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  • C04B38/00—Porous mortars, concrete, artificial stone or ceramic ware; Preparation thereof
  • C04B38/0006—Honeycomb structures
  • C04B38/0016—Honeycomb structures assembled from subunits
  • C04B38/0019—Honeycomb structures assembled from subunits characterised by the material used for joining separate subunits
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  • C04B38/00—Porous mortars, concrete, artificial stone or ceramic ware; Preparation thereof
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01D—SEPARATION
  • B01D39/00—Filtering material for liquid or gaseous fluids
  • B01D39/14—Other self-supporting filtering material ; Other filtering material
  • B01D39/20—Other self-supporting filtering material ; Other filtering material of inorganic material, e.g. asbestos paper, metallic filtering material of non-woven wires
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  • C04B14/00—Use of inorganic materials as fillers, e.g. pigments, for mortars, concrete or artificial stone; Treatment of inorganic materials specially adapted to enhance their filling properties in mortars, concrete or artificial stone
  • C04B14/02—Granular materials, e.g. microballoons
  • C04B14/30—Oxides other than silica
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  • C04B14/00—Use of inorganic materials as fillers, e.g. pigments, for mortars, concrete or artificial stone; Treatment of inorganic materials specially adapted to enhance their filling properties in mortars, concrete or artificial stone
  • C04B14/02—Granular materials, e.g. microballoons
  • C04B14/32—Carbides; Nitrides; Borides ; Silicides
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  • C04B35/00—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products
  • C04B35/515—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on non-oxide ceramics
  • C04B35/56—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on non-oxide ceramics based on carbides or oxycarbides
  • C04B35/565—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on non-oxide ceramics based on carbides or oxycarbides based on silicon carbide
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  • C04B35/00—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products
  • C04B35/622—Forming processes; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products
  • C04B35/626—Preparing or treating the powders individually or as batches ; preparing or treating macroscopic reinforcing agents for ceramic products, e.g. fibres; mechanical aspects section B
  • C04B35/62605—Treating the starting powders individually or as mixtures
  • C04B35/62625—Wet mixtures
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  • C04B35/00—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products
  • C04B35/622—Forming processes; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products
  • C04B35/626—Preparing or treating the powders individually or as batches ; preparing or treating macroscopic reinforcing agents for ceramic products, e.g. fibres; mechanical aspects section B
  • C04B35/63—Preparing or treating the powders individually or as batches ; preparing or treating macroscopic reinforcing agents for ceramic products, e.g. fibres; mechanical aspects section B using additives specially adapted for forming the products, e.g.. binder binders
  • C04B35/632—Organic additives
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  • C04B35/626—Preparing or treating the powders individually or as batches ; preparing or treating macroscopic reinforcing agents for ceramic products, e.g. fibres; mechanical aspects section B
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  • C04B35/71—Ceramic products containing macroscopic reinforcing agents
  • C04B35/78—Ceramic products containing macroscopic reinforcing agents containing non-metallic materials
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  • C04B37/00—Joining burned ceramic articles with other burned ceramic articles or other articles by heating
  • C04B37/003—Joining burned ceramic articles with other burned ceramic articles or other articles by heating by means of an interlayer consisting of a combination of materials selected from glass, or ceramic material with metals, metal oxides or metal salts
  • C04B37/005—Joining burned ceramic articles with other burned ceramic articles or other articles by heating by means of an interlayer consisting of a combination of materials selected from glass, or ceramic material with metals, metal oxides or metal salts consisting of glass or ceramic material
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01D—SEPARATION
  • B01D2279/00—Filters adapted for separating dispersed particles from gases or vapours specially modified for specific uses
  • B01D2279/30—Filters adapted for separating dispersed particles from gases or vapours specially modified for specific uses for treatment of exhaust gases from IC Engines
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  • C04B2111/00—Mortars, concrete or artificial stone or mixtures to prepare them, characterised by specific function, property or use
  • C04B2111/00474—Uses not provided for elsewhere in C04B2111/00
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  • C04B2235/32—Metal oxides, mixed metal oxides, or oxide-forming salts thereof, e.g. carbonates, nitrates, (oxy)hydroxides, chlorides
  • C04B2235/3205—Alkaline earth oxides or oxide forming salts thereof, e.g. beryllium oxide
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  • C04B2235/32—Metal oxides, mixed metal oxides, or oxide-forming salts thereof, e.g. carbonates, nitrates, (oxy)hydroxides, chlorides
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  • C04B2237/083—Carbide interlayers, e.g. silicon carbide interlayers

Definitions

• the invention relates to a cement, in particular a grouting cement for joining a plurality of filtering blocks of a filtering body, provided in particular for the filtration of exhaust gas particles of an internal combustion engine. a motor vehicle, and in particular a cement intended to form a peripheral coating of the lateral surface of such a filter body.
• the invention also relates to a filter body comprising a plurality of filter blocks secured by means of a seal interposed between said filter blocks and shaped so as to oppose the passage of said exhaust gases between said filter blocks, in which the seal is obtained from a cement or a mortar according to the invention.
• a particle filter 1 is shown in FIG. 1 in cross-section along the section plane B-B shown in FIG. 2, and in FIG. 2 in longitudinal section along the sectional plane A-A shown in FIG.
• the particulate filter 1 conventionally comprises at least one filter body 3, of length L, inserted into a metal casing 5.
• the filter body 3 may be monolithic. To improve its thermomechanical resistance, in particular during the regeneration phases, however, it has proved advantageous that it results from the assembly and machining of a plurality of blocks 1 1, referenced 1 1 a-1 1 i.
• a ceramic material cordierite, silicon carbide, etc.
• the extruded porous structure conventionally has the shape of a rectangular parallelepiped extending between two upstream faces 12 and downstream 13 substantially square on which open a plurality of channels 14 adjacent, rectilinear, and parallel.
• the extruded porous structures are alternately plugged on the upstream face 12 or on the downstream face 13 by upstream and downstream 15s plugs
• the inlet 14e and exit 14s channels thus define interior spaces 20e and 20s delimited by a side wall 22e and 22s, a closure cap 15e and 15s, and an opening 19s or 19e opening outwards, respectively .
• Two input channels 14e and 14s adjacent output are in fluid communication by the common part of their side walls 22e and 22s.
• the blocks 11a-1 1i are assembled together by bonding by means of seals 27 ceramic cement generally made of silica and / or silicon carbide and / or aluminum nitride.
• the assembly thus formed can then be machined to take, for example, a round section.
• a peripheral coating 27 ' also called “coating” is also applied so as to cover substantially the entire lateral surface of the filter body. This results in a cylindrical filter body 3 of longitudinal axis CC, which can be inserted into the casing 5, an exhaust gas-tight peripheral seal 28 being arranged between the outer filter blocks 11a-11h, or, where appropriate, the coating 27 ', and the casing 5.
• the flow F of the exhaust gases enters the filter body 3 through the openings 19e of the inlet channels 14e, passes through the filtering side walls of these channels to join the channels exit 14s, then escapes to the outside through the openings 19s.
• the particles, or "soot”, accumulated in the channels of the filter body 3 increase the pressure drop due to the filter body 3 and thus impair the performance of the engine. For this reason, the filter body must be regenerated regularly, for example every 500 kilometers. Regeneration, or "declogging”, consists of oxidizing the soot. To do this, it is necessary to heat them to a temperature that allows them to ignite.
• thermomechanical stresses which may be origin of cracks in the joints and / or in the filter blocks 11 a-1 1 i, decreasing the service life of the particulate filter 1.
• jointing cements comprising between 30 and 60% by weight of silicon carbide are known.
• Silicon carbide has a high thermal conductivity advantageously to homogenize the heat transfer. Silicon carbide, however, has a relatively high coefficient of expansion.
• the silicon carbide content of these grouting cements must therefore be limited to ensure thermomechanical resistance suitable for application to particulate filters. It is known, for example from EP 0 816 065, that the incorporation of ceramic fibers into the assembly cement makes it possible to increase the elasticity of the seal, and therefore the thermomechanical resistance of the assembled filter body.
• the silicon carbide content of the cement is between 3 and 80% by weight. The presence of ceramic fibers, however, represents a potential risk in terms of hygiene and safety and makes it more difficult to recycle the filter body.
• biosoluble fibers may limit this risk.
• the effect of the latter on the properties of resistance to thermomechanical stresses, particularly at high temperature, is however low.
• the incorporation of fibers, in particular with a reduced presence of shot (particles of weakened), is particularly expensive.
• Cements not containing ceramic fibers and having high levels of silicon carbide are known, especially for grouting filter bodies. These cements are typically based on powder or grains of silicon carbide, a ceramic lime aluminate binder for cold setting and a ceramic binder phase at high temperature. These cements, however, have a refractor lower hot due to the presence of aluminate lime, which weakens the seal during extreme stress, especially during a complete regeneration.
• the object of the present invention is to satisfy this need. According to the invention, this object is achieved by means of a cement intended in particular for joining a plurality of filter blocks of a filter body intended for the filtration of exhaust gas particles of an internal combustion engine. of a motor vehicle, or to serve as a peripheral coating for such a filter body, said cement comprising, in percentages by weight relative to the total mass of the mineral material (including silicon carbide), excluding any water and an optional mineral resin,
• SiC silicon carbide
• hollow spheres at least 3%, preferably at least 5%, and preferably less than 55%, more preferably less than 30%, hollow spheres, at least 80% by number of said hollow spheres having a size between and 150 ⁇ m.
• the hollow spheres are inorganic and, preferably, comprise in percentages by weight and for a total of at least 99%, between 20 and 99% of silica (SiO 2 ) and between 1 and 80% of alumina (AI 2 O 3 ),
• the seal or the peripheral coating obtained by heat treatment of the ceramic cement according to the invention thus has a remarkable thermal fatigue resistance, even in the absence of ceramic fibers and / or with a high silicon carbide.
• the cement according to the invention has an improved resistance to oxidation.
• the cement according to the invention also comprises one or more of the following optional characteristics:
• the silicon carbide is present in the form of particles whose median size is less than 200 ⁇ m, preferably less than 100 ⁇ m.
• the silicon carbide improves the chemical resistance, especially with respect to the environment of the filter, the thermal conductivity and the hot stiffness of the joint.
• the cement comprises, in percentages by weight relative to the mass of the mineral material, excluding any water and an optional mineral resin, at least 0.05%, preferably at least 0.1%, more preferably at least minus 0.2%, and / or less than 5% of a thermosetting resin, optionally with a suitable catalyst.
• thermosetting resin improves the mechanical strength of the seal or the peripheral coating, especially cold, which advantageously also allows to limit the content of hydraulic binder based on lime.
• the longevity of the seal or the peripheral coating in their applications to Filter blocks is therefore increased.
• This improvement in mechanical strength also makes it possible to dispense with the presence of ceramic fibers and / or to increase the silicon carbide content.
• thermosetting resin is chosen from epoxy, silicone, polyimide, phenolic and polyester resins.
• the cement does not contain ceramic fibers.
• the cement comprises between 0.1 and 2%, preferably less than 0.5% by weight of a dispersant, in percentages by weight relative to the mass of the mineral material, excluding any water and a mineral resin possible.
• Said silicon carbide content is greater than 60%, in percentage by weight relative to the mass of the mineral material, except for possible water and an optional mineral resin.
• Silicon carbide, alumina and silica represent at least 80%, preferably at least 95% by weight relative to the weight of the mineral material, with the exception of possible water and an optional mineral resin.
• the cement has a lime content (CaO) of less than 0.5% in weight percentage relative to the mass of the mineral material, except for any water and an optional mineral resin.
• this low lime content does not affect the properties of the cement.
• the cement has an alumina content, preferably calcined, of between 5 and 25%, preferably between 10 and 25%, and / or a silica content, preferably in the form of silica fume, between 1 and and 15%, preferably between 3 and 10%, in percentages by weight relative to the mass of the mineral material, except for possible water and an optional mineral resin.
• the composition of the cement excluding hollow spheres, comprises a content of silicon carbide (SiC) of between 30 and 90%, and / or an alumina content (Al 2 O 3 ) of between 1 and 50%, and / or a silica (SiO 2 ) content of between 1 and 50%, in percentages by weight relative to the mass of the mineral material, excluding any water and an optional mineral resin.
• the invention also relates to a moistened cement, or "mortar", resulting from the moistening of a dry cement according to the invention.
• the mortar has a water content of less than 40% and / or at least 10%, preferably at least 15%, in percentages by weight relative to the mineral mass, with the exception of water and an optional mineral resin.
• the invention also relates to a filter body, in particular for an exhaust gas particle filter of an internal combustion engine of a motor vehicle, comprising a plurality of filter blocks secured by means of at least one seal interposed between said filter blocks and shaped so as to oppose the passage of said exhaust gases between said filter blocks.
• This filter body is remarkable in that the seal is obtained by heat treatment from a cement according to the invention.
• the invention finally relates to a filter body, in particular for an exhaust gas particle filter of an internal combustion engine of a motor vehicle, in one piece or having a plurality of filter blocks secured by means of at least one seal interposed between said filter blocks, comprising a peripheral coating obtained by heat treatment from a cement according to the invention.
• cement is meant a composition “moldable” wet or formed by a dry particulate mixture capable of caking after activation.
• Cement is said to be “activated” when it is in a process of caking.
• the activated state conventionally results from humidification of the cement with water.
• a “wet cement” or “mortar” is then obtained.
• Caking (curing) of the mortar may result from drying or, for example, curing of the resin.
• the "hardened mortar” can then undergo temperature rises, especially during heat treatment, which lead to complete evaporation of the water.
• Sphere means a particle having a sphericity, that is to say a ratio between its smallest diameter and its largest diameter, greater than or equal to 0.75, regardless of the manner in which this sphericity was obtained.
• the spheres used according to the invention preferably have a sphericity greater than or equal to 0.8, preferably greater than or equal to 0.9.
• a sphere is called “hollow” when it has a central cavity, closed or open on the outside, the volume of which represents at least 50% of the overall external volume of the hollow spherical particle.
• the size of a sphere or particle is called its largest dimension.
• thermosetting resin is meant a polymer convertible into an infusible and insoluble material after heat treatment (heat, radiation) or physicochemical (catalysis, hardener).
• heat treatment heat, radiation
• physicochemical catalysis, hardener
• fiber forms elongated structures, typically of diameter from 0.1 to 2 ⁇ m and length up to about 1000 ⁇ m.
• Percentages are expressed by weight relative to the total mass of the mineral material (including silicon carbide), except for any water and an optional mineral resin. In practice, the percentages are thus expressed taking into account only the basic mineral raw materials of the dry mixture, without taking into account the mineral additions, in particular the possible mineral resins and water. These basic raw materials are in particular silicon carbide, mineral fibers, silica, calcium aluminate, hollow spheres, alumina, as indicated in the upper part of Table 1 below.
• the preparation of a cement according to the invention is carried out according to the conventional methods of manufacturing the cements.
• the particulates are conventionally mixed until a homogeneous mixture is obtained. They can include all the raw materials conventionally used to manufacture cements for refractory ceramic joints to assemble filter blocks.
• the silicon carbide, the alumina and the silica represent at least 80%, preferably at least 95% of the total mass of the cement.
• the composition of the cement excluding the hollow spheres, comprises between 30 and 90% of silicon carbide, between 1 and 50% of alumina and between 1 and 50% of silica, in percentages by weight relative to the mass. of the mineral matter, except for any water and an optional mineral resin and for a total of preferably about
• the cement comprises, the percentages being expressed by weight relative to the mass of the mineral material (including silicon carbide), apart from the possible water and a possible mineral resin,
• SiC silicon carbide
• hollow spheres containing, in percentages by weight and for a total of at least 99%, between 20 and 99% of silica (SiO 2 ) and between 1 and 80% alumina (Al 2 O 3 ), at least 80% by number of said hollow spheres having a size between 5 and 150 microns.
• the walls of a sphere are preferably solid or weakly porous, that is to say have a density greater than 90% of the theoretical density.
• the hollow spheres are spheres obtained by melting or combustion of raw materials, for example fly ash from metallurgical processes, generally followed by a condensation step.
• Hollow spheres are, for example, those marketed by Envirospheres under the name "e-spheres", which have a typical chemical composition of 60% SiO 2 and 40% Al 2 O 3 . They are conventionally used to improve the rheology of paints or concretes of civil engineering, or to constitute a mineral charge in order to reduce the cost of plastic products.
• a ratio R of between 0.6 and 1.9 appears particularly appropriate in targeted applications. Such a ratio indeed improves the oxidation resistance while ensuring satisfactory compaction and porosity.
• the median size of the hollow spheres is preferably greater than 80 ⁇ m, preferably greater than 100 ⁇ m and / or less than 160 ⁇ m, more preferably less than 140 ⁇ m.
• the median size of the hollow spheres is more preferably about 120 ⁇ m.
• the hollow spheres may be divided into the following two fractions, for a total of 100% by weight:
• a fraction representing 70% by mass of the hollow spheres having a median size greater than 1 10 ⁇ m, preferably greater than 120 ⁇ m, and / or less than 150 ⁇ m, preferably less than 140 ⁇ m, preferably about 130 ⁇ m; ⁇ m, and
• a fraction representing 30% by mass of the hollow spheres having a median size greater than 35 ⁇ m, preferably greater than 40 ⁇ m, and / or less than 55 ⁇ m, preferably less than 50 ⁇ m, preferably of approximately 45 ⁇ m .
• the median size of the silicon carbide particles is greater than 20 ⁇ m, preferably greater than 45 ⁇ m, more preferably greater than 60 ⁇ m and / or less than 150 ⁇ m, preferably less than 120 ⁇ m, preferably still less than 100 ⁇ m.
• a thermosetting resin is incorporated as a powder during this cement manufacturing step.
• thermosetting resins used according to the invention are chosen to harden under predetermined conditions and then not to melt during the use or regeneration of the filter body. They thus improve the resistance of the seal to thermomechanical stresses throughout the life of the filter body.
• the resin may be advantageous for the resin to cure at room temperature, for example following the addition of a catalyst, at the drying temperature or at the temperature of the heat treatment.
• the thermosetting resin also has a sticky character before curing. It thus facilitates the setting up of the cement and its maintenance in shape before the heat treatment. It should preferably have a viscosity of less than 50 Pa.s for a shear rate of 12s- 1 measured at the Haake VT550 viscometer, and should preferably be water soluble in the ambient.
• thermosetting resin may be present in the cement according to the invention in powder form or in the mortar according to the invention in liquid form, the powdery form being preferred.
• the cement comprises more than 60% of silicon carbide, in percentage by weight relative to the mass of the mineral material, except for water possible and an optional mineral resin.
• the thermosetting resin advantageously makes it possible to increase the content of silicon carbide to levels greater than 60% while maintaining a satisfactory thermomechanical resistance. The extraction of precious metals during the recycling of the filter body is thus facilitated. The reuse of silicon carbide is also simplified.
• the cement does not contain ceramic fibers.
• thermosetting resin in the cement according to the invention advantageously makes it possible to limit the content of ceramic binder for cold setting.
• the heat-treated cement may thus have a CaO content of less than 0.5% by weight percentage. The loss caused by CaO is thus advantageously limited.
• the cement according to the invention does not comprise CaO.
• the cement also comprises between 0.1 and 0.5% by weight of a dispersant, in percentage by weight relative to the total mass of the cement.
• the dispersant may for example be chosen from alkali metal polyphosphates or methacrylate derivatives. All known dispersants are conceivable, pure ionic (for example HMPNa), pure steric, for example of the sodium polymethacrylate or combined type. The addition of a dispersant makes it possible to better distribute the fine particles, of size less than 50 ⁇ m, and thus promotes the mechanical strength of the seal.
• the dispersant or "deflocculant”
• the cement is incorporated into the cement in powder form.
• the cement according to the invention may also comprise one or more shaping or sintering additives conventionally used, in proportions well known to those skilled in the art.
• shaping or sintering additives conventionally used, in proportions well known to those skilled in the art.
• usable additives mention may be made, without limitation:
• organic temporary binders such as resins, derivatives of cellulose or lignin, such as carboxymethylcellulose, dextrin, polyvinyl alcohols etc. chemical setting agents, such as phosphoric acid, aluminum monophosphate, etc. ;
• sintering promoters such as titanium dioxide or magnesium hydroxide
• the shaping or sintering additives are incorporated in variable proportions, but small enough not to substantially modify the mass proportions of the various constituents characterizing the cement or the mortar according to the invention.
• the mixture obtained constitutes a deactivated cement according to the invention and can be packaged and marketed. Preferably this mixture contains at least a portion of the various powder additives required. A portion of these may, however, be added at a later stage of preparation of the mortar.
• water is conventionally added to the particulate mixture.
• the resin is dissolved in water to decrease its viscosity and then this mixture is added to the particulate mixture.
• a resin catalyst may also be added during this step to accelerate caking of the resin.
• Catalysing agents for example furfuryl alcohol or urea, are suitable for each type of resin and are well known to those skilled in the art.
• the wet mixture is then kneaded until a substantially homogeneous pasty mortar is obtained.
• the addition of water causes the activation of the cement according to the invention, that is to say, begins its caking process.
• the mortar obtained can then be interposed between the filter blocks of a filter body or at the periphery of a filter body.
• the mortar is dried at a temperature of preferably between 100 and 200 ° C., preferably under air or humidity-controlled atmosphere, preferably so that the residual moisture remains between 0 and 20%.
• the drying time is between 15 minutes and 24 hours depending on the size of the joint.
• the dried mortar can then be thermally hardened.
• the heat treatment leads to the consolidation of the mortar. It consists conventionally in baking, preferably in an oxidizing atmosphere, preferably at atmospheric pressure, at a temperature of between 400 and 1200 ° C. so as to form a sufficiently strong seal.
• the heat treatment operation is well known to those skilled in the art. It is usually accompanied by a decrease in porosity and dimensional shrinkage.
• the duration of the cooking generally between 1 and 20 hours of cold cold, varies depending on the materials but also the size and shape of the refractory joints to be manufactured.
• the curing of the optional resin may be carried out at ambient temperature, preferably at the drying temperature, at the heat treatment temperature or may require irradiation, for example with ultraviolet radiation, or additional heating.
• the cement according to the invention has proved not only suitable for the joining of filtering units of a filtering body intended for filtering the exhaust gases of an internal combustion engine of a motor vehicle, but also for forming the peripheral coating or "coating" conventionally arranged on the peripheral lateral surface of the filter bodies.
• the invention thus also relates to the use of a cement according to the invention for constituting the lateral peripheral coating of a filter body, whether it is one-piece, that is to say unassembled, or on the contrary constituted by assembling a plurality of filter blocks.
• the invention particularly relates to a filter body comprising a plurality of filter blocks secured by means of a seal obtained from a cement according to the invention and whose lateral peripheral surface is covered by a coating obtained from the same cement .
• the preparation of the mortars tested is carried out in a non-intensive planetary type mixer according to a conventional procedure comprising:
• References 1, 2 and 3 relate to cements according to the prior art.
• Reference 2 corresponds to a fibrous cement according to Example 1 of EP 0 816 065.
• Examples 1 to 4 are cements according to the invention.
• the samples of the mortars described in Table 1 were dried at 120 ° C. for 12 hours and then heat-treated at 800 ° C. under air (2-hour pay). The open porosity was then measured according to SO5017L
• the chemical analyzes were carried out on samples of cement dried at 120 ° C. and reduced to powder, which was precalcified under air at 75 ° C. for about 0.5 hour, according to the well-known chemical preparation practice known to man. art.
• the SiC content was more particularly measured by LECO.
• the upper part of Table 1 provides the composition of the basic raw materials of the dry mixture of different cements tested, in percentages by mass. The "additions”, and in particular the contents of the water added to inactivate these cements and resin, are expressed in percentages relative to the total mass of said raw materials.

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