EP2186382B1 - Verfahren und vorrichtung zur einstellung der farb- oder fotometrischen eigenschaften einer led-beleuchtungseinrichtung - Google Patents

Verfahren und vorrichtung zur einstellung der farb- oder fotometrischen eigenschaften einer led-beleuchtungseinrichtung Download PDF

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EP2186382B1
EP2186382B1 EP08803855.9A EP08803855A EP2186382B1 EP 2186382 B1 EP2186382 B1 EP 2186382B1 EP 08803855 A EP08803855 A EP 08803855A EP 2186382 B1 EP2186382 B1 EP 2186382B1
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Prior art keywords
led
temperature
color
pwm
colour
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German (de)
English (en)
French (fr)
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EP2186382A1 (de
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Regine KRÄMER
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Arnold and Richter Cine Technik GmbH and Co KG
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Arnold and Richter Cine Technik GmbH and Co KG
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B45/00—Circuit arrangements for operating light-emitting diodes [LED]
    • H05B45/30—Driver circuits
    • H05B45/32—Pulse-control circuits
    • H05B45/325—Pulse-width modulation [PWM]
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B45/00—Circuit arrangements for operating light-emitting diodes [LED]
    • H05B45/20—Controlling the colour of the light
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B45/00—Circuit arrangements for operating light-emitting diodes [LED]
    • H05B45/20—Controlling the colour of the light
    • H05B45/22—Controlling the colour of the light using optical feedback
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B45/00—Circuit arrangements for operating light-emitting diodes [LED]
    • H05B45/20—Controlling the colour of the light
    • H05B45/28—Controlling the colour of the light using temperature feedback

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method for adjusting the color or photometric properties of an LED headlight according to the preamble of claims 1, 28 and 48 and a device according to the preamble of claim 54.
  • LEDs light emitting diodes
  • Typical film footage for movies such as "Cinema Color Negative Film” is optimized for daylight with a color temperature of 5600 K or for incandescent light with a color temperature of 3200 K and achieve excellent color rendering properties with these light sources for illuminating a set. If other artificial light sources are used to illuminate a set during filming, they must firstly be adapted to the optimum color temperature of 3200 K or 5600 K and, on the other hand, have a very good color rendering quality. As a rule, the best color rendering level with a color rendering index of CRI ⁇ 90 ... 100 is required.
  • the mixture can be additionally optimized for the color rendering properties of the film material or the sensor of a digital camera. If this optimization is not performed, then in the worst case, the correct color location is set, but this with very unfavorable color rendering properties.
  • a method and apparatus for emitting and modulating light having a predetermined spectrum of light is known.
  • the known lighting device has a plurality of groups of light-emitting devices, each of which emits a predetermined spectrum of light and a control device controls the energy supply to the individual light emitting devices so that the total resulting radiation has the predetermined light spectrum.
  • a control device controls the energy supply to the individual light emitting devices so that the total resulting radiation has the predetermined light spectrum.
  • a disadvantage of this method is also not optimal color reproduction in film and video recordings and the lack of ability to set a predetermined color temperature and a precise color location.
  • the individual LEDs or groups of LEDs and the color temperature set in each case it is to be expected that there will be considerable color deviations from Planck's curve, which can only be corrected by presetting corrective filters.
  • the light output is not optimal in a warm white setting the combination of daylight white and warm white LEDs, as this relatively high conversion losses occur due to the secondary emission of the phosphor.
  • Another disadvantage of this method is that to set a warm or daylight white color temperature, a large part of the LEDs of the other color temperature can not be used or only strongly dimmed and thus the utilization factor for the typically during film shooting color temperatures to 3200 K and 5600 K. only about 50%.
  • From the DE 20 2005 001 540 U1 is a variable in the color temperature light source for daylight, in which at least one white light of a specific color temperature emitting LED with different colored light, in particular in the primary colors red, green and blue, emitting LEDs, is combined.
  • a specific color temperature or a certain standard light quality can be adjusted by automatically adjusting or adjusting a given color temperature or standard light quality by using suitable sensors, logic and software that can detect the current spectral profile of the light source ,
  • LEDs emit the light emitted by them not monochromatisch with a sharp spectral line, but with a band spectrum with a certain width, so that the emission spectrum of an LED as Gaussian bell curve or as the sum of several Gaussian bell curves can be assumed and the emission spectra be simulated by LEDs on the Gaussian distribution.
  • some emission spectra of LEDs are plotted as a function of relative luminance versus wavelength, indicating that the wavelengths of differently colored light emitting LEDs increase from blue light through green light, amber light to red light, and the shape of the emission spectrum from white Light emitting LEDs differs greatly from the emission spectra of differently colored light emitting LEDs.
  • This deviation results from the white light generation technology based on a blue semiconductor light emitting element provided with a phosphor coating which partially converts the blue light into yellow light, from which a second one in addition to the first smaller peak in the wavelength range of blue light , higher peak in the yellow region of the spectrum results, giving mixed proportions of white light. It can be varied over the thickness of the phosphor coating, the color temperature, so that both yellowish, warm white and daylight white LEDs can be made in this way.
  • LEDs have a strong temperature dependence as bulbs. As the junction temperature increases, the characteristics and characteristics of LEDs change significantly, with the luminance decreasing significantly as the temperature increases. This is due to the fact that at higher temperatures, the proportion of nonradiative recombination increases and, with increasing temperature, a shift of the emission spectra to higher-wave regions, ie towards the red spectrum, takes place.
  • Fig. 5 shows in schematic representation, the relative luminance over the junction temperature of LEDs that emit blue, green and red light and consist of different combinations of materials. It follows that the temperature dependence of LEDs varies depending on the materials used, resulting in the result has that change the colorimetric properties of a composite of different colored LEDs additively composite light to achieve a specific light color or color temperature.
  • a spectrometer can be provided and used for example in the front lens of a lighting headlamp which measures the spectrum of the light emitted by the illumination headlight, or a color sensor is used in the area of the light exit surface, which registers deviations of the actual color of the headlamp and then detects the intensity and the color locus of the LEDs involved in light generation in a pulse / measurement mode.
  • shifts of the peak wavelengths as well as changes in the height of the peak wavelength can be detected and fed as actual value variable to a control device whose desired value is the basic setting or basic mixture of the light emitted by the illumination headlight.
  • desired value is the basic setting or basic mixture of the light emitted by the illumination headlight.
  • Object of the present invention is to set the light color, color temperature or the color of a light emitted by an LED headlamp mixture with minimal cost and time regardless of the ambient temperature of the LED headlamp and keep constant.
  • the solutions according to the invention provide an independent of the temperature, in particular of the board temperature of the LEDs, setting and compliance with the light color, color temperature or color of a light emitted by light sources of different colored LEDs light flux components emitted by a LED headlamp light mixture with minimal manufacturing and time.
  • the inventive methods are based on different approaches and allow different Einstellgenaumaschineen with different manufacturing and time required to achieve an independent of the ambient temperature of the LED headlight desired setting of the light color, color temperature or the color location of the light mixture.
  • the production cost and the control or regulation time for the maintenance of the desired light color, color temperature or the color location of the light emitted by the LED headlight mixture is overall considerably less than the production and control time required when using multiple color sensors, since in the inventive method, only one temperature sensor as an actual value transmitter for observing the light color, the color temperature or the color locus of the light emitted by the LED headlight light mixture is required and the control time is minimal depending on the particular method used.
  • the headlight is initially calibrated with an optimum setting of the luminous flux components of differently colored LED color groups for a desired light color of the light mixture emitted by the LED headlamp in a basic setting of the LED headlight.
  • a temperature-dependent recalibration is carried out to correct the luminous flux components of the differently colored LEDs on the light mixture by recalculating the luminous flux components with the temperature-dependent emission spectra of the differently colored LEDs and adjusting them on the headlight.
  • the emission spectra of the differently colored LEDs are approximated for the respectively measured temperature by means of the Gaussian distribution or via a temperature-dependent normalization of the emission spectra determined in the calibration, which is preferably within the scope of a calibration as well as the recalculation of the luminous flux components based on it Dependent on the temperature takes place.
  • the result namely the luminous flux components of the LED colors in dependency on the temperature, is preferably stored in the table or functional form in the headlight, since in the headlight then no spectra for measuring, approximating and arithmetic are needed.
  • the method with the Gaussian approximation is only more precise compared to the simple method with a superimposition of several Gaussian spectra, unfortunately the parameters of the Gaussian spectra 2..n still have to be determined "manually", which is the practice is not manageable, can the superimposed spectra be somehow protected anyway?).
  • the temperature-dependent intensity factor f L serves to adapt the intensity of the simulated spectrum to the intensity of the spectrum at a specific ambient temperature.
  • the function of the intensity of the spectrum as a function of the temperature is a linear or quadratic function for each LED color.
  • ⁇ p and w 50 from the basic setting of the light mixture of the LED headlamp in its calibration known
  • the temperature-dependent factor fL or the linear or quadratic function of the intensity in dependence on the temperature so It is possible to deduce the respective relative emission spectrum of each individual color group of the differently colored LEDs at temperatures deviating from the starting temperature, so that deviations of the emission spectra from the basic setting can be determined and corrected.
  • the parameters used in this Approximationsformel peak wavelength ⁇ p , and half width w 50 are linearly or quadratically dependent on the temperature for all color groups of different colored LEDs.
  • the temperature-dependent conversion factor f L (T) represents a normalization factor which relates the approximated spectrum to the measured relative luminance as a function of the temperature.
  • the measured dependence of the maximum spectral radiant power on the temperature can be used for the factor fL (T).
  • all required parameters can be determined and the emission spectra calculated. In this way, for example, an approximation of the emission spectra for the color groups amber, blue, green and red is possible.
  • the determination of the emission spectrum for white LEDs is a special case, since a white light emitting LED is a blue LED with phosphor coating, so that the emission spectrum has two peaks, namely a peak in the blue and a peak in the yellow spectral range , Thus, a simple approximation via a Gaussian distribution is not possible, however, the two peaks in the emission spectrum can be approximated by a respective Gaussian distribution.
  • the emission spectrum for white LEDs is approximated over several Gaussian distributions, preferably over three or four Gaussian distributions.
  • a third Gaussian distribution subtracted to approximate the calculated spectrum in the "valley" lying between the two peaks at about 495 nm to the measured emission distribution.
  • the methods according to the invention for approximating the emission spectra of the differently colored LEDs to produce the desired light mixture of the LED headlight have the advantage of a sufficiently accurate approximation of the calculated emission spectra to actually measured emission spectra, taking into account the shift in the peak wavelength and changes in the half-widths, so that the can be readjusted very accurately from the light of different colored LEDs composing light mixture.
  • Comparative measurements have shown that the color temperature after this correction is 28K for tungsten or tungsten and 125K for daylight or daylight at visibility thresholds of 50K for Tungsten and 200K for Daylight respectively, while without color correction the displacement is 326K for Tungsten and 780K for Daylight and thus in clearly visible area lies.
  • a disadvantage of this approximation of the emission spectra as a function of the ambient temperature of the LED headlight is that three temperature-dependent parameters and for the special case of white color nine temperature-dependent parameters and thus a total of 21 temperature-dependent parameters for calculating the individual color groups of the LEDs current emission spectrum must be calculated for readjustment of the system to maintain the desired light color or color temperature of the light mixture set at an initial temperature.
  • This is a considerable expense in comparison to the alternative method explained below for approximating the emission spectra of a current temperature via a temperature-dependent shift + normalization of the emission spectra determined in the calibration at an initial temperature.
  • f L (T) denotes a temperature-dependent conversion factor (measured luminance of the spectrum relative to the luminance of the output spectrum) representing the relative luminance drop over the entire temperature range
  • ⁇ p ( T ) denotes a temperature-dependent shift of the peak wavelength to the output spectrum
  • f VL ( T ) represents a normalization factor which normalizes the spectrum shifted by ⁇ p ( T ) to the same luminance as that of the original spectrum (due to the different position to the V ( ⁇ ) curve)
  • the emission spectra in the basic setting of the LED headlight which are recorded in the calibration of the LED headlight, shifted by the change of the peak wavelength, then normalized with the factor f VL ( T ) again to the output luminance of the spectra and finally interpreted with a temperature-dependent factor.
  • the factor f L (T) represents the measured relative luminance drop over the entire temperature range, so that the emission spectra of the shifted output mixture multiplied by the factors f L (T) .f VL ( T ) in their luminance to the actual emission spectra at the respective current Temperature to be adjusted.
  • the emission spectra along the wavelength-indicating abscissa are shifted by the value ⁇ p ( T ) in the representation of the relative luminance over the wavelength.
  • the advantage of this method for approximating the emission spectra at different ambient temperatures of the LED headlight is that, in contrast to the approximation of the emission spectra on the Gaussian distribution only 10 easy to be determined instead of 21 temperature-dependent parameters must be calculated, resulting in a significantly reduced computational effort and a less susceptible to errors leads.
  • a disadvantage compared with the approximation of the emission spectra via the Gaussian distribution is that the peak wavelength shift is less accurate, since the change in the half-width and the edge profile of the emission spectra is not taken into account.
  • the emission spectra deviating from the emission spectra of the differently colored LEDs in the default setting during the calibration of the LED headlight become at an ambient temperature of the LED deviating from the starting temperature in the basic setting -Haswerwerfers converted into a change in the luminous flux components of the respective color groups of different colored LEDs to readjust the light mixture.
  • a program-controlled arithmetic unit is used, into which the determined emission spectra of the LED colors used or the emission spectra of the desired LED Entered colors, set several optimization parameters and determined by the optimized on different target parameters luminous flux components for the different colored LEDs or delivered to a the different colored LEDs driving electronics.
  • the program-controlled computing unit is used to calculate light mixtures based on LEDs of different colors, by using the emission spectra of the differently colored LEDs to determine the color properties of light mixtures of the light sources with different luminous flux components as well as to calculate optimized light mixtures for specific types of light. Up to five emission spectra can be selected, imported and the best mix for preset color properties can be calculated using an optimization function. Furthermore, various types of light used in film production, such as incandescent 3200K for tungsten and daylight or HMI 5600K for daylight or daylight can be selected, with further options by the input of optimization and target parameters, the presets can be refined to obtain an optimal light mixture.
  • the program-controlled arithmetic unit offers the possibility of colorimetric properties for To determine a manually adjusted mixture, so that it is possible, for example, to investigate the change of mixtures with equal proportions but different emission spectra.
  • the desired color temperature of the light mixture produced by the differently colored LEDs, the mixed light capability and the reference light type as well as the film material or the camera sensor for which good mixed light capability is to be achieved can be set as the optimization parameters, while the target parameters for optimizing the luminous flux components can be one or more of the parameters Color temperature, minimum distance from Planck's curve, color rendering index and mixed light capability with film or digital camera and for the target parameters setpoints and / or tolerance values can be entered.
  • the LED floodlight for temperature-dependent color correction can be set to the newly calculated light mixture.
  • the calculation can be done online in the headlamp, or in advance as part of the calibration and the results obtained (luminous flux components of the LED colors as a function of the temperature) in tabular form or as a function stored in the spotlight internal memory.
  • a luminance measurement with a V ( ⁇ ) sensor additionally takes place according to a further feature of the inventive solution, so that the difference between the actual and desired luminance of the LED Headlight is adjusted to the luminance target value via a matching increase or decrease in the electrical power supplied to the different colored LEDs.
  • the dominant wavelength decreases with increasing current
  • the dominant wavelength increases with increasing current with a light mixture, ie an additive composition of the light emitted by an illumination headlight from the light emitted by color groups of differently colored LEDs at a proportionate control of different colored LEDs to achieve a desired light mixture on the current an offset of the dominant wavelength of several nanometers occur, so that the color temperature would significantly change the light output emitted by the illumination headlamp.
  • a proportionate control of the LEDs and thus the light mixture is not a current control, but via a pulse width modulation with substantially rectangular current pulses adjustable pulse width and intervening pulse intervals, which together result in a period of the pulse width modulation.
  • the proportional control or dimming takes place via a variation of the pulse width of the rectangular signal at a fixed fundamental frequency, so that at a 50 percent dimming of the rectangular pulse has half the width of the entire period.
  • another feature of the inventive solution is to control the luminous flux components for the differently colored LEDs by driving the differently colored LEDs by means of pulse width modulation.
  • This control takes place in conjunction with the previously explained delivery of the luminous flux components for the differently colored LEDs from the program-controlled computing unit by delivery of the luminous flux components corresponding pulse width modulated signal components to a the different colored LEDs driving electronics.
  • the above-described methods for determining the emission spectra in conjunction with the program-controlled arithmetic unit and a pulse-width modulated signal-emitting control electronics enable the direct control of the individual color groups LEDs of different colors, without requiring additional input from the user after he has set the optimization and target parameters in the basic setting or calibration of the LED headlight.
  • the temperature-dependent luminous flux components can be deposited in the headlight, which is generally more meaningful and faster.
  • the above method steps 1 to 4 can be carried out as part of the calibration and the temperature-dependent luminous flux components are stored in the headlight.
  • the integration of the program-controlled computing unit for calculating the luminous flux components of the light mixing of the LED headlamp at different ambient temperatures is required and offers the advantage of a very accurate calculation of the luminous flux components of the individual color groups.
  • the various options offered by the program of the program-controlled computing unit for an accurate calculation of the luminous flux components of the light mixture are not negligible Calculation times to take into account, which is unacceptable for some applications, such as a film set, as the LED headlights must be available without interruption.
  • the spectra are not approximated depending on the temperature, but are measured within the calibration with very accurate data.
  • a recalculation of the mixture proportions as a function of the temperature can be made and the temperature-dependent mixing proportions in table or functional form are stored in the headlight.
  • an LED headlamp which is composed of different colored LEDs whose luminous flux components determine the light color, color temperature and / or the color location of the output by the LED headlamp light mixture and by driving the different colored LEDs be adjusted by means of pulse width modulated signals, depending on the ambient temperature of the LED headlamp that the different colored LEDs are temperature-dependent changed according to the luminous flux components of the individual color groups for the basic setting of the light mixture to a predetermined color of light driving pulse width modulated signals.
  • This alternative method provides a very simple solution for color correction at different ambient temperatures and is based on the temperature dependence of the pulse width modulated signals driving the different colored LEDs, with the aim of keeping the relative luminous flux components of the colors involved in the color mixing constant throughout the ambient temperature range.
  • the spectra emitted at a currently detected ambient temperature are adapted to the luminous flux components of the basic spectrally detected output spectra during the calibration of the LED headlight, so that the preset light mixture can continue to be used.
  • the temperature dependence of the pulse width modulated signal components can be determined from the change in luminance. Investigations have shown that the Although different colored LEDs are very different in temperature dependent (LEDs that emit in the long wavelength range of the visible spectrum, fall in the luminance with increasing temperature much stronger than LEDs of the short wavelength range), but this temperature dependence of the luminance over a wide temperature range, the for practical application, for each color in a linear or quadratic function are determined and described.
  • a factor f PWM is obtained for each color group of the differently colored LEDs. If the corresponding proportion of the pulse width modulated signal for the relevant LED color from the basic setting of the light mixture multiplied by the reciprocal of the factor f PWM , this results in the new proportion of the pulse width modulated signal for the relevant LED color at the currently measured ambient temperature.
  • any deviations in the luminance which can occur after the determination of the luminous flux components of the differently colored LEDs at the currently measured temperature, can be compensated for by carrying out a luminance measurement with a V ( ⁇ ) sensor, the difference between the luminous intensity measured luminance value and a luminance setpoint determined and emitted by the LED headlamps intensity by a matching Increase or decrease of the different colored LEDs supplied electrical power to the luminance setpoint is adjusted.
  • An essential advantage of this correction via the normalization of the pulse-width-modulated signal components for controlling the differently colored LEDs is the simplicity of determining the correction factors, since only five parameters have to be calculated via simple functions for a readjustment of the light mixture and subsequently the original components must be evaluated with these parameters. In this case, no calculation via a program-controlled arithmetic unit is required, so that a large portion of the computational and programming costs of the two previously described methods for approximating the emission spectra of the differently colored LEDs and correcting the luminous flux components of the differently colored LEDs is omitted.
  • the correction for color stabilization of the LED headlight can take place continuously, so that stable color properties, such as color temperature, color reproduction, distance from the Planckian curve and mixed light capability are ensured during operation of the LED headlight.
  • the differences in the color values occurring after the correction which are comparable to the Gaussian approximation color deviations mentioned above, are so small that they can be neglected.
  • the output signals of an additional LED The output signals of the color sensor or spectrometer to the program-controlled arithmetic unit for determining the luminous flux components or the light flux components corresponding pulse width modulated signals of the color groups of different colors LEDs are output at the light mixture in the default setting.
  • the RGB or XYZ signals of the color sensor if this is calibrated, on the one hand the color location x, y and calculated from the dominant wavelength of the color and on the other hand, the brightness of the individual LEDs are taken simultaneously to the color values, the current temperature read out by the temperature sensor so that the new measured values can be correlated with the temperature-dependent characteristic curves stored in the memory ( ⁇ p, w50 and brightnesses). From this, the parameters required for the Gaussian approximation intensity and peak wavelength can be determined, the half-width is compared to the original spectrum approximately considered to be constant.
  • a temperature-dependent power limitation is performed, since the total power of the LED lighting device or the total power supplied to all LEDs of the LED colors must not exceed a predetermined, preferably temperature-dependent limit; because it makes little sense, with increasing temperature and consequently decreasing brightness of the LED lighting device to supply more power in the expectation, so as to compensate for the brightness decrease of single or multiple colors.
  • the temperature continues to rise, so that the luminous efficacy continues to decrease until one or more LEDs are overloaded and thus destroyed or a hardware-controlled current limitation intervenes.
  • a limitation of the power consumption of the LED headlight and / or the total current supplied to the LEDs is provided, wherein the power consumption of the LED headlight and / or the total current supplied to the LEDs are temperature-dependent limited.
  • a measurement of the brightness (Y) and the board temperature (T b ) for LED color immediately after power on with the result Y (Tbcal, t0), a conversion to the brightness in the static state assuming board temperature (Tb1) for each LED color accordingly Y T b 1 Y Tbcal . t 0 * kYcal and the brightnesses (Y) of the LED colors converted to the assumed board temperature (Tb1) are stored in the LED illumination device.
  • a device for temperature-dependent adjustment of the color or photometric properties of an LED illumination device with different color LED color groups whose luminous flux components determine the light color, color temperature and / or the color location of the light mixture emitted by the LED illumination device is characterized by an input device for setting the Light color, color temperature and / or the color location of the light mixture to be delivered by the LED lighting device and the specification of application-specific target parameters and their allowable deviations from an ideal value, one in the housing of the LED lighting device and / or in the range of at least one LED of different color LED color groups arranged temperature measuring device which emits a temperature signal corresponding to the measured temperature, a control device for controlling the LEDs of the different color LED color groups with pulse width modulated Current pulses, a memory with stored calibration data for each LED color group for at least one of the emission spectrum as a function of temperature and a microprocessor connected to the controller and the memory for determining the light flux components for each LED color group corresponding pulse width modulated control signals for controlling the LEDs of the LED color groups as a
  • the input device for setting the light color, color temperature and / or the color location of the light mixture to be dispensed by the LED illumination device and for specifying application-specific target parameters and their permissible deviations from an ideal value preferably consists of a mixing device or DMX console.
  • the control device for controlling the LED color groups with pulse-width modulated current pulses has a program-controlled input connected to the microprocessor, a light mixing input connected to the input device, and a sensor and / or calibration input connected to a sensor and / or a calibration hand-held device connected to a supply voltage source.
  • Fig. 1 shows a longitudinal section through the schematic structure of an LED lighting device designed as an LED spotlight 1 LED lighting device with a cylindrical housing 10, in which an LED light source 3 is arranged, which consists of a ceramic board, on the ceramic board in chip -On-board technology arranged colored LEDs and a mounted on the LEDs potting compound composed.
  • the LED light source 3 is applied with a thermal adhesive directly to a heat sink 11 of good heat conducting material such as copper or aluminum, which dissipates the heat emitted by the LEDs of the LED light source 3.
  • An arranged on the back of the LED headlight 1 fan 12 provides additional cooling of the LEDs.
  • the light mixture is effected by a cone-shaped or alternatively cylindrical light mixing rod 13, at the end of which a diffusion plate 14 designed as a POC foil is attached.
  • a diffusion plate 14 designed as a POC foil is attached.
  • an adjustable Fresnel lens 15 in the longitudinal direction of the LED headlight 1 the LED headlight 1 can be adjusted continuously between a spot and flood position.
  • Fig. 2 shows a perspective view of a lighting module, which consists of a square, designed as a printed circuit board module carrier 2, on which a module electronics 5 is arranged and which has a recess 21 through which a surface of the module carrier 2 superior base 110 of a module heat sink 11 is inserted , and which is connected to the bottom with a power strip 16, via which the module electronics is connected to a power control unit.
  • a lighting module which consists of a square, designed as a printed circuit board module carrier 2, on which a module electronics 5 is arranged and which has a recess 21 through which a surface of the module carrier 2 superior base 110 of a module heat sink 11 is inserted , and which is connected to the bottom with a power strip 16, via which the module electronics is connected to a power control unit.
  • a light source 3 with a plurality of arranged on a cuboid metal core board LEDs 4, the light of different wavelength and thus color, a temperature sensor 6 and traces for connecting the LEDs 4 and the temperature sensor 6 to the edges of Metal core board arranged from where they are connected via a direct wire or bond connection with the module electronics.
  • the LEDs 4 are composed of several light of different wavelengths, ie different color emitting LEDs.
  • an adjustable by the selection of LEDs light mixture of the different colors is generated, which is still optimized by additional measures such as optical light bundling and light mixing and kept constant by other control and regulatory measures regardless of, for example, the temperature can be to adjust a desired color temperature, brightness and the like.
  • Fig. 3 shows a functional diagram of the module electronics 5 for controlling six LED groups, each with two series-connected, light of the same wavelength emitting LEDs 401, 402; 403, 404; 411, 412; 421, 422; 431, 432; 441, 442 and for controlling the light mixture emitted by the LEDs by a brightness control of the individual LED groups by means of a pulse width modulated control voltage and control of a temperature-stabilized current source for powering the LED groups.
  • the module electronics 5 includes a microcontroller 50 which outputs six pulse width modulated control voltages PWM1 to PWM6 to six identically constructed constant current sources 51 to 56.
  • the microcontroller 50 is connected via a serial interface SER A and SER B to an external controller and has inputs AIN1 and AIN2, which are connected via amplifiers 60, 70 to a temperature sensor 6 and a brightness or color sensor 7 of the lighting module.
  • the identically constructed current sources 51 to 56 are very well temperature-stabilized and contain a temperature-stabilized constant current source 57 which is connected to outputs PWM1 to PWM6 of the pulse width modulated control voltages emitting outputs PWM1 to PWM6 of the microcontroller 50 and via a resistor 59 to a supply voltage U LED1 to U LED6 are connected.
  • the temperature-stabilized constant current source 57 has its output connected to the anode of the series-connected LEDs of an LED group, each of which emits light of the same wavelength, and to the control terminal of an electronic switch 58 connected on the one hand to the cathode of the series-connected LEDs and on the other hand to ground potential GND is connected.
  • the temperature-stabilized constant current source 57 is characterized by a fast and clean switching with a switching frequency of 20 to 40 kHz. In order to keep the power loss of the light module as low as possible, different in the manufacturing technology LED chips with up to six different supply voltages U LED1 to U LED6 are fed.
  • the arrangement of the temperature-stabilized current sources 51-56 on the module carrier of the lighting module improves the modularity of the system and simplifies the power supply.
  • the light module requires only five interfaces, ie a connection of the light module via five lines, namely two supply voltages V LED1 and V LED2 , ground potential GND and the serial interfaces SER A and SER B with an external controller for higher-level control and regulation of a plurality of similarly constructed lighting modules.
  • FIGS. 4 to 11 summarizes the various parameters that determine the color output of LEDs.
  • FIG. 12 shows the spectra of differently colored LEDs in an LED illumination device as a representation of the relative luminance over the wavelength of the light emitted by an LED illumination device. Since LEDs do not emit light monochromatically with a sharp spectral line, but in a spectrum with a certain bandwidth, which can be reasonably assumed to be Gaussian bell curve, the emission spectra of LEDs can be simulated via a Gaussian distribution.
  • Fig. 4 shows in solid line the emission spectrum of a white LED, in dashed line the emission spectrum of a blue LED, in long dashed line the emission spectrum of a yellow or amber LED, dotted line the emission spectrum of a red LED and in dotted line the emission spectrum of a green LED.
  • the shape of the spectrum of the white light emitting LED differs greatly from the spectra of the colored light emitting LEDs.
  • the phosphor coating of the blue LED chip partially converts the blue light into yellow light, resulting in the second, higher peak in the yellow region of the spectrum. Mixed, the proportions give white light.
  • the thickness of the phosphor coating the color temperature of the white light so that both warm white and daylight white LEDs can be made in this way.
  • Fig. 5 shows the temperature dependence of LEDs in a plot of relative luminance versus junction temperature T in ° C for different material combinations.
  • the temperature dependence of the LEDs is a major problem.
  • the characteristics and characteristics of LEDs change significantly.
  • the luminance decreases sharply, and there is a shift in the spectra to higher-wave areas, that is, towards the red light.
  • These temperature dependencies vary greatly depending on the materials used, with the result that also the colorimetric properties of an additive additively emitted from white light and colored light emitting LEDs mixed light composition change.
  • the luminances, peak wavelengths and half widths of individual LED color groups each composed of a plurality of LEDs of the same color emitting LEDs, depending on the temperature applied to an LED of the respective color group and an analysis of the spectra and the luminance and the color temperature and color location the light mixtures artificial light (Tungsten) and daylight (Daylight), also depending on the applied temperatures, are made.
  • the different colored LEDs on a different degrees of temperature dependence.
  • Those LEDs that emit in the long-wavelength range of the visible spectrum fall in the luminance with increasing temperature T in ° C much more than the LEDs that emit in the short-wavelength range of the visible spectrum.
  • the amber and red LED colors have a luminance drop of 128% and 116% at 20 ° C to 65% and 75% of the initial value at 60 ° C, respectively.
  • the color groups blue and green are significantly less temperature-dependent with respect to the luminance. Since the white LEDs build on the technology of the blue LEDs, also results in a significantly lower temperature dependence of the luminance drop of white LEDs.
  • the temperature dependence for different LED types also differs for the peak wavelength.
  • Fig. 6 shows by way of example the temperature dependence of the peak wavelength ⁇ P for the LED groups Amber and Red and illustrates a shift of the peak wavelengths ⁇ P with increasing ambient or junction temperature T in ° C of the LEDs. Also with regard to the peak wavelength ⁇ P , the LEDs in the higher-wave visible range such as amber and red are more temperature-dependent than LEDs of the LED groups blue and green, which are far less temperature-dependent.
  • the half-width w 50 of the emitted spectra is linearly dependent on the temperature T in ° C. In contrast to the first two mentioned parameters, the differences between the different LED color groups are not so serious here. Exemplary are in Fig. 7 the curves of the half width w 50 of the LED colors amber and red are shown above the temperature T in ° C. In contrast to the luminance and peak wavelength ⁇ P , the half-width w 50 for the LEDs of the groups blue and green is similarly temperature-dependent as for the groups amber and red.
  • Fig. 10 shows the relative luminance in% above the temperature T in ° C of the light mixtures "artificial light” and “daylight” based on an ambient temperature of 20 ° C and illustrates that the effect of temperature on the individual LED color groups causes a luminance decrease in the light mixture, the not negligible is.
  • the light mixture “artificial light” shows a greater relative luminance drop than the light mixture "daylight”.
  • Fig. 11 shows the color temperature shift dCCT in K for "artificial light” and “daylight” depending on the ambient temperature T and makes it clear that the significantly higher temperature sensitivity of the LEDs in the areas red and amber leads to a luminous flux to a blue shift of the light color with increasing temperature.
  • the headlight must be calibrated by determining a base mix for the 3200 K tungsten and 5600 K daylight settings.
  • the proportions, ie pulse widths of a pulse width modulation (PWM) must be determined when controlling the LED color groups.
  • the user can enter permitted deviations or tolerances ⁇ CCT (K), ⁇ C_Planck (color pitch to Planckian curve), ⁇ CRI, ⁇ C_Film (mixed-color chromaticity) in addition to the setpoints.
  • the result of the optimization by the program-controlled processing unit are then the proportions of the LED spectra of the LED colors entered into the program for setting an optimal mixture.
  • the output of the LED mixture ie the dimming factors and luminous flux components for each of the LED colors as well as the colorimetric values for the color locus, the color temperature, the color distance to the Planckian curve, the color rendering index as well as the mixed light capability with film or color Digital camera are also calculated and output.
  • the output values can be used in advance to set or calibrate the headlamp or output directly to the electronics to set the dimming factors or the amount of luminous flux required for the mixture.
  • the board or the junction temperature of the LED chips may according to the invention various Be applied to the method described below FIGS. 13 to 20 be explained in more detail.
  • Fig. 13 shows a first variant, in which the control of the LEDs of the individual LED colors with pulse width modulation (PWM) online, that is, by directly entering the temperature-dependent determined dimming factors for the individual LED colors to the control electronics of the LEDs is or for the Light mixing required luminous flux components for each of the LED colors are output.
  • PWM pulse width modulation
  • the spectrums approximated by the Gaussian normal distribution for each color group are multiplied by the color-dependent correction factors fk determined according to the above formula.
  • the dimming factors for the pulse width modulation of the individual LEDs of the LED color groups of the headlamp for the light mixture at the measured temperature calculated and controlled the individual LEDs each LED color group of the headlamp with the calculated dimming via the control electronics.
  • the program loop is closed by a subsequent re-temperature measurement.
  • the illumination device can be set with the help of this program flow to the newly calculated light mixture and the color correction due to the changed housing internal ambient temperature, board or junction temperature is done.
  • a luminance measurement with a light or V (A) sensor which determines the difference between the actual and desired luminance and the illumination device is evenly adjusted to the setpoint via uniform dimming of all color groups.
  • Fig. 15 illustrated control program is that a compensation of aging effects is possible, since with the provided in this control program light sensor, a temporal brightness drop can be detected. If, instead of a light or V ( ⁇ ) sensor, an RGB or color sensor or a spectrometer is used as the sensor element, color changes of the individual LED colors of the headlamp can be recorded in addition to changes in brightness.
  • FIG. 16 illustrated flowchart is used to explain a control program for controlling the LEDs of different LED color groups of a headlamp with a brightness compensation of the temperature-dependent light mixture using a light sensor.
  • the program loop is closed with a new temperature measurement.
  • a compensation of aging effects can be provided by a temporal brightness drop is detected by means of a light or V ( ⁇ ) sensor.
  • Fig. 17 shows a flow chart for calibration of an LED headlamp, which is a multi-dimensional table for precalculating the mixing ratios of the light mixtures made of several LED colors at different temperatures, this calculation is done in advance outside the headlight.
  • the temperature-dependent optimized light mixtures from the individual LED colors used that is, the dimming factors for the individual LEDs of the LED color groups for N0 color temperatures, for example, calculated for daylight, artificial light and possibly for additional color temperature support points.
  • This calculation is followed by storage of the temperature-dependent mixing ratios, that is to say the dimming factors for the individual LEDs of the LED color groups of the headlight for the N0 color temperature settings.
  • These N0 color temperature settings may then be applied to a control program for controlling the color temperature of a headlamp, in accordance with the method of Fig. 18
  • the flowchart shown are based on.
  • Fig. 18 requires the determination and storage of calibration data in the microprocessor of the control electronics for the LEDs of the individual LED color groups of the headlight for N0 color temperature support points in the form of a function or in the form of stored in the memory of the microprocessor function or table, from which the mixing ratio, ie the Dimming factors as a function of the ambient temperature Tu and the color temperature CCT result.
  • the LED color groups or individual LEDs of each LED color group After the start of the control program, a measurement of the housing-internal ambient temperature or the board or junction temperature of the LEDs, the LED color groups or individual LEDs of each LED color group. From the actual value of the temperature measurement, the temperature-dependent dimming factors are determined from the characteristic curves stored in the memory of the control electronics and the LEDs of the individual LED color groups are controlled with the temperature-dependent new dimming factors. Also in this control program, the program loop is completed with a new temperature measurement.
  • Fig. 19 and 20 Flowcharts are shown for two further control methods for determining dimming factors for the temperature-dependent light mixtures of the LED color groups of a lighting device without and with the use of a luminance measurement with a light or V ( ⁇ ) sensor.
  • Fig. 19 shows the sequence of a control program, which is based on the setting of constant luminous flux components of the individual LED color groups of the lighting device without a luminance measurement with a light or V (A) sensor.
  • the determination of temperature-dependent light mixtures of the individual LEDs of the LED color groups of the headlamp on the basis of constant luminous flux components can additionally be linked to a luminance measurement by means of a light or V ( ⁇ ) sensor.
  • Fig. 20 shows a flowchart of a control program for determining dimming factors for the individual LEDs of multiple LED color groups of a headlamp with a temperature measurement and additional luminance measurement using a light or V ( ⁇ ) sensor.
  • the calibration data of the brightness Y and the mixing ratio bases stored as a function or table in the memory of the microprocessor are expressed in terms of dimming factors as a function of the ambient temperature Tu and the color temperature CCT for the LEDs of the individual LED color groups of the illumination device loaded.
  • other data may be stored in memory, such as calibration data, warm and cold data, set-light efficiencies, and the like, described in more detail below.
  • Fig. 21 to 23 and 25 to 29 are flowcharts and characteristics for the relative brightness of an LED color or LED color group as a function of the board temperature T b for a further method for color stabilization of an LED lighting device shown, in which the color control is done by means of temperature characteristics.
  • the brightness of the LEDs of the individual LED colors depends on the junction temperature of the LEDs or on the measured board temperature Tb, which is measured instead of the hard-to-measure junction temperature on a printed circuit board on which light of different wavelengths or Color emitting LEDs are arranged to a mixed light emitting light source, which is controlled by a module electronics, which is arranged together with the circuit board on a module carrier and forms a light module, which can be summarized together with a variety of other lighting modules to an LED panel.
  • the measured characteristic curves of the relative brightness Y (Tb) as a function of the board temperature T b in ° C show a current- or power-dependent curve. In all cases, the curve is steepest for higher LED power. This effect can be observed with both DC and PWM PWM control of the LEDs, such as in Fig. 22 shown diagram in which the relative brightness in percent over the board temperature T b in ° C at different dimming factors and thus different current levels can be seen.
  • the temperature of the board temperature detecting sensor is in practice in the vicinity of the LED chips on the LED board of the light source of a light module as close as possible to the light-emitting LED chips.
  • a thermal resistance is present between the temperature measuring point and the barrier layer of the LED chips, so that the measured temperature value is always lower than the junction temperature.
  • the temperature difference depends on the heat output to be dissipated from the respective LED chip and thus on the recorded LED power. Since the brightness of the light of different wavelength emitting LEDs thus depends on the junction temperature, but the characteristics are recorded only as a function of the board temperature, show the measured characteristic curves of the brightness as a function of the board temperature a current or power-dependent curve.
  • This form can bring particular advantage over a polynomial of second degree (formula 1) advantages, even if the electronics has an (unwanted) temperature-dependent behavior and the LED current additionally depends on the temperature.
  • the correction value .DELTA.T depends on the thermal resistance between the temperature sensor and the barrier layer of the LEDs as well as on the currently dissipated heat output or electrical power of the LEDs.
  • the temperature correction value .DELTA.T must be taken into account as well as the parameters a, b, and c individually for each LED color.
  • the measured characteristics of the brightness Y (Tb) as a function of the board temperature Tb is shown in FIG Fig. 22 a current or power-dependent curve. In all cases, the curve is steepest for higher LED power. This effect is seen in both DC and PWM driving of the LEDs and for AllnGaP and, to a lesser extent, InGaN materials.
  • the characteristic curves are recorded only as a function of the board temperature, the measured brightness characteristics as a function of the board temperature show a current- or power-dependent curve.
  • Y Tb A + B * Tb + .DELTA.T + C * Tb + .DELTA.T 2 + D * Tb + .DELTA.T 3
  • a temperature correction value .DELTA.T is inserted, which takes into account the changes in the temperature difference between the temperature sensor and barrier layer due to changes in heat outputs.
  • the correction value .DELTA.T depends on the thermal resistance between the sensor and the barrier layer as well as the momentarily dissipated heat output or electrical power of the LED module. It can either be calculated from these quantities, if known, or it can be determined from measurement series with different electrical powers.
  • the temperature correction value .DELTA.T must be taken into account as well as the parameters A, B, C and D individually for each LED color.
  • the brightness-temperature characteristics are normalized to a "working temperature" Tn, which represents, for example, the typical operating temperature in the warm state.
  • Tn a "working temperature" Tn, which represents, for example, the typical operating temperature in the warm state.
  • Y Tb A + B * Tb + .DELTA.T - Tn + C * Tb + .DELTA.T - Tn 2 + D * Tb + .DELTA.T - Tn 3
  • the parameter E1 can be determined from the value E determined for formula 6 by dividing E by the forward voltage U Fref of the LED module used for its determination.
  • Fig. 25 Flowchart shown is used to determine the temperature characteristics of an LED module, wherein the determination of the temperature characteristics is carried out on a random basis. The determined characteristic curves are then transferred to all LED modules and stored in their memory. Before saving, a conversion explained below (interpolation / extrapolation) of the characteristic parameters to the individual dominant wavelengths can be taken into account.
  • the parameters a and b or a, b, c and a, b, c, d are stored in the LED modules, in a central control device of the LED lighting device or in an external controller.
  • Fig. 26 The flowchart shown shows the random determination of calibration correction methods for the LED modules which are required in the operation of the LED illumination device for rapid individual brightness calibration of the LED modules.
  • the calibration correction factors describe the steady state brightness factor versus the brightness measurement value shortly after the LED lighting device is turned on, and are sampled for each LED color.
  • the brightness Y is measured as a function of the board temperature T bcal for each LED color immediately after switching on and stored as value Y (T bcal , t 0 ).
  • the brightness Y and the board temperature T b are measured for each LED color in the steady state and stored as value Y (T b , t 1 ).
  • FIG. 27 A flow chart for the brightness calibration of an LED module is shown, which serves to store the brightness of the LED colors in each individual LED module.
  • the module electronics of the LED module can read these from the memory and compensate.
  • the colors of all the LED modules of an LED lighting device (such as a headlamp) light up brightly when an external controller of the LED lighting device sets desired brightness signals for the different LED colors.
  • the brightness Y and the board temperature T b for each LED color are measured immediately after switching on the LED illumination device or the LED module and as value Y (T bcal , t 0 ) stored.
  • a conversion to the brightness in the static state at a board temperature T b1 corresponding Y T b 1 Y Tbcal . t 0 * kYcal converted.
  • the factor kY cal corresponds to that according to the flowchart according to FIG Fig. 26 determined calibration correction factors.
  • the brightnesses of the LED colors converted to the board temperature T b1 are stored in the respective LED module.
  • FIG. 28 The flow chart shown reproduces the method for color calibration of the LED illumination device or of a headlight.
  • the measurement of the spectrum and, derived therefrom, the brightness Y as well as the standard color value components x, y are carried out for each LED color of the headlight.
  • the calibration data x, y and Y (T b1 ) are stored for each LED color in the headlight.
  • the calculation of the optimum luminous flux components of the LED colors from the measured spectra for N color temperature support points by means of the program-controlled computing unit described above.
  • the luminous flux components of the LED colors for N color temperature support points are stored in the memory of the headlamp and / or the luminous flux components of the LED colors in tabular form depending on the target color location, i. H. the standard color value components x, y are stored.
  • Fig. 29 shows a flowchart of the color control of designed as a headlight LE D lighting device.
  • a temperature-dependent power limitation is performed, since the total power of the LED lighting device or the total power supplied to all LEDs of the LED colors must not exceed a predetermined, preferably temperature-dependent limit; because it makes little sense, with increasing temperature and consequently decreasing brightness of the LED lighting device to supply more power in the expectation, so as to compensate for the brightness decrease of single or multiple colors.
  • the temperature continues to rise, so that the luminous efficacy continues to decrease until one or more LEDs are overloaded and thus destroyed or a hardware-controlled current limitation intervenes.
  • the PWM factors PWM A of the LED colors for the desired color location and the brightness are determined, if necessary, by means of interpolation.
  • new PWM factors corresponding to PWM T PWM T PWM A * fPWM * kCutoff and the LEDs are driven with the new PWM factors PWM T and then returned to the first step of determining the PWM factors for the PWM A of the LED colors.
  • the basic brightness of the color channels measured during calibration is used for internal brightness correction of the LED modules.
  • both the brightness tolerances of the LED chips and tolerances in the electronics are calibrated.
  • the color-dependent brightness correction factors kY are then determined and stored as part of the calibration of the LED illumination system.
  • the brightness values determined for each color during the calibration are converted to the working temperature T n via the temperature characteristic curves determined in advance as representative in the laboratory.
  • the internal basic brightness levels Y are read from all connected LED modules, and the brightness correction factors kY for all LED modules are calculated and stored based on the LED module with the lowest brightness. They are used for internal brightness correction of the LED modules.
  • the PWM commands received from an external controller are internally multiplied in the LED modules with the brightness correction factor kY, so that all connected LED modules represent the desired color with the same brightness.
  • the polynomial coefficient a is 1. Since the temperature characteristics depend on the peak current, in the case of a Peak current switching to the respective parameter set are used. On the working temperature T n all brightness-related calibration data are normalized.
  • the maximum junction temperature of the LED chips indicates the value stored in the LED illumination for a switch-off temperature or a maximum board temperature which must be below the limit value for the maximum junction temperature of the LED chips.
  • the total power of the LED module must be uniformly reduced until the board temperature T b is less than or equal to T max .
  • the power reduction takes place via the color-independent power factor k P.
  • the relative luminous flux ratio calculated for any color or color mode is therefore related to a maximum LED power P max (W), which is stored in the memory of the headlamp.
  • a change in the color temperature as a function of the temperature can be observed.
  • the magnitude is about 300 K for the settings 3200 K and 5600 K. This effect is due to the temperature-induced shift of the dominant wavelengths, in particular the red and yellow LEDs. Since a calibration is carried out with a measurement of the spectra and calculation of the required luminous flux components in the warm state, but the headlamp has a lower temperature during heating or in the dimmed state, a spectral shift causes an increase in the color temperature.
  • the temperature compensation implemented in the LED modules according to the methods described above only compensates for the brightnesses and ensures that the relative luminous flux components of the color mixture remain constant over the temperature.
  • the in the Fig. 30 and 31 shown spectra illustrate the differences of the cold and warm spectra for the setting 3200K ( Fig. 30 ) and 5600K ( Fig. 31 ), which were measured at NTC temperatures of 70 ° C and 25 ° C and which occur with the previously implemented method of constant luminous flux components.
  • the temperature-related color shift does not run exactly along the Planckian curve, especially at low color temperatures occur deviations of up to 5 threshold units from the Planckian curve. For this reason, not only the CCT deviation but also the color locus deviation (dx, dy) is compensated according to the invention.
  • Fig. 32 shows the CCT deviation cold-warm as a function of the color temperature
  • Fig. 33 the color locus deviation dx, dy (cold-warm) as a function of the target color location x for target color coordinates x, y along the Planckian curve in the color temperature range between 2200 K and 24000 K
  • Fig. 34 the optimum luminous flux components warm and cold as a function of the color temperature CCT.
  • This compensation method gives the best color rendering index (CRI), represents the most accurate (x, y) method for color rendering optimized and brightness optimized blends, the most accurate (x, y) blend method, and works for any color locale. However, it requires a greater effort for software development (calibration, spotlight, colorimetry).
  • the time spent during headlamp calibration increases only marginally. Without the use of this compensation method, the headlight would be in warm and thus calibrated in a typical operating condition, wherein the time required for the calibration consists essentially of the insertion of the headlamp into the measuring device, connection of the headlamp to the supply and control units and the start of the calibration software and the heating time to the calibration temperature T NTC warm .
  • the actual acquisition of the spectra takes place within seconds.
  • the "cold spectra" are only recorded before the beginning of the heating phase and processed accordingly by the software, which can take place within a few seconds and requires no additional activities from the user.
  • any brightness-optimized color locations which may be both "white” color locations with any color temperature and any effect colors that are within the displayable LED gamut
  • only the standard color values X, Y, Z are used according to the laws of additive color mixing Basic colors needed.
  • the standard color values X, Y, Z can be calculated from the chromaticity coordinates x, y and the brightness-proportional value Y using the well-known formulas of colorimetry, so that it suffices to assign the values x, y and Y as a function of the NTC temperature know.
  • the standard color value components are calculated from the "cold spectra” and the "warm spectra” of the LED primary colors and stored together with the brightness value Y in the memory of the headlight or control unit:
  • the PWM signals calculated to set a desired color are multiplied by the correction factor kT calculated for each color. This keeps the brightness of the colors constant over the operating temperature.
  • the LED power of the same color LEDs may vary due to the flux voltage tolerances because the temperature difference between the value measured at the NTC and the blocking layer of the LEDs depends on the forward voltage the power-dependent temperature correction is calculated individually for each LED module as a function of the individual LED forward voltages UF.
  • a correction or adaptation of the stored temperature coefficients is carried out as a function of the dominant wavelength, in particular for AllnGaP chips (amber, red), the characteristics being adapted individually for each LED module to the individual dominant wavelengths.
  • the conversion of the polynomial parameters to a particular dominant wavelength LED can be done by linear interpolation of the polynomial of two known curves of two LEDs of different dominant wavelengths to the new dominant wavelength.
  • the most accurate results are obtained when the dominant wavelengths of the original curves and the dominant wavelength to be converted are as close as possible to each other. It is not allowed to interpolate between given curves of different LED technologies like AlInGaP and InGaN.
  • polynomial parameters A ... D for a polynomial of the third degree for a yellow LED with dominant wavelength I_dom_gelb1 you also need the curve together with polynomial parameters A ... D for a similar LED with different dominant wavelength I_dom_gelb2 (with slightly greater uncertainty also orange or red).
  • the polynomial parameters A ... D for a yellow LED with dominant wavelength I_dom_gelb3 are then obtained by linear interpolation of the polynomial parameters for the curves with I_dom_gelb1 or I_dom_gelb2 in dependence on the wavelength difference.
  • the basic procedure shows Fig. 38 based on the original curves for a yellow and a red LED and the derived curves for two theoretical yellow LEDs whose dominant wavelengths differ by +/- 3 nm from the original yellow curve.
  • the advantage of this method is that in headlamp operation, the brightness of each LED module can then be kept constant in accordance with its individually valid temperature-brightness characteristic, without having to determine it individually and metrologically in time-consuming measurements of the brightness over the temperature.
  • the individual temperature-brightness characteristic curve it is sufficient to know this curve for a "typical" LED module and furthermore to record the spectrums of the individual LED modules in the cold state, which is possible with very little expenditure of time and typically anyway as part of the calibration.
  • the brightness-temperature characteristics dependent on the pulse width modulation were used for the color and brightness stabilization, and the luminous flux components of a color mixture calculated for the warm operating state were kept constant for different NTC temperatures.
  • a "power normalization” was introduced in order to keep the maximum LED power constant for each color mixture when the warm operating state is reached. This prevents premature reaching or exceeding a shutdown temperature.
  • power normalization e.g., 5 W LED power per module
  • an individual "internal" power dimming factor is calculated and applied for each color mix set. Each color mixture can thus be adjusted with optimum brightness or optimum internal dimming factor without the Shutofftemperatur is reached or exceeded in normal environmental conditions.
  • the power normalization is done specifically for the warm operating state, because here, because of the negative brightness temperature characteristic of the LEDs, a higher LED current or a higher LED power must be applied to keep the brightness of the headlamp over the temperature constant. At temperatures below the switch-off temperature, the headlamp automatically operates at lower power. In order to keep the brightness constant without ever having to set a power higher than Pmax, this maximum power may only be achieved at the switch-off temperature.
  • each set color location could be set with the highest possible as well as the constant brightness operating temperature.
  • the measured brightness changes per color locus setting fluctuated less than 1% between cold and warm.
  • the disadvantage is that changed due to the spectral shift of the LED primary colors used on the operating temperature of the set color location.
  • the extent of color change was hanging from the color location and the respective color mixture and was in the order of 300 K between cold and warm, with the color temperature decreased at higher temperatures, since the effect of the temperature-dependent spectral shift in particular the AllnGaP LEDs is pronounced in the yellow to red color range.
  • the change in the dominant wavelength in dependence is approximately 0.1 nm / K for yellow, orange and red AllnGaP LEDs.
  • the remedy was provided by the above-described compensation of the temperature-dependent spectral shift essentially by duplication of the calibration data for the warm to the cold state and temperature-dependent linear interpolation. This algorithm was able to dramatically improve color consistency over the operating temperature.
  • the compensation of the spectral shift sometimes caused massive luminous flux changes of a set color to well over 10% between the cold and warm operating states.
  • the extent and direction of the change in brightness depend on the selected color location or the color mixture and thus could not be readily determined or compensated.
  • Each headlamp ensures that the set color (CCT or x, y) is correct due to the module-internal temperature compensation and the calibration data Y, x, y (per color) stored in the headlamp.
  • all headlights have the same color - but possibly different brightnesses.
  • both the color location and the luminous efficacy of the LED primary colors used can vary from headlight to headlight, as to set color reproduction-optimized color temperatures for each headlight for different CCT bases the optimal luminous flux for the cold and warm operating condition be determined and deposited.
  • These optimum luminous flux components and associated luminous efficiencies may vary from headlamp to headlamp due to LED tolerances. Different headlights therefore require individual LED mixtures in order to be able to set the desired color location safely.
  • a brightness equalization function is required, for example, by the controller in which for each color the respectively brighter spotlights adjust to the lowest brightness within the set, i. to reduce.
  • Y rel cold f (CCT) optimized luminous flux components for CCT points
  • the set match may be e.g. within the calibration.
  • all the headlights of a production series could be understood: Then, in addition, all sets of a production series would represent the desired CCTs with the same brightness.
  • the set can also be adopted by the controller. It reads in the corresponding headlight calibration data, determines the minimum set light efficiencies and saves these as set calibration data in the calibration data.

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