EP2125312B1 - Installation de dispersion - Google Patents
Installation de dispersion Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP2125312B1 EP2125312B1 EP08707444.9A EP08707444A EP2125312B1 EP 2125312 B1 EP2125312 B1 EP 2125312B1 EP 08707444 A EP08707444 A EP 08707444A EP 2125312 B1 EP2125312 B1 EP 2125312B1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- spreading material
- spiked
- accordance
- bunker
- combs
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Active
Links
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 title 1
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 title 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 42
- 238000003892 spreading Methods 0.000 claims description 36
- 210000001520 comb Anatomy 0.000 claims description 23
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000011144 upstream manufacturing Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000006073 displacement reaction Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 238000000605 extraction Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 239000002023 wood Substances 0.000 description 5
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 4
- JTJMJGYZQZDUJJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N phencyclidine Chemical class C1CCCCN1C1(C=2C=CC=CC=2)CCCCC1 JTJMJGYZQZDUJJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000005056 compaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000011094 fiberboard Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000033001 locomotion Effects 0.000 description 2
- 101100491335 Caenorhabditis elegans mat-2 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010835 comparative analysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007599 discharging Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003993 interaction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012423 maintenance Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008092 positive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009827 uniform distribution Methods 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B27—WORKING OR PRESERVING WOOD OR SIMILAR MATERIAL; NAILING OR STAPLING MACHINES IN GENERAL
- B27N—MANUFACTURE BY DRY PROCESSES OF ARTICLES, WITH OR WITHOUT ORGANIC BINDING AGENTS, MADE FROM PARTICLES OR FIBRES CONSISTING OF WOOD OR OTHER LIGNOCELLULOSIC OR LIKE ORGANIC MATERIAL
- B27N3/00—Manufacture of substantially flat articles, e.g. boards, from particles or fibres
- B27N3/08—Moulding or pressing
- B27N3/10—Moulding of mats
- B27N3/14—Distributing or orienting the particles or fibres
Definitions
- the invention relates to a grit plant according to claim 1 for scattering (glued) grit on a Streuband makeuper to form grit mats for the production of wood-based panels or in the course of the production of wood-based panels with at least one grit hopper for the sprinkler to be sprinkled on the grit, which at least one having top filling opening, wherein (above) to the filling opening a chute is connected, via which the grit enters the grit hopper.
- - Wood-based panels means in the invention fiberboard, z. B. MDF (Medium Density Fiber) plates. Scattering means fibers, z. B. MDF fibers.
- Such a grit bunker is designed as a horizontal bunker, which a bottom-side dosing as well as a dosing the end-assigned discharge, z. B. Austragswalzenfront with multiple discharge rollers for discharging grit on the scatter band conveyor.
- the scatter belt conveyor is usually arranged below the grit hopper.
- such a grit bunker usually has an upper conveyor z. B. scratches, which initially conveys the grit entering the bunker in the rear of the grit hopper. This is to ensure that the grit bin works on the principle of "first in - first out". This is especially in the processing of glued grit, z. B.
- the bottom-side metering belt is also referred to as bunker bottom belt.
- the dosing belt speed With the dosing belt speed, the volumetric flow of the material to be spread out of the spreading material bunker can be adjusted.
- the filling is usually carried out via a filling device, which may have one or more cyclones and thus pneumatic feeders. These cyclones are usually end or bottom with a Provided with rotary valve. About this rotary valve, the grit is output and then fed to the chute with the interposition of various components, so that it enters the bunker.
- Grit systems of the type described above are known from practice in various embodiments. They have basically proven themselves. It is of particular importance that with the help of such a grit plant grit mats perfect quality and in particular uniform spreading material distribution are applied to the scatter belt conveyor. For this reason, it is known not to sprinkle the grit from the grit hopper directly on the scattering band, but first on a scattering head, which may be formed, for example, as Streuwalzen Identification and should ensure a uniform spreading of the grit. Moreover, it is known in this context to provide a Streugutverdichtungsierlöser between the Austragswalzenan extract the grit hopper and the scattering head or the Streuwalzenée, which has two opening rollers (see. DE 43 02 850 C2 ).
- a grit plant with horizontal bunker for producing grit mats is also known (see. DE 100 50 433 ).
- the invention has for its object to provide a grit system of the type described above, which allows the production of flawless grit mats with a simple and inexpensive construction and proper operation.
- the invention teaches in a generic grit system of the type described above, that within the chute associated with the filling opening (in the fiber stream) at least one Brake roller device is arranged, which has at least two rotationally driven brake rollers.
- the brake rollers are spaced by a predetermined amount and arranged with parallel axes, so that they do not mesh.
- the brake rollers are arranged approximately at the same die and consequently next to each other.
- the invention is based on the recognition that the quality of the grit mats generated in such a grit plant depends not only on the structure of the operation of the grit hopper, its Austragswalzenfront and in particular the scattering head, but also that the way of filling the grit hopper on an influence the distribution of the material to be spread on the Streubutbunker downstream Streuband makeuper has or may have.
- the invention has recognized that it is possible to produce high-quality spreading material mats when the spreading material does not enter the bunker unrestrained via the chute, but when a braking roller device with a plurality of rotating braking rollers is arranged above the bunker entry and consequently in the chute.
- the brake roller device has at least two brake rollers, of which one or more or all brake rollers are formed as spiked rollers with a plurality of substantially radially aligned spines.
- the spiked rollers can have a plurality of spiked combs which are fastened to a shaft and extend essentially over the width of the roller, which are arranged in pairs at a predetermined angle ⁇ relative to one another.
- Particularly suitable in terms of manufacturing technology is a preferred embodiment of the invention, in which the spiked combs are formed by individual spiked plates which, for example, can each be manufactured in one piece.
- a spiked roller or several or all spiked rollers two to ten, preferably four to eight, z. B. has six individual spiked combs, which then together form the spiked roller.
- the individual spiked combs are then on the shaft as it were "equidistant" or arranged at the same angle to each other.
- the angle between two adjacent spiked combs in each case about 60 °.
- each case two adjacent spiked combs are arranged offset in the wavelength direction by a predetermined amount (relative to the spines) with respect to one another.
- the offset between two adjacent spiked combs may preferably be approximately half the distance of the individual spines of a spiked comb. This means that two adjacent spiked combs are arranged as it were "on the gap", so that overall a particularly reliable braking effect and turbulence of the fibers is ensured.
- each individual brake roller of the brake roller device assigned a separate roller drive for example is designed as an electric motor, possibly with gear.
- the invention also encompasses embodiments in which a plurality of brake rollers or all the brake rollers are driven by a common drive, possibly with the interposition of one or more transmissions. In any case, it is within the scope of the invention that the brake rollers are driven at the same speed, for. B. synchronously.
- Streugutverteil may for example be a pendulum chute or the like, with which it is ensured that the grit is distributed by the pendulum movement of a groove or a pipe or the like over the cross section of the chute.
- pendulum chutes are basically known in this context.
- the invention has recognized that by combining such a per se known pendulum chute with the brake roller device according to the invention a particularly good filling of a bunker succeeds, which has a particularly positive effect on the quality of the produced grit mats.
- the measures according to the invention result from the uniform distribution of the material to be spread on the spreading belt conveyor for producing homogeneous spreading material mats, which in turn has an effect on the quality of the pressed fiber boards from the spreading material mats. This is especially in connection with the production of thin wood-based panels, z. As thin MDF boards of importance, since in the production of thin plates, the quality of the grit material produced is of great importance.
- a grit plant for scattering grit on a scatter belt conveyor 1 to form grit mats 2 for the production of wood-based panels is shown in fragmentary form.
- the spreading material may in particular be MDF fibers for the production of MDF boards.
- This grit plant has a grit hopper 3 for the scattered material to be sprinkled on the scatter belt conveyor 1.
- This grit hopper 3 has an upper-side filling opening 4, via which the (glued) grit is filled into the bunker 3.
- a chute 5 is connected to the top of the filling opening 4, via which the grit enters the grit hopper 3.
- the grit hopper 3 is formed as a horizontal bunker with a bottom-side dosing belt 6, which is also referred to as bunker bottom band.
- the dosing belt 6 is followed by a discharge device, which is designed as a discharge roller front 7 with a plurality of discharge rollers.
- a discharge device which is designed as a discharge roller front 7 with a plurality of discharge rollers.
- an upper conveyor is indicated, which acts as a scratch, z. B. chain scraper 8 is formed.
- the working directions of the dosing belt 6 on the one hand and the scraper 8 on the other hand are also indicated. In this respect it can be seen that the Spreading material on the chute 5 enters the area of the scraper 8 and is transported from there first to the rear of the bunker 3.
- the dosing belt 6 From there it passes via the dosing belt 6 into the region of the discharge roller front 7, which discard the spreading material from the bunker 3 onto the scatter belt conveyor 1 arranged below the bunker 3. It can be seen that the grit from the bunker does not impinge directly on the scatter belt conveyor 1, but that on the Austragswalzenfront 7 the grit first hits once on a scattering head 9, which is formed in the embodiment as Streuwalzen Identification with a plurality of scattering rollers. From there, the grit passes to form the grit mat 2 on the scatter belt conveyor 1. Typically, the scattering head 9 different mat treatment facilities are arranged downstream, z. As a Egalisiertechnik and / or a pre-press before the grit mat enters the hot press.
- Fig. 1 merely indicated that the grit enters the chute via a grit feeding device 10.
- This can have one or more cyclones with end-side rotary valves and / or other conveyors, screws or the like. Details are not shown in the figures.
- a brake roller device 11 which has two rotationally driven brake rollers 12, is arranged within the chute 5 and consequently in the fiber flow.
- the brake rollers 12 spaced by a predetermined amount M to each other with mutually parallel axes a arranged.
- Distance M of the brake rollers 12 means here in Fig. 2 indicated distance M of the "perimeters" of the brake rollers.
- Fig. 2 is indicated that the brake rollers 12 rotate in opposite directions. In that regard, it is merely an example.
- the brake rollers 12 are formed as spiked rollers, each having a plurality of spikes 13, which extend substantially in the radial direction.
- each spiked roller 12 has a plurality of spiked combs 15 fastened to the shaft 14 and extending over the entire width of the spiked roller 12.
- Fig. 6 shows, that these individual spiked combs 15 are each arranged in pairs at a predetermined angle ⁇ to each other.
- Each of these spiked combs 15 is formed as a one-piece manufactured spiked plate.
- the individual spiked plates 15 are screwed to the shaft 14 and thus releasably connected to the shaft.
- FIG. 5 A comparative analysis of the Fig. 5 and 6 shows, moreover, that each two adjacent spiked combs 15 are offset from one another.
- Staggered means offset relative to the individual spines in the longitudinal direction of the shaft.
- the offset x between two adjacent spiked plates in the exemplary embodiment is approximately half the distance y of two adjacent spines 13 of a spiked plate 15, so that the in Fig. 5 indicated arrangement "gap" results.
- each spiked roller 12 is associated with its own drive 16, which may be designed as an electric motor drive 16.
- a known pendulum chute 17 is provided, which may be formed as a movable groove or movable piece of pipe and by a pendulum motion ensures a distributed loading of the chute 5 with grit.
- the interaction of this pendulum chute 17 with the brake rollers 12 according to the invention leads to particularly good results.
- the width of the spiked rollers extends approximately over the entire width of the chute. It corresponds approximately to the width of the grit bunker.
- a brake roller 12 shown in the figures may have a width b of, for example, 2.5 to 3 m, wherein the radius r, for example, 50 to 80 cm, z. B. is 60 to 70 cm. Every single spiked plate 15 has z. B. 20 to 40, z. B. 25 to 35 spikes, a distance y of 5 to 15 cm, z. B. 8 to 10 cm may have.
- the rotational speed of one or both rolls may be 5 to 100 revolutions per minute, preferably 6 to 60 revolutions per minute, e.g. B. 30 revolutions per minute.
Landscapes
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
- Forests & Forestry (AREA)
- Dry Formation Of Fiberboard And The Like (AREA)
- Preliminary Treatment Of Fibers (AREA)
Claims (11)
- Installation de matériau à disperser pour disperser du matériau à disperser formé de fibres sur un convoyeur à bande de dispersion (1) par la formation de nattes de matériau à disperser (2) pour fabriquer des panneaux de fibres, par exemple des panneaux MDF,
comprenant au moins un réservoir de matériau à disperser (3) pour le matériau à disperser sur le convoyeur à bande de dispersion (1), qui est formé en tant que réservoir horizontal comprenant au moins un convoyeur formant doseur (6) côté fond ainsi qu'au moins un dispositif d'application (7) à l'extrémité du convoyeur formant doseur pour appliquer le matériau à disperser sur un convoyeur à bande de dispersion (1) disposé en-dessous du réservoir (3),
sachant que le réservoir de matériau à disperser présente au moins une ouverture de remplissage (4) sur le dessus, à laquelle une goulotte d'évacuation (5) est raccordée, par le biais de laquelle le matériau à disperser entre dans le réservoir de matériau à disperser (3), caractérisée en ce
qu'au moins un dispositif de rouleaux de freinage (11) est disposé à l'intérieur de la goulotte d'évacuation (5), lequel présente au moins deux rouleaux de freinage (12) entraînés en rotation,
sachant que les rouleaux de freinage (12) sont disposés écartés d'une mesure (M) ainsi qu'à sensiblement la même hauteur avec des axes parallèles (a). - Installation de matériau à disperser selon la revendication 1, caractérisée en ce qu'un ou plusieurs rouleau (x) de freinage (12) sont formés en tant que rouleaux à picots avec une pluralités de picots (13) dirigés radialement.
- Installation de matériau à disperser selon la revendication 1 ou 2, caractérisée en ce que les rouleaux à picots (12) présentent plusieurs peignes à picots (15) fixés sur un arbre (14) et s'étendant sur la largeur de l'arbre, lesquels sont agencés dans un angle α les uns par rapport aux autres.
- Installation de matériau à disperser selon la revendication 3, caractérisée en ce que les peignes à picots (15) sont conçus en tant que tôles à picots.
- Installation de matériau à disperser selon la revendication 3 ou 4, caractérisée en ce qu'un rouleau à picots ou chaque rouleau à picots présente deux à dix peignes à picots (15).
- Installation de matériau à disperser selon l'une des revendications 3 à 5, caractérisée en ce que les peignes à picots (15) voisins d'un rouleau à picots (12) sont disposés respectivement par paire avec un angle (α) identique entre eux.
- Installation de matériau à disperser selon l'une des revendications 3 à 6, caractérisée en ce que deux peignes à picots (15) voisins sont disposés décalés entre eux d'une mesure (x) dans le sens longitudinal de l'arbre.
- Installation de matériau à disperser selon la revendication 7, caractérisée en ce que le décalage (x) entre deux peignes à picots voisins fait la moitié de la distance (y) de deux picots (13) voisins d'un peigne à picots (15).
- Installation de matériau à disperser selon l'une des revendications 3 à 8, caractérisée en ce que les peignes à picots (15) sont fixés de façon séparable sur l'arbre (14).
- Installation de matériau à disperser selon l'une des revendications 1 à 9, caractérisée en ce que chaque rouleau de freinage (12) d'un dispositif de rouleaux de freinage (11) est doté respectivement de son propre entraînement (16).
- Installation de matériau à disperser selon l'une des revendications 1 à 10, caractérisée en ce qu'un dispositif de répartition du matériau à disperser en amont du dispositif de rouleaux de freinage est disposé dans la goulotte d'évacuation ou au-dessus de la goulotte d'évacuation.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE102007007952A DE102007007952B4 (de) | 2007-02-17 | 2007-02-17 | Streugutanlage |
PCT/EP2008/000755 WO2008098682A1 (fr) | 2007-02-17 | 2008-01-31 | Installation de dispersion |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP2125312A1 EP2125312A1 (fr) | 2009-12-02 |
EP2125312B1 true EP2125312B1 (fr) | 2015-03-11 |
Family
ID=39511035
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP08707444.9A Active EP2125312B1 (fr) | 2007-02-17 | 2008-01-31 | Installation de dispersion |
Country Status (6)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US8435022B2 (fr) |
EP (1) | EP2125312B1 (fr) |
CN (1) | CN101631656B (fr) |
CA (1) | CA2678058C (fr) |
DE (1) | DE102007007952B4 (fr) |
WO (1) | WO2008098682A1 (fr) |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US11518061B2 (en) | 2018-05-02 | 2022-12-06 | Xylo Technologies Ag | Method and apparatus for producing a board |
Families Citing this family (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE102007042666B3 (de) * | 2007-09-10 | 2008-09-25 | Siempelkamp Maschinen- Und Anlagenbau Gmbh & Co. Kg | Streugutanlage |
CN102862210A (zh) * | 2012-06-26 | 2013-01-09 | 上海人造板机器厂有限公司 | 一种中密度纤维板真空机械铺装机的纤维进料输送装置 |
DE102014016867B3 (de) * | 2014-11-14 | 2015-09-17 | Siempelkamp Maschinen- Und Anlagenbau Gmbh | Vorrichtung und Verfahren zur Behandlung von streufähigem Gut |
DE102015118881B4 (de) * | 2015-11-04 | 2017-07-13 | Dieffenbacher GmbH Maschinen- und Anlagenbau | Austragungswalze zum Austrag von Material, Vorrichtung mit einer Austragungswalze und ein Fertigungssystem zur Bereitstellung von Material im Zuge der Herstellung von Werkstoffplatten |
US20210170627A1 (en) | 2018-05-02 | 2021-06-10 | Xylo Technologies Ag | Method and apparatus for producing a board for production of panels, board for production of panels, method and apparatus for producing panels, and panel producible by the method |
CN113427593B (zh) * | 2021-06-28 | 2022-11-04 | 寿光市鲁丽木业股份有限公司 | 一种刨花板铺装成型预压系统 |
Family Cites Families (17)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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US2951269A (en) * | 1956-03-23 | 1960-09-06 | Columbia Engineering Company L | Felting method and apparatus |
DE1093076B (de) | 1958-02-03 | 1960-11-17 | Max Himmelheber Dipl Ing | Schuett-, Dosier- und Verteilervorrichtung fuer Holzspaene od. dgl. |
DE1230203B (de) * | 1961-02-03 | 1966-12-08 | Schenck Gmbh Carl | Vorrichtung zur kontinuierlichen Formung eines aus Holzspaenen od. dgl. auf einen bewegten Traeger (Formband od. dgl.) geschuetteten Stranges von einstellbarer Schuettbreite mittels Streuvorrichtungen |
US3252186A (en) * | 1963-01-21 | 1966-05-24 | Wood Conversion Co | Differential fiber dispersing rolls and felting therefrom |
CH536185A (de) | 1971-03-24 | 1973-04-30 | Fahrni Peter | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Herstellung von Plattenformlingen oder einzelner Schichten solcher Formlinge durch Aufstreuen von losen Teilchen |
DE2535382C3 (de) * | 1975-08-08 | 1978-10-19 | G. Siempelkamp Gmbh & Co, 4150 Krefeld | Streumaschine |
DE2619253C2 (de) | 1976-04-30 | 1980-09-18 | Bison-Werke Baehre Und Greten Gmbh & Co Kg, 3257 Springe | Verfahren zum Herstellen der Mittelschicht eines Spänevlieses o.dgl. und Streuvorrichtung zur Ausübung des Verfahrens |
US4494919A (en) * | 1982-09-20 | 1985-01-22 | Macmillan Bloedel Limited | Apparatus for laying a mat of wood strands |
DE4021939A1 (de) * | 1990-07-10 | 1992-01-16 | Siempelkamp Gmbh & Co | Streuanlage zum streuen von spanplatten-rohmaterial |
FI97112C (fi) * | 1992-08-17 | 1996-10-25 | Sunds Defibrator Loviisa Oy | Laitteisto kuitujen, erityisesti lastujen sirottelemiseksi |
DE4302850B9 (de) * | 1993-02-02 | 2004-09-30 | Siempelkamp Maschinen- Und Anlagenbau Gmbh & Co. Kg | Streumaschine zum Streuen von beleimtem Streugut zu Streugutmatten in einer Anlage zur Herstellung von Holzwerkstoffplatten |
DE4345567B4 (de) * | 1993-02-02 | 2005-03-03 | Siempelkamp Maschinen- Und Anlagenbau Gmbh & Co. Kg | Streumaschine zum Streuen von beleimtem Streugut zu Streugutmatten in einer Anlage zur Herstellung von Holzwerkstoffplatten |
DE10020890A1 (de) * | 2000-04-28 | 2001-10-31 | Dieffenbacher Schenck Panel | Vorrichtung zum Streuen von Streugut auf eine kontinuierlich bewegte Unterlage |
DE10050470A1 (de) * | 2000-10-12 | 2002-04-18 | Dieffenbacher Schenck Panel | Vertikalbunker zur Herstellung von Holzwerkstoffplatten |
DE10122971A1 (de) * | 2001-05-11 | 2002-11-14 | Siempelkamp Gmbh & Co | Streugutanlage zum Streuen von Streugut, insbesondere von Holzspänen, Holzfasern o. dgl. auf einen Streubandförderer |
DE10342903B4 (de) * | 2003-09-17 | 2006-03-09 | Siempelkamp Maschinen- Und Anlagenbau Gmbh & Co. Kg | Streugutbunker mit einer Austragsvorrichtung zum Streuen von Streugut |
US7627933B2 (en) * | 2005-12-07 | 2009-12-08 | Sellars Absorbent Materials, Inc. | Forming head with features to produce a uniform web of fibers |
-
2007
- 2007-02-17 DE DE102007007952A patent/DE102007007952B4/de active Active
-
2008
- 2008-01-31 WO PCT/EP2008/000755 patent/WO2008098682A1/fr active Application Filing
- 2008-01-31 CN CN200880005318.1A patent/CN101631656B/zh active Active
- 2008-01-31 CA CA2678058A patent/CA2678058C/fr active Active
- 2008-01-31 EP EP08707444.9A patent/EP2125312B1/fr active Active
- 2008-01-31 US US12/526,054 patent/US8435022B2/en active Active
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US11518061B2 (en) | 2018-05-02 | 2022-12-06 | Xylo Technologies Ag | Method and apparatus for producing a board |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
WO2008098682A1 (fr) | 2008-08-21 |
DE102007007952A1 (de) | 2008-08-28 |
US8435022B2 (en) | 2013-05-07 |
CA2678058C (fr) | 2016-08-23 |
EP2125312A1 (fr) | 2009-12-02 |
US20100092591A1 (en) | 2010-04-15 |
DE102007007952B4 (de) | 2008-10-16 |
CN101631656A (zh) | 2010-01-20 |
CA2678058A1 (fr) | 2008-08-21 |
CN101631656B (zh) | 2013-07-03 |
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