EP2175723A1 - Utilisation de dérivés d'acide tétramique pour lutter contre des vecteurs transmettant des virus - Google Patents

Utilisation de dérivés d'acide tétramique pour lutter contre des vecteurs transmettant des virus

Info

Publication number
EP2175723A1
EP2175723A1 EP08773542A EP08773542A EP2175723A1 EP 2175723 A1 EP2175723 A1 EP 2175723A1 EP 08773542 A EP08773542 A EP 08773542A EP 08773542 A EP08773542 A EP 08773542A EP 2175723 A1 EP2175723 A1 EP 2175723A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
plants
virus
compounds
active
acid derivatives
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP08773542A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Reiner Fischer
Konrad Kemper
Jürgen KÜHNHOLD
Xavier Alain Marie Van Waetermeulen
Francisco Leonel Junior Lozano
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Bayer CropScience AG
Original Assignee
Bayer CropScience AG
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Bayer CropScience AG filed Critical Bayer CropScience AG
Priority to EP08773542A priority Critical patent/EP2175723A1/fr
Publication of EP2175723A1 publication Critical patent/EP2175723A1/fr
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
    • A01N43/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds
    • A01N43/34—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom
    • A01N43/36—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom five-membered rings
    • A01N43/38—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom five-membered rings condensed with carbocyclic rings
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
    • A01N47/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds containing a carbon atom not being member of a ring and having no bond to a carbon or hydrogen atom, e.g. derivatives of carbonic acid
    • A01N47/02—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds containing a carbon atom not being member of a ring and having no bond to a carbon or hydrogen atom, e.g. derivatives of carbonic acid the carbon atom having no bond to a nitrogen atom
    • A01N47/06—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds containing a carbon atom not being member of a ring and having no bond to a carbon or hydrogen atom, e.g. derivatives of carbonic acid the carbon atom having no bond to a nitrogen atom containing —O—CO—O— groups; Thio analogues thereof

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to the use of tetramic acid derivatives alone and also of active compound combinations which consist of known tetramic acid derivatives on the one hand and other known insecticidal active compounds on the other hand, for controlling by vectors (insects) transmitted viruses.
  • both compounds are known from WO 04/007448 as well as drug combinations containing the compounds (1-1) or (1-2) and at least one agonist or antagonist of acetylcholine receptors, in particular a compound of the following formulas
  • Imidacloprid (Al) is known from EP-A-OO 192060
  • Nitenpyram (A4) is known from EP-A-00302389 and or
  • Thiacloprid (A5) is known from EP-A-00235725 and / or
  • Clothianidin (A7) is known from EP-A-00376279 and / or
  • Imidaclothiz (A8) is known from EP-A-OO 192060 particularly well suited for preventing virus spread in crops such as soya, cotton, beets, corn, rice, potatoes, tobacco, cereals, tropical fruits, vegetables and ornamental plants.
  • Growth regulating insecticides such as the compounds of formulas (1-1) and (1-2), are generally slow in acting and have no killing effect on adult animals.
  • Virus-transmitting vectors are understood as meaning those insects which transmit plant pathogenic viruses, such as e.g. White flies, cicadas,
  • Thrips, spider mites and aphids Thrips, spider mites and aphids.
  • the active ingredient combinations may also contain other fungicidal, acaricidal or insecticidal Zumischkomponenten beyond.
  • the improved effect is particularly clear.
  • the combinations according to the invention contain Active compounds of the formula (I-1) or (1-2) and the mixing partner in the preferred and particularly preferred mixing ratios given in the table below:
  • the active compound combinations but also the compounds of the formulas (I-1) or (1-2) alone are suitable for good plant tolerance and favorable toxicity to the warmblood for preventing virus spread in soybeans, corn, rice, beets, cereals (wheat, barley, rye, oats , Triticale), tobacco, cotton, vegetables, tropical fruits, potatoes and ornamental plants.
  • Plant viruses with circular single-stranded DNA are preferably so-called gemini viruses such as, for example, Bean Golden Mosaic Virus (BGMV), Cassava Latend Virus (CLV), Tomato Golden Mosaic Virus (TGMV), Maize Streak Virus (MSV), Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus (TSWV), Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV), Tomato Mosaic Virus (ToMV), Potato Yellow Mosaic Virus (PYMV), Tomatoe Yellow Leaf Curl Virus (TYLCV), Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus (BYDV), Beet Mosaic Virus (BtMV), Beet Yellow Virus (BYV), Beet Western Yellow Virus (BWYV).
  • BGMV Bean Golden Mosaic Virus
  • CLV Cassava Latend Virus
  • TGMV Tomato Golden Mosaic Virus
  • MSV Maize Streak Virus
  • TSWV Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus
  • TSWV Tomato Mosaic
  • fruit vegetables and inflorescences are understood to mean vegetables, for example peppers, hot peppers, tomatoes, aubergines, cucumbers, pumpkins, courgettes, field beans, runner beans, beans, peas, artichokes, corn;
  • leafy vegetables such as lettuce, chicory, endives, kraken, ruffians, lamb's lettuce, iceberg lettuce, leeks, spinach, chard;
  • tubers, root and stem vegetables such as celery, beetroot, carrots, radishes, horseradish, salsify, asparagus, turnips, palm sprouts, bamboo shoots, as well as onion vegetables, such as onions, leeks, fennel, garlic;
  • cabbage such as cauliflower, broccoli, kohlrabi, red cabbage, cabbage, kale, savoy cabbage, Brussels sprouts, Chinese cabbage.
  • wheat, barley, rye, oats, triticale, but also maize, millet and rice are understood to be used in cereal crops;
  • wine and tropical crops such as mangoes, papayas, figs, pineapples, dates, bananas, durians, kakis, coconuts, cocoa, coffee, avocados, lychees, passion fruits, guavas,
  • almonds and nuts such as hazelnuts, walnuts, pistachios, cashews, Brazil nuts, pecans, butternuts, chestnuts, hickory nuts, macadamia nuts, peanuts,
  • soft fruits such as currants, gooseberries, raspberries, blackberries, blueberries, strawberries, cranberries, kiwis, cranberries.
  • ornamental plants are understood to be annual and perennial plants, e.g. Cut flowers such as roses, carnations, gerberas, lilies, daisies, chrysanthemums, tulips, daffodils, anemones, poppies, amyrillis, dahlias, azaleas, mallows,
  • potted plants and perennials such as roses, marigolds, pansies, geraniums, fuchsias, hibiscus, chrysanthemums, hard-bitten lits, cyclamen, southern violets, sunflowers, begonias, furthermore shrubs and conifers such as ficus, rhododendron, spruce, fir, pine, yew, juniper, pine, oleander.
  • plants and parts of plants can be treated.
  • plants are understood as meaning all plants and plant populations, such as desired and undesired wild plants or crop plants (including naturally occurring crop plants).
  • Crop plants can be plants which can be obtained by conventional breeding and optimization methods or by biotechnological and genetic engineering methods or combinations of these methods, including the transgenic plants and including the plant varieties which can or can not be protected by plant breeders' rights.
  • Plant parts are to be understood as meaning all aboveground and subterranean parts and organs of the plants, such as shoot, leaf, flower and root, examples of which include leaves, needles, stems, stems, flowers, fruiting bodies, fruits and seeds, and roots, tubers and rhizomes.
  • the plant parts also include crops as well as vegetative and generative propagation material, for example cuttings, tubers, rhizomes, offshoots and seeds.
  • the treatment according to the invention of the plants and plant parts with the active ingredient is carried out directly or by acting on their environment, habitat or storage space according to the usual treatment methods, e.g. by dipping, spraying, evaporating, atomizing, spreading, brushing, injecting and in propagation material, in particular in seeds, further by single or multi-layer wrapping.
  • plants and their parts can be treated.
  • wild-type or plant species obtained by conventional biological breeding methods such as crossing or protoplast fusion
  • plant cultivars and their parts are treated.
  • transgenic plants and plant cultivars obtained by genetic engineering methods if appropriate in combination with conventional methods (Genetically Modified Organisms), and parts thereof are treated.
  • the term “parts” or “parts of plants” or “plant parts” is explained above.
  • Plant varieties are understood as meaning plants having new traits which have been bred by conventional breeding, by mutagenesis or by recombinant DNA techniques. These can be varieties, biotypes and genotypes. Depending on the plant species or plant cultivars, their location and growth conditions (soils, climate, vegetation period, diet), the treatment according to the invention may also give rise to superadditive (“synergistic”) effects.
  • the preferred plants or plant varieties to be treated according to the invention to be treated include all plants which, as a result of the genetic engineering modification, obtained genetic material which gives these plants particularly advantageous valuable properties ("traits").
  • traits are better plant growth, increased tolerance to high or low temperatures, increased tolerance to dryness or to bottoms salt, increased flowering, easier harvesting, acceleration of ripeness, higher crop yields, higher quality and / or higher nutritional value of the harvested products , higher shelf life and / or machinability of Emte exig.
  • Further and particularly emphasized examples of such properties are an increased defense of the plants against animal and microbial pests, as against insects, mites, phytopathogenic fungi, bacteria and / or viruses as well as an increased tolerance of the plants against certain herbicidal active substances.
  • transgenic plants include the important crops such as cereals (wheat, rice), corn, soybean, potato, cotton, tobacco, oilseed rape and fruit plants (with the fruits apples, pears, citrus fruits and grapes), with corn, soybean, potato , Cotton, tobacco and oilseed rape.
  • Traits that are particularly emphasized are the increased defense of the plants against insects, arachnids, nematodes and snails by toxins produced in the plants, in particular those which are produced by the genetic material from Bacillus thuringiensis (eg by the genes Cry ⁇ A (a) , Cry ⁇ A (b), Cry ⁇ A (c), CryllA, CryHIA, CryIIIB2, Cry9c Cry2Ab, Cry3Bb and CrylF and combinations thereof) in the plants (hereinafter "Bt plants”).
  • Bacillus thuringiensis eg by the genes Cry ⁇ A (a) , Cry ⁇ A (b), Cry ⁇ A (c), CryllA, CryHIA, CryIIIB2, Cry9c Cry2Ab, Cry3Bb and CrylF and combinations thereof
  • Bt plants the increased defense of plants against fungi, bacteria and viruses by systemic acquired resistance (SAR) are also particularly emphasized.
  • Bt plants are maize varieties, cotton varieties, soybean varieties and potato varieties which are sold under the trade names YIELD GARD® (eg corn, cotton, soya), KnockOut® (eg maize), StarLink® (eg maize), Bollgard® ( Cotton), Nucotn® (cotton) and NewLeaf® (potato).
  • YIELD GARD® eg corn, cotton, soya
  • KnockOut® eg maize
  • StarLink® eg maize
  • Bollgard® Cotton
  • Nucotn® cotton
  • NewLeaf® potato
  • herbicide-tolerant plants are maize varieties, cotton varieties and soybean varieties which are sold under the trade names Roundup Ready® (tolerance to glyphosate eg corn, cotton, soy), Liberty Link® (tolerance to phosphinotricin, eg rapeseed), MI® (tolerance to Imidazolinone) and STS® (tolerance to sulfonylureas eg corn).
  • Herbicide-resistant (conventionally grown on herbicide tolerance) plants are also the varieties marketed under the name Clearfield® (eg corn) mentioned. Of course, these statements also apply to future or future marketed plant varieties with these or future developed genetic traits.
  • the active compound combinations or the active compounds (1-1) and (1-2) can be converted into the customary formulations, such as solutions, emulsions, wettable powders, suspensions, powders, dusts, pastes, soluble powders, granules, suspension-emulsion concentrates - Trate, drug-impregnated natural and synthetic substances and Feinstverkapselitch in polymeric substances.
  • customary formulations such as solutions, emulsions, wettable powders, suspensions, powders, dusts, pastes, soluble powders, granules, suspension-emulsion concentrates - Trate, drug-impregnated natural and synthetic substances and Feinstverkapselitch in polymeric substances.
  • formulations are prepared in a known manner, e.g. by mixing the active compound with extenders, ie liquid solvents and / or solid carriers, optionally with the use of surface-active agents, ie emulsifiers and / or dispersants and / or foam-forming agents.
  • Suitable extenders include, for example, water, polar and nonpolar organic chemical liquids, for example from the classes of aromatic and non-aromatic hydrocarbons (such as paraffins, alkylbenzenes, alkylnaphthalenes, chlorobenzenes), alcohols and polyols (which may also be substituted, etherified and / or esterified can), the ketones (such as acetone, cyclohexanone), esters (including fats and oils) and (poly) ethers, the simple and substituted amines, amides, lactams (such as N-alkylpyrrolidones) and lactones, sulfones and sulfoxides (such as dimethylsulfoxide).
  • aromatic and non-aromatic hydrocarbons such as paraffins, alkylbenzenes, alkylnaphthalenes, chlorobenzenes
  • alcohols and polyols which may also be substituted, etherified and
  • Solvent can be used as auxiliary solvent.
  • Suitable liquid solvents are essentially: aromatics, such as xylene, toluene, or alkylnaphthalenes, chlorinated aromatics and chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons, such as chlorobenzenes,
  • Chloroethylene or methylene chloride aliphatic hydrocarbons, such as cyclohexane or
  • Paraffins e.g. Petroleum fractions, mineral and vegetable oils, alcohols, such as butanol or glycol, and their ethers and esters, ketones, such as acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone or cyclohexanone, strongly polar solvents, such as
  • Suitable solid carriers are:
  • Ammonium salts and ground natural minerals such as kaolins, clays, talc, chalk, quartz, attapulgite, montmorillonite or diatomaceous earth, and ground synthetic minerals, such as finely divided silica, alumina and silicates, as solid carriers for granules are suitable: e.g. crushed and fractionated natural rocks such as calcite, marble, pumice, sepiolite, dolomite and synthetic granules of inorganic and organic flours and granules of organic material such as sawdust, coconut shells, corn cobs and tobacco stalks; suitable emulsifiers and / or foam formers are: e.g.
  • nonionic and anionic emulsifiers such as polyoxyethylene fatty acid esters, polyoxyethylene fatty alcohol ethers, e.g. Alkylaryl polyglycol ethers, alkylsulfonates, alkyl sulfates, arylsulfonates and protein hydrolysates; suitable dispersants are: e.g. Lignin-sulphite liquors and methylcellulose.
  • Adhesives such as carboxymethylcellulose, natural and synthetic powdery, granular or latex-type polymers such as gum arabic, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl acetate, and natural phospholipids such as cephalins and lecithins and synthetic phospholipids may be used in the formulations.
  • Other additives may be mineral and vegetable oils.
  • Dyes such as inorganic pigments, eg, iron oxide, titanium oxide, ferrocyan blue and organic dyes such as alizarin, azo and metal phthalocyanine dyes, and Trace nutrients such as salts of iron, manganese, boron, copper, cobalt, molybdenum and zinc can be used.
  • inorganic pigments eg, iron oxide, titanium oxide, ferrocyan blue and organic dyes such as alizarin, azo and metal phthalocyanine dyes
  • Trace nutrients such as salts of iron, manganese, boron, copper, cobalt, molybdenum and zinc can be used.
  • the formulations generally contain between 0.1 and 95% by weight of active compound, preferably between 0.5 and 90%, and additionally preferably extenders and / or surface-active agents.
  • the active substance content of the application forms prepared from the commercial formulations can vary within wide ranges.
  • the active ingredient concentration of the use forms may be from 0.0000001 to 95% by weight of active ingredient, preferably between 0.0001 and 1% by weight.
  • the application is done in a custom forms adapted to the application forms.
  • the evaluation takes place 25 days after the fourth treatment by scoring the virus attack with the Tomatoe Yellow Leaf Curl Virus (TYLCV) on the plants.
  • TYLCV Tomatoe Yellow Leaf Curl Virus
  • 7.5 m 2 plots of tomatoes of the "Jumbo" variety are treated in 3 replications against the virus-borne vector Bemisia argentifolii.
  • the application is carried out with a compressed air-driven backpack syringe, the active ingredient being (1-2) (240 SC) in one Tank mix with 0.186% ai soybean oil (Natur'Loleo) (930 OL) and the commercial standard imidacloprid (200 SC) at the indicated rates of application, three applications at intervals of 7 days each.
  • the water application rates are 300 l / ha, 400 l / ha and 600 l / ha.
  • the evaluation takes place 14 days after the third treatment by scoring the virus attack with the Tomatoe Yellow Leaf Curl Virus (TYLCV) on the plants.
  • TYLCV Tomatoe Yellow Leaf Curl Virus
  • the evaluation takes place 16 days after the first treatment, by scoring the virus attack with the Bean Golden Mosaic Virus (BGMV) on the plants. - -
  • BGMV Bean Golden Mosaic Virus
  • the listed plants can also be treated particularly advantageously according to the invention with the active ingredient mixture.
  • the preferred ranges given above for the mixtures also apply to the treatment of these plants. Particularly emphasized is the plant treatment with the mixtures specifically mentioned in the present text.
  • a synergistic effect is always present in the case of various active ingredients if the effect of the active ingredient combinations is greater than the sum of the effects of the individually applied active ingredients.
  • X means the degree of control, expressed in% of the untreated control, when using the active substance A in an application rate of m g / ha or in a concentration of m ppm,
  • Y means the degree of control, expressed in% of the untreated control, when using the active substance B in an application rate of ng / ha or in a concentration of n ppm
  • E means the degree of control, expressed in% of the untreated control, when using the active compounds A and B at application rates of m and ng / ha or in a concentration of m and n ppm
  • the combination is over-additive in its control, i. there is a synergistic effect.
  • the degree of control actually observed must be greater than the expected kill rate (E) value calculated from the above formula.
  • control is determined in%. 100% means that no plants were infected with viruses; 0% means that all plants were infected with viruses.

Abstract

L'invention concerne l'utilisation de dérivés d'acide tétramique seuls ou de combinaisons de substances actives constituées d'une part de dérivés d'acide tétramique connus et d'autre part d'autres substances insecticides connues, pour lutter contre des viroses transmises par des insectes.
EP08773542A 2007-07-03 2008-06-20 Utilisation de dérivés d'acide tétramique pour lutter contre des vecteurs transmettant des virus Withdrawn EP2175723A1 (fr)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP08773542A EP2175723A1 (fr) 2007-07-03 2008-06-20 Utilisation de dérivés d'acide tétramique pour lutter contre des vecteurs transmettant des virus

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP07111610A EP2011394A1 (fr) 2007-07-03 2007-07-03 Utilisation de dérivés d'acide tétramique pour combattre les vecteurs transmettant des virus
PCT/EP2008/004981 WO2009003597A1 (fr) 2007-07-03 2008-06-20 Utilisation de dérivés d'acide tétramique pour lutter contre des vecteurs transmettant des virus
EP08773542A EP2175723A1 (fr) 2007-07-03 2008-06-20 Utilisation de dérivés d'acide tétramique pour lutter contre des vecteurs transmettant des virus

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP2175723A1 true EP2175723A1 (fr) 2010-04-21

Family

ID=38430428

Family Applications (2)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP07111610A Ceased EP2011394A1 (fr) 2007-07-03 2007-07-03 Utilisation de dérivés d'acide tétramique pour combattre les vecteurs transmettant des virus
EP08773542A Withdrawn EP2175723A1 (fr) 2007-07-03 2008-06-20 Utilisation de dérivés d'acide tétramique pour lutter contre des vecteurs transmettant des virus

Family Applications Before (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP07111610A Ceased EP2011394A1 (fr) 2007-07-03 2007-07-03 Utilisation de dérivés d'acide tétramique pour combattre les vecteurs transmettant des virus

Country Status (11)

Country Link
US (1) US20100249121A1 (fr)
EP (2) EP2011394A1 (fr)
JP (1) JP2010531824A (fr)
KR (1) KR20100040861A (fr)
CN (1) CN101686677A (fr)
AU (1) AU2008271633A1 (fr)
BR (1) BRPI0813785A2 (fr)
MX (1) MX2009013708A (fr)
TW (1) TW200917959A (fr)
WO (1) WO2009003597A1 (fr)
ZA (1) ZA201000012B (fr)

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US8846946B2 (en) 2008-12-02 2014-09-30 Bayer Cropscience Ag Germinal alkoxy/alkylspirocyclic substituted tetramate derivatives
US8389443B2 (en) 2008-12-02 2013-03-05 Bayer Cropscience Ag Geminal alkoxy/alkylspirocyclic substituted tetramate derivatives
EP2227951A1 (fr) 2009-01-23 2010-09-15 Bayer CropScience AG Utilisation des composés d'énaminocarbonyle de combattre des virus transmis par les insectes
JP2013503910A (ja) * 2009-09-09 2013-02-04 バイエル・クロップサイエンス・アーゲー 植物病原性細菌類を駆除するための環状ケトエノール類の使用
CA2882847A1 (fr) * 2012-08-31 2014-03-06 Bayer Cropscience Lp Combinaisons et procedes permettant de lutter contre les organismes pathogenes du gazon
WO2014096130A1 (fr) * 2012-12-20 2014-06-26 Bayer Cropscience Nv Utilisation de dérivés d'acide tétramique sur des plantes pour réguler la floraison
CN103141503A (zh) * 2013-03-22 2013-06-12 青岛瀚生生物科技股份有限公司 呋虫胺与螺虫乙酯复配杀虫组合物
EP3628157A1 (fr) 2018-09-28 2020-04-01 Basf Se Procede de lutte contre les insectes resistants aux insecticides et transmission du virus aux plantes
WO2023152045A1 (fr) 2022-02-11 2023-08-17 Basf Se Utilisation de dimpropyridaz pour réduire la transmission virale et bactérienne

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CN101686677A (zh) 2010-03-31
BRPI0813785A2 (pt) 2015-01-06
WO2009003597A1 (fr) 2009-01-08
TW200917959A (en) 2009-05-01
ZA201000012B (en) 2011-03-30
JP2010531824A (ja) 2010-09-30
EP2011394A1 (fr) 2009-01-07
MX2009013708A (es) 2010-02-01
US20100249121A1 (en) 2010-09-30
AU2008271633A1 (en) 2009-01-08
KR20100040861A (ko) 2010-04-21

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