EP2135743B1 - Method for controlling sheet supply - Google Patents

Method for controlling sheet supply Download PDF

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Publication number
EP2135743B1
EP2135743B1 EP09161195.4A EP09161195A EP2135743B1 EP 2135743 B1 EP2135743 B1 EP 2135743B1 EP 09161195 A EP09161195 A EP 09161195A EP 2135743 B1 EP2135743 B1 EP 2135743B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
sheet
stack
sheets
belt table
suction
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Fee Related
Application number
EP09161195.4A
Other languages
German (de)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP2135743A3 (en
EP2135743A2 (en
Inventor
Karl Preuss
Bernd Kohl
Guntram Diem
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Koenig and Bauer AG
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Koenig and Bauer AG
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Publication date
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Publication of EP2135743A2 publication Critical patent/EP2135743A2/en
Publication of EP2135743A3 publication Critical patent/EP2135743A3/en
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Publication of EP2135743B1 publication Critical patent/EP2135743B1/en
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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65H—HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL, e.g. SHEETS, WEBS, CABLES
    • B65H7/00—Controlling article feeding, separating, pile-advancing, or associated apparatus, to take account of incorrect feeding, absence of articles, or presence of faulty articles
    • B65H7/20—Controlling associated apparatus
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B41—PRINTING; LINING MACHINES; TYPEWRITERS; STAMPS
    • B41F—PRINTING MACHINES OR PRESSES
    • B41F33/00—Indicating, counting, warning, control or safety devices
    • B41F33/04—Tripping devices or stop-motions
    • B41F33/06—Tripping devices or stop-motions for starting or stopping operation of sheet or web feed
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65H—HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL, e.g. SHEETS, WEBS, CABLES
    • B65H3/00—Separating articles from piles
    • B65H3/08—Separating articles from piles using pneumatic force
    • B65H3/0808—Suction grippers
    • B65H3/0816—Suction grippers separating from the top of pile
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65H—HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL, e.g. SHEETS, WEBS, CABLES
    • B65H5/00—Feeding articles separated from piles; Feeding articles to machines
    • B65H5/34—Varying the phase of feed relative to the receiving machine
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65H—HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL, e.g. SHEETS, WEBS, CABLES
    • B65H2403/00—Power transmission; Driving means
    • B65H2403/90—Machine drive
    • B65H2403/94—Other features of machine drive
    • B65H2403/943—Electronic shaft arrangement

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method for controlling the sheet feed to a sheet-processing machine with a sheet feeder according to the preamble of the first claim.
  • the DE 195 05 560 C2 describes a method for controlling the sheet feed to sheet-fed presses. Only double or missing sheets are recorded in this procedure. For this purpose, a double or missing sheet control in the area of the clock rollers, that is provided in the upper part of the belt table. Upon detection of a double or missing sheet, the removal of more sheets from the sheet stack is stopped and determines the number of sheets in the sheet transport direction on the conveyor line preceding the double or missing sheet and still promoted to the press. Before entering the false or double sheet, the sheet transport is stopped and the faulty sheet can be removed.
  • This method has the disadvantage that it is used only with a small number of disturbances occurring. Disturbances that have their cause in double or missing sheets, occur in the operation of sheet-fed presses in relation to other disorders rarely, so that a reduction of waste due to the removal of the sheet stagger after a machine stop, is possible to a small extent.
  • the DE 101 05 991 A1 describes a method for controlling sheet feeding to a printing press, in which sheets are separated from a stack and fed to the machine. It is by means of arch detectors in case of incorrect separation or feed or derived in the presence of faulty arc signals and fed to a control device. In the case of double or incorrectly fed sheets or defective sheets, singulation and feeding are stopped at a time when the sheet to be taken out first has reached a predetermined position.
  • the object of the invention is to provide a method in such a way that with a small amount of time and without waste of paper a sheet of paper can be removed from the area of the sheet feed.
  • the object is achieved by a method according to the features of the first claim.
  • the solution according to the invention makes it possible, irrespective of whether a stop is caused by a fault in the sheet-processing machine or by an error in the sheet feeder, to return the sheets already located on the belt table or suction belt table to the stack and to feed them to processing.
  • a sheet feeder 1 is shown with a belt table 2.
  • the belt table 2 is designed as a suction belt table 2.1.
  • the solution according to the invention is explained on a sheet feeder 1 with a suction belt table 2.1, in which sheets 8 are held by vacuum on suction belts 26.1, wherein the solution according to the invention can also be realized in a sheet feeder 1 with a belt table 2, in which the sheets 8 known manner are guided by arranged on a bar grating pressure rollers against conveyor belts 26 of the belt table.
  • the suction belt 2.1 a feed table 3 with front marks 4, a vibration system 5 and a Anlegzylinder 6 of a plant printing unit 7 a sheetfed printing machine downstream.
  • an existing from the sheet 8 stack 9 is positioned on a stacking plate 10.
  • the stacking plate 10 is attached to transport means 11, which are connected to a lift, not shown.
  • the top of the stack 9 is associated with a sheet separator 12.
  • the sheet separator 12 has separating suction 13 and transport suction 14 and trailing edge stops 15.
  • the sheet separator 12 is provided by means of an actuator 16 height adjustable in the sheet feeder 1.
  • the sheet separator 12 can be moved to format adaptation in or against a transport direction 17.
  • the sheet separator 12 is associated with the height level of the stack 9 detecting scanning 18 in the embodiment.
  • the scanning device 18 may also be provided as desired at other locations of the sheet feeder 1.
  • the drive of the sheet separator 12 is effected by means of a first single drive 19, e.g.
  • blashers 36 are further provided for Vorlockern the sheet 8 on the stack 9 and for underblowing the sheet 8 during transport.
  • lateral plates 20 are arranged laterally on the stack 9. But it is also possible to assign only the stack 9 laterally delimiting guide elements 20.1.
  • a flap shaft 21 At the front of the stack 9 extends over the width of the stack 9, a flap shaft 21, the drive is effected by a third individual drive 31, and this downstream is a Blasstange 22, the blowing direction is approximately opposite to a transport direction 17.
  • the blow bar 22 downstream Saugb usedtisch 2.1 consists of a drive roller 23 and a guide roller 24, between which a suction box 25 is provided, wherein the rollers 23, 24 are wrapped by at least one suction belt 26.1.
  • the suction belt 26.1 is tensioned by tension rollers 27.
  • the suction belt 26.1 is provided in a known manner with suction openings which come into engagement with suction holes provided in the suction box 25 during their movement in the transport direction 17, driven by the drive roller 23.
  • the drive roller 23 is driven by a second single drive 28, e.g. powered by an electric motor. With the drive roller 23 corresponding clock rollers 29 which are controlled periodically within a power stroke against the drive roller 23.
  • the front marks 4 are controlled from a located below the feed table 3 detent position in a working position.
  • the feed table 3 is assigned a control device 32.
  • the plant table 3 downstream vibration system 5 has a sheet holding system 30 and performs a pivotal movement between the feed table 3 and the Anlegzylinder 6 of the plant printing unit 7.
  • the sheet separating and sheet conveying individual drives driving 19, 28, 31, the actuator 16 and the control device 32, wherein further drives or measuring and control devices may be provided in the sheet feeder 1, are connected to a processing electronics 33 of the sheet feeder 1, with a control 34 is linked to the downstream sheet processing machine.
  • the sheet feeder 1 is tracked via the machine control 34 and the processing electronics 33 synchronously to the machine.
  • the Anlegzylinder 6 be associated with a rotary encoder 35 which is connected to the machine control 34.
  • the individual drives 19, 28, 31 run synchronously with each other both over 360 ° of a single-turn shaft and within a unit of time.
  • the guided by the clock rollers 29 against the drive roller 23 sheets 8 are detected by the suction belts 26.1, which are constantly acted upon by the suction box 26 with negative pressure, and transported underlaid on the feed table 3 and with the leading edge against the front marks located in working position 4.
  • the feed table 3 a sheet 8 detecting control device 32 is provided. It is also possible to provide several, the sheet 8-controlling measuring devices and distributed over the way the sheet 8, these cover from the sheet feeder 1 to the front lays 4 to arrange.
  • the applied to the front marks 4 sheet 8 is taken over by the sheet holding system 30 of the oscillating system 5 and transported to Anlegzylinder 6, the front lays 4 are pivoted into position under the feed table 8. If an error-bound sheet 8 is detected by the control device 32, a signal of the processing electronics 33 is supplied by the control device 32 and by this the link to the machine control is released and all individual drives 16, 19, 28, 31 of the sheet feeder 1 are clock-bound, i. shut down within a work cycle.
  • a discharge of the located on the suction belt table 2.1 sheet 8 is initiated by a manually supplied to the processing electronics 33 start signal.
  • the blowing and suction air supply to the sheet separator 12 and the Blas Kunststoffzuschreib is interrupted to the fans 36 and the Blasstange 22 applied with blowing air.
  • the actuator 16 is activated and raised by this the sheet separator 12.
  • the second individual drive 28 and the third individual drive 31 are activated, with the direction of rotation of the second individual drive 28 and thus the direction of rotation of the drive roller 23 leading the suction belts 26.1 being reversed.
  • the held on the suction belt table 2 of the suction belts 26.1 sheet 8 are conveyed against the transport direction 17 and returned to the stack 9.
  • the return of the sheet 8 is supported by the clock rollers 29 are clocked against the drive roller 23, wherein the clock rollers 29 either another single drive, which is controlled by the processing electronics 33, or the clock rollers 29 are the drive side connected to the drive roller 23 ,
  • the sheets 8 are guided by the outgoing of the blow rod 22 blowing air flow and pushed by the pivotal movement of the flap shaft 21 on the stack 9.
  • the transported on the stack 9 sheets 8 are centered by the trailing edge stops 15 and by the side plates 20 or guide elements 20.1.
  • the height level of the stack 9 which is constantly detected by the scanner 18 changes.
  • a limit value is exceeded, a signal is generated in a known manner by the scanning device 18 and the processing electronics 33 is supplied, which drives a drive, through which the stacking plate 10 is lowered until a working level is reached.
  • the sheet 8 can be separated again from the stack 9 through the separating sucker 13 and conveyed by means of the transport suction 14 in the transport direction 17.
  • the sheet separator 12 is lowered by the actuator 16 in its working position, the suction and Blas povertyzu element to the sheet separator 12 and the Blas povertyzuschreib to the fans 36 activated and interrupted the Blas povertyzucht to the Blasstange 22.
  • the individual drives 19, 28, 31 are activated, the original direction of rotation of the second individual drive 28 being restored, so that the sheets 8 can be conveyed away from the stack 9 in the transport direction 17 and fed to the front marks 4.
  • the link between the processing electronics 33 and the machine control 34 is restored and the sheet feeder 1 connected to the suction belt table 2 within a working cycle.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Sheets, Magazines, And Separation Thereof (AREA)
  • Delivering By Means Of Belts And Rollers (AREA)
  • Separation, Sorting, Adjustment, Or Bending Of Sheets To Be Conveyed (AREA)

Description

Die Erfindung betrifft ein Verfahren zur Steuerung der Bogenzufuhr zu einer bogenverarbeitenden Maschine mit einem Bogenanleger nach dem Oberbegriff des 1. Anspruchs.The invention relates to a method for controlling the sheet feed to a sheet-processing machine with a sheet feeder according to the preamble of the first claim.

In derartigen bogenverarbeitenden Maschinen, insbesondere in Bogendruckmaschinen, besteht das grundsätzliche Problem, dass bei Vorliegen eines Doppel-, Fehl- oder Schiefbogens der Bogenanleger einschließlich des Bändertischs von der Bogendruckmaschine antriebsmäßig getrennt und innerhalb eines Arbeitstaktes stillgesetzt wird, um ein Einlaufen von fehlerbehafteten Bogen in die Bogendruckmaschine zu verhindern. Nachteilig ist, dass nach dem Stillsetzen des Bogenanlegers mit dem Bändertisch neben dem fehlerbehafteten Bogen die gesamte Bogenstaffel zwischen der Anlage und den Taktrollen zu entfernen ist. Die gesamte Bogenstaffel muss auch dann entfernt werden, wenn Störungen in der nachgeordneten Druckmaschine, z.B. im Bogenlauf oder in der Bogenauslage auftreten, da in diesen Fällen die gesamte Druckmaschine und der Bogenanleger mit dem Bändertisch innerhalb eines Arbeitstaktes zum Stillstand gebracht wird.In such sheet-processing machines, in particular in sheet-fed printing machines, there is the fundamental problem that in the presence of a double, false or oblique sheet of the sheet feeder including the belt table of the sheet-fed press drivingly separated and shut down within a working cycle to a run-in of faulty bow in the Prevent sheet-fed printing press. The disadvantage is that after stopping the sheet feeder with the belt table in addition to the faulty sheet, the entire arc stagger between the system and the clock rollers is to be removed. The entire sheet of sheet must be removed even if problems with the downstream printing press, e.g. occur in sheet or in the sheet delivery, since in these cases, the entire printing press and the sheet feeder is brought to a stop with the belt table within a working cycle.

Die DE 195 05 560 C2 beschreibt ein Verfahren zur Steuerung der Bogenzufuhr zu Bogendruckmaschinen. Bei diesem Verfahren werden lediglich Doppel- oder Fehlbogen erfasst. Dazu ist eine Doppel- oder Fehlbogenkontrolle im Bereich der Taktrollen, also im oberen Bereich des Bändertischs vorgesehen. Bei Feststellung eines Doppel- oder Fehlbogens wird die Entnahme weiterer Bogen vom Bogenstapel stillgesetzt und die Anzahl der in Bogentransportrichtung auf der Förderstrecke dem Doppel- oder Fehlbogen vorausgehenden Bogen bestimmt und noch in die Druckmaschine gefördert. Vor dem Einlaufen des Fehl- oder Doppelbogens wird der Bogentransport stillgesetzt und der fehlerbehaftete Bogen kann entfernt werden.The DE 195 05 560 C2 describes a method for controlling the sheet feed to sheet-fed presses. Only double or missing sheets are recorded in this procedure. For this purpose, a double or missing sheet control in the area of the clock rollers, that is provided in the upper part of the belt table. Upon detection of a double or missing sheet, the removal of more sheets from the sheet stack is stopped and determines the number of sheets in the sheet transport direction on the conveyor line preceding the double or missing sheet and still promoted to the press. Before entering the false or double sheet, the sheet transport is stopped and the faulty sheet can be removed.

Dieses Verfahren hat den Nachteil, dass es nur bei einer geringen Anzahl der auftretenden Störungen zur Anwendung gelangt. Störungen, die ihre Ursache in Doppel- oder Fehlbogen haben, treten beim Betrieb von Bogendruckmaschinen im Verhältnis zu anderen Störungen selten auf, so dass eine Verringerung des Makulaturanfalls, bedingt durch das Entfernen der Bogenstaffel nach einem Maschinenstopp, in einem geringen Maß möglich ist.This method has the disadvantage that it is used only with a small number of disturbances occurring. Disturbances that have their cause in double or missing sheets, occur in the operation of sheet-fed presses in relation to other disorders rarely, so that a reduction of waste due to the removal of the sheet stagger after a machine stop, is possible to a small extent.

Die DE 101 05 991 A1 beschreibt ein Verfahren zur Steuerung der Bogenzufuhr zu einer Druckmaschine, bei dem Bogen von einem Stapel vereinzelt und der Maschine zugeführt werden. Dabei wird mittels Bogendetektoren bei unrichtiger Vereinzelung oder Zufuhr oder beim Vorhandensein fehlerhafter Bogen Signale abgeleitet und einer Steuereinrichtung zugeführt. Bei dem zur Entnahme von doppelt oder unrichtig zugeführten Bogen oder von fehlerhaften Bogen wird die Vereinzelung und Zufuhr zu einem Zeitpunkt angehalten bei dem der zuerst zu entnehmende Bogen eine vorgegebene Position erreicht hat.The DE 101 05 991 A1 describes a method for controlling sheet feeding to a printing press, in which sheets are separated from a stack and fed to the machine. It is by means of arch detectors in case of incorrect separation or feed or derived in the presence of faulty arc signals and fed to a control device. In the case of double or incorrectly fed sheets or defective sheets, singulation and feeding are stopped at a time when the sheet to be taken out first has reached a predetermined position.

In der EP 12 81 647 A2 wird ausgeführt, dass das Transportband nach dem Stoppen nach einen vorbestimmten Beschleunigungsprofil angefahren wird.In the EP 12 81 647 A2 is executed that the conveyor belt is stopped after stopping after a predetermined acceleration profile.

Aus der EP 0 922 657 A1 ist eine Druckmaschine mit einem Bogentrenner bekannt, der Arbeitsorgane zum Erfassen, Trennen und Fördern sowie Steuerorgane zum Zuführen von einem unterstützenden Blas- und/oder Saugluftstroms aufweist. Diesen ist ein separat ansteuerbarer Antrieb zugeordnet, die mittels in einem Arbeitsdiagramm/Kennlinienspeicher einer Steuereinheit abgespeicherter Arbeitsdiagramme und Kennlinien ansteuerbar sind.From the EP 0 922 657 A1 a printing machine with a sheet separator is known, the working organs for detecting, separating and conveying and control means for supplying a supporting blowing and / or suction air flow has. This is assigned to a separately controllable drive, which can be controlled by means of stored in a working diagram / characteristic memory of a control unit working diagrams and curves.

Aus der EP 0 727 374 A1 ist eine Lösung bekannt, bei der ebenfalls bei Feststellung eines Doppel- oder Fehlbogens die Entnahme weiterer Bogen vom Anlegerstapel sofort stillgesetzt wird. Dabei wird die Anzahl der in Bogentransportrichtung auf der Förderstrecke dem Doppel- oder Fehlbogen vorausgehenden Bogen bestimmt und noch in die Druckmaschine hineingefördert und bedruckt. Noch vor dem Einlaufen des letzten in Bogentransportrichtung vor dem Doppel- oder Fehlbogen liegenden Bogens in die Druckmaschine wird die Farbzufuhr abgestellt. Das Stillsetzen des Bogentransportes nach dem Stillsetzen der Bogenentnahme vom Anlegerstapel erfolgt genau dann, wenn der Doppel- oder Fehlbogen die Anlage erreicht.From the EP 0 727 374 A1 a solution is known in which the removal of further sheets from the feeder pile is also stopped immediately upon detection of a double or missing sheet. In this case, the number of sheets in the sheet transport direction on the conveyor line preceding the double or missing sheet is determined and even conveyed into the printing press and printed. Even before the arrival of the last lying in the sheet transport direction before the double or missing sheet sheet in the printing press, the ink supply is turned off. The stopping of the sheet transport after stopping the sheet removal from the feeder pile takes place exactly when the double or missing sheet reaches the system.

Diese Lösungen haben den Nachteil, dass das Entfernen der Bogenstaffel von Hand zeitaufwändig ist und zu Makulaturbogen führt..These solutions have the disadvantage that removing the sheet of paper by hand is time-consuming and leads to waste sheets.

Aufgabe der Erfindung ist es, ein Verfahren derart auszubilden, dass mit einem geringen Zeitaufwand und ohne Makulaturanfall eine Bogenstaffel aus dem Bereich der Bogenzufuhr entfernt werden kann.The object of the invention is to provide a method in such a way that with a small amount of time and without waste of paper a sheet of paper can be removed from the area of the sheet feed.

Erfindungsgemäß wird die Aufgabe durch ein Verfahren nach den Merkmalen des 1. Anspruchs gelöst.According to the invention the object is achieved by a method according to the features of the first claim.

Durch die erfindungsgemäße Lösung ist es möglich, unabhängig davon, ob ein Stopp durch einen Fehler in der bogenverarbeitenden Maschine oder durch einen Fehler im Bogenanleger hervorgerufen wird, die bereits auf dem Bändertisch oder Saugbändertisch befindlichen Bogen zum Stapel zurückzutransportieren und einer Verarbeitung zuzuführen.The solution according to the invention makes it possible, irrespective of whether a stop is caused by a fault in the sheet-processing machine or by an error in the sheet feeder, to return the sheets already located on the belt table or suction belt table to the stack and to feed them to processing.

An einem Ausführungsbeispiel wird die Erfindung näher erläutert. In der zugehörigen Zeichnung ist ein Bogenanleger 1 mit einem Bändertisch 2 dargestellt. Der Bändertisch 2 ist als Saugbändertisch 2.1 ausgebildet. Die erfindungsgemäße Lösung wird an einem Bogenanleger 1 mit einem Saugbändertisch 2.1, bei dem Bogen 8 mittels Unterdruck an Saugbändern 26.1 gehalten werden, erläutert, wobei die erfindungsgemäße Lösung auch bei einem Bogenanleger 1 mit einem Bändertisch 2 realisiert werden kann, bei dem die Bogen 8 auf bekannte Weise durch an einem Stabgitter angeordnete Andrückrollen gegen Transportbänder 26 des Bändertischs geführt werden. Dem Saugbändertisch 2.1 sind ein Anlegtisch 3 mit Vordermarken 4, eine Schwinganlage 5 und ein Anlegzylinder 6 eines Anlagedruckwerks 7 einer Bogendruckmaschine nachgeordnet. Im Bogenanleger 1 ist ein aus den Bogen 8 bestehender Stapel 9 auf einer Stapelplatte 10 positioniert. Die Stapelplatte 10 ist an Transportmitteln 11 befestigt, die mit einem nicht dargestellten Aufzug verbunden sind. Der Oberseite des Stapels 9 ist ein Bogentrenner 12 zugeordnet. Der Bogentrenner 12 weist Trennsauger 13 und Transportsauger 14 sowie Hinterkantenanschläge 15 auf. Der Bogentrenner 12 ist mittels eines Stellantriebs 16 höhenverstellbar im Bogenanleger 1 vorgesehen. Darüber hinaus kann der Bogentrenner 12 zur Formatanpassung in oder entgegen einer Transportrichtung 17 verschoben werden. Dem Bogentrenner 12 ist im Ausführungsbeispiel eine das Höhenniveau des Stapels 9 erfassende Abtasteinrichtung 18 zugeordnet. Die Abtasteinrichtung 18 kann auch beliebig an anderen Stellen des Bogenanlegers 1 vorgesehen sein. Der Antrieb des Bogentrenners 12 erfolgt mittels eines ersten Einzelantriebs 19, der z.B. als Elektromotor ausgebildet sein kann. An der Hinterseite und ggf. an den Seiten des Stapels 9 sind weiterhin Bläser 36 vorgesehen zum Vorlockern der Bogen 8 auf dem Stapel 9 sowie zum Unterblasen der Bogen 8 beim Transport. Um ein die Bogen 8 tragendes Luftpolster ausbilden zu können, sind seitlich am Stapel 9 Seitenbleche 20 angeordnet. Es ist aber auch möglich, lediglich dem Stapel 9 seitlich begrenzende Führungselemente 20.1 zuzuordnen.In one embodiment, the invention is explained in detail. In the accompanying drawing, a sheet feeder 1 is shown with a belt table 2. The belt table 2 is designed as a suction belt table 2.1. The solution according to the invention is explained on a sheet feeder 1 with a suction belt table 2.1, in which sheets 8 are held by vacuum on suction belts 26.1, wherein the solution according to the invention can also be realized in a sheet feeder 1 with a belt table 2, in which the sheets 8 known manner are guided by arranged on a bar grating pressure rollers against conveyor belts 26 of the belt table. The suction belt 2.1 a feed table 3 with front marks 4, a vibration system 5 and a Anlegzylinder 6 of a plant printing unit 7 a sheetfed printing machine downstream. In the sheet feeder 1, an existing from the sheet 8 stack 9 is positioned on a stacking plate 10. The stacking plate 10 is attached to transport means 11, which are connected to a lift, not shown. The top of the stack 9 is associated with a sheet separator 12. The sheet separator 12 has separating suction 13 and transport suction 14 and trailing edge stops 15. The sheet separator 12 is provided by means of an actuator 16 height adjustable in the sheet feeder 1. In addition, the sheet separator 12 can be moved to format adaptation in or against a transport direction 17. The sheet separator 12 is associated with the height level of the stack 9 detecting scanning 18 in the embodiment. The scanning device 18 may also be provided as desired at other locations of the sheet feeder 1. The drive of the sheet separator 12 is effected by means of a first single drive 19, e.g. can be designed as an electric motor. At the rear and possibly on the sides of the stack 9 blashers 36 are further provided for Vorlockern the sheet 8 on the stack 9 and for underblowing the sheet 8 during transport. In order to be able to form an air cushion carrying the sheets 8, lateral plates 20 are arranged laterally on the stack 9. But it is also possible to assign only the stack 9 laterally delimiting guide elements 20.1.

An der Vorderseite des Stapels 9 erstreckt sich über die Breite des Stapels 9 eine Klappenwelle 21, deren Antrieb von einem dritten Einzelantrieb 31 erfolgt, und dieser nachgeordnet ist eine Blasstange 22, deren Blasrichtung etwa entgegen einer Transportrichtung 17 verläuft.At the front of the stack 9 extends over the width of the stack 9, a flap shaft 21, the drive is effected by a third individual drive 31, and this downstream is a Blasstange 22, the blowing direction is approximately opposite to a transport direction 17.

Der der Blasstange 22 nachgeordnete Saugbändertisch 2.1 besteht aus einer Antriebswalze 23 und einer Umlenkwalze 24, zwischen denen ein Saugkasten 25 vorgesehen ist, wobei die Walzen 23, 24 von mindestens einem Saugband 26.1 umschlungen sind. Das Saugband 26.1 wird durch Spannwalzen 27 gespannt. Das Saugband 26.1 ist auf bekannte Weise mit Saugöffnungen versehen, die mit im Saugkasten 25 vorgesehenen Saugbohrungen bei ihrer Bewegung in Transportrichtung 17, angetrieben durch die Antriebswalze 23, in Wirkverbindung gelangen. Die Antriebswalze 23 wird von einem zweiten Einzelantrieb 28, z.B. von einem Elektromotor, angetrieben. Mit der Antriebswalze 23 korrespondieren Taktrollen 29, die periodisch innerhalb eines Arbeitstaktes gegen die Antriebswalze 23 gesteuert werden. Gegen den dem Saugbändertisch 2.1 nachgeordneten Anlegtisch 3 werden aus einer unter dem Anlegtisch 3 gelegenen Rastposition die Vordermarken 4 in eine Arbeitsposition gesteuert. Dem Anlegtisch 3 ist eine Kontrolleinrichtung 32 zugeordnet. Die dem Anlegtisch 3 nachgeordnete Schwinganlage 5 weist ein Bogenhaltesystem 30 auf und führt eine Schwenkbewegung zwischen dem Anlegtisch 3 und dem Anlegzylinder 6 des Anlagedruckwerks 7 aus.The blow bar 22 downstream Saugbändertisch 2.1 consists of a drive roller 23 and a guide roller 24, between which a suction box 25 is provided, wherein the rollers 23, 24 are wrapped by at least one suction belt 26.1. The suction belt 26.1 is tensioned by tension rollers 27. The suction belt 26.1 is provided in a known manner with suction openings which come into engagement with suction holes provided in the suction box 25 during their movement in the transport direction 17, driven by the drive roller 23. The drive roller 23 is driven by a second single drive 28, e.g. powered by an electric motor. With the drive roller 23 corresponding clock rollers 29 which are controlled periodically within a power stroke against the drive roller 23. Against the Saugbändertisch 2.1 subordinate feed table 3, the front marks 4 are controlled from a located below the feed table 3 detent position in a working position. The feed table 3 is assigned a control device 32. The plant table 3 downstream vibration system 5 has a sheet holding system 30 and performs a pivotal movement between the feed table 3 and the Anlegzylinder 6 of the plant printing unit 7.

Die Bogenvereinzelungs- sowie Bogenfördermittel antreibende Einzelantriebe 19, 28, 31, der Stellantrieb 16 und die Kontrolleinrichtung 32, wobei weitere Antriebe oder Mess- und Steuereinrichtungen im Bogenanleger 1 vorgesehen sein können, sind mit einer Verarbeitungselektronik 33 des Bogenanlegers 1 verbunden, die mit einer Steuerung 34 der nachgeordneten bogenverarbeitenden Maschine verknüpft ist. Der Bogenanleger 1 wird über die Maschinensteuerung 34 und die Verarbeitungselektronik 33 synchron der Maschine nachgeführt.The sheet separating and sheet conveying individual drives driving 19, 28, 31, the actuator 16 and the control device 32, wherein further drives or measuring and control devices may be provided in the sheet feeder 1, are connected to a processing electronics 33 of the sheet feeder 1, with a control 34 is linked to the downstream sheet processing machine. The sheet feeder 1 is tracked via the machine control 34 and the processing electronics 33 synchronously to the machine.

Dazu kann z.B. dem Anlegzylinder 6 ein Drehwinkelgeber 35 zugeordnet sein, der mit der Maschinensteuerung 34 verbunden ist. Die Einzelantriebe 19, 28, 31 laufen synchron zueinander sowohl über 360° einer Eintourenwelle als auch innerhalb einer Zeiteinheit.For this, e.g. the Anlegzylinder 6 be associated with a rotary encoder 35 which is connected to the machine control 34. The individual drives 19, 28, 31 run synchronously with each other both over 360 ° of a single-turn shaft and within a unit of time.

Bei einem taktsynchronen Nachführen des Bogenanlegers 1 wird von den Trennsaugern 13, angetrieben durch den dem Bogentrenner 12 zugeordneten ersten Einzelantrieb 19, der jeweils oberste Bogen 8 vom Stapel 9 vereinzelt und an die Transportsauger 14 übergeben, welche die vereinzelten Bogen 8 in Transportrichtung 17 fördern. Das Vereinzeln der Bogen 8 wird dadurch unterstützt, dass durch Bläser 36 der Stapel 9 aufgelockert und durch weitere Bläser 36 der jeweils von den Transportsaugern 14 geförderte Bogen 8 unterblasen wird. Die von den Transportsaugern 14 geförderten Bogen 8 werden von den taktmäßig aufsetzenden Taktrollen 29 gegen die Antriebswalze 23 geführt und danach von den Transportsaugern 14 freigegeben. Dabei wird die Klappenwelle 21, angetrieben durch den dritten Einzelantrieb 31, aus der Bahn der Bogen 8 geschwenkt und die Blasluftzufuhr zur Blasstange 22 ist unterbrochen.In an isochronous tracking of the sheet feeder 1 is driven by the separation separator 13, driven by the sheet separator 12 associated first single drive 19, the topmost sheet 8 separated from the stack 9 and transferred to the transport suction 14, which promote the separated sheet 8 in the transport direction 17. The separation of the sheet 8 is supported by that blower 36 of the stack 9 loosened and blown by further blower 36 of each of the transport suckers 14 funded sheet 8. The subsidized by the transport suckers 14 sheets 8 are of the clock wise Taktrollen 29 out against the drive roller 23 and then released from the transport suckers 14. The flap shaft 21, driven by the third individual drive 31, pivoted out of the path of the sheet 8 and the Blasluftzufuhr to Blasstange 22 is interrupted.

Die von den Taktrollen 29 gegen die Antriebswalze 23 geführten Bogen 8 werden von den Saugbändern 26.1, die über den Saugkasten 26 ständig mit Unterdruck beaufschlagt werden, erfasst und unterlappt auf den Anlegtisch 3 sowie mit der Vorderkante gegen die in Arbeitsposition befindlichen Vordermarken 4 transportiert. Im Ausführungsbeispiel ist dem Anlegtisch 3 eine die Bogen 8 detektierende Kontrolleinrichtung 32 vorgesehen. Es ist auch möglich, mehrere, die Bogen 8 kontrollierende Messeinrichtungen vorzusehen und diese verteilt über den Weg der Bogen 8, den diese vom Bogenanleger 1 bis zu den Vordermarken 4 zurücklegen, anzuordnen.The guided by the clock rollers 29 against the drive roller 23 sheets 8 are detected by the suction belts 26.1, which are constantly acted upon by the suction box 26 with negative pressure, and transported underlaid on the feed table 3 and with the leading edge against the front marks located in working position 4. In the embodiment, the feed table 3, a sheet 8 detecting control device 32 is provided. It is also possible to provide several, the sheet 8-controlling measuring devices and distributed over the way the sheet 8, these cover from the sheet feeder 1 to the front lays 4 to arrange.

Wenn von der Kontrolleinrichtung 32 keine mit Fehlern behaftete Bogen 8 erfasst werden, wird der an den Vordermarken 4 anliegende Bogen 8 vom Bogenhaltesystem 30 der Schwinganlage 5 übernommen und zum Anlegzylinder 6 transportiert, wobei die Vordermarken 4 in ihre Position unter dem Anlegtisch 8 geschwenkt werden. Wird von der Kontrolleinrichtung 32 ein mit Fehlern behafteter Bogen 8 detektiert, wird von der Kontrolleinrichtung 32 ein Signal der Verarbeitungselektronik 33 zugeführt und durch diese die Verknüpfung zur Maschinensteuerung gelöst sowie sämtliche Einzelantriebe 16, 19, 28, 31 des Bogenanlegers 1 taktgebunden, d.h. innerhalb eines Arbeitstaktes stillgesetzt.If no error-bound sheet 8 are detected by the control device 32, the applied to the front marks 4 sheet 8 is taken over by the sheet holding system 30 of the oscillating system 5 and transported to Anlegzylinder 6, the front lays 4 are pivoted into position under the feed table 8. If an error-bound sheet 8 is detected by the control device 32, a signal of the processing electronics 33 is supplied by the control device 32 and by this the link to the machine control is released and all individual drives 16, 19, 28, 31 of the sheet feeder 1 are clock-bound, i. shut down within a work cycle.

Nach dem Entfernen des fehlerbehafteten Bogens 8 vom Anlegtisch 3 wird durch ein manuell der Verarbeitungselektronik 33 zugeführtes Startsignal ein Abführen der auf dem Saugbändertisch 2.1 befindlichen Bogen 8 eingeleitet. Dazu wird die Blas- und Saugluftzufuhr zum Bogentrenner 12 sowie die Blasluftzufuhr zu den Bläsern 36 unterbrochen und die Blasstange 22 mit Blasluft beaufschlagt. Gleichzeitig wird der Stellantrieb 16 aktiviert und durch diesen der Bogentrenner 12 angehoben. Ebenfalls werden der zweite Einzelantrieb 28 und der dritte Einzelantrieb 31 aktiviert, wobei die Drehrichtung des zweiten Einzelantriebs 28 und damit Drehrichtung der die die Saugbänder 26.1 führenden Antriebswalze 23 umgekehrt wird. Damit werden die auf dem Saugbändertisch 2 von den Saugbändern 26.1 gehaltenen Bogen 8 entgegen der Transportrichtung 17 gefördert und so auf den Stapel 9 zurückgeführt. Das Zurückführen der Bogen 8 wird unterstützt, indem die Taktrollen 29 getaktet gegen die Antriebswalze 23 geführt werden, wobei den Taktrollen 29 entweder ein weiterer Einzelantrieb, der von der Verarbeitungselektronik 33 gesteuert wird, zugeordnet ist oder die Taktrollen 29 sind antriebsseitig mit der Antriebswalze 23 verbunden. Bei ihrem Rücktransport zum Stapel 9 werden die Bogen 8 durch den von der Blasstange 22 ausgehenden Blasluftstrom geführt und durch die Schwenkbewegung der Klappenwelle 21 auf den Stapel 9 geschoben.After removing the faulty sheet 8 from the feed table 3, a discharge of the located on the suction belt table 2.1 sheet 8 is initiated by a manually supplied to the processing electronics 33 start signal. For this purpose, the blowing and suction air supply to the sheet separator 12 and the Blasluftzufuhr is interrupted to the fans 36 and the Blasstange 22 applied with blowing air. At the same time the actuator 16 is activated and raised by this the sheet separator 12. Likewise, the second individual drive 28 and the third individual drive 31 are activated, with the direction of rotation of the second individual drive 28 and thus the direction of rotation of the drive roller 23 leading the suction belts 26.1 being reversed. Thus, the held on the suction belt table 2 of the suction belts 26.1 sheet 8 are conveyed against the transport direction 17 and returned to the stack 9. The return of the sheet 8 is supported by the clock rollers 29 are clocked against the drive roller 23, wherein the clock rollers 29 either another single drive, which is controlled by the processing electronics 33, or the clock rollers 29 are the drive side connected to the drive roller 23 , At her return transport to the stack 9, the sheets 8 are guided by the outgoing of the blow rod 22 blowing air flow and pushed by the pivotal movement of the flap shaft 21 on the stack 9.

Die auf den Stapel 9 transportierten Bogen 8 werden durch die Hinterkantenanschläge 15 sowie durch die Seitenbleche 20 oder Führungselemente 20.1 zentriert. Durch das Zurückführen der Bogen 8 auf den Stapel 9 verändert sich das Höhenniveau des Stapels 9, das ständig von der Abtasteinrichtung 18 erfasst wird. Bei Überschreiten eines Grenzwertes wird auf bekannte Weise durch die Abtasteinrichtung 18 ein Signal generiert und der Verarbeitungselektronik 33 zugeführt, welche einen Antrieb ansteuert, durch den die Stapelplatte 10 abgesenkt wird bis ein Arbeitsniveau erreicht ist. Danach können die Bogen 8 wieder vom Stapel 9 durch die Trennsauger 13 vereinzelt und mit Hilfe der Transportsauger 14 in Transportrichtung 17 gefördert werden. Dazu wird durch den Stellantrieb 16 der Bogentrenner 12 in seine Arbeitsposition abgesenkt, die Saug- und Blasluftzuführung zum Bogentrenner 12 sowie die Blasluftzufuhr zu den Bläsern 36 aktiviert und die Blasluftzufuhr zu der Blasstange 22 unterbrochen. Gleichzeitig werden die Einzelantriebe 19, 28, 31 aktiviert, wobei die ursprüngliche Drehrichtung des zweiten Einzelantriebs 28 wieder hergestellt wird, so dass die Bogen 8 vom Stapel 9 in Transportrichtung 17 abgefördert und den Vordermarken 4 zugeführt werden können. Nach dem Ausrichten des ersten Bogens 8 an den Vordermarken 4 wird die Verknüpfung zwischen der Verarbeitungselektronik 33 und der Maschinensteuerung 34 wieder hergestellt und der Bogenanleger 1 mit dem Saugbändertisch 2 innerhalb eines Arbeitstaktes zugeschaltet.The transported on the stack 9 sheets 8 are centered by the trailing edge stops 15 and by the side plates 20 or guide elements 20.1. By returning the sheet 8 to the stack 9, the height level of the stack 9, which is constantly detected by the scanner 18 changes. When a limit value is exceeded, a signal is generated in a known manner by the scanning device 18 and the processing electronics 33 is supplied, which drives a drive, through which the stacking plate 10 is lowered until a working level is reached. Thereafter, the sheet 8 can be separated again from the stack 9 through the separating sucker 13 and conveyed by means of the transport suction 14 in the transport direction 17. For this purpose, the sheet separator 12 is lowered by the actuator 16 in its working position, the suction and Blasluftzuführung to the sheet separator 12 and the Blasluftzufuhr to the fans 36 activated and interrupted the Blasluftzufuhr to the Blasstange 22. At the same time, the individual drives 19, 28, 31 are activated, the original direction of rotation of the second individual drive 28 being restored, so that the sheets 8 can be conveyed away from the stack 9 in the transport direction 17 and fed to the front marks 4. After aligning the first sheet 8 at the front marks 4, the link between the processing electronics 33 and the machine control 34 is restored and the sheet feeder 1 connected to the suction belt table 2 within a working cycle.

Kommt es durch einen Fehler in der bogenverarbeitenden Maschine zu einem Stopp, wird üblicherweise die gesamte Anlage innerhalb eines Arbeitstaktes zum Stillstand gebracht. Sollen die auf dem Saugbändertisch 2 befindlichen Bogen 8 auf den Stapel 9 zurückgeführt werden, wird ebenfalls die Verknüpfung zwischen der Maschinensteuerung 34 und der Verarbeitungselektronik 33 gelöst und danach wie vorstehend dargestellt verfahren.If a stop occurs in the sheet-processing machine due to an error, usually the entire system is brought to a standstill within one working cycle. If the sheets 8 located on the suction belt table 2 are to be returned to the stack 9, the link between the machine control 34 and the processing electronics 33 is also released and then proceed as described above.

Aufstellung der verwendeten BezugszeichenList of used reference numbers

11
Bogenanlegersheet feeder
22
Bändertischbelt table
2.12.1
Saugbändertischfeed table
33
Anlegtischfeed table
44
Vordermarkefront lay
55
Schwinganlageswing feeder
66
AnlegzylinderAnlegzylinder
77
AnlagedruckwerkPlant printing unit
88th
Bogenbow
99
Stapelstack
1010
Stapelplattestacking plate
1111
TransportmittelMode of Transport
1212
Bogentrennersheet separator
1313
Trennsaugersuction separator
1414
Transportsaugertransport sucker
1515
HinterkantenanschlagRear edge stop
1616
Stellantriebactuator
1717
Transportrichtungtransport direction
1818
Abtasteinrichtungscanning
1919
erster Einzelantriebfirst single drive
2020
SeitenblechPage sheet
20.120.1
Führungselementguide element
2121
Klappenwelleflap shaft
2222
BlasstangeBlass Tange
2323
Antriebswalzedrive roller
2424
Umlenkwalzedeflecting
2525
Saugkastensuction box
2626
Transportbänderconveyor belts
26.126.1
Saugbandsuction belt
2727
Spannwalzetension roller
2828
zweiter Einzelantriebsecond single drive
2929
Taktrollesynchronizing roller
3030
BogenhaltesystemSheet holding system
3131
dritter Einzelantriebthird single drive
3232
Kontrolleinrichtungcontrol device
3333
Verarbeitungselektronikprocessing electronics
3434
Maschinensteuerungmachine control
3535
DrehwinkelgeberRotary encoder
3636
Bläserblowers

Claims (6)

  1. Method of controlling sheet feeding to a sheet processing machine with a sheet feeder (1), wherein the sheets are separated from a stack (9) by a sheet separator (12), which is equipped with a first individual drive (19), and conveyed in a transport direction (17) on a belt table (2) or suction belt table (2.1) to the machine, wherein blowers (36) are associated with the stack (9) and suction and blowing air is fed to the blowers (36) and the sheet separator (12), the belt table (2) or suction belt table (2.1) is equipped with a second individual drive (28) and a flap shaft (21), which is driven by a third individual drive (31), is arranged in the front region of the stack (9) as seen in the transport direction (17), the first, second and third individual drives (19, 28, 31) are controlled by an electronic processing system (33) linked with a machine control (34) of the downstream machine and the sheet (8) on the belt table (2) or suction belt table (2.1) is checked with respect to double sheets, missing sheets or skewed sheets and when a sheet of that kind is present or when there are disturbances in the downstream machine stopping of the sheet feed takes place,
    characterised in that
    after stopping of the sheet feeder (1) the link between the electronic processing system (33) and the machine control (34) is separated and the feed of blowing and suction air to the sheet separator (12) and the blowers (36) is interrupted, the sheet separator (12) is lifted off the stack (9) and the second and third individual drives (28, 31) are activated, in that case the rotational direction of the second individual drive (28) is reversed and the sheets (8) lying on the belt table (2) or the suction belt table (2.1) are fed back to the stack (9) oppositely to the transport direction (17).
  2. Method according to claim 1, characterised in that cycle rollers (29) which guide the sheets (8) against the drive roller (23) are driven by the individual drive (28).
  3. Method according to claim 1 or 2, characterised in that provided between the drive roller (23) and the flap shaft (21) is a blowing air feed by which the sheets (8) transported to the stack (9) are blown under approximately oppositely to the transport direction (17).
  4. Method according to claim 1, characterised in that the sheets (8) conveyed oppositely to the transport direction (17) are transported by the movement of the flap shaft (21) onto the stack (9) and with the rear edge against rear-edge abutments (15) at the rear side of the stack (9).
  5. Method according to claim 1 or 4, characterised in that the sheets (8) conveyed onto the stack (9) are oriented in accordance with the side edges by side plates (20) and/or guide elements (20.1) laterally associated with the stack (9).
  6. Method according to claim 1, characterised in that during conveying of the sheets (8) back to the stack (9) the height level of the stack (9) can be detected by the scanning device (18) and the stack (9) lowered.
EP09161195.4A 2002-04-12 2003-03-21 Method for controlling sheet supply Expired - Fee Related EP2135743B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE2002116135 DE10216135A1 (en) 2002-04-12 2002-04-12 Method of controlling sheet feeding
EP03006270A EP1352742B1 (en) 2002-04-12 2003-03-21 Sheet supply control method

Related Parent Applications (2)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP03006270.7 Division 2003-03-21
EP03006270A Division EP1352742B1 (en) 2002-04-12 2003-03-21 Sheet supply control method

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP2135743A2 EP2135743A2 (en) 2009-12-23
EP2135743A3 EP2135743A3 (en) 2012-04-04
EP2135743B1 true EP2135743B1 (en) 2014-05-14

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EP03006270A Expired - Fee Related EP1352742B1 (en) 2002-04-12 2003-03-21 Sheet supply control method
EP09161195.4A Expired - Fee Related EP2135743B1 (en) 2002-04-12 2003-03-21 Method for controlling sheet supply

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE102007051945A1 (en) 2007-10-31 2009-05-14 Koenig & Bauer Aktiengesellschaft Method for controlling the supply of sheets to a sheet-fed printing machine
DE102008006463A1 (en) 2008-01-29 2009-07-30 Koenig & Bauer Aktiengesellschaft Drive for a sheet-fed press
DE102008036232A1 (en) 2008-08-02 2010-02-04 Koenig & Bauer Aktiengesellschaft Sheet supplying method for sheet processing machine, involves attaching belt single drive to belt table, and changing shingle distance depending on operating speed of sheet processing machine
DE102008036139A1 (en) 2008-08-02 2010-02-04 Koenig & Bauer Aktiengesellschaft Method for feeding sheet from stack of sheets to front lays guided into path of sheet, involves providing sheet flap and band table in sheet feeder
DE102011011322A1 (en) * 2011-02-16 2012-08-16 Heidelberger Druckmaschinen Ag Feeder for printing machine and method for operating such
CN106185391A (en) * 2016-08-29 2016-12-07 张家港精工包装彩印有限公司 Individual of a kind of printing paper extracts pay-off
US11530102B2 (en) 2019-08-21 2022-12-20 Koenig & Bauer Ag Device for feeding sheets
DE102019122494B4 (en) * 2019-08-21 2021-09-09 Koenig & Bauer Ag Device for feeding sheets
DE102019122496B4 (en) * 2019-08-21 2021-09-09 Koenig & Bauer Ag Device for feeding sheets
DE102019122495A1 (en) * 2019-08-21 2021-02-25 Koenig & Bauer Ag Device for feeding sheets

Family Cites Families (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE19505560C2 (en) * 1995-02-18 1998-07-02 Roland Man Druckmasch Procedure for controlling sheet feeding
DE19755521A1 (en) * 1997-12-13 1999-06-17 Koenig & Bauer Ag Bow separator
DE10105991A1 (en) * 2001-02-09 2002-08-14 Heidelberger Druckmasch Ag Method for controlling sheet supply to a printer and in particular for clearing paper jams in which paper is allowed to continue along a supply path until it is in a position where it can more easily be cleared
DE10137536A1 (en) * 2001-08-01 2003-02-13 Heidelberger Druckmasch Ag Method for conveying sheets in a feeder of a sheet-processing printing machine

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
DE50311819D1 (en) 2009-10-01
EP2135743A3 (en) 2012-04-04
EP1352742B1 (en) 2009-08-19
EP2135743A2 (en) 2009-12-23
DE10216135A1 (en) 2003-10-23
EP1352742A1 (en) 2003-10-15

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