EP2207783A1 - Verfahren zur hydroformylierung - Google Patents

Verfahren zur hydroformylierung

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Publication number
EP2207783A1
EP2207783A1 EP08847068A EP08847068A EP2207783A1 EP 2207783 A1 EP2207783 A1 EP 2207783A1 EP 08847068 A EP08847068 A EP 08847068A EP 08847068 A EP08847068 A EP 08847068A EP 2207783 A1 EP2207783 A1 EP 2207783A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
alkyl
formula
aryl
cycloalkyl
hetaryl
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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Application number
EP08847068A
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German (de)
English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
Jens Rudolph
Joachim Schmidt-Leithoff
Rocco Paciello
Bernhard Breit
Tomas Smejkal
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BASF SE
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BASF SE
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Publication of EP2207783A1 publication Critical patent/EP2207783A1/de
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Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
    • C07F15/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 8, 9, 10 or 18 of the Periodic Table
    • C07F15/0006—Compounds containing elements of Groups 8, 9, 10 or 18 of the Periodic Table compounds of the platinum group
    • C07F15/0073—Rhodium compounds
    • C07F15/008—Rhodium compounds without a metal-carbon linkage
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
    • C07F9/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 5 or 15 of the Periodic Table
    • C07F9/02—Phosphorus compounds
    • C07F9/28—Phosphorus compounds with one or more P—C bonds
    • C07F9/50—Organo-phosphines
    • C07F9/5022—Aromatic phosphines (P-C aromatic linkage)
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
    • C07F9/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 5 or 15 of the Periodic Table
    • C07F9/02—Phosphorus compounds
    • C07F9/547—Heterocyclic compounds, e.g. containing phosphorus as a ring hetero atom
    • C07F9/553—Heterocyclic compounds, e.g. containing phosphorus as a ring hetero atom having one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom
    • C07F9/576—Six-membered rings
    • C07F9/58—Pyridine rings

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a process for the hydroformylation of unsaturated compounds which have a functional group capable of forming an intermolecular, noncovalent bond, in which this compound is reacted with carbon monoxide and hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst, wherein the catalyst is a complex of a metal of VIII
  • the subgroup comprises a pnicogen-containing compound as ligand, wherein the pnicogen-containing compound has a functional group which is complementary to the functional group of the compound to be hydroformylated capable of forming an intermolecular, noncovalent bond, such ligands, catalysts and their use.
  • Hydroformylation or oxo synthesis is an important industrial process and serves to prepare aldehydes from unsaturated compounds, carbon monoxide and hydrogen. These aldehydes may optionally be hydrogenated in the same operation with hydrogen to the corresponding oxo alcohols.
  • the reaction itself is highly exothermic and generally proceeds under elevated pressure and at elevated temperatures in the presence of catalysts.
  • the catalysts used are Co, Rh, Ir, Ru, Pd or Pt compounds or complexes which can be modified to influence the activity and / or selectivity with N- or P-containing ligands.
  • Suitable phosphorus ligands are z.
  • phosphines, phosphinites, phosphonites, phosphites, phosphoramidites, phospholes and phosphabenzenes are z.
  • phosphines, phosphinites, phosphonites, phosphites, phosphoramidites, phospholes and phosphabenzenes are z.
  • the currently most widely used ligands are Triarylphosphi- ne, such as.
  • triphenylphosphine and sulfonated triphenylphosphine since they have sufficient stability under the reaction conditions.
  • a disadvantage of this Li it has been found that generally only very high excess ligands provide satisfactory yields.
  • EP 1 486 481 describes a process for the hydroformylation of olefins in the presence of a catalyst comprising at least one complex of a metal of subgroup VIII with monophosphorus compounds capable of dimerization via noncovalent bonds as ligands.
  • Y 1 is a divalent bridging group having a bridging atom between the flanking bonds
  • R ⁇ and R ⁇ are alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl or hetaryl or together with the phosphorus atom and, if present, the groups X 1 and X 2 to which they are attached represent a 5- to 8-membered heterocycle
  • R ⁇ represents a peptide group comprising at least two amino acid units
  • X 1 and X 2 are selected from O, S, SiR ⁇ R ⁇ and NR ⁇
  • Z is NR IX or CR IX R X
  • R 1 to R x are hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, hetaryl, etc., wherein in each case two adjacent radicals R 1 , R ", R ⁇ v , R v ⁇ , RV 111 and R ⁇ x , also together may represent the bond mo
  • hydroformylation catalysts are to be used which, in addition to a high selectivity with respect to the substrate, have a high regioselectivity and / or a high selectivity in favor of the hydroformylation over the hydrogenation and / or allow a high RaurrW time yield.
  • the present invention therefore provides a process for the hydroformylation of compounds of the formula (I)
  • R 1 is H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl or hetaryl, where alkyl, alkenyl and alkynyl are optionally 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 substituents selected from halogen, cyano, nitro, alkoxy, cycloalkyl, Cycloalkoxy, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkoxy, aryl, aryloxy, hetaryl and hetaryloxy and wherein cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl and hetaryl optionally have 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 substituents which are selected from alkyl and those previously for the alkyl, alkenyl and Alkynyl substituents,
  • the catalyst comprises at least one complex of a metal of transition group VIII of the Periodic Table of the Elements with at least one compound of formula (II),
  • Pn is a pnicogen atom
  • W is a divalent bridging group of 1 to 8 bridging atoms between the flanking bonds
  • R 2 has a functional group capable of forming at least one intermolecular, noncovalent bond with the group -X (OO) OH of the compound of formula (I).
  • R 3 and R 4 independently of one another are alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl or hetaryl, where alkyl is optionally 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 substituents selected from halogen, cyano, nitro, alkoxy, cycloalkyl, cycloalkoxy, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkoxy , Aryl, aryloxy, hetaryl and hetaryloxy and wherein cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl and hetaryl optionally 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 substituents selected from alkyl and the substituents previously mentioned for the alkyl; or together with the pnicogen atom and, if present together with the radicals Y 2 and Y 3, represent a 5- to 8-membered heterocycle, which may additionally be mono-, di-, tri- or tetravalent cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, where
  • Aryl or hetaryl is fused, wherein the heterocycle and, if present, the fused groups independently of each other 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 substituents selected from halogen, cyano, nitro, alkyl, alkoxy, cycloalkyl, cycloalkoxy, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkoxy , Aryl, aryloxy, hetaryl and hetaryloxy,
  • a, b and c are independently 0 or 1 and
  • Y 1 , Y 2 and Y 3 independently of one another represent O, S, NR a , or SiR b R c , in which R a , R b and R c independently of one another represent hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl or hetaryl, wherein alkyl optionally has 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 substituents selected from halogen, cyano, nitro, alkoxy, cycloalkyl, cycloalkoxy, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkoxy, aryl, aryloxy, hetaryl and hetaryloxy and wherein cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl and hetaryl, if appropriate 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 substituents which are selected from alkyl and the substituents previously mentioned for the alkyl.
  • the present invention relates to the compounds of the formula (I I. a) used according to the invention as ligands
  • W is a divalent bridging group with 1 to 5 bridging atoms between the flanking bonds
  • Z is N (R IX ) or C (R IX ) (R X ) and R 1 , R “, R 111 , R IV , R v , R v ⁇ , R v ", R vm , R ⁇ x and R x are independently H, halogen, nitro, cyano, amino, alkyl, alkoxy, alkylamino, dialkylamino , Cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl or hetaryl,
  • R vm and R ⁇ x together represent the bond portion of a double bond between the adjacent ring atoms, wherein the six-membered ring may have up to three non-cumulated double bonds,
  • Catalysts comprising at least one complex of a metal of VIII. Subgroup of the Periodic Table of the Elements with at least one compound of formula (II.a) and the use of such catalysts for hydroformylation.
  • ligands of the formula (II) or (I, Ia) which have a functional group R 2 which is capable of forming intermolecular, noncovalent bonds with the substrate of the formula (I) are used. These bonds are preferably hydrogen bonds or ionic bonds, in particular hydrogen bonds.
  • the functional groups capable of forming intermolecular noncovalent bonds enable the ligands to associate with the substrate, ie to form aggregates in the form of hetero-dimers.
  • Complementary functional groups A pair of functional groups of the ligands and the substrates capable of forming intermolecular noncovalent bonds are referred to in the present invention as "complementary functional groups".
  • “Complementary compounds” are ligand / substrate pairs that have complementary functional groups. Such pairs are for association, i. H. capable of forming aggregates.
  • halogen is fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine, preferably fluorine, chlorine and bromine.
  • pnicogen stands for phosphorus, arsenic, antimony and bismuth, in particular phosphorus.
  • alkyl represents straight-chain and branched alkyl groups. These are preferably straight-chain or branched C 1 -C 20 -alkyl, preferably C 1 -C 12 -alkyl, more preferably C 1 -C 5 -alkyl and very particularly preferably C 1 -C 4 -alkyl groups.
  • alkyl groups are in particular methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, 2-butyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, n-pentyl, 2-pentyl, 2-methylbutyl, 3-methylbutyl, 1, 2 Dimethylpropyl, 1, 1-dimethylpropyl, 2,2-dimethylpropyl, 1-ethylpropyl, n-hexyl, 2-hexyl, 2-methylpentyl, 3-methylpentyl, 4-methylpentyl, 1, 2-dimethylbutyl, 1, 3-dimethylbutyl, 2,3-dimethylbutyl, 1, 1-dimethylbutyl, 2,2-dimethylbutyl, 3,3-dimethylbutyl, 1, 1, 2-trimethylpropyl, 1, 2, 2-trimethylpropyl, 1-ethylbutyl, 2-ethylbutyl, 1-ethyl-2-methylpropyl, methyl
  • alkyl also includes substituted alkyl groups, which generally have 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5, preferably 1, 2 or 3 and particularly preferably 1 substituent. These are preferably selected from halogen, cyano, nitro, alkoxy, cycloalkyl, cycloalkoxy, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkoxy, aryl, aryloxy, hetaryl and hetaryloxy.
  • cycloalkyl is both unsubstituted and substituted cycloalkyl groups, preferably C3-C7-cycloalkyl groups, such as cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl or cycloheptyl.
  • these may in general carry 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5, preferably 1, 2 or 3 and particularly preferably 1 substituent.
  • these substituents are selected from alkyl, alkoxy and halogen.
  • alkenyl stands for both unsubstituted and substituted straight-chain and branched alkenyl groups. These are preferably straight-chain or branched C 2 -C 20 -alkenyl, preferably C 2 -C 12 -alkenyl, particularly preferably C 1 -C 4 -alkenyl and very particularly preferably C 1 -C 4 -alkenyl groups.
  • alkynyl represents both unsubstituted and substituted straight-chain and branched alkynyl groups. These are preferably straight-chain or branched C 2 -C 20 -alkynyl, preferably C 2 -C 12 -alkynyl, particularly preferably C 1 -C 4 -alkynyl and very particularly preferably C 1 -C 4 -alkynyl groups.
  • heterocycloalkyl denotes saturated, cycloaliphatic groups having generally 4 to 7, preferably 5 or 6, ring atoms in which 1 or 2 of the ring carbon atoms are represented by heteroatoms selected from the elements O, N, S and P. , are replaced and which may optionally be substituted, wherein in the case of a substitution, these heterocycloaliphatic groups 1, 2 or 3, preferably 1 or 2, particularly preferably 1 substituent can carry.
  • substituents are preferably selected from alkyl, halogen, cyano, nitro, alkoxy, cycloalkyl, cycloalkoxy, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkoxy, aryl, aryloxy, hetaryl and hetaryloxy, particularly preferred are alkyl radicals.
  • heterocycloaliphatic groups are pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinyl, imidazolidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, oxazolidinyl, morpholidinyl, thiazolidinyl, isothiazolidinyl, Isoxazolidinyl, piperazinyl, tetrahydrothiophenyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetra hydropyranyl, called dioxanyl.
  • aryl is both unsubstituted and substituted aryl groups, preferably phenyl, ToIyI, XyIyI, mesityl, naphthyl, fluoro, anthracenyl, phenanthrenyl or naphthacenyl and particularly preferably phenyl or naphthyl, these aryl groups in the case of a substitution in general 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5, preferably 1, 2 or 3 and particularly preferably a substituent selected from alkyl, halogen, cyano, nitro, alkoxy, cycloalkyl, cycloalkoxy, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkoxy, Aryl, aryloxy, hetaryl and hetaryloxy can carry.
  • heterocycloaromatic groups preferably selected from pyridyl, quinolinyl, acridinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, pyrrolyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, indoisyl, purinyl, indazolyl, benzotriazolyl, 1, 2,3-triazolyl, 1, 3,4-triazolyl and carbazolyl.
  • these heterocycloaromatic groups can generally carry 1, 2 or 3 substituents selected from alkyl, halogen, cyano, nitro, alkoxy, cycloalkyl, cycloalkoxy, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkoxy, aryl, aryloxy, heteroaryl and hetaryloxy.
  • C 1 -C 4 -alkylene is unsubstituted or substituted methylene, 1, 2-ethylene, 1, 3-propylene, 1, 4-butylene, this being, in the case of a substitution, 2, 3 or 4 substituents , selected from among alkyl, halogen, cyano, nitro, alkoxy, cycloalkyl, cycloalkoxy, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkoxy, aryl, aryloxy, hetaryl and hetaryloxy.
  • alkyl alkyl
  • cycloalkyl heterocycloalkyl
  • aryl aryl
  • hetaryl alkoxy, cycloalkoxy, heterocycloalkoxy, aryloxy and hetaryloxy.
  • M + is a cation equivalent, ie a monovalent cation or is the proportion of a polyvalent cation corresponding to a positive single charge.
  • alkali metal ions in particular Na + , K + and Li + ions
  • alkaline earth metal ions in particular Ca 2+ or Mg 2+ ions
  • onium ions such as ammonium, mono-, , Di-, tri-, tetraalkylammonium, phosphonium, tetraalkylphosphonium or tetraarylphosphonium ions.
  • the catalyst comprising a metal of subgroup VIII of the Periodic Table of the Elements and a compound of formula (II), due to the group capable of forming an intermolecular, noncovalent bond R 2 with the compound of formula (I), whose CC double bond is capable of interacting with the complex-bound metal of VIII.
  • Subgroup forms an aggregate.
  • a supramolecular, cyclic transition state could be run through.
  • the process according to the invention is particularly suitable for the hydroformylation of unsaturated compounds of the formula (I) which are capable of forming strong intermolecular, noncovalent binding.
  • Compound classes which have this property are in particular carboxylic acids, phosphonic acids, sulfonic acids and salts thereof.
  • a in the compounds of the formula (I) is preferably C 1 -C 4 -alkylene.
  • R 1 in the compounds of the formula (I) is preferably H, alkyl or alkenyl.
  • the compound of the formula (I) is selected from compounds of the formula (I.a)
  • R a1 and R a2 independently represent H or CrC 4 -AlkVl and R 1 is H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl or hetaryl.
  • R a1 and R a2 are in the compounds of the formula (La) used according to the invention preferably for H.
  • R 1 is preferably H or alkyl, particularly preferably H or C 1 -C 6 -alkyl.
  • Pn in the compounds of the formula (II) is preferably phosphorus.
  • Suitable examples of such compounds of formula (II) are phosphine, phosphinite, phosphonite, phosphoramidite or phosphite compounds.
  • R 2 in the compounds of formula (II) is a functional group comprising at least one NH group.
  • R 3 and R 4 in the compounds of the formula (II) are preferably each optionally substituted phenyl, pyridyl or cyclohexyl. Particularly preferably, R 3 and R 4 are optionally substituted phenyl.
  • indices a, b and c are in the compounds of the formula (II), preferably 0.
  • the compounds of the formula (II) used according to the invention are selected from compounds of the formula (IIa),
  • W is a divalent bridging group with 1 to 5 bridging atoms between the flanking bonds
  • R ", R”, R '", R ⁇ v , R v , R v ⁇ , R v “, R v ⁇ ", and if present, R ⁇ x and R x are independently H, halogen, nitro, cyano, amino, alkyl , Alkoxy, alkylamino, dialkylamino, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl or hetaryl,
  • W is preferably C 1 -C 8 -alkylene, (C 1 -C 4 -alkylene) carbonyl or C (OO).
  • Z in the compounds of the formula (II.a) is preferably N (R IX ) or C (R IX ) (R X ). Z is particularly preferably N (R IX ).
  • the radicals R 1 v ⁇ with R 11, R IV with R and R VIII "with R ⁇ x are (II. A) in the compound of formula preferably in each case together for the binding portion of a double bond between adjacent ring atoms, ie, in the compound of formula (II. A) the six-membered ring is preferably substituted benzene or pyridine.
  • R 111 , R v , R VM and, when present, R x in the compounds of the formula (II.a) are, independently of one another, preferably H, halogen, nitro, cyano, amino, C 1 -C 4 -alkyl, C 1 -C 4 -Alicoxy Ci-C4-alkylamino or di (Ci-C4-alkyl) amino.
  • Particularly preferred are R m , R v , R VM and if present R x for H.
  • the compounds of the formula (II) or (II.a) are chosen from the compounds of the formula (1) and (2)
  • the compound of the formula (1) is very particularly preferably used in the process according to the invention for the hydroformylation.
  • the catalysts used according to the invention have at least one compound of the formula (II) or (II.a), as described above, as ligands.
  • the catalysts may also contain at least one other ligand, preferably selected from halides, amines, carboxylates, acetylacetonate, aryl or alkylsulfonates, hydride, CO, olefins, dienes, cycloolynes, nitriles, N containing heterocycles, aromatics and heteroaromatics, ethers, PF3, phospholes, phosphabenzenes and mono-, bi- and polydentate phosphine, phosphinite, phosphonite, phosphoramidite and phosphite.
  • the catalysts used in the invention have at least one metal of VIII. Subgroup of the Periodic Table of the Elements.
  • the metal of the VIII subgroup is preferably Co, Ru, Rh, Ir, Pd or Pt, more preferably Co, Ru, Rh or Ir and most preferably Rh.
  • catalytically active species of the general formula H ⁇ M y (CO) z Lq are formed under hydroformylation conditions from the particular catalysts or catalyst precursors used, where M is the metal of the VIII subgroup, L is a pnicogen-containing compound of the formula (II) and q, x, y, z for integers, depending on the valence and type of the metal and the ligand L, stand.
  • z and q are independently of one another at least a value of 1, such. B. 1, 2 or 3.
  • the sum of z and q is preferably from 1 to 5.
  • the complexes may, if desired, additionally have at least one of the further ligands described above.
  • the hydroformylation catalysts are prepared in situ in the reactor used for the hydroformylation reaction. If desired, however, the catalysts according to the invention can also be prepared separately and isolated by customary processes. For in situ preparation of the catalysts of the invention can be z.
  • Suitable rhodium compounds or complexes are, for. Rhodium (II) and rhodium (III) salts, such as rhodium (III) chloride, rhodium (III) nitrate, rhodium (III) sulfate, potassium rhodium sulfate, rhodium (II) or Rhodium (III) carboxylate, rhodium (II) and rhodium (III) acetate, rhodium (III) oxide, salts of rhodium (III) acid, trisammonium hexachlororhodate (III), etc.
  • Rhodium (II) and rhodium (III) salts such as rhodium (III) chloride, rhodium (III) nitrate, rhodium (III) sulfate, potassium rhodium sulfate, rhodium (II) or Rh
  • rhodium complexes are suitable such as rhodium bis-carbonyl acetylacetonate, acetylacetonato-bis-ethyl rhodium (I), etc.
  • rhodium bis-carbonyl acetylacetonate or rhodium acetate are used.
  • ruthenium salts or compounds are, for example, ruthenium (III) chloride, ruthenium (IV), ruthenium (VI) or ruthenium (VIII) oxide, alkali salts of ruthenium oxygen acids such as K 2 RUO 4 or KRuO 4 or complex compounds, such as. B. RuHCl (CO) (PPh3) 3.
  • metal carbonyls of ruthenium such as trisruthenium dodecacarbonyl or hexaruthenium octadecacarbonyl, or mixed forms in which CO has been partially replaced by ligands of the formula PR3, such as Ru (CO) 3 (PPh3) 2, in the process according to the invention.
  • Suitable cobalt compounds are, for example, cobalt (II) chloride, cobalt (II) sulfate, cobalt (II) carbonate, cobalt (II) nitrate, their amine or hydrate complexes, cobalt carboxylates, such as cobalt acetate, cobalt ethylhexanoate, cobalt naphthanoate, and cobalt caproate -Complex.
  • cobalt carboxylates such as cobalt acetate, cobalt ethylhexanoate, cobalt naphthanoate, and cobalt caproate -Complex.
  • the carbonyl complexes of cobalt such as dicobaltoctacarbonyl, Tetracobaltdodecacarbonyl and Hexacobalthexadecacarbonyl can be used.
  • Suitable activating agents are, for. B. Bronsted acids, Lewis acids, such as. BF3, AICb, ZnCb, and Lewis bases.
  • Suitable solvents are ethers, such as tert-butyl methyl ether, diphenyl ether and tetrahydrofuran. Further solvents are esters of aliphatic carboxylic acids with alkanols, for example ethyl acetate or oxo oils, such as Palatinol TM or Texanol TM, aromatics, such as toluene and xylene, hydrocarbons or mixtures of hydrocarbons.
  • ethers such as tert-butyl methyl ether, diphenyl ether and tetrahydrofuran.
  • Further solvents are esters of aliphatic carboxylic acids with alkanols, for example ethyl acetate or oxo oils, such as Palatinol TM or Texanol TM, aromatics, such as toluene and xylene, hydrocarbons or mixtures of hydrocarbons.
  • the molar ratio of Monopnicogenligand (II) to VIII metal subgroup is generally in a range of about 1: 1 to 1000: 1, preferably from 2: 1 to 500: 1, and more preferably from 5: 1 to 100: 1.
  • the hydroformylation catalyst is prepared in situ, at least one ligand (II) which can be used according to the invention, a compound or a complex of a metal of subgroup VIII and, if appropriate, an activating agent in an inert solvent under the hydroformylation conditions to the reaction.
  • the hydroformylation reaction can be carried out continuously, semicontinuously or discontinuously.
  • Suitable reactors for the continuous reaction are known in the art and z. As described in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Vol. 1, 3rd ed., 1951, p 743 ff.
  • Suitable pressure-resistant reactors are also known in the art and z. B. in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Vol. 1, 3rd edition, 1951, p. 769 ff. Described.
  • an autoclave is used for the process according to the invention, which if desired can be provided with a stirring device and an inner lining.
  • the composition of the synthesis gas of carbon monoxide and hydrogen used in the process according to the invention can vary within wide ranges.
  • the molar ratio of carbon monoxide and hydrogen is usually about 5:95 to 70:30, preferably about 40:60 to 60:40. Particularly preferred is a molar ratio of carbon monoxide and hydrogen in the range of about 1: 1 is used.
  • the temperature in the hydroformylation reaction is generally in a range of about 20 to 180 C, preferably about 50 to 150 C.
  • the pressure is in a range of about 1 to 700 bar, preferably 1 to 600 bar, in particular 1 to 300 bar.
  • the reaction pressure can be varied depending on the activity of the hydroformylation catalyst of the invention used.
  • the catalysts of the invention based on pnicogen-containing compounds of the formula (II) allow a reaction in a range of low pressures, such as in the range of 1 to 100 bar.
  • hydroformylation catalysts according to the invention and the hydroformylation catalysts according to the invention can be separated off from the effluent of the hydroformylation reaction by customary methods known to the person skilled in the art and can generally be used again for the hydroformylation.
  • the catalysts described above can also be suitably, for. B. by attachment via suitable as anchor groups functional groups, adsorption, grafting, etc. to a suitable carrier, eg. Example of glass, silica gel, resins, polymers, etc., be immobilized. They are then also suitable for use as solid phase catalysts.
  • a suitable carrier eg. Example of glass, silica gel, resins, polymers, etc.
  • the hydroformylation activity of catalysts based on the above-described ligands of the formula (II) is generally higher than the isomerization activity with respect to the formation of internal double bonds.
  • the catalysts used according to the invention in the hydroformylation of unsaturated compounds comprising a functional group capable of forming intermolecular, noncovalent bonds exhibit high chemo- and regioselectivities with respect to the hydroformylation of the reactive centers.
  • the catalysts generally have a high stability under the hydroformylation conditions, so that they are usually achieved with longer catalyst life, as known from the prior art catalysts.
  • the catalysts used according to the invention furthermore exhibit high activity, so that as a rule the corresponding aldehydes or alcohols are obtained in good yields.
  • Another object of the present invention relates to the compounds of the formula (I I. a) used in the invention
  • Another object of the present invention relates to the invention preferably used catalysts comprising at least one complex of a metal of VIII.
  • Subgroup of the Periodic Table of the Elements with at least one compound of formula (II.a), as defined above.
  • preferred metals of the VIII With regard to preferred metals of the VIII.
  • Subgroup and preferred inventive compounds of formula (II.a) reference is made to the statements made above.
  • Another object of the invention relates to the use of catalysts comprising at least one complex of a metal of VIII. Subgroup with at least one ligand of the formula (I), as described above, for the hydroformylation. With regard to preferred embodiments, reference is made to the statements made above on the catalysts according to the invention.
  • NMR spectra were determined using a Varian Mercury spectrometer (300 MHz, 121 MHz and 75 MHz for 1 H, 31 P and 13 C), with a Bruker AMX 400 (400 MHz, 162 MHz and 101 MHz for 1 H, 31 P and 13 C) or with a Bruker DRX 500 (500 MHz, 202 MHz and 125 MHz for 1 H, 31 P and 13 C).
  • TMS was used as internal standard ( 1 H and 13 C NMR) or 85% H 3 PO 4 as standard ( 31 P NMR).
  • reaction mixture was again cooled to -78 0 C, with CO2 saturated (15 min) and over a period of 2 h at 0 0 C heated.
  • the reaction mixture was extracted with aqueous hydrochloric acid (2 M, 3x200 ml).
  • the aqueous phase was then extracted with CH 2 Cl 2 (2 x 100 ml).
  • the organic phases were combined, dried over Na 2 SO 4, filtered and freed from the solvent under reduced pressure.
  • the yellowish, oily residue was taken up in ethyl acetate (50 ml) and filtered through a short silica gel column (rinsing with ethyl acetate).
  • N-methylmorpholine (10.9 ml, 10.06 g, 99.5 mmol, 2.5 eq.)
  • DMF 250 ml
  • 1-benzotriazolyloxy-tris- (dimethylamino) -phosphonium- hexafluorophosphate BOP, 17.6 g, 39.79 mmol, 1 eq.
  • the reaction mixture was stirred for 2 h at 0 ° C. and for a further 2 h at room temperature.
  • the reaction was monitored by TLC control (petroleum ether / ethyl acetate / CH 3 OH, 50: 25: 2).
  • N'-tert-butoxycarbonyl-N- (6-diphenylphosphinylpyridine-2-carbonyl) -guanidine (10 g, 22.30 mmol, 1 eq.) And 1, 3-dimethoxybenzene (3.14 mL, 3.39 g, 24.53 mmol, 1, 1 eq.)
  • trifluoroacetic acid 80 ml
  • TLC control CH 2 Cl 2 / CH 3 OH / triethylamine, 30: 2: 1, Mo-Ce reagent
  • N- (6-diphenylphosphinylpyridin-2-ylcarbonyl) guanidine was obtained as a dichloromethane adduct in an amount of 7.55 g (yield) as a colorless powder. This compound is insoluble in common solvents except DMSO.
  • N'-tert-butoxycarbonyl-N- (3-diphenylphosphanylbenzoyl) was obtained by guanidine Trituraturieren with n-pentane (20 ml) at -30 0 C in an amount of 1, 195 g (yield 68%) as colorless white solid ,
  • N'-tert-butoxycarbonyl-N- (3-diphenylphosphanylbenzoyl) guanidine (800 mg, 1.789 mmol) was dissolved in trifluoroacetic acid (8 ml) under an argon atmosphere and stirred for 1.5 h at room temperature (TLC control: CH 2 Cl 2 / CH 3 OH / triethylamine, 30: 2: 1; Mo-Ce reagent). The excess of trifluoroacetic acid was removed under reduced pressure. The residue was dissolved in CH 2 Cl 2 (10 ml) and washed with a Na2CO3 solution (20% aq., 10 ml) extracted. The aqueous phase was extracted with CH 2 Cl 2 (2x10 ml).
  • (Z) -pent-3-en-1-ol was obtained as a colorless liquid in an amount of 2.4 g (yield 94%).
  • the content of the product obtained in (Z) isomer was, according to GC analysis (GC: AGILENT TECHNOLOGIES 6890N; Column: SUPELCO 24079, Supelcowax 10, 30.0 x 0.25 mm x 0.25 micron; 0 75 C isothermal, Flow He 0.7 ml / min; (E): 18.9 min., (Z): 19.3 min.) At> 96%.
  • Toluene sulfonylpent-4-enylester (10 g, 41, 6 mmol, 1 eq.) In THF (50 ml, abs.) By means of syringe pump over a period of 1 h at -78 0 C added. The reaction mixture was heated to -20 0 C over 1 h and stirred at this temperature for a further 16 h. Then, H2O (300 ml) was added and washed with diethyl ether (3x200 ml). The aqueous phase was acidified with phosphoric acid (85%) under ice-cooling and then extracted with ethyl acetate (3x250 ml).
  • the reactions are interrupted (if appropriate) by cooling the system, venting and purging the reactor with argon. Samples are analyzed by NMR analysis of the crude reaction mixtures in CDCb and / or by NMR analysis of the samples after removal of the solvent.
  • the conversion frequency (TOF; mol (aldehyde) / mol (catalyst) hr 1 ) was determined from the synthesis gas consumption. After removal of the solvent under reduced pressure (150 mbar) and addition of triethylamine (100 .mu.l), the degree of conversion (in%) and the regioselectivity of the reaction (molar ratio (6) / (7)) by integrating the characteristic signals of the resulting Reaction products in the 1 H-NMR spectrum of the resulting reaction mixture determined. Each attempt was repeated at least twice. By-products were observed in this reaction in an amount of ⁇ 5% in all reactions.
  • the isolated product contains, as further component, 1.7 mol% of 3-methyl-4-oxobutyric acid (7).
  • Reaction conditions Reactor: autoclave (A); Molar ratio:
  • the conversion frequency (TOF; mol (aldehyde) / mol (catalyst) hr 1 ) was determined from the synthesis gas consumption. After removal of the solvent under reduced pressure (150 mbar), the degree of conversion (in%) and the regioselectivity of the reaction (molar ratio (10) / (1 1)) by integrating the characteristic signals of the resulting reaction products in the 1 H-NMR spectrum of determined reaction mixture determined. Each attempt was repeated at least twice. By-products were observed in this reaction in an amount of ⁇ 5% in all experiments.
  • the conversion frequency (TOF; mol (aldehyde) / mol (catalyst) hr 1 ) was determined from the synthesis gas consumption.
  • the degree of conversion (in%) and the regioselectivity of the reaction (molar ratio (13) / (14)) was determined by integrating the characteristic signals of the resulting reaction products in the 1 H-NMR spectrum of the resulting reaction mixture diluted with CDCb. Each attempt was repeated at least twice. By-products were observed in this reaction in an amount of ⁇ 5% in all reactions.
  • the resulting reaction mixture was treated with silica gel (1 g) and freed from the solvent under reduced pressure.
  • the resulting solid was applied to a silica gel column and separated by chromatography (eluent: petroleum ether / diethyl ether / acetic acid, 100: 50: 1).
  • a product mixture of (15) and (16) was obtained as a colorless solid in an amount of 70 mg (yield 67.2%).
  • the product mixture contained 92% 4-methyl-5-oxopentanoic acid (15) and 8% 3-formylpentanoic acid (16). 7.4 mg (9.2%) of the starting compound and its (E) -isomer were recovered.
  • the degree of conversion of (5) and (20) (in%) and the regioselectivity of the reaction of (20) ((21) / (22)) was determined by NMR analysis of the crude reaction mixture diluted with CDCb.
  • the regioselectivity of the reaction of (5) ((6) / (7)) was determined after removal of the solvent from the reaction mixture. The results are summarized in Table 6.
  • the hydroformylation reaction was sampled (0.5 ml) at the times given in Tables 7 and 8. On the basis of these samples, the selectivity of the hydroformylation reaction with respect to the double bonds ((A) / (B)) and the regioselectivity of the hydroformylation reaction at the respective double bonds ((a.1) / (a.2) or (b. 1) / (b.2)) determined by NMR analysis.
  • the results of hydroformylation of (23) in the presence of ligand (1) are summarized in Table 7.
  • the results of hydroformylation of (23) in the presence of triphenylphosphine as a ligand are summarized in Table 8

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