions of the mechanically roughened surface resulting from machining are grooves.
  • the impact wires impinge parallel to the grooves, an advantageous shape of the undercuts is generated because the material of the groove webs thereby predominantly flows transversely to the grooves and thus a favorable shape of the undercuts is produced.
  • the impact wires have a direction of movement which is predominantly parallel to the groove direction. This is z.
  • the axis of rotation of the brush is oriented predominantly parallel to the surface and predominantly transverse to the groove direction.
  • the grooves are formed as grooves in z. B. turning, drilling or milling the surface, z. B. in the mechanical machining of cylinder bores. Equivalently, the grooves can also be introduced by rolling or pressing. For the purposes of this application, all methods are suitable to produce the mechanically roughened surface having a corresponding groove structure in the Bring in the surface.
  • the grooves advantageously have a trapezoidal to rectangular cross section.
  • the necessary undercuts form very simple when the impact strikes striking in parallel deform the edges and ridges of the groove webs transversely to the groove direction.
  • a rectangular cross-section only slight deformations of the groove web transverse to the groove direction are required to form the undercuts.
  • trapezoidal cross-section is advantageous that this is easy to produce, and still can be produced by the impact brushes, the necessary undercuts.
  • the impact wires have a diameter which is greater than the groove width.
  • the groove width is the mean distance between the groove webs.
  • the impact wires can never hit the bottom of the grooves, which would theoretically be possible in the parallel brushing, but will always impinge on at least one groove web to produce the undercut there.
  • the impact wires may also have a diameter which corresponds at least once to the groove spacing, preferably two to three times the groove spacing. Such impact wires will definitely hit a groove web, but can also hit two grooved webs. Due to the relatively large diameter relative to the groove spacing, a wide undercut is formed, since a large area of a groove web is plastically deformed.
  • the groove distance is to be understood as the distance from the center of the groove to the middle of the groove or from the center of the groove center to the groove bridge center.
  • the ratio of groove depth to groove width is between 0.2 and 1, preferably between 0.5 and 0.7.
  • the groove depth is understood to mean the average distance from the surface of the groove web to the bottom of the groove.
  • the grooves can easily be introduced into the surface at these proportions and yet have enough depth to effect a sufficient clamping of the sprayed layer to be applied with the undercuts produced. Too deep grooves could not be filled by the spray material, with too shallow grooves, the undercuts would be ineffective, since the spray material would not get behind it.
  • the ratio of groove spacing to groove width is between 1.2 and 4, preferably between 1.8 and 2.2.
  • the groove spacing is the average groove width plus the average width of the groove webs.
  • groove lands and the grooves have similar widths.
  • the widths can then be chosen so that on the one hand a good filling of the grooves is granted with the spray material, on the other hand, the width of the groove web is sufficient to firmly bind the sprayed layer to the base material.
  • the groove spacing is between 0.1 mm and 1 mm, preferably between 0.15 mm and 0.25 mm.
  • the resulting grooves and grooved ridges are easy to manufacture, can be formed with the impact wires favorable for the undercuts, can be filled well with the spray material and have sufficient strength to hold the sprayed layer.
  • the combined hammer-brushing process also produces residual compressive stresses in the machined surface areas, increasing the fatigue strength of the various components.
  • the hammer or impact brush impact or torsion springs are provided with diffusion hard chromium plating containing about 53% chromium in the surface of the wires, corresponding to a Vickers hardness HV of about 1800, so that the life of the brush is so great as possible, and to avoid any contamination of steel with aluminum beams, which could otherwise lead to galvanic corrosion problems.
  • the surface treatment in particular in the repair of engine blocks, takes place only in the area of the worn cylinder running surfaces and the honed cylinder surfaces still present above and / or below remain unprocessed. This avoids adhesion problems for the coating which would otherwise be too thin Coating in the honed surface areas can often occur.
  • the areas to be coated can be processed very well without damaging or roughening the adjacent honed cylinder surface.
  • a thermally sprayed layer can be applied only in the area of the worn cylinder surface, which adheres very well to the engine block by the surface treatment with the brush.
  • the inventive method is suitable for preparing a thermal sprayed coating produced by the PTWA wire-plasma spraying process.
  • the claimed method is used to prepare a previously mechanically roughened surface on a workpiece 1 made of metal by brushing for the application of a thermally sprayed layer. It is characterized in that the surface 2 to be processed on the workpiece 1 by hammer or impact brushes with a rotating hammer or impact brush 3 is processed with a plurality of radially outwardly directed impact wires 4 such that the edges of the ridges for improvement the adhesion of the subsequently applied thermally sprayed layer broken or at least partially bent to form undercuts.
  • the brush 3 rotates at a high speed of about 3000 to 6000 revolutions per minute and is in the machining process with its axis of rotation 13 in such a constant parallel distance relative to the surface 2 of the workpiece 1 so laterally displaced that over the circumference of the brush.
  • 3 distributed Impact wires 4 abruptly impinge with their ends 5 at an oblique angle of less than 90 ° in rapid succession on adjacent surface areas on the workpiece 1.
  • the freely rotatably mounted on the brush body 7 in the direction of rotation 6 Impact wires 4 when hitting the workpiece resiliently and slide with their ends 5 along the surface to be machined to immediately lifted from the surface due to the resilient deflection and in the Continued rotation of the brush 3 against the direction of rotation 6 to be thrown back and then to return by centrifugal action in their radial orientation for a renewed surface contact.
  • the impact wires 4 of the brush have a length such that they are pulled in the rapid rotation of the brush after its sudden impact on the surface to be machined 2 at this in the direction of rotation 6 of the brush 3 a piece along, then with the further rotation of the brush from the working surface lift again and thus stop the impact.
  • the brush 3 consists of a substantially cylindrical rotationally symmetrical brush body 7 with a plurality of axially parallel support rods 11 which are clamped over the circumference of the brush between the front side brush discs 9, 10 and a plurality of axially in the axial direction of the brush 3 next to each other arranged impact wires (4) wear.
  • the rotating at high speed hammer or impact brush 3 is in the embodiment of Fig. 1 to Fig. 8 from a substantially cylindrical rotationally symmetrical brush body 7 with a plurality of axially parallel longitudinal grooves 8 in which between the front side brush discs 9, 10 each axially parallel support rods 11 (FIGS. Fig. 1, Fig. 2 and Fig. 9 ) are clamped for a plurality of in the axial direction of the brush closely juxtaposed impact wires 4.
  • the hammer or impact brush 3 shown has on the brush body 7 six evenly distributed over the circumference longitudinal grooves 8 with six support rods 11, where the punch wires 4 are freely rotatably mounted.
  • the legs 4a, 4b of the percussion wires 4 each have the same length, and the supporting rods 11 have a round cross-section, so that the percussion wires 4 can move freely on the support rods 11 in the direction of rotation 6 of the brush back and forth.
  • the punch wires 4 with two parallel spaced legs 4a, 4b U-shaped, so that they enclose the support rod 11 with an annular eye 4c.
  • the impact wires 4 of the brush 3 are hard-ingrained with about 53% Cr on the wire surface and a Vickers hardness HV of at least 1800.
  • the receptacles 12 are formed for the ends of the support rods 11 on at least one brush disc 9 or 10 by means of adjustable bearing bushes 14 radially adjustable to the rotational axis 13 of the brush 3.
  • the brush body 7 with brush discs 9, 10, Support rods 11, impact wires 4 and brush shaft 15 suitably made of a high-strength stainless steel.
  • a hammer or impact brush of Fig. 11 to 14 are the percussion wires 4 as leg springs formed in the axial direction of the support rods 11 closely adjacent parallel legs 4a, 4b and enclose the support rods 11 also with an annular eye 4c. When hitting the surface to be machined 2 they are bent and then spring back in the direction of a counter to the direction of rotation 6 following adjacent support rod 11.
  • the brush body 7 consists in this embodiment of two attached to the brush shaft 15 brush discs 9, 10, where the support rods 11 for the percussion wires or torsion springs (4) are fixed with its two ends in about the circumference of the brush body 7 also uniformly distributed receptacles 12 , Again, the receptacles 12 may be adjustable for the ends of the support rods 11 on at least one brush disc 9 or 10 by means of adjustable bearing bushes 14 radially to the axis of rotation 13 of the brush.
  • the brush body 7 with brush discs 9, 10, support rods 11, impact wires or torsion springs 4 and brush shaft 15 made of a high-strength stainless steel.
  • the materials used for the brush have the same quality as brushes Fig. 1 to Fig. 10 ,
  • FIG. 2 shows a cross section through an inventive surface 2 of a workpiece 1, which is provided with a spray layer 16, transversely to the grooves 17.
  • the grooves 17 are defined at regular intervals by the groove webs 18.
  • the grooves 17 are defined by their mean groove width B, their mean groove spacing A, the mean width S of the groove webs 18, the mean groove depth T and the mean groove web height H, the groove spacing A is the sum of groove width B and width S of the groove webs 18 and the groove depth T is equal to the groove web height H.
  • “Middle" width or depth or height should mean here that a is formed by the cross-sectional area of a groove 17 and a groove web 18 respectively expressed by two average values.
  • the undercuts 22 are formed in the grooves 17.
  • the sprayed layer 16 is clamped together at these undercuts 22 and is thus firmly connected to the workpiece 1. It can be seen that the plastic deformations 20 occur transversely to the grooves 17 irregularly. This also applies in the longitudinal direction to the grooves 17, where the plastic deformations 20 are introduced into the groove structure more or less frequently, depending on the intensity of the brushing. Overall, this surface structure with the irregular undercuts 22 leads to a very high adhesive strength of the sprayed layer 16 on the workpiece 1.
  • the grooves 17 have approximately a groove width B of 0.2 mm, a groove spacing A of 0.5 mm, so that a width S of the groove webs 18 of 0.3 mm and a groove depth S or groove web height H of 0.09 mm up.
  • This macroscopic structure applied in a first process step has a size in the preferred magnitudes for these processes of 0.1-1 mm in width and about 0.05-0.2 mm in depth.
  • the introduced in the second process step by the brush plastic deformation 20 have microscopic dimensions of about 5 - 50 microns on the surface 19 of the groove webs 18.
  • the plastically deformed surface 19 of the groove webs 18, similar to a shot peened surface, has a layer provided with residual compressive stresses.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Polishing Bodies And Polishing Tools (AREA)
  • Coating By Spraying Or Casting (AREA)
  • Finish Polishing, Edge Sharpening, And Grinding By Specific Grinding Devices (AREA)

Claims (9)

  1. Procédé de préparation d'une surface (2) préalablement rendue rugueuse mécaniquement avec des arêtes à bords vifs et des renfoncements sur des pièces (1) en métal pour l'application d'une couche pulvérisée à chaud, la surface rendue rugueuse (2) étant traitée par marteaux-brosses ou brosses abrasives avec un marteau-brosse ou une brosse abrasive à rotation rapide (3) comprenant une pluralité de fils percuteurs à ressort (4) orientés radialement vers l'extérieur de telle sorte que les bords des arêtes soient cassés et/ou soient au moins en partie recourbés en formant des contre-dépouilles (22) pour améliorer l'adhérence de la couche appliquée ultérieurement pulvérisée à chaud,
    les arêtes à bords vifs et les renfoncements de la surface (2) rendue rugueuse mécaniquement étant des rainures (17) produites par usinage mécanique et les fils percuteurs (4) frappant essentiellement parallèlement aux rainures (17).
  2. Procédé selon la revendication 1,
    caractérisé en ce que
    les rainures (17) présentent une section transversale trapézoïdale à rectangulaire.
  3. Procédé selon la revendication 1 ou 2,
    caractérisé en ce que
    les fils percuteurs (4) présentent un diamètre supérieur à la largeur des rainures (B).
  4. Procédé selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes,
    caractérisé en ce que
    les fils percuteurs (4) présentent un diamètre qui correspond au moins à une fois la distance entre les rainures (A), de préférence à deux à trois fois la distance entre les rainures (A).
  5. Procédé selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes,
    caractérisé en ce que
    le rapport de la profondeur des rainures (T) à la largeur des rainures (B) est compris entre 0,2 et 1, de préférence entre 0,5 et 0,7.
  6. Procédé selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes,
    caractérisé en ce que
    le rapport entre la distance entre les rainures (A) et la largeur des rainures (B) est compris entre 1,2 et 4, de préférence entre 1,8 et 2,2.
  7. Procédé selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes,
    caractérisé en ce que
    la distance entre les rainures (A) est comprise entre 0,1 mm et 1 mm, de préférence entre 0,15 mm et 0,25 mm.
  8. Procédé selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes,
    caractérisé en ce que
    la brosse (3) tourne avec une vitesse de rotation élevée d'environ 3000 à 6000 tr/m et est déplacée latéralement avec son axe de rotation (13) à une distance parallèle uniforme par rapport à la surface (2) de la pièce (1) de telle sorte que les fils percuteurs (4) répartis sur la périphérie de la brosse (3) viennent frapper avec leurs extrémités (5) suivant un angle oblique inférieur à 90° en succession rapide contre des régions de surface adjacentes de la pièce (1).
  9. Procédé selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes,
    caractérisé en ce que
    les fils percuteurs (4) supportés librement à rotation dans la direction de rotation (6) de la broche (3), lorsqu'ils viennent frapper la pièce, sont fléchis élastiquement, glissent avec leurs extrémités (5) le long de la surface à usiner, sont ensuite immédiatement soulevés de la surface en raison de la flexion élastique et lors de la poursuite de la rotation de la brosse (3), sont accélérés en arrière dans le sens opposé au sens de rotation (6) pour ensuite, sous l'effet de la force centrifuge, parvenir à nouveau dans leur orientation radiale pour assurer un nouveau contact avec la surface.
EP09735658.8A 2008-04-21 2009-04-20 Procédé pour préparer une surface à l'application d'une couche par projection à chaud Not-in-force EP2279279B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE102008019933A DE102008019933A1 (de) 2008-04-21 2008-04-21 Vorrichtung und Verfahren zum Vorbereiten einer Oberfläche aus Metall für das Aufbringen einer thermisch gespritzten Schicht
PCT/EP2009/054670 WO2009130184A1 (fr) 2008-04-21 2009-04-20 Procédé pour préparer une surface à l'application d'une couche par projection à chaud

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP2279279A1 EP2279279A1 (fr) 2011-02-02
EP2279279B1 true EP2279279B1 (fr) 2017-06-14

Family

ID=41020740

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP09735658.8A Not-in-force EP2279279B1 (fr) 2008-04-21 2009-04-20 Procédé pour préparer une surface à l'application d'une couche par projection à chaud

Country Status (5)

Country Link
US (1) US8752256B2 (fr)
EP (1) EP2279279B1 (fr)
CN (1) CN102016098A (fr)
DE (1) DE102008019933A1 (fr)
WO (1) WO2009130184A1 (fr)

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DE102013013830A1 (de) 2013-08-21 2015-02-26 Bayerische Motoren Werke Aktiengesellschaft Verfahren zum Beschichten einer Zylinderwand eines Verbrennungsmotors
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US9382868B2 (en) 2014-04-14 2016-07-05 Ford Global Technologies, Llc Cylinder bore surface profile and process
US10220453B2 (en) 2015-10-30 2019-03-05 Ford Motor Company Milling tool with insert compensation
GB2574752B (en) 2017-02-21 2022-01-12 Ford Motor Co Surface roughening tool with translatable swaging blades
DE112017006925T5 (de) 2017-02-21 2019-10-24 Ford Motor Company Mechanisches aufrauen mithilfe eines werkzeugs mit verschiebbaren stanzklingen
IT201700092891A1 (it) * 2017-08-10 2019-02-10 Ferrari Spa Metodo di restauro di almeno una porzione di una scocca di un veicolo storico di pregio
CN112222781B (zh) * 2020-10-10 2023-04-11 梅赛德斯-奔驰集团股份公司 圆筒内表面处理方法以及通过该方法制造的构件
CN113172526B (zh) * 2021-04-15 2022-05-10 燕山大学 一种锻件氧化皮去除装置
WO2024004223A1 (fr) * 2022-06-30 2024-01-04 日本生販合同会社 Élément de traitement de surface et système de traitement de surface
WO2024004224A1 (fr) * 2022-06-30 2024-01-04 日本生販合同会社 Élément de traitement de surface et système de traitement de surface

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US8752256B2 (en) 2014-06-17
CN102016098A (zh) 2011-04-13
WO2009130184A1 (fr) 2009-10-29
US20110030663A1 (en) 2011-02-10
EP2279279A1 (fr) 2011-02-02

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