WO2006045597A1 - Liganden zur asymmetrischen hydroformylierung - Google Patents
Liganden zur asymmetrischen hydroformylierung Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2006045597A1 WO2006045597A1 PCT/EP2005/011449 EP2005011449W WO2006045597A1 WO 2006045597 A1 WO2006045597 A1 WO 2006045597A1 EP 2005011449 W EP2005011449 W EP 2005011449W WO 2006045597 A1 WO2006045597 A1 WO 2006045597A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- alkyl
- aryl
- cycloalkyl
- hydrogen
- chiral
- Prior art date
Links
- 239000003446 ligand Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 51
- 238000007037 hydroformylation reaction Methods 0.000 title claims description 49
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 91
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 82
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 45
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 29
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 239000013522 chelant Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- -1 heterocycloalkoxy Chemical group 0.000 claims description 75
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 49
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 claims description 47
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 46
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 43
- 125000000753 cycloalkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 34
- 125000001424 substituent group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 33
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims description 30
- 229910052736 halogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 23
- 150000002367 halogens Chemical class 0.000 claims description 23
- 150000001336 alkenes Chemical class 0.000 claims description 22
- 125000001072 heteroaryl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 22
- 150000001299 aldehydes Chemical class 0.000 claims description 21
- 125000004437 phosphorous atom Chemical group 0.000 claims description 21
- 125000000592 heterocycloalkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 20
- KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Palladium Chemical compound [Pd] KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 18
- 125000003545 alkoxy group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 17
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 17
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 17
- 239000010948 rhodium Substances 0.000 claims description 17
- 125000002252 acyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 15
- 125000004429 atom Chemical group 0.000 claims description 15
- 125000003178 carboxy group Chemical group [H]OC(*)=O 0.000 claims description 15
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 15
- BDHFUVZGWQCTTF-UHFFFAOYSA-M sulfonate Chemical compound [O-]S(=O)=O BDHFUVZGWQCTTF-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 15
- 150000007942 carboxylates Chemical class 0.000 claims description 14
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical compound [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 14
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 claims description 14
- 229910052723 transition metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 14
- 150000003624 transition metals Chemical class 0.000 claims description 14
- 150000001450 anions Chemical class 0.000 claims description 13
- 125000004435 hydrogen atom Chemical class [H]* 0.000 claims description 13
- 125000004093 cyano group Chemical group *C#N 0.000 claims description 12
- 125000005842 heteroatom Chemical group 0.000 claims description 12
- 238000011925 1,2-addition Methods 0.000 claims description 11
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 claims description 11
- 238000005810 carbonylation reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 11
- 125000004122 cyclic group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 11
- 125000000623 heterocyclic group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 11
- 125000002496 methyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])* 0.000 claims description 11
- 125000000449 nitro group Chemical group [O-][N+](*)=O 0.000 claims description 11
- 229910052763 palladium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 11
- 229910052703 rhodium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 11
- 125000002023 trifluoromethyl group Chemical group FC(F)(F)* 0.000 claims description 11
- 230000006315 carbonylation Effects 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000005669 hydrocyanation reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000005984 hydrogenation reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 150000002576 ketones Chemical class 0.000 claims description 10
- 229910052707 ruthenium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 10
- 125000001495 ethyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 claims description 9
- 238000006459 hydrosilylation reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- 150000003573 thiols Chemical class 0.000 claims description 9
- 125000004453 alkoxycarbonyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 229920000233 poly(alkylene oxides) Polymers 0.000 claims description 8
- MHOVAHRLVXNVSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N rhodium atom Chemical compound [Rh] MHOVAHRLVXNVSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- KJTLSVCANCCWHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ruthenium Chemical compound [Ru] KJTLSVCANCCWHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000006136 alcoholysis reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000005882 aldol condensation reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000006197 hydroboration reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052741 iridium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000006317 isomerization reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 150000002829 nitrogen Chemical group 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000006579 Tsuji-Trost allylation reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000007098 aminolysis reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 125000004104 aryloxy group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 6
- 150000001768 cations Chemical class 0.000 claims description 6
- 125000000000 cycloalkoxy group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000005888 cyclopropanation reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000005649 metathesis reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000007115 1,4-cycloaddition reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 150000002466 imines Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- GKOZUEZYRPOHIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N iridium atom Chemical compound [Ir] GKOZUEZYRPOHIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrogen Substances N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 125000004433 nitrogen atom Chemical group N* 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical group [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- JOXIMZWYDAKGHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N toluene-4-sulfonic acid Chemical compound CC1=CC=C(S(O)(=O)=O)C=C1 JOXIMZWYDAKGHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- ITMCEJHCFYSIIV-UHFFFAOYSA-M triflate Chemical compound [O-]S(=O)(=O)C(F)(F)F ITMCEJHCFYSIIV-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 3
- RGICCULPCWNRAB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-[2-(2-hexoxyethoxy)ethoxy]ethanol Chemical compound CCCCCCOCCOCCOCCO RGICCULPCWNRAB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000003341 7 membered heterocyclic group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 2
- AFVFQIVMOAPDHO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanesulfonic acid Chemical compound CS(O)(=O)=O AFVFQIVMOAPDHO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000002887 hydroxy group Chemical group [H]O* 0.000 claims 3
- JXLHNMVSKXFWAO-UHFFFAOYSA-N azane;7-fluoro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole-4-sulfonic acid Chemical compound N.OS(=O)(=O)C1=CC=C(F)C2=NON=C12 JXLHNMVSKXFWAO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 238000011914 asymmetric synthesis Methods 0.000 abstract description 9
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 abstract description 8
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 41
- 150000003254 radicals Chemical class 0.000 description 26
- YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Toluene Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1 YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 24
- WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tetrahydrofuran Chemical compound C1CCOC1 WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 18
- 150000002431 hydrogen Chemical class 0.000 description 18
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 17
- PPBRXRYQALVLMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Styrene Chemical compound C=CC1=CC=CC=C1 PPBRXRYQALVLMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 16
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 15
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 15
- VOXZDWNPVJITMN-ZBRFXRBCSA-N 17β-estradiol Chemical compound OC1=CC=C2[C@H]3CC[C@](C)([C@H](CC4)O)[C@@H]4[C@@H]3CCC2=C1 VOXZDWNPVJITMN-ZBRFXRBCSA-N 0.000 description 14
- 125000000168 pyrrolyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 13
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N nickel Substances [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 12
- KAESVJOAVNADME-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pyrrole Chemical group C=1C=CNC=1 KAESVJOAVNADME-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 11
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 11
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 11
- 150000001298 alcohols Chemical class 0.000 description 10
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 10
- UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Benzene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1 UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon monoxide Chemical compound [O+]#[C-] UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 229910002091 carbon monoxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 9
- 125000001449 isopropyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])(*)C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 8
- 125000000999 tert-butyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C(*)(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 8
- JRZJOMJEPLMPRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-nonene Chemical compound CCCCCCCC=C JRZJOMJEPLMPRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- HEDRZPFGACZZDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chloroform Chemical compound ClC(Cl)Cl HEDRZPFGACZZDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 239000000460 chlorine Substances 0.000 description 7
- 125000001997 phenyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(*)C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 description 7
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 7
- 238000006467 substitution reaction Methods 0.000 description 7
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 230000003213 activating effect Effects 0.000 description 6
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 description 6
- 125000001041 indolyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 6
- 125000000956 methoxy group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])O* 0.000 description 6
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 6
- ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chlorine atom Chemical compound [Cl] ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- MOFINMJRLYEONQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N [N].C=1C=CNC=1 Chemical group [N].C=1C=CNC=1 MOFINMJRLYEONQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 150000001408 amides Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 150000001412 amines Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 150000001721 carbon Chemical group 0.000 description 5
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229910052801 chlorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 5
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 5
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 125000004356 hydroxy functional group Chemical group O* 0.000 description 5
- 238000011065 in-situ storage Methods 0.000 description 5
- 150000002825 nitriles Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- ZGEGCLOFRBLKSE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-Heptene Chemical compound CCCCCC=C ZGEGCLOFRBLKSE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- DCTOHCCUXLBQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-undecene Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCC=C DCTOHCCUXLBQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia Chemical compound N QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isopropanol Chemical compound CC(C)O KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- LRHPLDYGYMQRHN-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Butanol Chemical compound CCCCO LRHPLDYGYMQRHN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- UFWIBTONFRDIAS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Naphthalene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC2=CC=CC=C21 UFWIBTONFRDIAS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 4
- 125000002947 alkylene group Chemical group 0.000 description 4
- UORVGPXVDQYIDP-UHFFFAOYSA-N borane Chemical compound B UORVGPXVDQYIDP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 125000002915 carbonyl group Chemical group [*:2]C([*:1])=O 0.000 description 4
- 150000001732 carboxylic acid derivatives Chemical group 0.000 description 4
- 150000001735 carboxylic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 4
- 229910052762 osmium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- BDERNNFJNOPAEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N propan-1-ol Chemical compound CCCO BDERNNFJNOPAEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 150000003335 secondary amines Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- AFFLGGQVNFXPEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-decene Chemical compound CCCCCCCCC=C AFFLGGQVNFXPEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- CRSBERNSMYQZNG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-dodecene Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCC=C CRSBERNSMYQZNG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- KWKAKUADMBZCLK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-octene Chemical compound CCCCCCC=C KWKAKUADMBZCLK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- ZWEHNKRNPOVVGH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-Butanone Chemical compound CCC(C)=O ZWEHNKRNPOVVGH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- YGCZTXZTJXYWCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-phenylpropanal Chemical class O=CCCC1=CC=CC=C1 YGCZTXZTJXYWCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- HBAQYPYDRFILMT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 8-[3-(1-cyclopropylpyrazol-4-yl)-1H-pyrazolo[4,3-d]pyrimidin-5-yl]-3-methyl-3,8-diazabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-2-one Chemical class C1(CC1)N1N=CC(=C1)C1=NNC2=C1N=C(N=C2)N1C2C(N(CC1CC2)C)=O HBAQYPYDRFILMT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- CFEYBLWMNFZOPB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Allylacetonitrile Natural products C=CCCC#N CFEYBLWMNFZOPB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 0 C[n]1c2ccccc2c(C=*)c1 Chemical compound C[n]1c2ccccc2c(C=*)c1 0.000 description 3
- YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dichloromethane Chemical compound ClCCl YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethyl acetate Chemical compound CCOC(C)=O XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- PXGOKWXKJXAPGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fluorine Chemical compound FF PXGOKWXKJXAPGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000002841 Lewis acid Substances 0.000 description 3
- ZMXDDKWLCZADIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N N,N-Dimethylformamide Chemical compound CN(C)C=O ZMXDDKWLCZADIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- ZMANZCXQSJIPKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Triethylamine Chemical compound CCN(CC)CC ZMANZCXQSJIPKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- CUJRVFIICFDLGR-UHFFFAOYSA-N acetylacetonate Chemical compound CC(=O)[CH-]C(C)=O CUJRVFIICFDLGR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 description 3
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000001212 derivatisation Methods 0.000 description 3
- VSGYTOKLSWSEPK-UHFFFAOYSA-M diethyl-[3-(2-hydroxy-2,2-diphenylacetyl)oxypropyl]-methylazanium;chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].C=1C=CC=CC=1C(O)(C(=O)OCCC[N+](C)(CC)CC)C1=CC=CC=C1 VSGYTOKLSWSEPK-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- 150000002170 ethers Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 229910052731 fluorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000011737 fluorine Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000005913 hydroamination reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 150000007517 lewis acids Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000000737 periodic effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 125000002924 primary amino group Chemical group [H]N([H])* 0.000 description 3
- YNWSXIWHOSSPCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N rhodium(2+) Chemical compound [Rh+2] YNWSXIWHOSSPCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000007858 starting material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000009901 transfer hydrogenation reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- RIOQSEWOXXDEQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N triphenylphosphine Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1P(C=1C=CC=CC=1)C1=CC=CC=C1 RIOQSEWOXXDEQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- VNPFTLIIEKEYIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N (3-ethenylphenyl)-phenylmethanone Chemical compound C=CC1=CC=CC(C(=O)C=2C=CC=CC=2)=C1 VNPFTLIIEKEYIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- GGQQNYXPYWCUHG-RMTFUQJTSA-N (3e,6e)-deca-3,6-diene Chemical compound CCC\C=C\C\C=C\CC GGQQNYXPYWCUHG-RMTFUQJTSA-N 0.000 description 2
- QFGVXAGYMGCGNE-UHFFFAOYSA-N (4-ethenylphenyl)-thiophen-2-ylmethanone Chemical compound C1=CC(C=C)=CC=C1C(=O)C1=CC=CS1 QFGVXAGYMGCGNE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- JKJCKJFOSSLMJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N (5-ethenylthiophen-2-yl)-phenylmethanone Chemical compound S1C(C=C)=CC=C1C(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 JKJCKJFOSSLMJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XWJBRBSPAODJER-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,7-octadiene Chemical compound C=CCCCCC=C XWJBRBSPAODJER-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- GJYSYQQXHBPJRD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-(2-methylpropyl)-4-prop-1-enylbenzene Chemical compound CC=CC1=CC=C(CC(C)C)C=C1 GJYSYQQXHBPJRD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- VXNZUUAINFGPBY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-Butene Chemical compound CCC=C VXNZUUAINFGPBY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- QDCUAHOXDLTZCU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-ethenyl-3-phenoxybenzene Chemical compound C=CC1=CC=CC(OC=2C=CC=CC=2)=C1 QDCUAHOXDLTZCU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- VTMSSJKVUVVWNJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-ethenyl-4-(2-methylpropyl)benzene Chemical compound CC(C)CC1=CC=C(C=C)C=C1 VTMSSJKVUVVWNJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- LIKMAJRDDDTEIG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-hexene Chemical compound CCCCC=C LIKMAJRDDDTEIG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- GKVVFBRUOAPKMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(4-ethenylphenyl)-3h-isoindol-1-one Chemical compound C1=CC(C=C)=CC=C1N1C(=O)C2=CC=CC=C2C1 GKVVFBRUOAPKMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- RYPKRALMXUUNKS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-Hexene Natural products CCCC=CC RYPKRALMXUUNKS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- DGQUMYDUFBBKPK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-ethenyl-6-methoxynaphthalene Chemical compound C1=C(C=C)C=CC2=CC(OC)=CC=C21 DGQUMYDUFBBKPK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- JMMZCWZIJXAGKW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methylpent-2-ene Chemical compound CCC=C(C)C JMMZCWZIJXAGKW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- IQVAERDLDAZARL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-phenylpropanal Chemical compound O=CC(C)C1=CC=CC=C1 IQVAERDLDAZARL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- WHGXZPQWZJUGEP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-prop-1-enylphenol Chemical compound CC=CC1=CC=CC=C1O WHGXZPQWZJUGEP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- YEEGQDGJIXWFIQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3,4-dihydro-2h-1,4-oxazine Chemical class C1COC=CN1 YEEGQDGJIXWFIQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- NTYHSGAJVIGSEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-ethenyl-2-fluoro-1-phenylbenzene Chemical group FC1=CC(C=C)=CC=C1C1=CC=CC=C1 NTYHSGAJVIGSEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetone Chemical compound CC(C)=O CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O Ammonium Chemical compound [NH4+] QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 description 2
- WKBOTKDWSSQWDR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Bromine atom Chemical compound [Br] WKBOTKDWSSQWDR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000007848 Bronsted acid Substances 0.000 description 2
- KAKZBPTYRLMSJV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Butadiene Chemical compound C=CC=C KAKZBPTYRLMSJV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000005698 Diels-Alder reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-OWOJBTEDSA-N Fumaric acid Chemical compound OC(=O)\C=C\C(O)=O VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-OWOJBTEDSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000002879 Lewis base Substances 0.000 description 2
- BAPJBEWLBFYGME-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methyl acrylate Chemical compound COC(=O)C=C BAPJBEWLBFYGME-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XYFCBTPGUUZFHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphine Chemical compound P XYFCBTPGUUZFHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- DKGAVHZHDRPRBM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tert-Butanol Chemical compound CC(C)(C)O DKGAVHZHDRPRBM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- QROGIFZRVHSFLM-QHHAFSJGSA-N [(e)-prop-1-enyl]benzene Chemical compound C\C=C\C1=CC=CC=C1 QROGIFZRVHSFLM-QHHAFSJGSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000010933 acylation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005917 acylation reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
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- 125000000582 cycloheptyl group Chemical group [H]C1([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])(*)C([H])([H])C1([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 150000001935 cyclohexenes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- URYYVOIYTNXXBN-UPHRSURJSA-N cyclooctene Chemical compound C1CCC\C=C/CC1 URYYVOIYTNXXBN-UPHRSURJSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004913 cyclooctene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000001511 cyclopentyl group Chemical group [H]C1([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])(*)C1([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 150000001942 cyclopropanes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- NLDGJRWPPOSWLC-UHFFFAOYSA-N deca-1,9-diene Chemical compound C=CCCCCCCC=C NLDGJRWPPOSWLC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000002704 decyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- HEFNNWSXXWATRW-JTQLQIEISA-N dexibuprofen Chemical compound CC(C)CC1=CC=C([C@H](C)C(O)=O)C=C1 HEFNNWSXXWATRW-JTQLQIEISA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000008049 diazo compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000001991 dicarboxylic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- KTQYJQFGNYHXMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N dichloro(methyl)silicon Chemical compound C[Si](Cl)Cl KTQYJQFGNYHXMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FWPHTMLJYGTNJA-UHFFFAOYSA-N dichlorosilyloxy(trimethyl)silane Chemical compound C[Si](C)(C)O[SiH](Cl)Cl FWPHTMLJYGTNJA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000006471 dimerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- PKTOVQRKCNPVKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethoxy(methyl)silicon Chemical compound CO[Si](C)OC PKTOVQRKCNPVKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 125000000532 dioxanyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- KPUWHANPEXNPJT-UHFFFAOYSA-N disiloxane Chemical class [SiH3]O[SiH3] KPUWHANPEXNPJT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000004821 distillation Methods 0.000 description 1
- IYPLTVKTLDQUGG-UHFFFAOYSA-N dodeca-1,11-diene Chemical compound C=CCCCCCCCCC=C IYPLTVKTLDQUGG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940079593 drug Drugs 0.000 description 1
- QYDYPVFESGNLHU-UHFFFAOYSA-N elaidic acid methyl ester Natural products CCCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCC(=O)OC QYDYPVFESGNLHU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000032050 esterification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005886 esterification reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008020 evaporation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011552 falling film Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000003983 fluorenyl group Chemical group C1(=CC=CC=2C3=CC=CC=C3CC12)* 0.000 description 1
- 239000012634 fragment Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000001530 fumaric acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000000524 functional group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- ZZUFCTLCJUWOSV-UHFFFAOYSA-N furosemide Chemical compound C1=C(Cl)C(S(=O)(=O)N)=CC(C(O)=O)=C1NCC1=CC=CO1 ZZUFCTLCJUWOSV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- WZHKDGJSXCTSCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N hept-3-ene Chemical compound CCCC=CCC WZHKDGJSXCTSCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GEAWFZNTIFJMHR-UHFFFAOYSA-N hepta-1,6-diene Chemical compound C=CCCCC=C GEAWFZNTIFJMHR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000000268 heptanoyl group Chemical group O=C([*])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 150000002390 heteroarenes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- UOGFCIYBLKSQHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N hex-5-en-3-ol Chemical compound CCC(O)CC=C UOGFCIYBLKSQHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PYGSKMBEVAICCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexa-1,5-diene Chemical compound C=CCCC=C PYGSKMBEVAICCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000003104 hexanoyl group Chemical group O=C([*])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 150000004678 hydrides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000033444 hydroxylation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005805 hydroxylation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000002632 imidazolidinyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000002883 imidazolyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000001841 imino group Chemical group [H]N=* 0.000 description 1
- 125000003453 indazolyl group Chemical group N1N=C(C2=C1C=CC=C2)* 0.000 description 1
- 229960004187 indoprofen Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 230000006698 induction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003993 interaction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000013067 intermediate product Substances 0.000 description 1
- PNDPGZBMCMUPRI-UHFFFAOYSA-N iodine Chemical compound II PNDPGZBMCMUPRI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002608 ionic liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- VNVQLDDPGAWSSB-UHFFFAOYSA-H iridium(3+);trisulfate Chemical compound [Ir+3].[Ir+3].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O.[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O.[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O VNVQLDDPGAWSSB-UHFFFAOYSA-H 0.000 description 1
- 150000002506 iron compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- PVFSDGKDKFSOTB-UHFFFAOYSA-K iron(3+);triacetate Chemical compound [Fe+3].CC([O-])=O.CC([O-])=O.CC([O-])=O PVFSDGKDKFSOTB-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 125000004491 isohexyl group Chemical group C(CCC(C)C)* 0.000 description 1
- 238000002955 isolation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000001972 isopentyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 125000004628 isothiazolidinyl group Chemical group S1N(CCC1)* 0.000 description 1
- 125000003965 isoxazolidinyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229960000991 ketoprofen Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001416 lithium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UPHRSURJSA-N maleic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)\C=C/C(O)=O VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UPHRSURJSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011976 maleic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001404 mediated effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000005394 methallyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- VUZPPFZMUPKLLV-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane;hydrate Chemical compound C.O VUZPPFZMUPKLLV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000001160 methoxycarbonyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])OC(*)=O 0.000 description 1
- KJALUUCEMMPKAC-ONEGZZNKSA-N methyl (e)-pent-3-enoate Chemical compound COC(=O)C\C=C\C KJALUUCEMMPKAC-ONEGZZNKSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XJRBAMWJDBPFIM-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl vinyl ether Chemical compound COC=C XJRBAMWJDBPFIM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000005048 methyldichlorosilane Substances 0.000 description 1
- LVHBHZANLOWSRM-UHFFFAOYSA-N methylenebutanedioic acid Natural products OC(=O)CC(=C)C(O)=O LVHBHZANLOWSRM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 125000002950 monocyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- TVMXDCGIABBOFY-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-Octanol Natural products CCCCCCCC TVMXDCGIABBOFY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000003136 n-heptyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 125000001280 n-hexyl group Chemical group C(CCCCC)* 0.000 description 1
- 125000000740 n-pentyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 150000002790 naphthalenes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000001038 naphthoyl group Chemical group C1(=CC=CC2=CC=CC=C12)C(=O)* 0.000 description 1
- 229960002009 naproxen Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 125000001971 neopentyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C(C([H])([H])[H])(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 238000006386 neutralization reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002816 nickel compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- LGQLOGILCSXPEA-UHFFFAOYSA-L nickel sulfate Chemical compound [Ni+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O LGQLOGILCSXPEA-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229910000363 nickel(II) sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- DBJLJFTWODWSOF-UHFFFAOYSA-L nickel(ii) fluoride Chemical compound F[Ni]F DBJLJFTWODWSOF-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 125000001400 nonyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 125000003261 o-tolyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C(*)=C(C([H])=C1[H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- UZGCMRVEDHLBGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N oct-1-en-4-ol Chemical compound CCCCC(O)CC=C UZGCMRVEDHLBGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IRUCBBFNLDIMIK-UHFFFAOYSA-N oct-4-ene Chemical compound CCCC=CCCC IRUCBBFNLDIMIK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000004010 onium ions Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- SYQBFIAQOQZEGI-UHFFFAOYSA-N osmium atom Chemical compound [Os] SYQBFIAQOQZEGI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000000160 oxazolidinyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000004430 oxygen atom Chemical group O* 0.000 description 1
- QYZLKGVUSQXAMU-UHFFFAOYSA-N penta-1,4-diene Chemical compound C=CCC=C QYZLKGVUSQXAMU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RGSFGYAAUTVSQA-UHFFFAOYSA-N pentamethylene Natural products C1CCCC1 RGSFGYAAUTVSQA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000003538 pentan-3-yl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])(*)C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 150000002978 peroxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000012071 phase Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000001792 phenanthrenyl group Chemical group C1(=CC=CC=2C3=CC=CC=C3C=CC12)* 0.000 description 1
- 150000002989 phenols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000003003 phosphines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- AQSJGOWTSHOLKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N phosphite(3-) Chemical class [O-]P([O-])[O-] AQSJGOWTSHOLKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XYFCBTPGUUZFHI-UHFFFAOYSA-O phosphonium Chemical compound [PH4+] XYFCBTPGUUZFHI-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 description 1
- OJMIONKXNSYLSR-UHFFFAOYSA-N phosphorous acid Chemical compound OP(O)O OJMIONKXNSYLSR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000073 phosphorus hydride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- FAIAAWCVCHQXDN-UHFFFAOYSA-N phosphorus trichloride Chemical compound ClP(Cl)Cl FAIAAWCVCHQXDN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000004193 piperazinyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000003386 piperidinyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 150000003057 platinum Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- CLSUSRZJUQMOHH-UHFFFAOYSA-L platinum dichloride Chemical compound Cl[Pt]Cl CLSUSRZJUQMOHH-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 150000004291 polyenes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003138 primary alcohols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000003140 primary amides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000001325 propanoyl group Chemical group O=C([*])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 125000001436 propyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 239000011814 protection agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001681 protective effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000000561 purinyl group Chemical group N1=C(N=C2N=CNC2=C1)* 0.000 description 1
- 125000003373 pyrazinyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000003226 pyrazolyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000002098 pyridazinyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000004076 pyridyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000000714 pyrimidinyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000000719 pyrrolidinyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000002943 quinolinyl group Chemical group N1=C(C=CC2=CC=CC=C12)* 0.000 description 1
- 239000012429 reaction media Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000035484 reaction time Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006268 reductive amination reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002829 reductive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010992 reflux Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003283 rhodium Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000003284 rhodium compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- SVOOVMQUISJERI-UHFFFAOYSA-K rhodium(3+);triacetate Chemical compound [Rh+3].CC([O-])=O.CC([O-])=O.CC([O-])=O SVOOVMQUISJERI-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- VXNYVYJABGOSBX-UHFFFAOYSA-N rhodium(3+);trinitrate Chemical compound [Rh+3].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O VXNYVYJABGOSBX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YWFDDXXMOPZFFM-UHFFFAOYSA-H rhodium(3+);trisulfate Chemical compound [Rh+3].[Rh+3].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O.[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O.[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O YWFDDXXMOPZFFM-UHFFFAOYSA-H 0.000 description 1
- SONJTKJMTWTJCT-UHFFFAOYSA-K rhodium(iii) chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[Cl-].[Cl-].[Rh+3] SONJTKJMTWTJCT-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 125000006413 ring segment Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229910001927 ruthenium tetroxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- LHPHHNRKGMRCMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N ruthenium(6+) Chemical compound [Ru+6] LHPHHNRKGMRCMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YBCAZPLXEGKKFM-UHFFFAOYSA-K ruthenium(iii) chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[Cl-].[Cl-].[Ru+3] YBCAZPLXEGKKFM-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 229920006395 saturated elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000010517 secondary reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910000077 silane Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000741 silica gel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910002027 silica gel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000007790 solid phase Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000638 solvent extraction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001179 sorption measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000087 stabilizing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000000547 substituted alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000003107 substituted aryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000005346 substituted cycloalkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000000446 sulfanediyl group Chemical group *S* 0.000 description 1
- 125000000020 sulfo group Chemical group O=S(=O)([*])O[H] 0.000 description 1
- 125000001273 sulfonato group Chemical group [O-]S(*)(=O)=O 0.000 description 1
- 150000003459 sulfonic acid esters Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000000542 sulfonic acid group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229960004492 suprofen Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 125000001973 tert-pentyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C(*)(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 150000003512 tertiary amines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000005207 tetraalkylammonium group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 150000005621 tetraalkylammonium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- DZLFLBLQUQXARW-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrabutylammonium Chemical class CCCC[N+](CCCC)(CCCC)CCCC DZLFLBLQUQXARW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000001935 tetracenyl group Chemical group C1(=CC=CC2=CC3=CC4=CC=CC=C4C=C3C=C12)* 0.000 description 1
- XMRSTLBCBDIKFI-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetradeca-1,13-diene Chemical compound C=CCCCCCCCCCCC=C XMRSTLBCBDIKFI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DAUOXRUBCACRRL-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetradecylphosphane Chemical class CCCCCCCCCCCCCCP DAUOXRUBCACRRL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000003718 tetrahydrofuranyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000001412 tetrahydropyranyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000003507 tetrahydrothiofenyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000001984 thiazolidinyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000005490 tosylate group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- LDHQCZJRKDOVOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N trans-crotonic acid Natural products CC=CC(O)=O LDHQCZJRKDOVOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZDHXKXAHOVTTAH-UHFFFAOYSA-N trichlorosilane Chemical compound Cl[SiH](Cl)Cl ZDHXKXAHOVTTAH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000005052 trichlorosilane Substances 0.000 description 1
- QQQSFSZALRVCSZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N triethoxysilane Chemical compound CCO[SiH](OCC)OCC QQQSFSZALRVCSZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YUYCVXFAYWRXLS-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimethoxysilane Chemical compound CO[SiH](OC)OC YUYCVXFAYWRXLS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000003774 valeryl group Chemical group O=C([*])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 239000008096 xylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004711 α-olefin Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
- B01J31/16—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing coordination complexes
- B01J31/18—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing coordination complexes containing nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic or antimony as complexing atoms, e.g. in pyridine ligands, or in resonance therewith, e.g. in isocyanide ligands C=N-R or as complexed central atoms
- B01J31/1845—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing coordination complexes containing nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic or antimony as complexing atoms, e.g. in pyridine ligands, or in resonance therewith, e.g. in isocyanide ligands C=N-R or as complexed central atoms the ligands containing phosphorus
- B01J31/185—Phosphites ((RO)3P), their isomeric phosphonates (R(RO)2P=O) and RO-substitution derivatives thereof
- B01J31/1855—Triamide derivatives thereof
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
- B01J31/16—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing coordination complexes
- B01J31/18—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing coordination complexes containing nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic or antimony as complexing atoms, e.g. in pyridine ligands, or in resonance therewith, e.g. in isocyanide ligands C=N-R or as complexed central atoms
- B01J31/1845—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing coordination complexes containing nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic or antimony as complexing atoms, e.g. in pyridine ligands, or in resonance therewith, e.g. in isocyanide ligands C=N-R or as complexed central atoms the ligands containing phosphorus
- B01J31/185—Phosphites ((RO)3P), their isomeric phosphonates (R(RO)2P=O) and RO-substitution derivatives thereof
- B01J31/186—Mono- or diamide derivatives thereof
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
- B01J31/16—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing coordination complexes
- B01J31/24—Phosphines, i.e. phosphorus bonded to only carbon atoms, or to both carbon and hydrogen atoms, including e.g. sp2-hybridised phosphorus compounds such as phosphabenzene, phosphole or anionic phospholide ligands
- B01J31/2495—Ligands comprising a phosphine-P atom and one or more further complexing phosphorus atoms covered by groups B01J31/1845 - B01J31/1885, e.g. phosphine/phosphinate or phospholyl/phosphonate ligands
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C45/00—Preparation of compounds having >C = O groups bound only to carbon or hydrogen atoms; Preparation of chelates of such compounds
- C07C45/49—Preparation of compounds having >C = O groups bound only to carbon or hydrogen atoms; Preparation of chelates of such compounds by reaction with carbon monoxide
- C07C45/50—Preparation of compounds having >C = O groups bound only to carbon or hydrogen atoms; Preparation of chelates of such compounds by reaction with carbon monoxide by oxo-reactions
- C07C45/505—Asymmetric hydroformylation
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C67/00—Preparation of carboxylic acid esters
- C07C67/28—Preparation of carboxylic acid esters by modifying the hydroxylic moiety of the ester, such modification not being an introduction of an ester group
- C07C67/293—Preparation of carboxylic acid esters by modifying the hydroxylic moiety of the ester, such modification not being an introduction of an ester group by isomerisation; by change of size of the carbon skeleton
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
- C07F15/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 8, 9, 10 or 18 of the Periodic Table
- C07F15/0006—Compounds containing elements of Groups 8, 9, 10 or 18 of the Periodic Table compounds of the platinum group
- C07F15/0073—Rhodium compounds
- C07F15/008—Rhodium compounds without a metal-carbon linkage
-
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Definitions
- the present invention relates to chiral phosphorochelate compounds, catalysts containing such a compound as ligands and to asymmetric synthesis in the presence of such a catalyst.
- Asymmetric synthesis is the term for reactions in which a chiral moiety is generated from a chiral moiety, resulting in unequal amounts of stereoisomeric products (enantiomers or diastereomers).
- the asymmetric synthesis has gained immense importance, above all in the pharmaceutical industry, since frequently only a certain optically active isomer is therapeutically active.
- the synthesis should lead to the desired isomer in high optical purity and in high chemical yield.
- Hydroformylation or oxo synthesis is an important industrial process and serves to prepare aldehydes from olefins, carbon monoxide and hydrogen. These aldehydes may optionally be hydrogenated in the same operation with hydrogen to the corresponding oxo alcohols.
- the asymmetric hydroformylation is an important method for the synthesis of chiral aldehydes and is of interest as access to chiral building blocks for the preparation of flavorings, cosmetics, plant protection agents and pharmaceuticals.
- the hydroformylation reaction itself is highly exothermic and generally runs under elevated pressure and at elevated temperatures in the presence of catalysts.
- the catalysts used are Co, Rh, Ir, Ru, Pd or Pt compounds or complexes which modify the activity and / or selectivity of N, P, As or Sb-containing ligands - can be decorated.
- olefins having more than two carbon atoms it may come to the formation of mixtures of isomeric aldehydes due to the possible CO addition to each of the two carbon atoms of a double bond.
- the use of olefins having at least four carbon atoms by double bond isomerization may lead to the formation of mixtures of isomeric olefins and optionally also of isomeric aldehydes.
- phosphorus-containing ligands in the rhodium-low-pressure hydroformylation for stabilizing and / or activating the catalyst metal.
- Suitable phosphorus ligands are z.
- phosphines, phosphinites, phosphonites, phosphites, phosphoramidites, phospholes and phosphabenzenes are z.
- the currently most widely used ligands are triarylphosphines, such as.
- triphenylphosphine and sulfonated triphenylphosphine since they have sufficient stability under the reaction conditions.
- WO 00/56451 describes hydroformylation catalysts based on phosphinamidite ligands, in which the phosphorus atom, together with an oxygen atom to which it is bonded, represents a 5- to 8-membered heterocycle.
- WO 02/083695 describes pnicogen chelate compounds in which at least one pyrrole group is bonded to each of the pnicogen atoms via the pyrrole nitrogen atom. These pnicogen chelate compounds are useful as ligands for hydroformylation catalysts.
- WO 03/018192 describes, inter alia, pyrrole phosphorus compounds in which at least one substituted and / or pyrrole group integrated into a fused ring system is covalently linked via its pyrrolic nitrogen atom to the phosphorus atom, which has very good stability when used as ligands in hydroformylation catalysts distinguished.
- DE-A-103 42 760 describes pnicogen compounds which have two pnicogen atoms, pyrrole groups being able to be bound to both pnicogen atoms via a pyrrolic nitrogen atom and both pnicogen atoms being bound to a bridging group via a methylene group. These pnicogen compounds are useful as ligands for hydroformylation catalysts.
- EP-AO 503 884 describes an optically active 2'-substituted 2'-diphenylphosphine-1, 1 '-binaphthyl compound, catalysts based on Koch ⁇ transition metal complexes having such a compound as ligands and a method for enantioselective Silylation using such a catalyst.
- EP-A-0 614 870 describes a process for the preparation of optically active aldehydes by hydroformylation of prochiral 1-olefins in the presence of a rhodium complex as hydroformylation catalyst which has an asymmetrical phosphorus-containing ligand with 1, 1 ' -binaphthylene backbone.
- the preparation of the unbalanced phosphorus atom-containing ligands is associated with high synthetic effort.
- EP-A-0 614 901, EP-A-0 614 902, EP-A-0 614 903, EP-A-0 684 249 and DE-A-198 53 748 describe unbalanced phosphorus atom-containing ligands of comparable structure.
- WO 93/03839 (EP-B-0 600 020) describes an optically active metal-ligand complex catalyst comprising an optically active pnicogen compound as ligand and processes for asymmetric synthesis in the presence of such a catalyst.
- the unpublished German patent application P 103 55 066.6 relates to a process for asymmetric synthesis in the presence of a chiral catalyst, comprising at least one complex of a metal of VIII. Subgroup with ligands capable of dimerization via non-covalent bonds, such catalysts and their use.
- the object of the present invention is to provide chiral compounds and catalysts based thereon which are suitable for the preparation of chiral compounds with high stereoselectivity and high reactivity. These catalysts should be particularly suitable for the hydroformylation of olefins with good stereoselectivity and high reactivity.
- R a and R 8 independently of one another represent 5- to 7-membered heterocyclic groups which are bonded to the phosphorus atom via a ring nitrogen atom or
- R ⁇ and R ⁇ together with the phosphorus atom to which they are attached, stand for a 5- to 7-membered heterocycle which additionally has an optionally substituted nitrogen atom and a further heteroatom selected from oxygen and optionally substituted nitrogen, both bound directly to the phosphorus atom,
- R Y and R ⁇ independently of one another are alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl or hetaryl, where the alkyl radicals have 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 substituents selected from cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, hetaryl, alkoxy, cycloalkoxy, heterocycloalkoxy , Aryloxy, hetaryloxy, hydroxy, thiol, polyalkylene oxide, polyalkyleneimine,
- E 1 , E 2 and E 3 are each the same or different radicals selected under hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, or aryl and X 'is an anion equivalent,
- cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl and hetaryl radicals R v and R ⁇ may have 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 substituents which are selected from alkyl and the substituents previously mentioned for the alkyl radicals R Y and R ⁇ , or
- X ⁇ is O, S, SiR ⁇ R or NR ⁇ , where R ⁇ , R ⁇ and ⁇ R is independently hydrogen, are alkyl, Cycioalkyl, heterocycloalkyl aryl or hetaryl, and Y stands for a chiral divalent bridging group.
- Chiral compounds in the context of the present invention are compounds having at least one chiral center (that is to say at least one asymmetric atom, in particular at least one asymmetric C atom or P atom), with chirality axis, chirality plane or helical turn.
- chiral catalyst is widely understood in the context of the present invention. It comprises both catalysts which have at least one chiral ligand and also catalysts with intrinsically achiral ligands which, owing to the arrangement of the ligands as a result of noncovalent interactions and / or the arrangement of the ligands in complexed form, have center chirality, axial chirality , planar chirality or helicity.
- a “prochiral compound” is understood to mean a compound having at least one prochiral center.
- “Asymmetric synthesis” refers to a reaction in which a compound having at least one prochiral center is formed from a compound having at least one center of chirality, a chirality axis, a plane of chirality, or a helical coil, whereby the stereoisomeric products are formed in uneven amounts.
- Steps are compounds of the same constitution but with different atomic arrangements in three-dimensional space.
- Enantiomers are stereoisomers which behave in mirror-image relationship to one another.
- R and S are the descriptors of the CIP system for the two
- Enantiomers and represent the absolute configuration of the asymmetric atom.
- the process of the invention results in products that are enriched in a particular stereoisomer.
- the achieved "enantiomeric excess” (ee) is generally at least 20%, preferably at least 50%, in particular at least 80%.
- alkyl includes straight-chain and branched alkyl groups. Preferably, it is straight-chain or branched C 1 -C 20 -alkyl, preferably CrCl 2 -AIkVl-, particularly preferably C 1 -C 8 -AIkVl- and most preferably C r C 4 alkyl groups.
- alkyl groups are in particular methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, 2-butyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, n-pentyl, 2-pentyl, 2-methylbutyl, 3-methylbutyl, 1, 2 -Dimethylpropyl, 1, 1-dimethylpropyl, 2,2-dimethylpropyl, 1-ethylpropyl, n-hexyl, 2-hexyl, 2-methylpentyl, 3-methylpentyl, 4-methylpentyl, 1, 2-dimethylbutyl, 1, 3-dimethylbutyl , 2,3-dimethylbutyl, 1, 1-dimethylbutyl, 2,2-dimethylbutyl, 3,3-dimethylbutyl, 1, 1, 2-trimethylpropyl,
- alkyl also includes substituted alkyl groups which are generally 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5, preferably 1, 2 or 3 and particularly preferably 1 substituent aus ⁇ selected from the groups cycloalkyl, aryl, hetaryl, halogen, NE 1 E 2 , NE 1 E 2 E 3+ , COOH, carboxylate, -SO 3 H and sulfonate.
- alkylene in the context of the present invention stands for straight-chain or branched alkanediyl groups having 1 to 4 carbon atoms.
- cycloalkyl in the context of the present invention comprises unsubstituted as well as substituted cycloalkyl groups, preferably C 5 -C 7 -cycloalkyl groups, such as cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl or cycloheptyl, which in the case of a substitution, in general 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5, preferably 1, 2 or 3 and particularly preferably 1 substituent selected from the groups alkyl, alkoxy and halogen, can carry.
- substituted cycloalkyl groups preferably C 5 -C 7 -cycloalkyl groups, such as cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl or cycloheptyl, which in the case of a substitution, in general 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5, preferably 1, 2 or 3 and particularly preferably 1 substituent selected from the groups alkyl, alkoxy and halogen, can carry.
- heterocycloalkyl in the context of the present invention comprises saturated, cycloaliphatic groups having generally 4 to 7, preferably 5 or 6, ring atoms in which 1 or 2 of the ring carbon atoms are selected by heteroatoms, preferably selected from the elements oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur, are substituted and which may optionally be substituted, wherein in the case of a substitution, these heterocycloaliphatic groups 1, 2 or 3, preferably 1 or 2, particularly preferably 1 substituent selected from alkyl, aryl, COOR f , COO " M + and NE 1 e 2, preferably alkyl, can carry.
- heterocycloaliphatic Grup ⁇ examples are groups pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl piperidinyl, imidazolidinyl, pyramidal zolidinyl, oxazolidinyl, Morpholidinyl, thiazolidinyl, isothiazolidinyl, isoxazolidinyl, Piperazinyl, tetrahydrothiophenyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydropyranyl, dioxanyl.
- aryl for the purposes of the present invention includes unsubstituted as well as substituted aryl groups, and is preferably phenyl, ToIyI, XyIyI, mesityl, naphthyl, fluorenyl, anthracenyl, phenanthrenyl or naphthacenyl, more preferably phenyl or naphthyl, said Aryl groups in the case of a substitution in general 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5, preferably 1, 2 or 3 and particularly preferably 1 substituent selected from the groups alkyl, alkoxy, carboxyl, carboxylate, trifluoromethyl, -SO 3 H, sulfonate, NE 1 E 2 , alkylene-NE 1 E 2 , nitro, cyano or halogen.
- heterocycloaromatic groups preferably the groups pyridyl, quinolinyl, acridinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, and the subgroup of the "pyrrole group", these heterocycloaromatic groups in the case of Substitu tion generally 1, 2 or 3 substituents selected from the groups alkyl, alkoxy, carboxyl, carboxylate, -SO 3 H, sulfonate, NE 1 E 2 , alkylene-NE 1 E 2 , trifluoromethyl or halogen, can carry.
- pyrrole group in the context of the present invention is a series of unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloaromatic groups which are structurally derived from the pyrrole skeleton and contain a pyrrole nitrogen atom in the heterocycle which is covalently linked to other atoms, for example a pnicogen atom can be.
- pyrrole group thus includes the unsubstituted or substituted groups pyrrolyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, indolyl, purinyl, indazolyl, benzotriazolyl, 1, 2,3-triazolyl, 1, 3,4-triazolyl and carbazolyl, which in the case of Substitution in general 1, 2 or 3, preferably 1 or 2, particularly preferably 1 substituent selected from the groups alkyl, alkoxy, acyl, carboxyl, carboxylate, -SO 3 H, sulfonate, NE 1 E 2 , alkylene-NE 1 E 2 , trifluoromethyl or halogen, tra ⁇ gene can.
- a preferred substituted indolyl group is the 3-methylindolyl group.
- bispyrrole group for the purposes of the present invention includes divalent groups of the formula
- the bispyrrole groups may also be unsubstituted or substituted and in the case of a substitution per pyrrole group unit generally 1, 2 or 3, preferably 1 or 2, in particular 1 substituent selected from alkyl, alkoxy, carboxyl, carboxylate, -SO 3 H, sulfonate, NE 1 E 2 , alkylene-NE 1 E 2 , trifluoromethyl or halogen carry, wherein in these statements to the number of possible substituents linking the Pyrrol weaknessein- units by direct chemical bonding or by means of the genann ⁇ th groups mentioned above mediated linking is not considered a substitution.
- Carboxylate and sulfonate in the context of this invention preferably represent a derivative of a carboxylic acid function or a sulfonic acid function, in particular a metal carboxylate or sulfonate, a carboxylic acid or sulfonic acid ester function or a carboxylic acid or sulfonic acid amide function.
- these include z.
- esters with CrC 4 alkanols such as methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, isopropanol, n-butanol, sec-butanol and tert-butanol. These include the primary amides and their N-alkyl and NN-dialkyl derivatives.
- acyl in the context of the present invention represents alkanoyl or aroyl groups having generally 2 to 11, preferably 2 to 8, carbon atoms, for example, the acetyl, propanoyl, butanoyl, pentanoyl, hexanoyl, heptanoyl, 2-ethylhexanoyl, 2-propylheptanoyl, benzoyl or naphthoyl group.
- the groups NE 1 E 2 , NE 4 E 5 , NE 7 E 8 , NE 10 E 11 , NE 13 E 14 , NE 16 E 17 and NE 19 E 20 are preferably N, N-dimethylamino, N, N-diethylamino , N, N-dipropylamino, N, N-diisopropylamino, N, N-di-n-butylamino, N, N-di-t-butylamino, N, N-dicyclohexylamino or N, N-diphenylamino.
- Halogen is fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine, preferably fluorine, chlorine and bromine.
- M + represents a cation equivalent, ie a monovalent cation or the proportion of a polyvalent cation corresponding to a positive single charge.
- the cation M + serves only as a counterion to the neutralization of negatively charged substituent groups, such as the COO or the sulfonate group, and can in principle be chosen arbitrarily. Preference is therefore given to alkali metal, in particular Na + , K + , Li + ions or onium ions, such as ammonium, mono-, di-, tri-, tetraalkylammonium, phosphonium, tetraalkylphosphonium or tetraarylphosphonium ions used.
- anion equivalent X ' which serves merely as a counterion of positively charged substituent groups, such as the ammonium groups, and can be chosen arbitrarily from monovalent anions and the portions of a polyvalent anion corresponding to a negative single charge.
- Suitable anions are z.
- halide ion X ' such as chloride and bromide.
- Preferred anions are sulfate and sulfonate, e.g. As SO 4 2 " , tosylate, trifluoromethanesulfonate and methyl sulfonate.
- the values of x represent an integer of 1 to 240, preferably an integer of 3 to 120.
- Condensed ring systems may be fused (fused) aromatic, hydroaromatic and cyclic compounds.
- Condensed ring systems consist of two, three or more than three rings.
- ortho-fusing d. H. each ring has one edge or two atoms in common with each adjacent ring, and a peri-annulation in which one carbon atom belongs to more than two rings.
- Preferred among the fused ring systems are ortho-fused ring systems.
- the substituents R ⁇ and R ⁇ are heteroatom-containing groups which are bonded to the phosphorus atom via an optionally substituted nitrogen atom are where R ⁇ and R p are not connected to each other.
- R ⁇ and R p are not connected to each other.
- Aik is a C r C 4 alkyl group
- R a, R b, R c and R d are independently hydrogen, CrC 4 alkyl, Ci-C 4 alkoxy, acyl, halogen, trifluoromethyl, dC 4 alkoxycarbonyl or carboxyl.
- At least one of the radicals R ⁇ and R ⁇ is an unsubstituted or substituted indolyl group which is in particular selected from groups II. E to II. I.
- the radicals R a and R b are preferably independently of one another selected from hydrogen, C 1 -C 4 -alkyl, C 1 -C 4 -alkoxy and halogen. If at least one of the radicals R a and R b is C 1 -C 4 -alkyl, then especially methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl or tert-butyl. If at least one of the radicals R a and R b is C 1 -C 4 -alkoxy, then especially methoxy, ethoxy, n-propyloxy, isopropyloxy or tert-butyloxy. If at least one of R a and R b is halogen, then especially chlorine.
- the radicals R a and R b are both hydrogen.
- one of the radicals R a and R b is hydrogen and the other is a radical other than hydrogen, especially methyl, methoxy or chlorine.
- the radical other than hydrogen is then preferably in the 4-, 5- or 6-position of the indole skeleton.
- both radicals R ⁇ and R ⁇ stand for such an unsubstituted or substituted indolyl group.
- R ⁇ and R ⁇ stand for such an unsubstituted or substituted indolyl group.
- some advantageous pyrrol groups are listed below:
- the 3-methylindolyl group (skatolyl group) of the formula II.f1 is particularly advantageous.
- Hydroformylation catalysts based on ligands which have one or more 3-methylindolyl group (s) attached to the phosphorus atom are distinguished by particularly high stability and thus particularly long catalyst residence times.
- phosphorus chelate compounds in which the radicals R ⁇ and R ⁇ are selected independently of one another below:
- FT and R ß together with the phosphorus atom to which they are attached for a 5- to 7-membered heterocycle having two bonded to the phosphorus ring heteroatom me, wherein it is at least one of these ring heteroatoms is an optionally substituted nitrogen atom.
- the second ring heteroatom bonded to the phosphorus atom is preferably also an optionally substituted nitrogen atom.
- the substituent R ⁇ together with the substituent R ⁇ then particularly preferably forms a bispyrrole group bonded via the pyrrole nitrogen atoms to the phosphorus atom.
- bispyrrole group corresponds to the definition given at the outset.
- R ⁇ and R ⁇ together are a 5- to 7-membered heterocycle which is optionally additionally fi-, 2-, 3- or tetra-fused with cycloalkyl, heterocyclo- lauricyl, aryl or hetaryl, wherein the heterocycle and, if present, the fused groups independently of each other one, two, three or four substituents ten, which are selected from alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, hetaryl, hydroxy, thiol, polyalkylene oxide, polyalkyleneimine, alkoxy, halogen, COOH, carboxylate , SO 3 H, sulfonate, NE 4 E 5 , NE 4 E 5 E 6 X " , nitro, alkoxycarbonyl, acyl and cyano, wherein E 4 , E 5 and E 6 each represent identical or different radicals selected from hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl and aryl
- the substituent R ⁇ together with the substituent R ß is a divalent group of the formula ## STR5 ## which is bonded via the pyrrole nitrogen atom to the phosphorus atom
- Py is a pyrrole group
- I represents a chemical bond or represents O, S, SiR 1 R 2 , NR 3 or optionally substituted C 1 -C 10 -alkylene, preferably CR 4 R 5 ,
- W is cycloalkyloxy or amino, aryloxy or amino, hetaryloxy or amino
- R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 and R 5 independently of one another are hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl or hetaryl,
- Phosphor chelate compounds in which R ⁇ and R ⁇ together with the phosphorus atom to which they are bonded are preferred for a group of the formulas 11.1 to II.3
- R 6 and R 7 independently of one another are hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, hetaryl, mesylate, tosylate or trifluoromethanesulfonate,
- R 8 , R 9 , R 10 , R 11 , R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , R 17 , R 18 , R 19 , R 20 , R 21 , R 22 , R 23 , R 24 , R 25 , R 26 and R 27 independently of one another represent hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, hetaryl, W'COOR ', W 1 COO-M + , W (SO 3 ) R *, W' (SO 3 ) -M + , W'PO 3 (R f ) (R 9 ),
- W ' represents a single bond, a heteroatom, a heteroatom-containing group or a divalent bridging group having 1 to 20 bridging atoms
- R f , E 13 , E 14 , E 15 are each the same or different radicals selected from hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl or aryl,
- R g is hydrogen, methyl or ethyl
- M + is a cation equivalent
- x is an integer from 1 to 240
- the radicals R 6 and R 7 are independently selected from hydrogen, C 1 -C 4 -AlkVl, in particular methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl and tert-butyl , Cs-C ⁇ -cycloalkyl, in particular cyclohexyl and aryl, in particular phenyl.
- the radicals R 8 , R 9 , R 10 and R 11 are hydrogen.
- Pnicogen chelate compounds of the formula I in which R ⁇ and R ⁇ together with the phosphorus atom represent a chiral group of the formula II.1 are particularly preferred.
- the radicals R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 and R 17 are hydrogen.
- the further rings are fused aromatic rings.
- the fused aromatic rings are preferably benzene or naphthalene.
- Anellissus benzene rings are preferably unsubstituted or have 1, 2 or 3, in particular 1 or 2 substituents, which are preferably selected from alkyl, alkoxy, halogen, SO 3 H, sulfonate, NE 7 E 8 , alkylene NE 7 E 8 , Trifluoromethyl, nitro, carboxyl, alkoxycarbonyl, acyl and cyano.
- Anellated naphthalenes are preferably unsubstituted or have in the non-fused ring and / or in the fused ring in each case 1, 2 or 3, in particular 1 or 2 of those previously mentioned in the fused benzene rings Substituents on.
- alkyl is preferably C 1 -C 4 -alkyl and in particular methyl, isopropyl and tert-butyl.
- Alkoxy is preferably C 1 -C 4 -alkoxy and especially methoxy.
- Alkoxycarbonyl is preferably C r C 4 alkoxycarbonyl.
- Halogen is especially fluorine and chlorine.
- radicals R 18 , R 19 , R 20 , R 21 , R 22 , R 23 , R 24 , R 25 , R 26 and R 27 are preferably hydrogen.
- the further rings are preferably fused aromatic rings.
- the fused aromatic rings are preferably benzene or naphthalene. If desired, these may be substituted as described above for groups II.2.
- R ⁇ and R ⁇ independently represent substituents which are not linked together.
- R ⁇ and R ⁇ are then independently of one another selected from aryl and hetaryl radicals which may have 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 of the abovementioned substituents.
- R Y or R ⁇ stands or both of these radicals are aryl, which may have one, two or three substituents which are selected from C 1 -C 4 -alkyl, C 1 -C 4 -alkoxy and combinations thereof , Preferred radicals R Y and R ⁇ are then, for example, phenyl, o-tolyl, m-xylyl and 3,5-dimethyl-4-methoxyphenyl.
- the bridging group Y is a chiral group which preferably has at least one chiral center, one chiral axis or chirality plane.
- the bridging groups Y are preferably selected from groups of formulas III.a and III. b
- Y preferably represents a group of the formula IIIa, in which R IV and R V independently of one another represent C r C 4 -alkyl or C r C 4 -alkoxy.
- R N and R v are selected from methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, tert -butyl and methoxy.
- R 1 , R ", R 111 , R v ⁇ , R v " and R v ⁇ " are hydrogen.
- Y is lll.a a group of the formula wherein R 1 and R VIII "un ⁇ interdependent for -C 4 alkyl or Ci-C 4 -alkoxy. Particularly preferably, R 1 and R VIII" for tert -butyl.. Particularly preferably, in these compounds, R ", R 1", R IV, R V, R VI, R v "is hydrogen. In addition, preferably, in these compounds, R 1" v ⁇ independently C1 and R 4 -alkyl or C 1 -C 4 -alkoxy. Particularly preferred are R MI and R v ⁇ are independently selected from methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, tert-butyl and methoxy.
- Y is preferably a group of the formula IIIa, in which R “and R v " are hydrogen.
- R 1, R “v ⁇ , R lv, R v, R and R VIII" 1 independently represent -C 4 alkyl or C 1 -C 4 -alkoxy.
- R 1 , R 1 ", R IV , R V , R V ⁇ and R v ⁇ " are independently selected from methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, tert-butyl and methoxy.
- Y is preferably a group of the formula III. b, wherein R 1 to R x "are hydrogen.
- Y is preferably a group of the formula III. b, wherein R 1 and R x "unab ⁇ pending for C r C 4 alkyl or C 1 -C 4 -alkoxy are from each other.
- R 1 and R x ' are independently selected from methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, tert. Butyl, methoxy and alkoxycarbonyl, preferably methoxycarbonyl.
- the radicals R 11 to R x ⁇ are hydrogen.
- Another object of the invention is a chiral catalyst comprising emerges ⁇ least a complex with a metal of the VIII. Subgroup of the Periodic Table, the at least one chiral phosphorochelate compound as defined above, as defined above.
- the chiral catalysts according to the invention and used according to the invention have at least one of the compounds described above as ligands.
- you can still at least one other ligand which is preferably selected from halides, amines, carboxylates, acetylacetonate, aryl or alkyl sulfonates, hydride, CO, olefins, dienes, cycloolefins, nitriles, N-containing heterocycles , Aromatics and heteroaromatics, ethers, PF 3 , phospholes, phosphabenzenes and mono-, di- and polydentate phosphine, phosphinite, phosphonite, phosphoramidite and phosphite ligands aufwei ⁇ sen.
- the transition metal is preferably a metal of the I., VI., VII. Or VIII. Subgroup of the Periodic Table of the Elements. More preferably, the transition metal is selected from the metals of Group VIII (i.e., Fe, Co, Ni, Ru, Rh, Pd, Os, Ir, Pt). In particular, the transition metal is iridium, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium or platinum.
- Another object of the invention is a process for preparing chiral Ver ⁇ compounds by reacting a prochiral compound containing at least one ethylenically unsaturated double bond, with a substrate in the presence of a chiral catalyst, as described above. All that is required is that at least one of the ligands used or the catalytically active species is entirely chiral. In general, certain transition metal complexes are formed as catalytically active species under the reaction conditions of the individual processes for producing chiral compounds.
- catalytically active species of the general formula H x M y (CO) z L q are formed under hydroformylation conditions from the particular catalysts or catalyst precursors used, where M is a transition metal, L is a phosphorochelate compound and q, x, y , z are integers, depending on the valency and type of metal and the binding of ligand L, stand.
- z and q are independently of one another at least a value of 1, such. B. 1, 2 or 3.
- the sum of z and q is preferably from 1 to 5.
- the complexes may, if desired, additionally have at least one of the further ligands described above.
- the catalytically active species is preferably present as a homogeneous single-phase solution in a suitable solvent.
- This solution may additionally contain free ligands.
- the process according to the invention for the preparation of chiral compounds is preferably a hydrogenation, hydroformylation, hydrocyanation, carbonylation, hydroacylation (intramolecular and intermolecular), hydroamidation, hydroesterification, hydrosilylation, hydroboration, aminolysis (hydroamination), alcoholysis (hydroxylation). Alkoxy addition), isomerization, transfer hydrogenation, metathesis, cyclopropanation, aldol condensation, allylic alkylation, or a [4 + 2] cycloaddition (Diels-Alder reaction).
- the process according to the invention for preparing chiral compounds is particularly preferably a 1,2-addition, in particular a hydrogenation or a 1-hydro-2-carboo addition.
- 1-Hydro-2-carbo-addition refers to an addition reaction in which, after the reaction, hydrogen is bonded to one atom of the double bond and a carbon atom-containing group is bonded to the other. Double bond isomerizations during addition are allowed.
- 1-hydro-2-carbo-addition in unsymmetrical substrates should not be referred to as a preferred addition of the carbon fragment to the C2 atom, since the selectivity with respect to the orientation of the addition of the generally to be added and depends on the catalyst used.
- “1-hydro-2-carbo-” is in this sense synonymous with "1-carbo-2-hydro-”.
- reaction conditions of the processes according to the invention for the preparation of chiral compounds, except for the chiral catalyst used, generally correspond to those of the corresponding asymmetric processes.
- Suitable reactors and reaction conditions can thus be taken from the relevant literature on the respective method and routinely adapted by the person skilled in the art.
- Suitable temperatures Obstem ⁇ are generally in a range from -100 to 500 0 C, preferably in a range from -80 to 250 0 C.
- Suitable reaction pressures are generally in a range of 0.0001 to 600 bar, preferably from 0.5 to 300 bar.
- the processes can generally be carried out continuously, semicontinuously or batchwise.
- Suitable reactors for the continuous reaction are known in the art and z. As described in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Vol.
- suitable solvents are z.
- aromatics such as toluene and xylene
- hydrocarbons or mixtures of hydrocarbons are also suitable.
- halogenated in particular chlorinated hydrocarbons, such as dichloromethane, chloroform or 1, 2-dichloroethane.
- Further solvents are esters of aliphatic carboxylic acids with alkanols, for example ethyl acetate or Texanol®, ethers, such as tert-butyl methyl ether, dioxane-1, 4 and tetrahydrofuran, and dimethylformamide.
- ligands are sufficiently hydrophilized, it is also possible to use alcohols, such as methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, isopropanol, n-butanol, isobutanol, ketones, such as acetone and methyl ethyl ketone, etc. Further, as a solvent and so-called “ionic liquids" can be used.
- liquid salts for example N, N'-dialkylimidazolium salts, such as the N-butyl-N'-methylimidazolium salts, tetraalkylammonium salts, such as the tetra-n-butylammonium salts, N-alkylpyridinium salts, such as the n-butylpyridinium salts, and tetraalkylphosphonium salts, such as Trishexyl (tetradecyl) phosphonium salts, e.g.
- N, N'-dialkylimidazolium salts such as the N-butyl-N'-methylimidazolium salts
- tetraalkylammonium salts such as the tetra-n-butylammonium salts
- N-alkylpyridinium salts such as the n-butylpyridinium salts
- tetrafluoroborates acetates, tetrachloroaluminates, hexafluorophosphates, chlorides and tosylates.
- the solvent used may also be a starting material, product or by-product of the particular reaction.
- Suitable prochiral ethylenically unsaturated compounds for the process according to the invention are in principle all prochiral compounds which contain one or more ethylenically unsaturated carbon-carbon or carbonyl groups.
- prochiral olefins hydroformylation, intermolecular hydroacylation, hydrocyanation, hydrosilylation, carbonylation, hydroamidation, hydroesterification, aminolysis, alcoholysis, cyclopropanation, hydroboration, Diels-Alder reaction, metathesis
- Suitable prochiral ethylenically unsaturated olefins are generally compounds of the formula
- R A and R B and / or R c and R D are radicals of different definitions. It goes without saying that for the production according to the invention of chiral compounds, those reacted with the prochiral ethylenically unsaturated compound Substrates and possibly also the stereoselectivity with respect to the addition of a particular substituent to a particular carbon atom of the CC double bond can be chosen so that at least one chiral carbon atom results.
- R A, R B, R c and R D in compliance with the above-mentioned condition is independently selected from hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclo alkyl, aryl, hetaryl, alkoxy, cycloalkoxy, heterocycloalkoxy, aryloxy, hetaryloxy, hydroxy, thiol , Polyalkylene oxide, polyalkyleneimine, COOH, carboxylate, SO 3 H, sulfonate, NE 16 E 17 , NE 16 E 17 E 18 X ' , halogen, nitro, acyl, acyloxy or cyano, wherein E 16 , E 17 and E 18 are each the same or different radicals selected from among hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, or aryl and X- is an anion equivalent,
- alkyl radicals have 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or more substituents selected from cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, hetaryl, alkoxy, cycloalkoxy, heterocycloalkoxy, aryloxy, hetaryloxy, hydroxy, thiol, polyalkylene oxide, polyalkyleneimine, COOH, carboxylate, SO 3 H, sulfonate, NE 19 E 20 , NE 19 E 20 E 21 X ' , halogen, nitro, acyl, acyloxy or cyano, wherein E 19 , E 20 and E 21 are each the same or different radicals selected from hydrogen , Alkyl, cycloalkyl, or aryl and X 'is an anion equivalent,
- cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl and hetaryl radicals R A , R B , R c and R D may each have 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or more substituents selected from alkyl and those previously described for the Alkyl substituents R A , R B , R c and R D substituents th, or
- R A , R B , R c and R D together with the CC double bond to which they are attached represent a mono- or polycyclic compound.
- Suitable prochiral olefins are olefins having at least 4 carbon atoms and terminal or internal double bonds which are straight-chain, branched or cyclic in structure.
- Suitable ⁇ -olefins are, for. 1-butene, 1-pentene, 1-hexene, 1-heptene, 1-octene, 1-nonene, 1-decene, 1-undecene, 1-dodecene, 1-octadecene, etc.
- Suitable linear (straight-chain) internal olefins are preferably C 4 -C 2 o-olefins, such as 2-butene, 2-pentene, 2-hexene, 3-hexene, 2-heptene, 3-heptene, 2-octene, 3-octene , 4-octene etc.
- Suitable branched internal olefins are preferably C 4 -C 2 o-olefins such as 2-methyl butene-2, 2-methyl-2-pentene, 3-methyl-2-pentene, branched, internal heptene mixtures, branched, internal octene mixtures, branched, internal nonene mixtures, branched, internal decene mixtures, branched, internal undecene mixtures, branched, internal dodecene mixtures, etc.
- C 4 -C 2 o-olefins such as 2-methyl butene-2, 2-methyl-2-pentene, 3-methyl-2-pentene, branched, internal heptene mixtures, branched, internal octene mixtures, branched, internal nonene mixtures, branched, internal decene mixtures, branched, internal undecene mixtures, branched, internal dodecene mixtures, etc.
- Suitable olefins to be hydroformylated are furthermore C 5 -C 8 -cycloalkenes, such as cyclopentene, cyclohexene, cycloheptene, cyclooctene and their derivatives, such as. B. de ⁇ Ren C 1 -C 20 alkyl derivatives having 1 to 5 alkyl substituents.
- Suitable olefins to be hydroformylated are furthermore vinylaromatics, such as styrene, ⁇ -methylstyrene, 4-isobutylstyrene, etc., 2-vinyl-6-methoxynaphthalene, (3-ethenylphenyl) phenylketone, (4-ethenylphenyl) -2-thienyl ketone, 4-ethenyl -2-fluorobiphenyl, 4- (1,3-dihydro-1-oxo-2H-isoindol-2-yl) styrene, 2-ethenyl-5-benzoylthiophene, (3-ethenylphenyl) phenyl ether, propenylbenzene, 2-propenylphenol, isobutyl 4-propenylbenzene, phenyl vinyl ethers and cyclic enamides, e.g.
- 2,3-dihydro-1, 4-oxazines such as 2,3-dihydro-4-tert-butoxycarbonyl-1,4-oxazine.
- Suitable olefins to be hydroformylated are furthermore ⁇ , ⁇ -ethylenically unsaturated mono- and / or dicarboxylic acids, their esters, monoesters and amides, such as acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, crotonic acid, itaconic acid, methyl 3-pentenoate,
- Suitable substrates are also di- or polyenes with isolated or conjugated double bonds. These include z. B. 1, 3-butadiene, 1, 4-pentadiene, 1, 5-hexadiene, 1, 6-heptadiene, 1, 7-octadiene, 1, 8-nonadiene, 1, 9-decadiene, 1, 10-undecadiene, 1, 11-dodecadiene, 1, 12-tridecadiene, 1, 13-tetradecadiene, vinylcyclohexene, dicyclopentadiene, 1, 5,9-cyclooctatriene and Butadienhomo- and copolymers.
- prochiral ethylenically unsaturated compounds which are important as synthesis building blocks are, for example, P-isobutylstyrene, 2-vinyl-6-methoxynaphthalene, (3-ethenylphenyl) phenylketone, (4-ethenylphenyl) -2-thienyl ketone, 4-ethenyl-2-fluorobiphenyl, 4- (1,3-dihydro-1 -oxo-2H-isoindol-2-yl) styrene, 2-ethenyl-5-benzoylthiophene, (3-ethenylphenyl) phenyl ether, propenylbenzene, 2-propenylphenol, isobutyl-4-propenylbenzene, phenylvinyl ethers and cyclic enamides, e.g.
- 2,3-dihydro-1, 4-oxazines such as 2,3-dihydro-4-tert-butoxycarbonyl-1, 4-oxazine.
- the aforementioned olefins can be used individually or in the form of mixtures.
- the chiral catalysts according to the invention and used according to the invention are prepared in situ in the reactor used for the reaction. If desired, however, the catalysts according to the invention can also be prepared separately and isolated by customary processes.
- the catalysts of the invention can be z.
- Suitable activating agents are, for. B. Bronsted acids, Lewis acids, such as. B. BF 3 , AICI 3 , ZnCl 2 , and Lewis bases.
- Suitable catalyst precursors are very generally transition metals, transition metal compounds and transition metal complexes.
- Suitable rhodium compounds or complexes are, for. Rhodium (II) and rhodium (III) salts, such as rhodium (III) chloride, rhodium (III) nitrate, rhodium (III) sulfate, potassium rhodium sulfate, rhodium (II) or Rhodium (III) carboxylate, rhodium (II) and rhodium (III) acetate, rhodium (III) oxide, salts of rhodium (III) acid, trisammonium hexachlororhodate (III), etc.
- Rhodium (II) and rhodium (III) salts such as rhodium (III) chloride, rhodium (III) nitrate, rhodium (III) sulfate, potassium rhodium sulfate, rhodium (II) or Rh
- rhodium complexes are suitable such as Rh 4 (CO) 12 , rhodiumbiscarbonylacetylacetonate, acetylacetonato-bis-ethyl rhodium (I), etc.
- ruthenium salts or compounds are, for example, ruthenium (III) chloride, ruthenium (IV), ruthenium (VI) or ruthenium (VIII) oxide, alkali salts of ruthenium oxygen acids such as K 2 RuO 4 or KRuO 4 or complex compounds, such as.
- RuHCl (CO) (PPh 3 ) 3 ruthenium (III) chloride, ruthenium (IV), ruthenium (VI) or ruthenium (VIII) oxide
- alkali salts of ruthenium oxygen acids such as K 2 RuO 4 or KRuO 4 or complex compounds, such as.
- metal carbonyls of ruthenium such as trisruthenium dodecacarbonyl or hexaruthenium octadecacarbonyl, or mixed forms in which CO are partly replaced by ligands of the formula PR 3 , such as Ru (CO) 3 (PPh 3 ) 2 , in the process according to the invention.
- Suitable iron compounds are for. As iron (III) acetate and iron (III) nitrate and the carbonyl complexes of iron.
- Suitable nickel compounds are nickel fluoride and nickel sulfate.
- a suitable for the preparation of a nickel catalyst nickel complex is z. Bis (1,5-cyclooctadiene) nickel (O).
- the metal concentration in the reaction medium is in a range of about 1 to 10,000 ppm.
- the molar ratio of monopnicogen ligand to transition metal is generally in the range of about 0.5: 1 to 1000: 1, preferably 1: 1 to 500: 1.
- catalysts described above can be suitably, for. B. by attachment via suitable as anchor groups functional groups, adsorption, grafting, etc. to a ge suitable carrier, eg. Example of glass, silica gel, resins, polymers, etc., be immobilized. They are then also suitable for use as solid phase catalysts.
- the process according to the invention is a hydrogenation (1,2-H, H addition). How to get through
- prochiral compound containing at least one ethylenically unsaturated double bond Reacting a prochiral compound containing at least one ethylenically unsaturated double bond, with hydrogen in the presence of a chiral catalyst, as described above, to corresponding chiral compounds having a single bond.
- Prochiral olefins lead to chiral carbonaceous compounds, prochiral ketones to chiral alcohols, and prochiral imines to chiral amines.
- the process according to the invention is a reaction with carbon monoxide and hydrogen, which is referred to below as hydroformylation.
- the hydroformylation can be carried out in the presence of one of the abovementioned solvents.
- the molar ratio of mono (pseudo) pnicogen ligand to metal of the VIII. Ne ⁇ ben distr is generally in a range of about 1: 1 to 1000: 1, vorzugswei ⁇ se 2: 1 to 500: 1.
- hydroformylation catalyst is prepared in situ, at least one ligand which can be used according to the invention, a compound or a complex of a transition metal and optionally an activating agent in an inert solvent under the hydroformylation conditions brings to reaction.
- the transition metal is preferably a metal of the VIII.
- Mau ⁇ group of the Periodic Table of the Elements more preferably cobalt, ruthenium, iridium, rhodium and palladium.
- rhodium is used.
- composition of the synthesis gas used in the process according to the invention of carbon monoxide and hydrogen can vary within wide ranges.
- the molar ratio of carbon monoxide and hydrogen is usually about 5:95 to 70:30, preferably about 40:60 to 60:40. Particularly preferred is a molar ratio of carbon monoxide and hydrogen in the range of about 1: 1 is used.
- the temperature during the hydroformylation reaction is generally in a range from about Be ⁇ 20 to 180 0 C, preferably about 50 to 150 0 C.
- the pressure is in a range of about 1 to 700 bar, preferably from 1 to 600 bar, in particular 1 to 300 bar.
- the reaction pressure can be varied depending on the activity of the hydroformylation catalyst of the invention used.
- the novel catalysts based on phosphorus-containing compounds allow a reaction in a range of low pressures, such as in the range of 1 to 100 bar.
- hydroformylation catalysts according to the invention and the hydroformylation catalysts according to the invention can be separated off from the starting point of the hydroformylation reaction by customary methods known to the person skilled in the art and can generally be used again for the hydroformylation.
- the asymmetric hydroformylation according to the process of the invention is characterized by a high stereoselectivity.
- the catalysts according to the invention and the catalysts used according to the invention also generally have a high regioselectivity.
- the catalysts generally have a high stability under the hydroformylation conditions, so that with you usually longer catalyst life can be achieved than with the state of Technically known catalysts based on conventional chelating ligands.
- the catalysts according to the invention and those used according to the invention furthermore exhibit high activity, so that as a rule the corresponding aldehydes or alcohols are obtained in good yields.
- the catalysts used for the hydrocyanation include complexes of a metal of subgroup VIII, in particular cobalt, nickel, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, platinum, preferably nickel, palladium and platinum and very particularly preferably nickel.
- the preparation of the metal complexes can be carried out as described above. The same applies to the in situ preparation of the hydrocyanation catalysts according to the invention. Methods for hydrocyanation are described in J. March, Advanced Organic Chemistry, 4th ed., Pp. 811-812, which is incorporated herein by reference.
- the 1-hydro-2-carboo addition is a reaction with carbon monoxide and at least one compound having a nucleophilic group, hereinafter referred to as carbonylation.
- the carbonylation catalysts also include complexes of a metal of subgroup VIII, preferably nickel, cobalt, iron, ruthenium, rhodium and palladium, in particular palladium.
- a metal of subgroup VIII preferably nickel, cobalt, iron, ruthenium, rhodium and palladium, in particular palladium.
- the preparation of the metal complexes can be carried out as described above. The same applies to the in situ preparation of the carbonylation catalysts according to the invention.
- the compounds are having a nucleophilic group selected from water, alcohols, thiols, carboxylic acid esters, primary and secondary amines.
- a preferred carbonylation reaction is the conversion of olefins with carbon monoxide and water to carboxylic acids (hydrocarboxylation).
- the carbonylation can be carried out in the presence of activating agents.
- Suitable activating agents are, for. B. Bronsted acids, Lewis acids, such as. B. BF 3 , AICI 3 , ZnCl 2 , and Lewis bases.
- hydroacylation Another important 1,2-addition is hydroacylation.
- asymmetric intramolecular hydroacylation for example, reaction of an unsaturated aldehyde leads to optically active cyclic ketones.
- Asymmetric intermolecular hydroacylation is achieved by the reaction of a prochiral olefin an acyl halide in the presence of a chiral catalyst as described above to chiral ketones. Suitable processes for the hydroacylation are described in J. March, Advanced Organic Chemistry, 4th ed., P. 811, to which reference is made here.
- hydroboration Another important 1,2-addition is hydroboration.
- a prochiral compound which contains at least one ethylenically unsaturated double bond with borane or a borane source in the presence of a chiral catalyst, as described above, to give chiral trialkylboranes which are obtained as primary alcohols (for example with NaOH / H 2 O 2 ) or can be oxidized to carboxylic acids.
- Suitable processes for hydroboration are described in J. March, Advanced Organic Chemistry, 4th edition, pages 783-789, to which reference is made here.
- hydrosilylation Another important 1,2-addition is hydrosilylation.
- a prochiral compound which contains at least one ethylenically unsaturated double bond with a silane in the presence of a chiral catalyst, as described above, chiral silyl-functionalized compounds are obtained.
- Prochiral olefins result in chiral silyl-functionalized alkanes.
- Prochiral ketones result in chiral silyl ethers or alcohols.
- the transition metal is preferably selected from Pt, Pd, Rh, Ru and Ir. It may be advantageous to use combinations or mixtures of one of the aforementioned catalysts with other catalysts.
- Suitable additional catalysts include platinum in finely divided form (“platinum black”), platinum chloride and platinum complexes such as hexachloroplatinic acid or divinyldisiloxane-platinum complexes, eg. B. Tetramethyldivinyldisiloxan-platinum complexes.
- Suitable rhodium catalysts are, for example, (RhCl (P (C 6 H 5 ) S ) 3 ) and RhCl 3 . Also suitable are RuCl 3 and IrCl 3 .
- Suitable catalysts are also Lewis acids such as AICI 3 or TiCl 4 and peroxides.
- Suitable silanes are, for.
- Halogenated silanes such as trichlorosilane, methyldichlorosilane, dimethylchlorosilane and trimethylsiloxydichlorosilane; Alkoxysilanes such as trimethoxysilane, triethoxysilane, methyldimethoxysilane, phenyldimethoxysilane, 1, 3,3,5,5,7,7-heptamethyl-i, 1-dimethoxytetrasiloxane and acyloxysilanes.
- the reaction temperature in the silylation is preferably in a range of 0 to 140 0 C, more preferably 40 to 120 0 C.
- the reaction is usually carried out under atmospheric pressure, but can also at elevated pressures, such as. B. Be ⁇ range of about 1, 5 to 20 bar, or reduced pressures such. B. 200 to 600 mbar done.
- the reaction can be carried out without solvent or in the presence of a suitable solvent.
- Preferred solvents are, for example, toluene, tetrahydrofuran and chloroform.
- Another important 1,2-addition is aminolysis (hydroamination).
- a prochiral compound containing at least one ethylenically unsaturated double bond with ammonia, a primary or a secondary amine in the presence of a chiral catalyst, as described above, to chiral primary, secondary or tertiary amines.
- Suitable processes for hydroamination are described in J. March, Advanced Organic Chemistry, 4th edition, pages 768-770, to which reference is hereby made.
- alcoholysis hydro-alkoxy-addition
- a prochiral compound which contains at least one ethylenically unsaturated double bond
- alcohols in the presence of a chiral catalyst, as described above, to give chiral ethers.
- Suitable methods for alcoholysis are described in J. March, Advanced Organic Chemistry, 4th ed., Pp. 763-764, to which reference is made here.
- Another important reaction is cyclopropanation.
- a prochiral compound containing at least one ethylenically unsaturated double bond is reacted with a diazo compound in the presence of a chiral catalyst as described above to give chiral cyclopropanes.
- Another important reaction is metathesis.
- a prochiral compound containing at least one ethylenically unsaturated double bond with another olefin in the presence of a chiral catalyst, as described above leads to chiral hydrocarbons.
- allylic alkylation Another important reaction is allylic alkylation.
- a prochiral ketone or aldehyde with an allylic alkylating agent in the presence of a chiral catalyst, as described above, chiral hydrocarbons are obtained.
- Another object of the invention is the use of catalysts comprising at least one complex of a metal of VIII.
- optically active compounds which can be prepared by the process according to the invention are substituted and unsubstituted alcohols or phenols, amines, amides, esters, carboxylic acids or anhydrides, ketones, olefins, aldehydes, nitriles and hydrocarbons.
- Optically active aldehydes prepared by the asymmetric hydroformylation process according to the invention include, for example, S-2- (p-isobutylphenyl) propionaldehyde, S-2- (6-methoxynaphthyl) propionaldehyde, S-2- (3-benzoylphenyl) propionaldehyde, S-2 - (p-thienoylphenyl) propionaldehyde, S-2- (3-fluoro-4-phenyl) phenylpropionaldehyde, S-2- [4- (1,3-dihydro-1-oxo-2H-isoindol-2-yl) -phenyl propionaldehyde, S-2- (2-methylacetaldehyde) -5-benzoylthiophene, etc.
- Other optically active compounds which can be prepared by the process according to the invention are described in Kirk-Othmer, Encyclopedia of
- the inventive method allows the production of optically active products with high enantioselectivity and, if necessary, regioselectivity, for. B. in the hydroformylation. Enantiomeric excesses (ee) of at least 50%, preferably at least 60% and in particular at least 70% can be achieved.
- the isolation of the products obtained succeeds according to customary processes known to the person skilled in the art. These include, for example, solvent extraction, crystallization, distillation, evaporation z. In a wiper blade or falling film evaporator, etc.
- optically active compounds obtained by the process according to the invention may be subjected to one or more secondary reactions.
- Such methods are known to the person skilled in the art. These include, for example, the esterification of alcohols, the oxidation of alcohols to aldehydes, N-alkylation of amides, addition of aldehydes to amides, nitrile reduction, acylation of ketones with esters, acylation of amines, etc.
- asymmetri ⁇ hydroformylation obtained optically active aldehydes of an oxidation to carboxylic acids, reduction to alcohols, aldol condensation to ⁇ , ß-unsaturated Verbindun ⁇ gene, reductive amination to amines, amination to imines, etc., were ⁇ subjected.
- a preferred derivatization comprises the oxidation of an aldehyde prepared according to the asymmetric hydroformylation process according to the invention to give the corresponding optically active carboxylic acid.
- a variety of pharmaceutically important compounds such as S-ibuprofen, S-naproxen, S-ketoprofen, S-suprofen, S-fluorobiprofen, S-indoprofen, S-tiaprofenoic acid, etc. can be prepared.
- Rh (CO) 2 acac and 200 mg of BINASKAT are dissolved in 15.7 g of toluene in an autoclave and stirred with synthesis gas at 9 bar reaction pressure for 4 h at 50 ° C. After addition of 1.75 g of styrene is stirred for 24 h at 50 0 C and 9 bar synthesis gas. The turnover is 93%. The gas chromatographically determined ee value is 66%.
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Abstract
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Priority Applications (3)
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US11/577,952 US20090227801A1 (en) | 2004-10-26 | 2005-10-10 | Ligands for use in asymmetric hydroformylation |
JP2007538325A JP2008517966A (ja) | 2004-10-26 | 2005-10-25 | 不斉ヒドロホルミル化用の配位子 |
EP05799685A EP1807437A1 (de) | 2004-10-26 | 2005-10-25 | Liganden zur asymmetrischen hydroformylierung |
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DE102004052040.2 | 2004-10-26 | ||
DE102004052040A DE102004052040A1 (de) | 2004-10-26 | 2004-10-26 | Liganden zur asymmetrischen Hydroformylierung |
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US (1) | US20090227801A1 (de) |
EP (1) | EP1807437A1 (de) |
JP (1) | JP2008517966A (de) |
KR (1) | KR20070068418A (de) |
CN (1) | CN101048419A (de) |
DE (1) | DE102004052040A1 (de) |
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WO2017150337A1 (ja) | 2016-03-01 | 2017-09-08 | 株式会社クラレ | ジアルデヒド化合物の製造方法 |
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DE102007039526A1 (de) * | 2007-08-21 | 2009-02-26 | Lanxess Deutschland Gmbh | Katalysator-Systeme und deren Verwendung für Metathese-Reaktionen |
EP2027920B1 (de) * | 2007-08-21 | 2014-10-08 | LANXESS Deutschland GmbH | Katalysatoren für Metathese-Reaktionen |
FR2932477B1 (fr) | 2008-06-17 | 2013-01-18 | Rhodia Operations | Procede de fabrication de composes nitriles a partir de composes a insaturation ethylenique |
FR2932476B1 (fr) * | 2008-06-17 | 2010-07-30 | Rhodia Operations | Procede de fabrication de composes nitriles a partir de composes a insaturation ethylenique |
FR2937321B1 (fr) | 2008-10-21 | 2010-10-22 | Rhodia Operations | Procede de fabrication de composes comprenant des fonctions nitriles |
KR101108388B1 (ko) * | 2009-12-10 | 2012-01-30 | 호남석유화학 주식회사 | 포스핀-리간드 코발트 담지촉매 및 상기 담지촉매를 이용한 1,3-프로판디올 제조방법 |
EP2743250A1 (de) * | 2012-12-11 | 2014-06-18 | Studiengesellschaft Kohle mbH | Verfahren zur Herstellung von Aminen |
DE102014201122A1 (de) | 2014-01-22 | 2015-07-23 | Leibniz-Institut Für Katalyse E.V. An Der Universität Rostock (Likat) | Verfahren zur katalytischen Herstellung von ungesättigten Aldehyden |
CN110494439B (zh) * | 2017-04-11 | 2022-11-08 | 帝斯曼知识产权资产管理有限公司 | 手性联苯二膦配体及其制备方法 |
CN108525704B (zh) * | 2018-04-25 | 2019-10-18 | 四川大学 | 用于烯烃氢甲酰化反应的催化剂及其制备方法和应用 |
CN109453816B (zh) * | 2018-12-12 | 2020-08-25 | 四川大学 | 一种用于烯烃氢甲酰化反应的催化剂及其制备方法和应用 |
CN111039765B (zh) * | 2019-12-19 | 2021-05-14 | 四川大学 | 一种制备3-烷氧基丙醛的方法 |
CN114931961B (zh) * | 2022-06-10 | 2024-02-27 | 万华化学集团股份有限公司 | 一种氢甲酰化催化剂及其应用 |
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WO2002083695A1 (de) * | 2001-03-29 | 2002-10-24 | Basf Aktiengesellschaft | Liganden für pnicogenchelatkomplexe mit einem metall der viii. nebengruppe und verwendung der komplexe als katalysatoren für hydroformylierung, carbnonylierung, hydrocyanierung oder hydrierung |
WO2003018192A2 (de) * | 2001-08-24 | 2003-03-06 | Basf Aktiengesellschaft | Verfahren zur herstellung von 2-propylheptanol sowie dafür geeignete hydroformylierungskatalysatoren und deren weitere verwendung zur carbonylierung, hydrocyanierung und hydrierung |
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- 2005-10-25 WO PCT/EP2005/011449 patent/WO2006045597A1/de active Application Filing
- 2005-10-25 KR KR1020077009386A patent/KR20070068418A/ko not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2005-10-25 JP JP2007538325A patent/JP2008517966A/ja not_active Withdrawn
- 2005-10-25 CN CNA2005800368811A patent/CN101048419A/zh active Pending
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WO2002083695A1 (de) * | 2001-03-29 | 2002-10-24 | Basf Aktiengesellschaft | Liganden für pnicogenchelatkomplexe mit einem metall der viii. nebengruppe und verwendung der komplexe als katalysatoren für hydroformylierung, carbnonylierung, hydrocyanierung oder hydrierung |
WO2003018192A2 (de) * | 2001-08-24 | 2003-03-06 | Basf Aktiengesellschaft | Verfahren zur herstellung von 2-propylheptanol sowie dafür geeignete hydroformylierungskatalysatoren und deren weitere verwendung zur carbonylierung, hydrocyanierung und hydrierung |
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DIEGUEZ M ET AL: "Recent advances in Rh-catalyzed asymmetric hydroformylation using phosphite ligands", TETRAHEDRON: ASYMMETRY, ELSEVIER SCIENCE PUBLISHERS, AMSTERDAM, NL, vol. 15, no. 14, 26 July 2004 (2004-07-26), pages 2113 - 2122, XP004523693, ISSN: 0957-4166 * |
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WO2017150337A1 (ja) | 2016-03-01 | 2017-09-08 | 株式会社クラレ | ジアルデヒド化合物の製造方法 |
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DE102004052040A1 (de) | 2006-04-27 |
US20090227801A1 (en) | 2009-09-10 |
JP2008517966A (ja) | 2008-05-29 |
KR20070068418A (ko) | 2007-06-29 |
EP1807437A1 (de) | 2007-07-18 |
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