EP2097737A2 - Verfahren und vorrichtung zur detektion mindestens einer eigenschaft von mindestens einem objekt mit einem mikrochip - Google Patents
Verfahren und vorrichtung zur detektion mindestens einer eigenschaft von mindestens einem objekt mit einem mikrochipInfo
- Publication number
- EP2097737A2 EP2097737A2 EP07847623A EP07847623A EP2097737A2 EP 2097737 A2 EP2097737 A2 EP 2097737A2 EP 07847623 A EP07847623 A EP 07847623A EP 07847623 A EP07847623 A EP 07847623A EP 2097737 A2 EP2097737 A2 EP 2097737A2
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- microchip
- objects
- light
- fluorescent
- detection
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
Classifications
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
- G01N21/62—Systems in which the material investigated is excited whereby it emits light or causes a change in wavelength of the incident light
- G01N21/63—Systems in which the material investigated is excited whereby it emits light or causes a change in wavelength of the incident light optically excited
- G01N21/64—Fluorescence; Phosphorescence
- G01N21/645—Specially adapted constructive features of fluorimeters
- G01N21/6452—Individual samples arranged in a regular 2D-array, e.g. multiwell plates
- G01N21/6454—Individual samples arranged in a regular 2D-array, e.g. multiwell plates using an integrated detector array
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
- G01N21/62—Systems in which the material investigated is excited whereby it emits light or causes a change in wavelength of the incident light
- G01N21/63—Systems in which the material investigated is excited whereby it emits light or causes a change in wavelength of the incident light optically excited
- G01N21/64—Fluorescence; Phosphorescence
- G01N21/645—Specially adapted constructive features of fluorimeters
- G01N21/648—Specially adapted constructive features of fluorimeters using evanescent coupling or surface plasmon coupling for the excitation of fluorescence
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
- G01N21/62—Systems in which the material investigated is excited whereby it emits light or causes a change in wavelength of the incident light
- G01N21/63—Systems in which the material investigated is excited whereby it emits light or causes a change in wavelength of the incident light optically excited
- G01N21/64—Fluorescence; Phosphorescence
- G01N21/6428—Measuring fluorescence of fluorescent products of reactions or of fluorochrome labelled reactive substances, e.g. measuring quenching effects, using measuring "optrodes"
- G01N2021/6439—Measuring fluorescence of fluorescent products of reactions or of fluorochrome labelled reactive substances, e.g. measuring quenching effects, using measuring "optrodes" with indicators, stains, dyes, tags, labels, marks
- G01N2021/6441—Measuring fluorescence of fluorescent products of reactions or of fluorochrome labelled reactive substances, e.g. measuring quenching effects, using measuring "optrodes" with indicators, stains, dyes, tags, labels, marks with two or more labels
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method and a device for detecting at least one property of at least one object.
- the detection is done with a microchip.
- the microchip has at least one readable detection pixel.
- a microchip in the sense of the present invention is understood in particular to be a microchip with integrated electronic circuits for control and readout.
- a microchip could be based on CMOS technology.
- microchip or chip is usually referred to as a carrier on which arrays of reactive molecules are applied in high density and which are used for screening molecular objects or test substances.
- chip is used if such a carrier known from the prior art is meant.
- RNA, PNA, peptides or proteins in particular mixtures of these substances, is now indispensable in biological and biomedical research as well as in medical diagnostics.
- Different DNA and RNA sequences can be detected in high density a suitable carrier can be applied ("spotted") and be detected by automated read-out coupling reactions to specific partners, for example: genome arrays for the characterization of unknown genomes, cDNA arrays, Genexpressionsarrays or oligonucleotide arrays to search for single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs).
- SNPs single nucleotide polymorphisms
- oligopeptide arrays can be used to characterize antibodies or antibody mixtures, such as blood serum, to search for pharm azeutically active molecules, e.g. block viral infections, or modulate its function by specific binding to a protein.
- the microscope-based readers are distinguished by the following components and properties: a separate illumination light source, for example a temperature radiator or a gas discharge lamp with an optical filter, with which only light of a predefinable wavelength or a predefinable wavelength range is selected in order to match the excitation spectrum of the used Fluorescent markers to stimulate these fluorescence emission. It is also possible to use a laser with a suitable wavelength for exciting the fluorescent markers;
- a separate illumination light source for example a temperature radiator or a gas discharge lamp with an optical filter, with which only light of a predefinable wavelength or a predefinable wavelength range is selected in order to match the excitation spectrum of the used Fluorescent markers to stimulate these fluorescence emission. It is also possible to use a laser with a suitable wavelength for exciting the fluorescent markers;
- An illumination optical system for focusing the excitation light on the chip surface for example in the form of a microscope objective
- a support for the chip after appropriate reaction with fluorescently labeled objects or test substances • Separate detection optics with corresponding optical filters for the separation of excitation light and fluorescent light and a collecting optics for the fluorescent light;
- a photodetector preferably a fluorescence-sensitive CCD camera, for converting the electromagnetic or optical signals into electrical signals (by means of the photoelectric effect); • overall high acquisition and operating costs as well as complex handling.
- Another advantage of the described array or read-out technology is that even signals of two or even several different fluorescent dyes can be analyzed simultaneously.
- two test substances are compared within an experiment with each other, whereby reliable statements about the binding signals are possible even if the amount of applied DNA per individual spot varies from array to array.
- CGH matrix analysis labels a complex DNA mixture (eg as test substance of a tumor sample) with a green fluorescent dye and with a closely related other complex DNA mixture (eg as test substance from normal tissue of the same patient ) which has been labeled with a red fluorescent dye.
- a mixture of both labeled DNA mixtures (Test substances) gives a yellow signal whenever there are equal amounts of DNA in the tumor sample and in the normal tissue sample which compete for binding to a complementary genomic DNA sequence applied to the support.
- red or green it is only important that the corresponding genome regions are covered by the complementary DNA sequences applied to the array, but not the intensities of the individual signals themselves, which can vary greatly due to production.
- This principle of comparative binding of test substances to a molecule library can be applied to all of the test substances or objects described above (eg virus, bacterial and cell variants, defective / functional extracellular matrix, protein mixtures of closely related cells, allergens, arthritic / healthy knee capsules recovered molecules, etc.), but especially for closely related mixtures of these test substances.
- Molecular Probes in particular offers a large number of fluorescent dyes which can be coupled very simply to amino groups, OH groups and sugar molecules, so that almost all biological objects or test substances can be reacted with fluorescent dyes.
- a disadvantage of these chip technologies and readout methods consists in the relatively high equipment complexity for the external detection of the fluorescence signals on the chip.
- By geometric and optical optimization of these readout devices the common chips in shape, size and occupancy density are set. Variations in the chip design require a complete adaptation of the detection device.
- the present invention is therefore an object of the invention to provide a method and an apparatus of the type mentioned and further, with which the equipment complexity can be reduced and in particular a miniaturization of the array technology is possible.
- the inventive method of the type mentioned above solves the above problem by the features of claim 1. Thereafter, such a method is characterized in that the at least one object is specifically bound to the microchip in a spatially predetermined position or arranged or is. Illumination light is applied to the at least one object in order to detect the illumination light interacting with the at least one object or the light induced by the illumination light and emanating from the at least one object with the at least one readable detection pixel of the microchip.
- a detection pixel typically detects the light of the object that is spatially least spaced from the detection pixel.
- a detection pixel in the sense of the present invention is to be understood in particular as meaning a detection region of the microchip which is arranged at a predeterminable distance from the microchip surface or in a prescribable depth of the microchip and with which light can be detected.
- detection pixels are optical sensors, such as photogates or photodiodes, which generate an electrical signal. Their signals can be amplified and / or time-resolved measured on the same microchip during the read-out process. The measurement or the detection of the signals can be done by digital-to-analog converters or by programmable analog thresholds and discriminators. Thus, the detection pixels have electrical
- the object in principle, it is also conceivable for the object to be acted upon by an electromagnetic wave, instead of being exposed to illumination light. Accordingly, with a detection pixel then the electromagnetic wave is detected, which has interacted with the object. It is widely conceivable that a further electromagnetic wave induced by the electromagnetic wave and emanating from the at least one object is detected with the at least one readable detection pixel. This will be discussed further below.
- Suitable objects or test substances are all types of molecules which are relevant in biology, chemistry, pharmacy and medicine and which, in particular, can form a specific bond with connecting or attachment objects fixedly arranged on the microchip. These specific bonds play an important role in determining the molecular properties of the objects or test substances, but also the compound objects bound on the microchip, which are for example in the form of oligomers.
- Typical examples of such test substances are antibodies, proteins, peptides, enzymes, DNA, RNA molecules, synthetic drugs and mixtures of these substances.
- the microchip serves not only as a carrier for the object (s) to be detected and / or for the connection objects or attachment objects in question. Rather, the microchip also serves to detect the light which has interacted with the object or objects or which was induced by the illumination light on the object. If one - as described in the beginning - of a very compact
- Packing density of the objects to be detected on the microchip emanates, with the microchip acting as a carrier, the object detection of the densely arranged objects can be done simultaneously, without providing additional optical components such as detection optics and CCD cameras.
- the microchip or slide does not have to be moved relative to a detection optical system (for example with a microscope stage) in order to be completely read out.
- the detection of the light coming from the object takes place where it arises and not in a distance usual in microscopy, where the light to be detected has to pass through a multiplicity of optical components, in order finally to reach e.g. be detected by a CCD chip of a CCD camera with a comparatively low quantum efficiency.
- Detection cycles are recorded and averaged, since losses of the detection light by partial reflections on optical components such as lenses, etc. do not occur in the inventive method.
- the microchip unlike most array technologies, serves only as a "passive" carrier, which only has the task of reducing the applied voltage.
- Anchor objects to anchor molecules or objects on a substantially two-dimensional surface.
- the inventive Method can be performed and optimized, in which case the above-mentioned readout components such as detection optics and separate photodetector can be omitted.
- the inventive Method advantageously, a large number of different objects, a corresponding marking and (predetermined or known) object positioning on the microchip provided they are detected in a relatively short time and thus their information content is recorded.
- Connection objects and / or the object (s) can be arranged or applied on the microchip in a predefinable or defined position in different ways. In the following, preferred method steps will be discussed with which the connection / attachment objects or the objects can be applied to the microchip.
- connection / attachment objects or the objects could be positioned on the microchip and bound there by means of electrostatic attraction forces.
- the microchip has at least one electrode pixel.
- An electrode pixel could be in the form of a high voltage pixel or a high voltage electrode.
- a voltage can be applied, which is in a range of 30 to 100 V.
- the tension can be positive or negative.
- Such a micropixel typically has an edge length of approximately 30-100 ⁇ m.
- the microchip can thus have approximately 10,000 to 100,000 pixels / cm 2 .
- this embodiment variant may be based on a microchip which implements a field of electrode pixels whose electrical potentials can be freely programmed individually or in groups, ie can be activated or deactivated.
- microchip implements the necessary control and status registers which are orchestrated or controlled by suitable software of a host or control computer (eg a PC) become.
- a host or control computer eg a PC
- connection / attachment objects or the at least one object can be attached to the microchip such that an electric field is selectively generated with the at least one electrode pixel.
- This electric field is generally effective for the objects spatially limited.
- at least one object or at least one connection / attachment object is deposited on a surface region of the microchip associated with the electrode pixel. The prerequisite for this is that the object or the connection / connection object is electrically charged. This will be discussed in detail in the embodiments.
- An attachment is to be understood as meaning in particular a specific arrangement of an object on the microchip.
- connection objects are synthesized pixel by pixel to one (possibly more complex and / or specific) connection object.
- the connection objects thus synthesized serve for the specific attachment of the objects to be detected.
- the syntheses known from the prior art the protection groups based combinatorial (solid phase) synthesis of linear oligomers of amino acids ("Merrifield synthesis") to peptides or nucleotides to RNA (ribonucleic acid) -, or DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid ) -
- Merrifield synthesis combinatorial combinatorial (solid phase) synthesis of linear oligomers of amino acids
- RNA ribonucleic acid
- DNA deoxyribonucleic acid
- PNA peptide nucleic acid
- oligomers can also be synthesized combinatorially in a given sequence of nucleic acids, which chemically have similarities with RNA and DNA but a peptidic backbone (eg, N- (2-aminoethyl) glycine).
- a peptidic backbone eg, N- (2-aminoethyl) glycine.
- oligonucleotides or oligoribonucleotides can also be synthesized.
- These monomer carriers can be prepared in the form of microparticles with a typical diameter of 10 ⁇ m and serve as a transport unit for the monomers to the electrode pixels of the microchip.
- methods are described, with which the microparticles can be electrically charged and selectively applied to the electrode pixels of a microchip. It is advantageous to apply high voltages of the order of 30-100 V selectively to the electrode pixels. Due to the very small dimensions of the structures on the CMC 1 S microchips, very large field strengths can be achieved at these voltages, which can almost reach the breakdown voltage in air. This, in turn, is very advantageous for locating the charged microparticles with the help of the voltages applied to the individual pixels.
- EP 1 140 977 B1 describes a process for the synthesis of a carrier-bound array of oligomers.
- the above-mentioned microparticles are applied in layers to the carrier and then melted. This mobilizes the monomers so that they can couple to the carrier. Subsequently, unbound materials are washed away and the non-permanent protecting group, e.g. Fmoc (in the peptide or PNA synthesis) or trityl (in the oligonucleotide synthesis) cleaved.
- the non-permanent protecting group e.g. Fmoc (in the peptide or PNA synthesis) or trityl (in the oligonucleotide synthesis
- connection objects are attached to the microchip with location accuracy or in a predetermined position
- at least one object can be attached to the microchip at least one connection object are attached.
- an object could, for example, comprise an antibody or an antibody mixture, proteins, peptides, DNA molecules, RNA molecules, PNA molecules, sugar molecules or bacterial lipopolysaccharide.
- test substances or objects to be examined which are bound to the microchip by the method steps described above, can be specifically bound by applying the chip surface in suitable incubation media, such as aqueous buffers or possibly also with the aid of a plurality of compound objects (eg in the form of oligomers) Gas phase with the test substances / objects in close contact.
- suitable incubation media such as aqueous buffers or possibly also with the aid of a plurality of compound objects (eg in the form of oligomers) Gas phase with the test substances / objects in close contact.
- connection objects By suitable configuration and combination of the connection objects on the microchip, unknown test substances / objects or mixtures of substances can be systematically analyzed for specific molecular properties ("molecular screening"), but especially known test substances can be used to bind one or more binding objects
- molecular screening may be mentioned: genome screening or mRNA screening of unknown nucleotide sequences, DNA sequencing using oligonucleotide arrays, antibody screening in blood sera, eg in viral infections, characterization of Enzyme substrates, in particular of kinases or phosphatases, studies on protein-peptide bonds, studies on molecular interactions of therapeutic drugs with cell surfaces and peptide or protein targets
- the connection objects are then designed such that the objects to be examined can each specifically bind thereto.
- connection objects are likewise designed in such a way that the objects to be examined can each specifically bind thereto.
- the connection objects are not synthesized on the microchip. This is done in advance in a different way.
- An An- ⁇ / binding object may comprise a reactive molecule, in particular an oligomer, a peptide oligomer, a DNA oligomer or a PNA oligomer defined amino acid or nucleotide sequence.
- the at least one object is positioned on the microchip by applying a foil.
- the at least one object is hereby positioned on the film in a spatially predeterminable manner. This positioning of the at least one object on the film could be applied or fixed by the methods described above.
- the at least one object could, in an alternative embodiment, be at least partially surrounded by a means, for example a gel.
- the means is designed such that the relative position of the objects-in particular with one another and / or with respect to the microchip or with respect to the individual detection pixels of the microchip-remains substantially unchanged. The agent together with the objects can then be applied to the microchip.
- the at least one object is illuminated with illumination light of at least one predeterminable wavelength or a predefinable wavelength range.
- the lighting can be punctual or areal. Spot illumination of single or multiple objects can be done with a focused light beam. It could also be the entire microchip e.g. be illuminated with a collimated beam of light.
- the wavelength range of the illumination light can range from 280 nm to 1000 nm, in particular from UV-C to near IR.
- the microchip is generally designed such that its detection pixels are arranged at a distance from the microchip surface, for example at a depth of approximately 500 to 1000 nm. Accordingly, it is preferably provided to illuminate the objects in such a way that the illumination or excitation light is not or only slightly penetrates into the microchip. On the one hand, this could be realized by illumination by means of suitable optical components. On the other hand, by a suitable choice of the wavelength or the wavelength range of the illumination light, its penetration depth could be kept low, e.g. in the order of magnitude of 100 nm. Basically, with silicon chips, the penetration depth is shorter with light of short wavelength than with light of greater wavelength. Therefore, with entertaining UV light essentially only the
- the at least one object could be illuminated evanescently.
- This could e.g. take place with the aid of a prism, wherein the prism is arranged at a predeterminable distance relative to the microchip or to the objects.
- Illumination light could now be coupled into the prism in such a way that, owing to the total reflection taking place in the prism, an evanescent field is formed outside the prism and on the side facing the microchip or the objects. This evanescent light field illuminates the at least one object.
- the intensity of the evanescent light field decreases exponentially with the distance from the prism interface, and with proper placement of the prism relative to the microchip, detectable illumination light intensities typically penetrate less than 100 nm from the microchip surface. As a result, the illumination light does not reach the depth in which the detection pixels of the microchip are located. Accordingly, by such object illumination, the illumination light is not detected by the detection pixels.
- the fluorescent light emanating from the object can be detected by the detection pixels, since the fluorescent light emanating from the objects has a greater wavelength and / or penetrates deeper into the microchip.
- the illumination light is generated with a light source which emits continuous and / or pulsed light.
- the light source could comprise a laser, a thermal radiator or a gas discharge lamp.
- illumination optics and optionally other optical components e.g., mirrors will be provided to direct or focus the light emitted by the light source onto the microchip.
- the object is illuminated with pulsed light.
- the at least one detection pixel is read in a lighting pause.
- the illumination light passes during the illumination phase to the detection pixels, if its penetration depth is high enough.
- the signal possibly detected during the lighting phase is not taken into account. In the lighting break, however, no illumination light reaches the
- Detection pixels so that then, for example, only the luminescence light induced by the illumination light (assuming a sufficient life of the luminescent dye) can be detected by the detection pixels.
- luminescent or fluorescent labels having a luminescent or fluorescence lifetime on the order of milliseconds could be used for object labeling.
- Fluorescent light detected Thus, a distinction of the illumination light from the fluorescent light is possible.
- the temporal synchronization with the illumination system can be carried out by means of reference photosensors or detection pixels by means of suitable pulse sequences before or during the measurement, so that no external synchronization infrastructure between the
- Lighting system and the microchip is required. These reference photosensors can also be used to detect and electronically correct temporal changes in the lighting system. Also for calibration purposes - for example, the illumination intensity distribution on the microchip surface - the signals of the reference photosensors can be used.
- the object is or is marked with an absorption dye.
- the proportion of illumination light is detected which passes through the object and through the absorption dye to the respective detection pixel.
- the absorption dye may be considered after marking with the object as belonging to the object, so that under an interaction of the object with the illumination light in the sense of claim 1, an interaction with the absorption dye can be understood.
- the detection patches that are covered with absorption-labeled objects will cause no signal or only a negligible signal.
- a specific absorption detection could also be carried out such that on the microchip a layer is applied, which then changes its optical properties - eg discolored - when it comes in contact with a corresponding reactant.
- a reactant can each be specifically spatially attached to the surface of the microchip by means of the electrode pixels.
- Such a layer could, for example, palladium-tungsten, in the concrete Pd-WO 3 , have.
- Such a layer turns blue on contact with molecular hydrogen, which makes it possible to detect potentially catalytic events with the detection pixels of the microchip, since the discoloration has locally changed the absorption properties of the layer.
- the dissociative Adsorption of hydrogen leads to the reduction of WO 3 to tungsten bronzes.
- tungsten oxides of different valences (+5, +6) which have a deep blue color and whose conductivity increases by a factor of more than 106 upon contact with 1% H 2 . Therefore, such layers or films can be used in combination with the detection pixels as optical sensors, wherein the detection sensitivities may be up to 3 ppm. Based on the conductivity of tungsten bronzes, a resistive hydrogen detection can already be realized with the aid of semiconductor structures.
- the preparation of Pd-WO 3 layers can be carried out either by sol-gel method, by thermal vapor deposition or by sputtering.
- the object is specifically labeled with at least one luminescent dye and / or that the object is specifically labeled with at least one luminescent nanocrystal.
- the at least one luminescent dye is of the
- the luminescent light is detected by a detection pixel.
- the luminescent dye could comprise a fluorescent dye or a phosphorescent dye.
- the nanocrystal could be fluorescent or luminescent. In principle, all illumination and detection variants customary in fluorescence microscopy can also be used for the method according to the invention, wherein the
- the objects can be labeled with light-absorbing molecules and / or fluorescent molecules and / or fluorescent semiconductor nanocrystals directly or indirectly, ie via secondary linker molecules, such as secondary antibodies.
- the objects or test substances can displace previously bound, in particular labeled substances or modulate their optical properties. Examples include the removal of a fluorescence-labeled peptide portion by the enzymatic activity of a protease, or the displacement of a fluorescently labeled antibody by a competitive binding of the test substance, wherein the antibody may be specifically bound to the individual oligomer, or to an always same fusion portion of the different oligomers which binds with the binding of the test substance to the variable part of the Oligomers competes. This latter point would have the advantage that the test substance need not be marked separately.
- the fluorescent dyes can be dyes which have predominantly organic dyes and which can be excited in a defined wavelength range between UV-C (ultraviolet C) and IR (infrared). These dyes emit in a wavelength shifted wavelength range ("Stokes shift") compared to the wavelength of the illumination light. "Another characteristic for identifying a fluorescent dye may also be the fluorescence lifetime or fluorescence decay time of the dye molecule.” Absorbance dyes absorb some of the electromagnetic spectrum and set that energy into non-optical interactions.
- Nanocrystals are typically 10 to 100 nm in size and typically consist of the corresponding semiconductor material (e.g., CdSe) as the core and an activated and / or modified surface for attachment to molecular partners.
- Nanocrystals are characterized by the fact that, in contrast to organic dyes, they usually do not show any fading of the fluorescence. While the excitation spectrum is determined primarily by the properties of the core material of the nanocrystals, the fluorescence intensity and the Stokes shift and thus the spectrum of the fluorescence emission depend not only on the properties of the material but also on the hydrodynamic radius of the nanocrystals and their direct molecular environment.
- the hydrodynamic radius is the particle radius before attachment of binding molecules. By binding molecules, the radius may additionally change, but this has primarily no influence on the fluorescence wavelength.
- the nanocrystal has a predeterminable hydrodynamic radius and / or that the nanocrystal has a predeterminable excitation and emission spectrum, which preferably has a large Stokes shift.
- nanocrystals have a core
- the nanocrystal may comprise a core of lanthanide material, for example a eurobium compound.
- the nanocrystal may have a coating with which a - preferably specific - bonding of the nanocrystal to an object is favored.
- the fluorescent dye preferably has a predeterminable-in particular high-Stokes shift.
- Such a fluorescent dye could have lanthanide chelate.
- the fluorescent dye or the fluorescent nanocrystal preferably has a predefinable fluorescence lifetime. This could preferably be greater than or equal to 1 ms.
- the objects are specifically labeled with the fluorescent dye or the fluorescent nanocrystal. The objects can be illuminated with pulsed illumination light and in the illumination pauses the detection pixels are activated and read out.
- At least one detection pixel is provided with which the illumination light is detected directly. On the basis of the detection signal of the detection pixel, it is determined whether there is a lighting pause. Alternatively or additionally, based on the detection signal of the detection pixel - for example, for calibration - to draw conclusions about the local lighting situation, in particular the local illuminance. This has already been explained in the context of microchip reference photosensors.
- objects are at least two
- Fluorescent dyes of different excitation properties specifically labeled For a predeterminable time interval, one of the fluorescent dyes is excited to fluorescence with illumination light of a first excitation wavelength. Thereafter, the other fluorescent dye with illumination light of a second, generally different from the first different excitation wavelength to the fluorescence is excited for a further predeterminable time interval.
- the fluorescent light of the two fluorescent dyes is detected in temporal succession. Again, the illumination light may be pulsed and the fluorescent dyes may be selected such that they have a fluorescence lifetime that is large enough so that the fluorescent light in the illumination breaks is still detectable by the detection pixels.
- This method can be used in comparative genome hybridization.
- the different fluorescent dyes used must be excitable by excitation light of different wavelengths, the excitation light as described achieves only a small penetration depth into the chip.
- the emitted fluorescent light in turn should be able to penetrate relatively deeply into the chip, so that it reaches the detector units and can be detected accordingly.
- An alternative to the time-delayed detection of two different fluorescent dyes may be that the objects are specifically labeled with at least two fluorescent dyes having different emission properties.
- the two fluorescent dyes can become a predetermined wavelength due to their excitation characteristics with illumination light. Accordingly, the two fluorescent dyes with illuminating light of a predetermined wavelength can be simultaneously excited to fluoresce.
- the fluorescent light of the first fluorescent dye has an emission spectrum with a predeterminable first penetration depth into the microchip.
- the fluorescent light of the second fluorescent dye has a second emission spectrum of a predefinable second penetration depth into the microchip.
- the two Fluorescent dyes are selected such that the first penetration depth is greater than the second penetration depth.
- the detection area of the detection pixels is arranged at at least two different distances from the microchip surface in the microchip so that with the detection pixels farther from the microchip surface, the fluorescence light of the first fluorescence dye and with the detection pixels less far from the one
- Microchip surface are spaced, the fluorescent light of the second (and possibly the first) fluorescent dye are detected.
- connection object could, but does not need to integrate classical optical filters or focusing elements.
- the readout of the relevant information or of the detected photons in the field can be carried out with minimal effort.
- the physical coupling between the individual connection object and the associated photodetector involves data reduction in the detection of individual binding events.
- Each connection object can thereby be assigned a (measured) photocurrent very simply, so that time-consuming and error-prone image recognition systems or the like can be dispensed with.
- a spatial assignment of the detected signals to the detected objects can be largely ensured, which is calculated in conventional microscopic detection methods by a possibly complicated Alignement the detected signals to the known arrangement on the carrier got to.
- the at least one object could be subjected to an electromagnetic wave instead of illumination light.
- the electromagnetic wave interacting with the at least one object or a further electromagnetic wave induced by the electromagnetic wave and originating from the at least one object could then be detected with the at least one readable detection pixel of the microchip.
- the device mentioned in the introduction is characterized in that the at least one object is arranged on the microchip in a spatially predeterminable position and / or can be arranged and that the at least one object can be acted upon by illumination light, around the illuminating light interacting with the at least one object or the from the illumination light and induced by the at least one object outgoing light with the at least one readable detection pixel of the microchip to detect.
- the device according to the invention thus advantageously combines the operation of a slide on the one hand, which - as already described above - allows a very considerable density of objects in a small space.
- the device according to the invention on her arranged objects detected almost immediately or their information content to be read.
- the device according to the invention for carrying out a method according to one of claims 1 to 25 is provided.
- a person skilled in the art will largely be aware of its implementation on a device according to claim 26. Therefore, to avoid repetition, reference is made to the preceding part of the description.
- the microchip is based in one embodiment on the technology MOS (Metal Oxide Semiconductor).
- MOS Metal Oxide Semiconductor
- a microchip will be used, which is based on the CMOS technology (Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor).
- the microchip or at least part of it could be based on the Negative Conducting Channel Metal Oxide Semiconductor (NMOS) technology and / or on the PMOS (Positive Conducting Channel Metal Oxide Semiconductor) technology.
- NMOS Negative Conducting Channel Metal Oxide Semiconductor
- PMOS Platinum Conducting Channel Metal Oxide Semiconductor
- the type of microchip technology used may depend on the specific application and may depend on the choice of illuminating light, specific markers and other boundary conditions.
- the CMOS technology makes it possible to produce highly complex microchips on the surface of which can be pixel matrices consisting of a plurality of high- or low-voltage electrodes with a typical edge length of, for example, 30 ⁇ m to 100 ⁇ m, such that 10,000 to 100,000 electrode pixels / cm 2 are arranged can be.
- the pixel electrodes can be addressed individually.
- Detection pixels can be integrated or arranged in or close to these pixel electrodes and the photosignals of the detection pixels or of a pixel array consisting of detection pixels can be read out individually.
- a detection pixel comprises a photosensitive electronic unit, in particular a photodiode or a photogate.
- the quantum efficiency of a photogate is lower than that of a photodiode.
- the photogates cause less noise because there are no charges flowing through an n-p junction.
- Photogates have excellent temperature stability. Quantum efficiency is greater for photodiodes than for photogates. With short wavelength illumination light below 400 nm, the quantum efficiency of photogates is extremely low. Accordingly, photogates can be used for example for fluorescence applications, if the fluorescent dye with entertaining
- Illuminating light is excited and the fluorescence emission takes place in the boring spectral range.
- the microchip has integrated electronic circuits for controlling and / or reading out the detection pixels and / or for driving the Electrode pixels on.
- the detection pixels could be read individually or in groups.
- the programming and reading of this chip can be carried out via standard computer interfaces such as I 2 C, USB or the like, wherein in the microchip the necessary control and status registers can be implemented, which are orchestrated by suitable software of a host computer (eg a PC).
- a host computer eg a PC
- the read-out data can be temporarily stored on the chip in corresponding data memories and read out by the computer in a timely manner. If necessary, the microchip could also have further analysis units realized at the hardware level.
- microchip may have both detection and evaluation units, so that in the ideal case the microchip essentially transmits only the desired results to a control computer.
- the microchip has at least one electrode pixel.
- the electrode pixel may be in the form of a high or low voltage pixel.
- a corresponding drive means a positive or negative voltage to be applied, which is preferably infinitely adjustable.
- the microchip has at least one
- Control and / or read-out interface which is designed in particular in the form of an I 2 C (Inter-Integrated Circuit Bus) or a USB (Universal Serial Bus) interface.
- I 2 C Inter-Integrated Circuit Bus
- USB Universal Serial Bus
- a contactless readout interface is also possible, as is the case with transponders, for example.
- the microchip can be controlled and / or read by a control computer.
- the microchip could have means for amplifying and / or conditioning the signals which can be read out by a detection pixel.
- semiconductor based preamplifiers could be provided, for example, based on PMOS and / or NMOS technology.
- the microchip is wetted or filled with the objects and / or connection objects described above. These are usually given in solid form or in a solution on the microchip.
- the objects and / or the connection objects may be electrically conductive. Therefore, in a preferred embodiment for electrical isolation of the microchip is provided with a coating.
- This coating could, for example, comprise silicon nitride.
- a layer could be provided which has at least one kind of a - especially organic - polymer and / or an element of the genus of polyethylene glycols and / or a silanization layer.
- the layer preferably has a mixture of these substances.
- connection objects and / or objects can be added or chemically attached.
- the silanization or polyethylene glycol layer particularly favors the bonding of connecting objects.
- the size given to the electrode pixels of a first embodiment the size given to the electrode pixels of a first embodiment
- reactive molecules or as connecting objects in particular oligomers e.g. Peptide oligomers, DNA oligomers, PNA oligomers defined amino acid or nucleotide sequence in question.
- Objects or test substances are prepared by standard methods with fluorescent dyes and / or
- Semiconductor nanocrystals of a particular excitation and wavelength-shifted emission spectrum are labeled and placed on the microchip surface for specific binding to the reactive molecules / compound objects.
- objects come e.g. Antibodies, or antibody mixtures, DNA molecules, RNA molecules, sugar molecules (for example, from the extracellular matrix, or bacterial lipopolysaccharide) in question.
- Fluorescent dyes may be, for example, fluorescein (derivatives), cyanine (derivatives) or rhodamine (derivatives).
- Semiconductor nanocrystals can be CdSe quantum dots of defined size.
- fluorescence is excited by evanescent illumination.
- a microprism is arranged on the chip surface at a fixed predetermined distance and illuminated in total reflection. Due to the exponential decay of the evanescent field of illumination within the dimension of a wavelength, detectable intensities of the excitation light typically penetrate less than 100 nm into the surface of the microchip and can thus be differentiated from the fluorescent light of the marker molecules / semiconductor quantum dots having a higher penetration depth.
- reactive molecules or compound objects are synthesized onto the electrode pixels of given size of a pixel field or spotted by known techniques and bound to the microchip surface by suitable chemical groups.
- connecting objects could be oligomers, eg peptide oligomers, DNA oligomers, PNA oligomers of defined amino acid or nucleotide sequence.
- Objects or test substances for example antibodies or antibody mixtures, DNA molecules, RNA molecules, sugar molecules (for example from the extracellular matrix, or bacterial lipopolysaccharide) are prepared by methods according to the prior art with lanthanide chelates and / or lanthanide semiconductor nanocrystals ( - Quantendots) of defined size and added to the specific binding to the reactive molecules / compound objects on the microchip surface.
- lanthanide chelates and / or lanthanide semiconductor nanocrystals - Quantendots
- the fluorescence is excited by focused far-field illumination with illumination light in the wavelength range below 400 nm.
- the penetration depth into the microchip is less than 100 nm in this wavelength range and can be separated from the actual detection pixel by corresponding (doped) silicon layers.
- the lanthanide fluorescence chelates or semiconductor quantum dots fluoresce in a wavelength range above 600 nm, the light quantum penetrate into the photodetector of the microchip (typically 1 - 3 microns) and thus trigger a photo signal at the detection pixels.
- connection objects and objects according to the first or the second embodiment are applied to the microchip.
- fluorescence is excited by focused far-field illumination in the wavelength range below 400 nm by a pulsed light source.
- the fluorescence lifetime (decay time) of lanthanide dyes is on the order of a few milliseconds. This makes it possible to turn off the detection pixels or the photodetectors in the electrode pixels during illumination with sufficiently short illumination pulses and then to switch on the time-delayed fluorescence detection.
- connection objects according to the first or the second embodiment are applied to the microchip. Then, two different closely related test substances 1 and 2 are derivatized with respectively different fluorescent molecules 1 and 2 and mixed in equal amounts. After specific binding of the test substances to the connection objects and separation of unbound test substances (eg by washing) the fluorescence 1 is excited by focused far field illumination in the wavelength range between 300 and 400 nm by a pulsed light source and during the dark phase of the excitation light the fluorescence signals 1 by thereby in the individual detection pixels induced photocurrent 1 read out.
- connection objects and objects according to the first or the second embodiment are applied to the microchip.
- the objects or test substances are labeled with absorption dyes by prior art methods and applied to the microchip surface for specific binding to the connection objects.
- the microchip After specific binding and removal of unbound test substance (eg by washing), the microchip is illuminated by focused far-field illumination in the wavelength range above 400 nm. This makes it possible to excite the detection pixels without bound and labeled test substance to a photo signal, while no photoelectrons can be generated in the detection pixels with test substance by the absorption dye.
- FIG. 1 is a perspective view of an embodiment of a microchip which is connected to a control and read-out computer
- FIG. 2 shows the microchip from FIG. 1, on which connection objects are applied in a first method step
- Fig. 3 shows the microchip of Figure 2, on which in another step further
- FIG. 4 shows a sectional view of a microchip on which objects are arranged, which are illuminated evanescently
- FIG. 5 is a sectional view of a microchip on which objects are arranged, which are illuminated areally for fluorescence excitation
- FIG. 6 shows a sectional view of a microchip on which objects marked with an absorption dye are arranged, which are illuminated areally and
- Fig. 7 is a sectional view of a part of a microchip.
- FIG. 1 shows a microchip 1 on which objects (not shown in FIG. 1) can be applied and fixed at a respectively predetermined position.
- the microchip 1 has a region 2 in which detection pixels 3 are arranged.
- detection pixels 3 light-sensitive electronic units are provided which are in the form of photodiodes.
- the microchip 1 and in particular its region 2 is based on the CMOS technology and is therefore an electronic semiconductor device.
- the microchip 1 is specially designed for the detection of biological or chemical objects.
- the microchip 1 has - only schematically indicated - integrated electronic circuits 4 for driving or for reading the detection pixels 3 and the other elements of the microchip 1 on.
- the integrated electronic circuits 4 also serve to amplify and condition the signals generated by the detection pixels 3.
- the microchip 1 comprises a drive and readout interface 5, which is also shown schematically only in the form of line connections. On the microchip 1, so to speak, the interface is an I 2 C interface.
- the microchip 1 is connected to a control computer 6 via the external line connections 7, which controls the microchip 1 and with which the measured information or signals of the detection pixels 3 of the microchip 1 can be read out. Externally to the control computer 6, the microchip 1 is connected via a USB interface.
- each detection pixel 3 is provided in each detection pixel 3, which is not identified with its own reference number, but is arranged closer to the surface of the microchip 1 compared to the detection pixels 3. Accordingly, the detection pixels 3 are further spaced from the surface of the microchip 1.
- FIG. 2 shows the microchip 1 from FIG. 1 in a state in which a first layer of connection objects 8 is specifically applied to the microchip 1 or the region 2 and connected there.
- the connection objects 8 are shown only schematically as black squares.
- the connection objects 8 were electrostatically negatively charged and were applied to the microchip 1 from an aerosol (compared to the toner in the laser printer or according to EP 1 140 977 B1).
- a voltage was selectively applied to the corresponding electrode pixels (also denoted by reference numeral 3 in FIGS. 1 to 3), so that a positive electric field has formed, as a result of which the negatively charged connection objects 8 located in the aerosol are on the surface of area 2 of the
- Microchips 1 and thus have attached in the immediate vicinity of the electrode pixels 3. Since the microchip 1 is coated with a silicon nitride layer (not shown in the figures) for the purpose of electrical insulation with respect to the applied mixed solution, and again with a polyethylene glycol layer favoring the attachment of connecting objects 8, the connecting objects 8 can be coated on the respective surface be fixed. In FIG. 3, this method step was repeated, whereby now other connection objects 9 (shaded) were applied in the area 2 of the microchip 1. In this case, for the most part, other electrode pixels 3 were activated, so that at these locations a first layer of the connection objects 9 has deposited on the surface of the microchip 1.
- a compounding object may comprise a reactive molecule, for example an oligomer, a peptide oligomer, a DNA oligomer or a PNA oligomer of defined amino acid or nucleotide sequence.
- An object may comprise an antibody or an antibody mixture, proteins, peptides, DNA molecules, RNA molecules, PNA molecules, sugar molecules or bacterial lipopolysaccharide.
- FIG. 4 shows a part of the microchip 1 in a sectional view.
- a micro prism 12 Positioned on the microchip 1 is a micro prism 12 having a predeterminable distance D from the surface 13 of the microchip 1.
- the insulating coating and the layer denoted by the reference numeral 14, which contains the synthesized connection objects - shown by the reference numeral 15 in FIGS. 4 to 6 - and to which the objects 16 to be detected are specifically deposited It is also only schematically indicated that illumination light 17 is coupled into the prism 12 in such a way that it is totally reflected internally on the surface 18 of the micro prism 12 facing the surface 13 of the microchip 1.
- the arrows 19 indicate the evanescent light field forming on the basis of the total reflection of the illumination light 17, which propagates in the direction of the surface 13 of the microchip 1.
- the intensity of the evanescent light 19 drops exponentially with the distance from the surface 18 of the prism 12, so that the evanescent light 19 in any case illuminates the objects 16 and possibly even slightly penetrates into the microchip 1.
- the objects 16 are specifically marked with a fluorescent dye and emit fluorescent light 20 due to the excitation with the evanescent light 19.
- the fluorescent light 20 propagates in all directions, but only the arrows indicate the components detected by the detection pixels 3 become.
- the detection pixels 3 are arranged at a distance d from the surface 13 of the microchip 1.
- FIG. 5 also shows, in a sectional view, the microchip 1 from FIG. 4 on which objects 16 are also specifically attached.
- the objects 16 are illuminated with illuminating light 17 in a substantially planar manner.
- the objects 16 are specifically marked with nanocrystals not shown separately. Also in this embodiment, with the illumination light 17 having a wavelength of 280 nm, the
- Nanocrystals excited for fluorescence Since the illumination light 17 has a relatively short wavelength, its penetration into the microchip 1 is only very small, so that the illumination light 17 can not in any case reach the detection pixels 3.
- the fluorescent light of the nanocrystals has a sufficient penetration depth (greater than d), so that the fluorescent light 20 can be detected by the detection pixels 3.
- the illumination light 17 could also be focused on individual objects 16 so that they can be selectively excited.
- FIG. 6 substantially the same situation as in FIG. 5 is shown.
- some of the objects 16A shown in Figure 5 are specifically marked with an absorption dye. These are drawn darker.
- the remaining objects 16 are not marked with the absorption dye.
- the objects 16, 16A and the microchip 1 are illuminated with illumination light 17. With the arrows 20 is indicated that the
- Illumination light 17 can then propagate through the objects 16, if they are not marked with the absorption dye.
- the corresponding detection pixels 3, to which the respective arrows 20 point, can thus detect the illumination light 17.
- the illumination light 17 can not pass through the absorption dye specifically labeled objects 16A, so that the detection pixels 3 located thereunder can not detect a light signal.
- FIG. 7 shows in a sectional view a part of the microchip 1 in which also the detection pixels 3 not explicitly shown in FIG. 7 are arranged.
- a scale is shown which shows the distance Z from the surface 13 of the microchip in ⁇ m.
- 1 different areas are shown in the microchip.
- reference numeral 21 shows the PPLUS, 22 the NWELL, and 23 the PEPI region of a photodiode.
- the arrows 24 to 29 are intended to represent the penetration depths of light of different wavelengths.
- the arrow 24 represents a wavelength of approximately 260 nm, the arrow 25 a wavelength of approximately 350 nm, the arrow 26 a wavelength of approximately 480 nm, the arrow 27 a wavelength of approximately 520 nm, and the arrow 28 a Wavelength of about 620 nm and the arrow 29 has a wavelength of about 750 nm. On the scale can be read, how deep the light of the respective wavelength in the microchip into the silicon can penetrate.
- a suitable fluorescent dye can be selected with which the objects 16 are to be specifically marked that only the fluorescent light emitted by the objects (or by the fluorescent dye which is bound to the objects) can penetrate into the microchip as far as the detection pixels 3, but not the illumination or excitation light.
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- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
- Biochemistry (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
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Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE102006056949A DE102006056949B4 (de) | 2006-11-30 | 2006-11-30 | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Detektion mindestens einer Eigenschaft von mindestens einem Objekt mit einem Mikrochip |
| PCT/EP2007/063110 WO2008065201A2 (de) | 2006-11-30 | 2007-11-30 | Verfahren und vorrichtung zur detektion mindestens einer eigenschaft von mindestens einem objekt mit einem mikrochip |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP2097737A2 true EP2097737A2 (de) | 2009-09-09 |
Family
ID=39135335
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP07847623A Withdrawn EP2097737A2 (de) | 2006-11-30 | 2007-11-30 | Verfahren und vorrichtung zur detektion mindestens einer eigenschaft von mindestens einem objekt mit einem mikrochip |
Country Status (4)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US20100068825A1 (de) |
| EP (1) | EP2097737A2 (de) |
| DE (1) | DE102006056949B4 (de) |
| WO (1) | WO2008065201A2 (de) |
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| US20100287189A1 (en) * | 2009-05-05 | 2010-11-11 | Pioneer Hi-Bred International, Inc. | Acceleration of tag placement using custom hardware |
| SG11201707511UA (en) * | 2015-04-22 | 2017-10-30 | Shenzhen Genorivision Tech Co Ltd | A biosensor |
| US10359363B2 (en) * | 2015-06-30 | 2019-07-23 | Imec Vzw | Time, space digitally resolved quantification of luminescent targets |
Family Cites Families (20)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPS6010174A (ja) * | 1983-06-29 | 1985-01-19 | Fuji Photo Film Co Ltd | オ−トラジオグラフイ−による遺伝子のスクリ−ニング方法 |
| US5547839A (en) * | 1989-06-07 | 1996-08-20 | Affymax Technologies N.V. | Sequencing of surface immobilized polymers utilizing microflourescence detection |
| DK0723146T3 (da) * | 1992-09-14 | 2004-08-30 | Stanford Res Inst Int | Opkonverterende reportermolekyler til biologiske og andre assays ved anvendelse af laser-excitationsteknikker |
| US5633724A (en) * | 1995-08-29 | 1997-05-27 | Hewlett-Packard Company | Evanescent scanning of biochemical array |
| US6197503B1 (en) * | 1997-11-26 | 2001-03-06 | Ut-Battelle, Llc | Integrated circuit biochip microsystem containing lens |
| DE19808936A1 (de) * | 1998-03-03 | 1999-09-16 | Aventis Res & Tech Gmbh & Co | Photodetektor und seine Verwendung |
| EP1115424A1 (de) * | 1998-08-28 | 2001-07-18 | Febit Ferrarius Biotechnology GmbH | Verfahren und messeinrichtung zur bestimmung einer vielzahl von analyten in einer probe |
| DE19960346A1 (de) * | 1998-12-14 | 2000-10-26 | Deutsches Krebsforsch | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum Aufbringen von Substanzen auf einen Träger, insbesondere von Monomeren für die kombinatorische Synthese von Molekühlbibliotheken |
| US20010055764A1 (en) * | 1999-05-07 | 2001-12-27 | Empedocles Stephen A. | Microarray methods utilizing semiconductor nanocrystals |
| US6833920B2 (en) * | 2000-07-11 | 2004-12-21 | Maven Technologies Llc | Apparatus and method for imaging |
| DE10133844B4 (de) * | 2001-07-18 | 2006-08-17 | Micronas Gmbh | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Detektion von Analyten |
| DE10145701A1 (de) * | 2001-09-17 | 2003-04-10 | Infineon Technologies Ag | Fluoreszenz-Biosensorchip und Fluoreszenz-Biosensorchip-Anordnung |
| US7195913B2 (en) * | 2001-10-05 | 2007-03-27 | Surmodics, Inc. | Randomly ordered arrays and methods of making and using |
| DE10245432A1 (de) * | 2002-09-27 | 2004-04-08 | Micronas Gmbh | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum Detektieren mindestens eines Lumineszenz-Stoffs |
| US20040157237A1 (en) * | 2003-02-10 | 2004-08-12 | Americal Environmental Systems, Inc. | Optochemical sensing with multi-band fluorescence enhanced by surface plasmon resonance |
| EP1709443A2 (de) * | 2003-12-18 | 2006-10-11 | Procognia, Ltd. | Verfahren zur analyse eines glykomoleküls |
| DE102004015272A1 (de) * | 2004-03-29 | 2005-11-03 | Infineon Technologies Ag | Biosensor-Anordnung zum Erfassen von Biomolekülen und Verfahren zum Erfassen von Biomolekülen |
| EP1667246A1 (de) * | 2004-12-03 | 2006-06-07 | ETeCH AG | Mehrfarbenempfindliches Bauteil zur Farbbilderfassung |
| US8105768B2 (en) * | 2005-03-09 | 2012-01-31 | Abbott Laboratories | Methods of identifying patients for treatment with HER-2/neu inhibitors based on detection of HER-2/neu and TOP2A gene copy number |
| CN101203743B (zh) * | 2005-06-23 | 2011-04-06 | 皇家飞利浦电子股份有限公司 | 使用亚波长孔径或狭缝的发光传感器 |
-
2006
- 2006-11-30 DE DE102006056949A patent/DE102006056949B4/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2007
- 2007-11-30 EP EP07847623A patent/EP2097737A2/de not_active Withdrawn
- 2007-11-30 WO PCT/EP2007/063110 patent/WO2008065201A2/de not_active Ceased
- 2007-11-30 US US12/516,958 patent/US20100068825A1/en not_active Abandoned
Non-Patent Citations (1)
| Title |
|---|
| See references of WO2008065201A2 * |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| US20100068825A1 (en) | 2010-03-18 |
| WO2008065201A2 (de) | 2008-06-05 |
| DE102006056949B4 (de) | 2011-12-22 |
| WO2008065201A3 (de) | 2008-08-14 |
| DE102006056949A1 (de) | 2008-06-05 |
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