EP2133480B1 - Procédé destiné à la liaison de deux composants en bois - Google Patents

Procédé destiné à la liaison de deux composants en bois Download PDF

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Publication number
EP2133480B1
EP2133480B1 EP20080022085 EP08022085A EP2133480B1 EP 2133480 B1 EP2133480 B1 EP 2133480B1 EP 20080022085 EP20080022085 EP 20080022085 EP 08022085 A EP08022085 A EP 08022085A EP 2133480 B1 EP2133480 B1 EP 2133480B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
screw
screws
wood component
connection
wood
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Not-in-force
Application number
EP20080022085
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German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP2133480A1 (fr
Inventor
Heinz Wieland
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Individual
Original Assignee
Individual
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Individual filed Critical Individual
Priority to EP09007657A priority Critical patent/EP2133482A3/fr
Priority to EP12003635A priority patent/EP2500477A1/fr
Publication of EP2133480A1 publication Critical patent/EP2133480A1/fr
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP2133480B1 publication Critical patent/EP2133480B1/fr
Not-in-force legal-status Critical Current
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical

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Classifications

    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
    • E04B1/18—Structures comprising elongated load-supporting parts, e.g. columns, girders, skeletons
    • E04B1/26—Structures comprising elongated load-supporting parts, e.g. columns, girders, skeletons the supporting parts consisting of wood
    • E04B1/2604—Connections specially adapted therefor
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
    • E04B1/18—Structures comprising elongated load-supporting parts, e.g. columns, girders, skeletons
    • E04B1/24—Structures comprising elongated load-supporting parts, e.g. columns, girders, skeletons the supporting parts consisting of metal
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
    • E04B1/18—Structures comprising elongated load-supporting parts, e.g. columns, girders, skeletons
    • E04B1/26—Structures comprising elongated load-supporting parts, e.g. columns, girders, skeletons the supporting parts consisting of wood
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
    • E04B1/18—Structures comprising elongated load-supporting parts, e.g. columns, girders, skeletons
    • E04B1/26—Structures comprising elongated load-supporting parts, e.g. columns, girders, skeletons the supporting parts consisting of wood
    • E04B1/2604—Connections specially adapted therefor
    • E04B2001/2652—Details of nailing, screwing, or bolting

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method for joining at least two wooden components and the use of such a method.
  • connection of two at least at right angles adjoining wooden beams is in the WO-A-01/65018 described.
  • the screws are screwed lying in at least two mutually parallel planes lying. Furthermore, the planes in which the screws are screwed do not intersect.
  • the EP-A-2 003 348 shows a screw for reinforcing and joining of wooden structures and the DE-A-197 12 175 Threaded bushes for connecting wooden stairs that are not visually visible.
  • the object of the invention is thus to overcome the disadvantages of the prior art and in a first aspect to provide a method for connecting two wood elements, which allows any orientation of the connecting elements, here the screws in the wood element, the position of the connecting elements predetermined is calculated, for example, from a calculation of the loads to be removed by the connected wood elements.
  • the connection should also be used in a gerbil joint, in the gerbil joint loads can be entered from different directions.
  • the screw or the Einschraubsee and the solid angle of the determined at least one screw is in a first process step, the screw or the Einschraubsee and the solid angle of the determined at least one screw.
  • the invention provides that before screwing the screw with the aid of a drill at the point of insertion under the solid angle, a guide hole is provided.
  • the guide bore for example compared to the screw-in length of the screw, is very short.
  • the length of the guide bore is in the range of 5 times the core diameter of the thread up to 30 times the core diameter of the thread of the screw used as a connecting means.
  • the guide bore length is 10 to 15 times the core diameter of the screw to be screwed.
  • Screws with a length of 400 mm have, for example, a core diameter of 10 mm at 600 mm length and 8 mm at 400 mm length.
  • the resulting guide bore length is then between 40 mm and 300 mm, preferably in the range 80 mm to 150 mm.
  • the relatively short guide bore essentially serves as a substitute for an external gauge, with the help of which a hole is completely predrilled at the point of insertion under a solid angle, in order to introduce a screw into it.
  • the guide bore is much simpler and cheaper to produce than a full pilot hole with the aid of gauges.
  • the connecting elements preferably the screws
  • the connecting elements are introduced into the guide holes and screwed into the wooden component. Since preferably self-drilling screws are used, a bleeding, so a deviation from the predetermined axis when screwing the screws, in contrast, for example, to drill pipe avoided. It is particularly preferred if self-drilling full-threaded screws are used as a screw, such as in the DE 10 2006 057259 A1 or the DE 10 2005 039744 A1 or the DE 10 2004 018069 A1 described.
  • the diameters of the guide holes correspond essentially to the core diameter of the full thread screws used for the connection with a clearance of a few tenths of a centimeter.
  • the screw-in point and the solid angle then determine the maximum transferable load.
  • the maximum transferable load is determined when connecting similar timbers by the shorter engaging in the wood component threaded part. This means that if exactly half engages in one and exactly half in the other component made of the same wood material, the transferable load in the composite produced by the full-thread screws becomes maximum.
  • the maximum achievable load can be determined by calculation and determines the screw-in point and the solid angle of the connecting elements. According to the method of the invention, solid angles and screw-in points of the connecting elements are determined under the boundary condition of the loads to be removed.
  • the screw-in points and the solid angle are mathematically calculated on the basis of the predetermined loads, for example with the aid of an external program.
  • the with the help of External screw-in points and solid angles can now be mechanically transferred to the wood to be connected.
  • the wood may also be provided with the guide bores in the joinery machines by transferring the data available in digital form to the joinery machine and transferring them to the timber components with the aid of CAM.
  • the program transfers the data for the holes to be drilled to the joinery machine together with the remaining cut data.
  • the external program which determines the data of the location of a screw, also to be attached directly to the file for the cut data of a CAD program for the joinery machine.
  • screws are preferably used whose core diameter corresponds to these standard diameters and not, as usual in the art, screws whose outer diameters are graduated in whole mm diameter.
  • At least two screws are provided in the connection of the two wooden components, wherein the two screws in a three-dimensional arrangement for receiving loads in different directions not in mutually parallel planes such as in the WO 01/65018 be introduced described.
  • the screws lying in different planes when projected into a projection plane intersect, ie intersect in at least one point.
  • connection between the two wooden components is made, but more than two screws are provided, for example, three screws that connect the two wooden components together under any position.
  • the method according to the invention can be used, for example, without limitation, in the connection of two wooden components, which comprise a main / secondary beam connection, a transom-post connection, a post-beam connection or in the connection of frames and rafters to the ridge and to the eaves will be applied.
  • the connecting means in particular the full-thread screws
  • a screw-in tool which - for example by means of an adjustable stop - ensures that the screw is screwed in accurately and sufficiently, the full-threaded screw can be set in a simple and safe manner. It is also conceivable to equip the screw with a head, which itself acts as a depth stop - z. B. a conventional screw head. Alternatively, in connections in which the screw is to be sunk, a slimmer, retractable, serving only the drive when screwing head can be provided.
  • FIG. 1 is a compound of two wooden components, here two wooden beams 10.1, 10.2, which are shown only partially shown.
  • the restriction to two abutting wooden beams is only illustrative and not restrictive.
  • connection of the two wooden beams 10.1, 10.2 is along the surface 12 at which the two wooden beams abut each other, made by four arbitrarily oriented in space screws 20.1, 20.2, 20.3, 20.4.
  • an elastic material can be introduced between the abutting surfaces of the two wooden beams.
  • This elastic material can For example, be a layer in the form of a wood fiber or a mineral fiber board, even plastic plates would be possible.
  • the thickness of such a layer may be in the range of 0.1 mm to 10 cm and preferably comprise a soft material, wherein the softness or the elasticity is less than the softness or elasticity of the wooden beams. Due to the elastic intermediate layer in the area of the surface 12 of the wooden beams to be joined, it is achieved that the shrinkage and the swelling of the wood is compensated when two wooden beams are connected, and a gap formed between the adjoining wooden beams can be closed.
  • FIG. 1 As can be seen, the screws 20.1, 20.2, 20.3, 20.4 are screwed into different planes, wherein none of the planes in which the screws 20.1, 20.2, 20.3, 20.4 come to rest are parallel to one another.
  • full-thread screws are for example in the DE 10 2006 057 259 A1 or DE 10 2005 039 744 A1 or the DE 10 2004 068 069 A1 described.
  • guide bores are usually sized in length so that on the one hand the position of the self-tapping screw is determined exactly, on the other hand, a running of the drill does not occur, so that the predetermined positions and solid angles can be met accurately.
  • FIG. 1 It can also be seen that, in the case of the illustrated connection, when the screw is projected into a projection plane, for example into the surface defined by the abutting surfaces, there are 12 crossing points in this projection plane. However, connections are also conceivable in which the screws do not intersect in any projection plane.
  • the screw-in point and the solid angle of the screws 20.1, 20.2, 20.3, 20.4 are just chosen so that exactly one half of the thread 30.1.1 each screw, for example, the screw 20.1 in the one wood component 10.1 and the other half 30.1. 2 of the thread in the other timber component 10.2 comes to rest.
  • the transferable loads which are always determined by the shorter threaded part, at the same species of wood to be joined wood components 10.1, 10.2 maximum.
  • the length of the guide bores is usually measured according to the core diameter of the full-thread screws 20.1, 20.2, 20.3, 20.4. In the present case, the engagement length has been designated by the reference symbol L for the full-threaded screw 20.2.
  • the guide bore length is between 5 times to 30 times the core diameter of the thread. It is particularly preferred if the guide bore length is in the range of 10 times to 15 times the core diameter of the screw to be screwed.
  • the guide holes are at core diameters of 10 mm at 600 mm screw length and 8 mm at 400 mm screw length in the range of 40 mm to 300 mm.
  • the guide holes have a diameter which substantially corresponds to the core diameter of the screw, with a few tenths of a millimeter deviations are possible.
  • the guide bores are not introduced on the construction site, but already in the production of wood parts, for example on the joinery.
  • the computationally determined screw-in points and solid angles can be transferred to the joinery machine via CAM with the aid of data files from the CAD and drilled there.
  • stencils that are used, for example, on the construction site for introducing the guide bore become superfluous.
  • the connecting screws in an automated pre-drilling by means of drills on joinery machines have a core diameter in even millimeters, e.g. 4, 5, 6 and 8 mm, instead of the usual outer diameters of even millimeters, which is used in current screws.
  • FIG. 2 is a possible way of using connected by means of the invention wooden beams outside the support, shown more precisely outside the moment zero point of the wearer.
  • the in FIG. 2 shown Gerber may have a plurality of joints, one of which is shown at the point 110, which consists of two pairs of screws 100.1 and 100.2, which connect the two wooden beams according to the invention. If no automated transmission of the guide holes in the production on joinery, so this could also be using template according to the predetermined positions and solid angles from the calculations on the site in the respective Gerbergelenke 100.1, 100.2 are introduced This is not preferred because of every single geometry would have to be made its own template.
  • the gerber joints 100.1, 100.2 are connected with screws 120.1, 120.2, 120.3, 120.4.
  • the screw-in point and the solid angles are preferably determined with the aid of a separate, external program from which the data is then transferred to a CAD program.
  • the CAD program can then pass the data for the holes to be pre-drilled to the joinery machine together with the other cut data.
  • the external program which determines the data of the position of a screw, can also be attached directly to the file for the cutting data of the CAD program for the joinery machine.
  • Fig. 3a a derivative of shear forces perpendicular to the screw axis of a full-threaded screw, as shown in Fig. 3a, hardly possible.
  • the screws are shown in Fig. 3a with the reference numerals 400.1, 400.2, the thrust forces occurring perpendicular to the full-thread screws with reference numerals 410.1, 410.2, 410.3.
  • connection z For a connection z.
  • the screws in different planes which need not be parallel to each other, be screwed. In this way, it is possible to derive snow loads and the dead load of the structure parallel to the roof level. Such parallel to the roof plane resulting loads can not be fully absorbed with conventional compounds in general.
  • connecting elements in particular connecting screws can be securely screwed into the predetermined positions.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Architecture (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Joining Of Building Structures In Genera (AREA)
  • Connection Of Plates (AREA)
  • Rod-Shaped Construction Members (AREA)

Claims (12)

  1. Procédé pour assembler au moins deux pièces de bois, une première pièce de bois (10.1) et une deuxième pièce de bois (10.2), avec au moins une vis (20.1, 20.2, 20.4) se mettant en prise dans la première pièce de bois et la deuxième et ayant une longueur de prise L et un diamètre d'âme, qui comprend les étapes suivantes :
    - détermination du point de vissage et de l'angle dans l'espace de l'au moins une vis (20.1, 20.2, 20.3, 20.4) dans la première pièce de bois au moins et la deuxième pièce de bois au moins ;
    - insertion de l'au moins une vis (20.1, 20.2, 20.3, 20.4) au point de vissage déterminé et sous l'angle dans l'espace déterminé,
    le procédé étant caractérisé en ce que
    - avant l'insertion de la vis (20.1, 20.2, 20.3, 20.4), un perçage de guidage est créé au point de vissage selon l'angle dans l'espace à l'aide d'une perceuse, la longueur du perçage de guidage étant courte par rapport à la longueur de prise L de la vis, de telle sorte que les perçages de guidage soient créés à l'aide d'une perceuse sans déviation, et
    - le diamètre du perçage de guidage correspond pour l'essentiel au diamètre d'âme de la vis ;
    - les points de vissage et l'angle dans l'espace sont déterminés par calcul en fonction des charges à supporter par l'assemblage de la première pièce de bois (10.1) et de la deuxième pièce de bois (10.2).
  2. Procédé selon la revendication 1, dans lequel la longueur du perçage de guidage est de l'ordre de 5 fois à 30 fois le diamètre d'âme.
  3. Procédé selon l'une des revendications 1 à 2, caractérisé en ce que la longueur du perçage de guidage est de l'ordre de 10 à 15 fois le diamètre d'âme.
  4. Procédé selon l'une des revendications 1 à 3, caractérisé en ce que l'écart entre le diamètre du perçage de guidage et le diamètre d'âme de la vis est de quelques dixièmes de millimètre.
  5. Procédé selon l'une des revendications 1 à 4, caractérisé en ce que les vis sont des vis autotaraudantes (20.1, 20.2, 20.3, 20.4) qui sont insérées de façon autotaraudante au point de vissage prédéterminé et selon l'angle dans l'espace prédéterminé, après l'insertion dans le perçage de guidage, dans la première pièce de bois et la deuxième.
  6. Procédé selon l'une des revendications 1 à 5, caractérisé en ce que les points de vissage et l'angle dans l'espace sont déterminés par un système de traitement de données et les perçages de guidage sont transmis par FAO à des machines, en particulier des centres d'usinage de menuiserie, pour la première pièce de bois au moins et la deuxième pièce de bois au moins.
  7. Procédé selon l'une des revendications 1 à 6, caractérisé en ce qu'au moins deux vis, une première vis (20.1) et une deuxième vis (20.2), se mettent en prise dans la première pièce de bois (10.1) et la deuxième (10.2), la première vis et la deuxième se trouvant dans des plans qui ne sont pas parallèles entre eux.
  8. Procédé selon la revendication 7, caractérisé en ce que les plans non parallèles entre eux sont un premier plan et un deuxième plan qui se coupent en au moins un point en projection dans un plan de projection (12).
  9. Procédé selon l'une des revendications 1 à 8, caractérisé en ce que plus de deux vis sont prévues, chaque vis se trouvant dans un plan propre.
  10. Procédé selon l'une des revendications 1 à 9, caractérisé en ce que le diamètre d'âme des vis correspond pour l'essentiel au diamètre de la perceuse.
  11. Procédé selon la revendication 10, caractérisé en ce que le diamètre de la perceuse est un diamètre standard de perceuse pour centre d'usinage de menuiserie.
  12. Utilisation d'un procédé selon l'une des revendications 1 à 11, dans lequel la première pièce de bois et la deuxième font partie
    - d'un raccord entre poutre maîtresse et poutre secondaire
    - d'un raccord entre traverse et montant
    - d'un raccord entre montant et solive
    - d'un assemblage de cadre et de chevrons dans le faîtage et sur le larmier.
EP20080022085 2008-06-11 2008-12-19 Procédé destiné à la liaison de deux composants en bois Not-in-force EP2133480B1 (fr)

Priority Applications (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP09007657A EP2133482A3 (fr) 2008-06-11 2009-06-10 Procédé destiné à la liaison de deux composants en bois
EP12003635A EP2500477A1 (fr) 2008-06-11 2009-06-10 Procédé destiné à la liaison de deux composants en bois

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE200810027873 DE102008027873B4 (de) 2008-06-11 2008-06-11 Verbindung von zwei Holzbalken

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP2133480A1 EP2133480A1 (fr) 2009-12-16
EP2133480B1 true EP2133480B1 (fr) 2012-12-19

Family

ID=40373503

Family Applications (4)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP20080022085 Not-in-force EP2133480B1 (fr) 2008-06-11 2008-12-19 Procédé destiné à la liaison de deux composants en bois
EP09007281A Withdrawn EP2133481A3 (fr) 2008-06-11 2009-06-02 Liaison de deux poutres en bois
EP09007657A Withdrawn EP2133482A3 (fr) 2008-06-11 2009-06-10 Procédé destiné à la liaison de deux composants en bois
EP12003635A Withdrawn EP2500477A1 (fr) 2008-06-11 2009-06-10 Procédé destiné à la liaison de deux composants en bois

Family Applications After (3)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP09007281A Withdrawn EP2133481A3 (fr) 2008-06-11 2009-06-02 Liaison de deux poutres en bois
EP09007657A Withdrawn EP2133482A3 (fr) 2008-06-11 2009-06-10 Procédé destiné à la liaison de deux composants en bois
EP12003635A Withdrawn EP2500477A1 (fr) 2008-06-11 2009-06-10 Procédé destiné à la liaison de deux composants en bois

Country Status (2)

Country Link
EP (4) EP2133480B1 (fr)
DE (1) DE102008027873B4 (fr)

Families Citing this family (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
SE537689C2 (sv) * 2013-12-12 2015-09-29 Martinson Group Ab Knutpunkt mellan konstruktionselement av trä samt fackverk
CN108517972B (zh) * 2018-04-20 2019-09-20 广东大喜装饰设计工程有限公司 仿木建筑及其钢木连接结构
DE102020114613A1 (de) * 2020-06-02 2021-12-02 Fischerwerke Gmbh & Co. Kg Verfahren zu einer Prüfung einer Berührung zweier in Holz geschraubter, elektrisch leitender Schrauben und Handschraubmaschine zur Durchführung des Verfahrens

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DE706759C (de) * 1937-06-16 1941-06-05 Samuel Voss Holzverbindung durch metallene Schrauben
FR865513A (fr) * 1940-05-09 1941-05-26 Assemblage de bois
CH478997A (de) * 1968-05-30 1969-09-30 Henke Jakob Ing Dr Abbindevorrichtung für die Enden von Eisenbahn-Holzschwellen, Holzmasten, Balken und Edelholzstämmen
GB8332533D0 (en) * 1983-12-06 1984-01-11 Dinardo & Partners Restoration and strengthening of timber components
FR2617081B1 (fr) * 1987-06-29 1992-04-24 Guy Perron Assemblage de pieces de bois et son procede de realisation
EP0432484B1 (fr) * 1989-11-16 1994-03-09 SFS Handels Holding AG Elément de connexion
FI98280C (fi) * 1994-08-02 1997-05-26 Finnforest Oy Esivalmistettu liitosrakenne
DE19724281A1 (de) 1996-06-10 1997-12-18 Automation Tooling Syst Mehrstückige Exzenterwelle sowie Verfahren zu deren Herstellung
DE19712175A1 (de) * 1997-03-22 1997-10-16 Beez Fredi Dipl Masch Ing Gewindebuchsen zum Verbinden von Holz-Treppenteilen
DE19724284C2 (de) * 1997-06-09 2001-10-18 Sfs Ind Holding Ag Heerbrugg Koppelpfette aus mehreren überlappend aneinander anschliessenden Holzbalken sowie Schraube für eine Koppelpfette
DE29920853U1 (de) * 1999-11-30 2000-03-02 Kob Sabine Wetterfester Wandaufbau in der Blockbauweise
DE20003705U1 (de) * 2000-02-29 2001-07-12 Sfs Ind Holding Ag Heerbrugg Verbindung von zwei zumindest annähernd rechtwinklig aneinander anschließenden Holzbalken
DE20120208U1 (de) * 2001-12-13 2003-04-24 Sfs Intec Holding Ag Heerbrugg Verbindung von aus Holzbalken oder -Latten bestehenden Pfosten und Riegeln zur Bildung von Wandelementen
US6922951B1 (en) * 2003-01-16 2005-08-02 Metal-Era, Inc. Lighted roof edge assembly
DE102004018069A1 (de) 2004-04-08 2004-08-26 Rensburg, Markus, Dipl.-Wirtsch.-Ing. Schraube insbesonder Holzsenkschraube und Verfahren zu deren Herstellung
EP1690990A2 (fr) * 2005-02-09 2006-08-16 SFS intec Holding AG Assemblage de montants et de traverses formés de poutres ou de lattes en bois pour la construction d'éléments de murs
DE102005039744A1 (de) 2005-08-23 2007-03-01 Rensburg, Markus, Dipl.-Wirtsch.-Ing. Schraube, insbesondere Holzsenkschraube, Distanzleiste und Verbundsystem
DE102006057259A1 (de) 2006-11-22 2008-05-29 Swg Schraubenwerk Gaisbach Gmbh Schraube
DE102007029255A1 (de) * 2007-06-15 2008-12-18 Würth, Adolf Schraube und ihre Verwendung

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
DE102008027873B4 (de) 2010-05-12
EP2133481A3 (fr) 2011-11-09
EP2133482A3 (fr) 2011-08-17
EP2133480A1 (fr) 2009-12-16
EP2500477A1 (fr) 2012-09-19
EP2133481A2 (fr) 2009-12-16
DE102008027873A1 (de) 2009-12-24
EP2133482A2 (fr) 2009-12-16

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