EP2026508B1 - Mehrfachzugriffsystem für ein Kommunikationsnetzwerk - Google Patents

Mehrfachzugriffsystem für ein Kommunikationsnetzwerk Download PDF

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Publication number
EP2026508B1
EP2026508B1 EP08164713.3A EP08164713A EP2026508B1 EP 2026508 B1 EP2026508 B1 EP 2026508B1 EP 08164713 A EP08164713 A EP 08164713A EP 2026508 B1 EP2026508 B1 EP 2026508B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
head end
outstation
joining
outstations
message
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EP08164713.3A
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English (en)
French (fr)
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EP2026508A1 (de
Inventor
Brian Unitt
Michael Grant
Christopher Tate
Andrew Wallace
Glen Algie
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Rockstar Consortium US LP
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Nortel Networks Ltd
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Priority to EP10181215A priority Critical patent/EP2288176A3/de
Priority to EP10181224A priority patent/EP2290999B1/de
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Publication of EP2026508B1 publication Critical patent/EP2026508B1/de
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L12/00—Data switching networks
    • H04L12/28—Data switching networks characterised by path configuration, e.g. LAN [Local Area Networks] or WAN [Wide Area Networks]
    • H04L12/2854—Wide area networks, e.g. public data networks
    • H04L12/2856—Access arrangements, e.g. Internet access
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04B—TRANSMISSION
    • H04B10/00—Transmission systems employing electromagnetic waves other than radio-waves, e.g. infrared, visible or ultraviolet light, or employing corpuscular radiation, e.g. quantum communication
    • H04B10/27—Arrangements for networking
    • H04B10/272—Star-type networks or tree-type networks
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04J—MULTIPLEX COMMUNICATION
    • H04J14/00—Optical multiplex systems
    • H04J14/02—Wavelength-division multiplex systems
    • H04J14/0227—Operation, administration, maintenance or provisioning [OAMP] of WDM networks, e.g. media access, routing or wavelength allocation
    • H04J14/0241—Wavelength allocation for communications one-to-one, e.g. unicasting wavelengths
    • H04J14/0242—Wavelength allocation for communications one-to-one, e.g. unicasting wavelengths in WDM-PON
    • H04J14/0245—Wavelength allocation for communications one-to-one, e.g. unicasting wavelengths in WDM-PON for downstream transmission, e.g. optical line terminal [OLT] to ONU
    • H04J14/0247—Sharing one wavelength for at least a group of ONUs
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04J—MULTIPLEX COMMUNICATION
    • H04J14/00—Optical multiplex systems
    • H04J14/02—Wavelength-division multiplex systems
    • H04J14/0227—Operation, administration, maintenance or provisioning [OAMP] of WDM networks, e.g. media access, routing or wavelength allocation
    • H04J14/0241—Wavelength allocation for communications one-to-one, e.g. unicasting wavelengths
    • H04J14/0242—Wavelength allocation for communications one-to-one, e.g. unicasting wavelengths in WDM-PON
    • H04J14/0249—Wavelength allocation for communications one-to-one, e.g. unicasting wavelengths in WDM-PON for upstream transmission, e.g. ONU-to-OLT or ONU-to-ONU
    • H04J14/0252—Sharing one wavelength for at least a group of ONUs, e.g. for transmissions from-ONU-to-OLT or from-ONU-to-ONU
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L12/00—Data switching networks
    • H04L12/28—Data switching networks characterised by path configuration, e.g. LAN [Local Area Networks] or WAN [Wide Area Networks]
    • H04L12/2854—Wide area networks, e.g. public data networks
    • H04L12/2856—Access arrangements, e.g. Internet access
    • H04L12/2858—Access network architectures
    • H04L12/2861—Point-to-multipoint connection from the data network to the subscribers
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L12/00—Data switching networks
    • H04L12/28—Data switching networks characterised by path configuration, e.g. LAN [Local Area Networks] or WAN [Wide Area Networks]
    • H04L12/2854—Wide area networks, e.g. public data networks
    • H04L12/2856—Access arrangements, e.g. Internet access
    • H04L12/2869—Operational details of access network equipments
    • H04L12/2878—Access multiplexer, e.g. DSLAM
    • H04L12/2879—Access multiplexer, e.g. DSLAM characterised by the network type on the uplink side, i.e. towards the service provider network
    • H04L12/2881—IP/Ethernet DSLAM
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L12/00—Data switching networks
    • H04L12/28—Data switching networks characterised by path configuration, e.g. LAN [Local Area Networks] or WAN [Wide Area Networks]
    • H04L12/2854—Wide area networks, e.g. public data networks
    • H04L12/2856—Access arrangements, e.g. Internet access
    • H04L12/2869—Operational details of access network equipments
    • H04L12/2878—Access multiplexer, e.g. DSLAM
    • H04L12/2879—Access multiplexer, e.g. DSLAM characterised by the network type on the uplink side, i.e. towards the service provider network
    • H04L12/2885—Arrangements interfacing with optical systems
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04Q—SELECTING
    • H04Q11/00—Selecting arrangements for multiplex systems
    • H04Q11/0001—Selecting arrangements for multiplex systems using optical switching
    • H04Q11/0062—Network aspects
    • H04Q11/0066—Provisions for optical burst or packet networks
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04Q—SELECTING
    • H04Q11/00—Selecting arrangements for multiplex systems
    • H04Q11/0001—Selecting arrangements for multiplex systems using optical switching
    • H04Q11/0062—Network aspects
    • H04Q11/0067—Provisions for optical access or distribution networks, e.g. Gigabit Ethernet Passive Optical Network (GE-PON), ATM-based Passive Optical Network (A-PON), PON-Ring
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04J—MULTIPLEX COMMUNICATION
    • H04J14/00—Optical multiplex systems
    • H04J14/02—Wavelength-division multiplex systems
    • H04J14/0226—Fixed carrier allocation, e.g. according to service
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L69/00—Network arrangements, protocols or services independent of the application payload and not provided for in the other groups of this subclass
    • H04L69/30—Definitions, standards or architectural aspects of layered protocol stacks
    • H04L69/32—Architecture of open systems interconnection [OSI] 7-layer type protocol stacks, e.g. the interfaces between the data link level and the physical level
    • H04L69/322—Intralayer communication protocols among peer entities or protocol data unit [PDU] definitions
    • H04L69/324—Intralayer communication protocols among peer entities or protocol data unit [PDU] definitions in the data link layer [OSI layer 2], e.g. HDLC
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04Q—SELECTING
    • H04Q11/00—Selecting arrangements for multiplex systems
    • H04Q11/0001—Selecting arrangements for multiplex systems using optical switching
    • H04Q11/0062—Network aspects
    • H04Q11/0071—Provisions for the electrical-optical layer interface
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04Q—SELECTING
    • H04Q11/00—Selecting arrangements for multiplex systems
    • H04Q11/0001—Selecting arrangements for multiplex systems using optical switching
    • H04Q11/0062—Network aspects
    • H04Q2011/0064—Arbitration, scheduling or medium access control aspects

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to access networks and to methods of carrying traffic over such networks.
  • a head end or central office which is typically located at the network operator's local point of presence, is connected to a number of outstations via a fibre network.
  • a single fibre connection links the head end to a passive optical splitter which divides the optical power equally between a number of fibres, each of which terminates at an outstation.
  • Signals sent downstream from the head end arrive at a reduced power level at all outstations.
  • Each outstation converts the optical signal to an electrical signal and decodes the information.
  • the information includes addressing information which identifies which components of the information flow are intended for a particular outstation.
  • each outstation is allocated a time interval during which it is permitted to impress an optical signal on the upstream fibre.
  • the fibres from all outstations are combined at the optical splitter and pass over the common fibre link to the head end. Signals sourced from any outstation propagate only to the head end.
  • the upstream network may use separate fibre links and splitter, or may use the same network as the downstream direction but using a different optical wavelength.
  • FSAN Full Service Access Network
  • the propagation delay of the optical paths between the head end and each outstation will differ.
  • the protocol must allow for this, either by creating a guard band between transmission opportunities for different outstations, or by causing each outstation to build out the optical path delay to a common value by adding delay in the electrical domain. This latter approach has been adopted by FSAN.
  • FSAN is a relatively complex protocol, requiring large scale integrated circuit technology in a practical system.
  • integrated circuits are specialised for the PON application and are therefore costly because of the relatively small volumes used.
  • a further disadvantage of the FSAN protocol is that it employs asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) transport of traffic. Most, if not all, of this traffic will be internet Protocol (IP) packet traffic. These IP packets are of variable length, and can be as long as about 1500 bytes. Adaptation of this packet traffic into fixed length ATM cells requires the provision of interfaces for segmentation and subsequent reassembly of the IP packets. This requirement adds further to the cost and complexity of the installed system.
  • ATM internet Protocol
  • wireless access networks for example Fixed Wireless Access and Cellular Access
  • wireline access networks For example Fixed Wireless Access and Cellular Access
  • bandwidth in wireless systems may be considerably less than that of optical fibre access networks
  • Such networks therefore share with optical networks the problems associated with differing path lengths between head-end and each outstation and of sharing a common upstream medium.
  • EP 0714684 A1 A complete multi-user game playing environment is described in European Patent Application Publication Number EP 0714684 A1 .
  • the environment provides game playing services to cable television subscribers over existing cable networks.
  • a passive optical network comprising a head end connected over passive optical communications links to a plurality of outstations, in which the head end marshals upstream communication from the outstations, a method of co-ordinating the joining of one of said outstations to the network, wherein the method is characterised by comprising the following steps: the head end sending to each of said plurality outstations a message indicating the start of a time slot during which any of outstations may transmit a joining message to the head end; and in response, said joining outstation sending a joining message to the head end containing its network address, thereby allowing the head end to direct future messages to said joining outstation to effect marshalling of upstream communications from said joining outstation, wherein said joining outstation (512a) delays sending said joining message to the head end (511) for a random period after the start of the time slot.
  • Embodiments may provide a head end of a passive optical network, the head end, in use, being connected over passive optical communications links to a plurality of outstations, and being arranged, in use, to co-ordinate the joining of one of said outstations to the network and characterised by being adapted to send to each of said plurality outstations a message indicating the start of a time slot during which any of said outstations may transmit a joining message to the head end and to register a network address of a joining outstation in response receiving a joining message from said joining outstation, thereby allowing the head end to direct future messages to said joining outstation to effect marshalling of upstream communications from said joining outstation.
  • an outstation connected, in use, over a passive optical communications link to a head end of a passive optical network comprising a plurality of outstations, the outstation characterised by being arranged, in use, to send a joining message to the head end containing its network address in response to receiving a message sent by the head end to each of said plurality outstations indicating the start of a time slot during which any of outstations may transmit a joining message to the head end, thereby allowing the head end to direct future messages to said outstation to effect marshalling of upstream communications from said outstation, and further arranged, in use, to delay sending said joining message to the head end (511) for a random period after the start of the time slot.
  • this shows in schematic form an exemplary FTTH access network in which a head end 11 is connected to a number of customer terminals or outstations 12a-12n through a 1:n passive optical splitter 13 via respective optical fibre paths 14 and 15.
  • the distance from the head end to the splitter is up to around 5 km.
  • the distance between any two outstations is assumed to be relatively small, typically about 500 m.
  • the splitter 13 is located at a convenient point in the street and requires no power supply.
  • downstream and upstream traffic use the same fibres and splitter, but each direction uses a different optical wavelength.
  • the network may use separate fibres and splitters for each direction of transmission.
  • the head end 11 comprises an optical transmitter 110, typically a laser, operating at a first wavelength ⁇ 1 , and an optical receiver 112 operating at a second wavelength ⁇ 2 .
  • the transmitter and receiver are coupled to fibre 14 via a wavelength multiplexer 114 so as to provide bi-directional optical transmission.
  • the transmitter and receiver are electrically coupled to control logic circuit 116, which circuit provides an interface 117 with an external network (not shown) to receive data to be transmitted downstream to the outstations 12a-12n and to transmit to the external network upstream data received from those outstations.
  • control logic circuit 116 which circuit provides an interface 117 with an external network (not shown) to receive data to be transmitted downstream to the outstations 12a-12n and to transmit to the external network upstream data received from those outstations.
  • Each outstation comprises an optical transmitter 120 operating at a the second wavelength ⁇ 2 , and an optical receiver 122 operating at the first wavelength ⁇ 1 .
  • the transmitter and receiver are coupled to fibre 15 via a wavelength multiplexer 124.
  • the optical transmission path has higher loss than in a simple point to point arrangement.
  • the head end can be equipped with a powerful laser transmitter 110 and a sensitive receiver 112.
  • the outstation eloctro-optics should be based on standard Gigabit Ethernet modules to minimise cost and to minimise the risk of danger from eye exposure at the customer premises.
  • Information frames sent by the head end optical transmitter are broadcast (or multicast) to all outstations via the optical splitter.
  • the structure of a typical information frame 20, as illustrated in Figure 2 comprises a preamble 21, a start of frame delimiter (SFD) 22, a destination address 23 of the outstation for which the message is Intended, and a data payload 26.
  • the frame also includes the source address 24 of the sending node, a type/length field 25 indicating either the frame type or the payload length, and a frame check sequence 28.
  • the payload may also include padding 27 if the data length is insufficient to fill the payload space.
  • pause control frames Periodically, these Information frames are interspersed with pause control frames generated under control of the head end.
  • the structure of a pause control frame 30 is illustrated in Figure 3 .
  • the pause frame structure is similar to that of the data frame described above with the exception the type/length field 25, which is set to a value indicative of a control frame, is followed by a code field 31 representing a pause command and a time field 32 denoting the length of the pause.
  • the specified pause time can be a pre-set value or zero, and pause frames sent before a previously specified pause time has expired cause any outstanding time interval to be over-ridden.
  • Figure 1 illustrates a hardware connection or send pause input 118 to the head end control or medium access logic (MAC) 116 from which transmission of a pause frame can be initiated. This function could also be achieved by software access to an internal control register.
  • MAC medium access logic
  • the pause mechanism is used herein as a means to achieve marshalling and interleaving of upstream transmissions from the outstations connected to the passive splitter. All outstations are, in principle, able to transmit simultaneously. This is prevented by sending 41, 48 a global pause command to all outstations. Conveniently, this can be done by generating a pause frame containing a well known broadcast address and specifying a 'long' time interval, where 'long' represents a value which will cause any outstation to cease transmission for a time period that is longer that the destred active slot time for any outstation.
  • the head end allows a 'guard time' which is fong enough to ensure that any frame which is already being transmitted has time to complete and upstream signals already on the medium propagate beyond the splitter point.
  • the head end then issues its next pause command 42 containing the individual MAC address of that one of the outstations which is to be allowed to transmit, and specifying a pause time interval equal to a previously determined 'adaptation time'.
  • the pause frame addressed to an individual MAC address is referred to as a 'directed pause frame'. This overrides the previous pause command for that outstation and, once the adaptation time interval has expired, causes any frames queued at the selected outstation to be sent on the medium and subsequently received at the head end.
  • each optical transmitter remains active even during gaps between frame transmissions, and during pause intervals, when an 'idle' pattern is transmitted to maintain clock synchronisation at the receiver.
  • transmission of idle patterns during pause intervals is suppressed to avoid interference with frame transmissions from the active outstation.
  • a control or laser shutdown input 128 to turn off the transmitting laser in the outstation is shown in Figure 1 for this purpose.
  • This control Input can be driven either from real time software running in the outstation's node processor, or can be derived from additional hardware In the outstation.
  • the adaptation time interval is included to assist in control of the outstation laser (via laser shutdown input 128) and establishing a reliable optical connection to the newly enabled outstation,
  • control logic in an outstation is arranged to turn off the outstation laser transmitter once any currently transmitting frame has finished.
  • the outstation MAC will continue to generate the idle pattern, but this pattern will not be impressed on the optical medium since the laser is now turned off.
  • the outstation control logic turns on the laser transmitter immediately.
  • the Ethernet MAC function will continue to source idle patterns, since it is still inhibited from transmitting until the adaptation time has expired.
  • the adaptation time interval allows the operating point of the outstation laser to stabilise, the head end receiver to adapt to the new optical signal level (which may differ between outstations because of laser tolerance and differences in path attenuation) and the receiver clock acquisition circuit to lock to the frequency and phase of the new outstation.
  • the total time to interrogate all outstations is a compromise between the additional delay introduced by the multiple access mechanism and inefficiencies arising from the guard time.
  • an active slot time of 200 microseconds with a guard band of 40 microseconds and an adaptation time of 10 microseconds leads to a total polling interval of 4 milfiseconds and an efficiency of 80% relative to standard point to point full duplex Ethernet.
  • a bounded polling interval together with a minimum guaranteed slot time allow traffic contracts based on specified qualify of service.
  • each outstation's active time slot can be varied depending on the level of activity at that outstations and its contracted quality of service.
  • Outstations which have been inactive for a significant length of time may be polled less frequently until new activity is detected, maybe every 100 milliseconds, or longer if it is deemed that the outstations has been turned off or disconnected.
  • a new outstation When a new outstation is switched on and connected to the network, preferably its optical transmitter should be inhibited until the receive channel has a chance to synchronise with the downstream transmissions from the head end so as to avoid corrupting timeslots allocated to other outstations before receiving a global pause command from the head end.
  • traffic in the downstream direction may use multiple wavelengths, each wavelength being detected at one or more outstations using wavelength selective filters or couplers installed either in the outstations or at the coupler site. In this way, an asymmetrical network is generated, having higher capacity in the downstream direction. Pause frames would be launched on all active wavelengths to ensure all outstations receive timely pause commands.
  • the head end can be connected to the star coupler 13 using a single optical fibre (instead of a fibre pair) by adding wavelength multiplexers at each end of the fibre connection.
  • a global pause command is used to turn off all outstations following an active transmission slot. This has the advantage of increasing system robustness since, If a 'turn off' pause command is corrupted and the currently active outstation continues to transmit beyond its allocated transmission slot, it is likely to cause corruption of data transfer from the outstation to which the next transmission slot is allocated, However, once this subsequent slot is complete, a further global pause command will be sent which will again be interpreted by all outstation as a 'turn off signal. Therefore, since it is unlikely that multiple consecutive global pause commands will be corrupted, transmission disruption is confined to a small number of transmission slots.
  • a directed pause could be employed, addressed to the outstation to be turned off. Other outstations would remain turned off until their own directed pause time is overwritten by a directed pause frame containing the adaptation time.
  • an external controller such as a computer processor running a real time operating system
  • some Ethernet components delete incoming pause frames carrying the standard multicast address. This prevents global pause commands traversing such components.
  • the relative timing of the pause command frames intended to stop a first outstation from transmitting and permit a second outstation to transmit may be adjusted to reduce the guard band needed between transmissions from the two outstations using knowledge of the differential distance from the head end to each of the outstations. Such knowledge can be derived from physical distance measurements or by measuring electronically the round trip time for signals sent from the head end and looped back from the outstation.
  • transmission of data frames from the head end may be inhibited when the time interval remaining before the next pause command frame is scheduled to be transmitted is less than the time needed to transmit a further data frame from the queue. This reduces the timing uncertainty arising from the need to wait for a current data frame to finish before a control frame can be transmitted and allows the size of the guard band to be reduced.
  • downstream and upstream paths can operate at different bit rates.
  • the required upstream transmission rate is often significantly lower than the required downstream rate.
  • downstream transmission may be based on 1 Gbit/s Ethernet and upstream transmission on 100 Mbit/s. In such circumstances, cost savings accrue from the reduced cost of upstream laser transmitters designed for lower bit rate operation and the associated reduction In optical power budget requirements.
  • the outstation laser control logic may include a watchdog timer which turns off the transmitting laser after a predetermined time has elapsed hollowing the receipt of a pause control frame addressed to that outstation, where the predetermined time interval is longer than the longest expected active transmission time slot. This limits corruption of upstream traffic from other outstations should the receive path to an outstation fail during its active time slot.
  • laser-on failure a contact wire to the outstation laser to break, leaving the laser switched on (i.e. "laser-on" failure).
  • laser-on failure a contact wire to the outstation laser to break, leaving the laser switched on.
  • the effects of such a failure may be instigated by adding a switch in the power supply path to the laser, and arranged to switch off the laser after a predetermined time relative to its being switched on.
  • the head end may exert back pressure flow control on one or more outstations by increasing the adaptation time specified in the directed pause frame beyond that needed for components in the optical path to adjust to the operating conditions of the new outstation.
  • This technique can be used to reduce congestion in the upstream path on the network side of the head end, or to throttle the amount of data the customer is permitted to send, according to a service contract. If the outstation is arranged to prioritise upstream traffic such that high priority traffic is sent first, then throttling the upstream path using this technique will still allow high priority traffic to receive preferential treatment.
  • the head-end directs frames to the outstation by using its station MAC address as the frame destination MAC address.
  • station MAC address is not necessarily known at the head-end. It is therefore desirable to provide a means by which the outstation station MAC address and other associated user information can be automatically transferred to the head-end.
  • This inventlon uses an additional upstream slot for the purpose of co-ordinating the introduction of a joiner outstation.
  • This slot is provided using the same "pause mechanism as that used to provide upstream time slots.
  • the start of the slot will be indicated by a pause frame with a specific destination MAC address recognised at each outstation which may also be a member of a predetermined multi-cast group.
  • the control slot will normality only occur relatively infrequently relative to the "round robin" cycle so as not to impact the efficiency of the PON significantly.
  • This control slot is decoded by all outstations on the PON as an indication that any new joiner is free to transmit. Only those outstations which have not been acknowledged as PON members shall use this slot.
  • New joiners will include outstations which: are programed to initial factory settings; have been moved from another PON; have been commanded to re-join the PON by the head-end. [It Is possible that the joining procedure may be used following every Outstation Optical Network Unit (ONU) power-up cycle although this is not seen as necessary].
  • ONU Outstation Optical Network Unit
  • a preferred embodiment uses the complete control slot for the upstream transmission opportunity.
  • a new joiner outstations must not turn on its laser and transmit during the traffic related timeslots. The only time it is permitted to turn on its laser and transmit is during a control slot and only then under given conditions, When a joiner outstation receives the "pause" frame to indicate the start of the control slot it does not necessarily transmit immediately.
  • a pseudo-random algorithm is used to determine exactly when the outstation will transmit. The likelihood of transmission should be chosen to be relatively small since the system needs to cope with all members of a PON (say 16) attempting to join at the same time.
  • the outstation In order to join the PON the outstation must send a "join" control frame to the head-end. This frame will automatically contain the station MAC address of the joining outstation and couid also contain other information in the data payload if required for authentication.
  • the outstation In response to the request to join, the outstation must validate and then acknowledge to the joiner station MAC address. This may or may not involve changing the time slot allocation frame to include an additional timeslot. If the outstation falls to receive a valid joiner acknowledgement frame within a given period of time it must then attempt to rejoin using a pseudo-random back-off time.
  • a scheme known as "truncated binary exponential back-off" used in CSMA/CD half duplex Ethernet is suggested as follows:
  • the back-off time should be chosen so as to generally increase with the number of failed attempts in order to reduce congestion in the joiner control slot.
  • the random number generation should also be chosen so as to minimise number correlation between outstations. Encryption for security is optional.
  • a further enhancement is to allow multiple transmission opportunities within each control slot. This has the potential to allow more than one outstation to join during a single control timeslot and reduces the required number of control timeslots (and hence reduces the control slot overhead). As such, the control slot Is subdivided into a number of smaller periods, or sub-timeslots, each of which is an outstation transmission opportunity.
  • the outstation In order to implement this enhancement the outstation must autonomously turn on and extinguish its laser for a specific defined period within a control slot.
  • the outstation receives a pause frame indicating the start of the control timeslot and a timer (internal to each outstation) is used to delimit the individual sub-timeslots.
  • Deregistration of an outstation by the headend may occur every time the outstation is switched off (detected, for example, by iack of response from that outstation over a relatively long predefined period) and re-registration may occur on each power-up, Where an outstation receives no indication of its allocation of a timeslot for a relatively long predetermined period, or is switched back on, it may assume that the head end has assumed it is has disconnected. The outstation then re-registers.
  • FIG. 5 this shows in schematic form an exemplary wireless access network, analogous to the optical access network of Figure 1 , in which a head end 511 is connected to a number of customer terminals or outstations 512a-512n through a broadcast wireless path 515.
  • the distance between any two outstations is assumed to be relatively small, typically about 500 m, but may be greater.
  • downstream and upstream traffic use different frequencies, f1 and f2.
  • the head end 511 comprises a modulator 5110 operating at a full frequency f1 and an burst demodulator 5112 operating at a second frequency f2.
  • the transmitter and receiver are coupled to antenna 514 via a combiner 5114 so as to provide bi-directional wireless transmission.
  • the transmitter and receiver are electrically coupled to control logic circuit 5116, which circuit provides an interface with an external network (not shown) to receive data to be transmitted downstream to the outstations 512a-512n and to transmit to the external network upstream data received from those outstations.
  • control logic circuit 5116 which circuit provides an interface with an external network (not shown) to receive data to be transmitted downstream to the outstations 512a-512n and to transmit to the external network upstream data received from those outstations.
  • Each outstation comprises an modulator 5120 operating at a the second frequency f2, and an burst demodulator 5112 operating at the first frequency f1.
  • the modulator and demodulator are coupled to antenna 516 via a combiner 5124.
  • the total time to interrogate all outstations is again a compromise between the additional delay introduced by the multiple access mechanism and inefficiencies arising from the guard time. It is found for example that, in a network with 10 outstations, an active slot time of 1 millisecond with a guard band of 0.250 milliseconds leads to a total polling interval of 11.5 milliseconds and an efficiency of 80% relative to standard point to point full duplex Ethernet. A bounded polling interval together with a minimum guaranteed slot time allow traffic contracts based on specified quality of service.
  • each outstation is arranged to receive a directed command frame (a "directed burst" frame) comprising transmit duration. On receipt of such a frame, the recipient outstation is permitted to transmit upstream for a period not exceeding that indicated in the command frame.
  • a directed command frame a "directed burst" frame
  • the outstation transmitters are by default “on” in the absence of a command signal from the head end to the contrary
  • the outstation transmitters are by default in principle “off” (in practice on "stand-by") in the absence of a command frame to the contrary.
  • the second embodiment has the added advantage of potentially requiring fewer downstream command frames per upstream time slot (i.e. one directed burst frame as opposed to a multicast pause plus a directed pause frame).
  • This allows the "t" guard band to be further minimised since the transmitting outstation upstream Ethernet Mac scheduler can accurately shut down upstream, rather than additionally having to potentially spool a maximum size packet which, for example, on a 100Mbps fast Ethernet port adds 120 microsecond to "t".
  • This in turn allows more outstations per shared upstream, and increases bandwidth efficiency.
  • both latency and jitter may be highly sensitive to the choice of the head end scheduler's "t" value.
  • the previously discussed guard bands become much more critical to the overall efficiency of the shared upstream bandwidth. The following items can reduce these guard bands significantly.
  • PHY physical layer
  • a burst delimiter message is appended to a time sliced upstream burst at the outstation.
  • the upstream burst delimiter may contain information indicative of the volume of traffic - processed and/or pending - for upstream transmission since the last allocated time slot.
  • the burst delimiter may be sent upon completion of the currently allocated time slot (or at the beginning of an allocated time slot).
  • the burst delimiter command frame may contain per Ethernet MAC upstream burst or running counted).
  • distinct command frames may be used each to indicate:
  • Upstream transmission of such burst delimiter command frames allows the head end to dynamically resize upstream time slots allocated to outstations. This helps concentrate the complexity of scheduling in the head end rather than in the outstations, thereby reducing cost and complexity at the outstation, whilst maximizing bandwidth efficiency at both high bit rates (e.g. 1000Mbps) and especially at lower bit rates (e.g, 100Mbps) of point to multipoint Ethernet first mile networks.
  • high bit rates e.g. 1000Mbps
  • lower bit rates e.g, 100Mbps
  • the head end may react to an "end of burst" signal by immediately allocating a time slot to another outstation, thereby avoiding wasted upstream bandwidth when an outstation has no more traffic to transmit.
  • the burst delimiter information may also be used at the head end to create a compiled history of the decision dynamics of a short term burst profile for each, or all, outstations. The head end can then use a token debit/credit system for controlling committed and excessive outstation upstream fairness processing on next or future burst time slots allocated to outstations.
  • this 802.3x-like Burst PHY control method is enabled by setting a bit in an ASIC control register.
  • the initialised condition of laser disable is 'logic high' (that is, the laser is turned off).
  • the default (reset) state of the control bit should disable the laser control feature.
  • a new Xon/Xoff PHY control pin on the Ethernet switch / MAC ASIC is reserved for this optional Burst PHY control feature.
  • an ASIC control specified Ethernet MAC port (Gigabit Ethernet or Fast Ethernet) for a multi-port switch ASIC arrangement.
  • This Burst PHY control feature makes use of a configurable ASIC control register for the adaptation timer value (rather than using directed pause timer as In Method B, this allows upstream scheduler to be more intelligent and enable a minimized "t" guard band by knowing ahead of time when the end of transmission event will occur)
  • the "Xon/Xoff" pin goes 'logic low' (i.e. Burst PHY is turned on), but upstream MAC transmission (to the Head End or wireless BTS) is suspended by a provisioned adaptation timer value (whose operation is similar to that described above for the pause-based method), where the MAC is still sending idles during this "upstream Burst PHY alignment time".
  • a provisioned adaptation timer value whose operation is similar to that described above for the pause-based method
  • the upstream MAC Upon expiry of the directed burst "Xon" timer, the upstream MAC optionally appends a burst delimiter message - a feature which can be turned off or built in to an outstation's switch ASIC as needed - then enters the paused state.
  • the upstream MAC can also be disabled by means of a multicast pause with a non-zero timer value.
  • the upstream MAC transmit function When the upstream MAC transmit function is in the paused state, the MAC will transmit idle symbols as defined in the IEEE Gigabit Ethernet specification; similarly for the Fast Ethernet port. In this case, the burst PHY Xon/Xoff pin will be in a "logic high" state.
  • Delay "Ton” Is the processing time at the outstation for a directed_burst message
  • each packet length shall be inspected and a determination made as to whether, given the upstream link speed (e.g. 10OMbps or 1000Mbps), there is time to transmit the packet before the end of the signalled timeslot timer (signalled as the Xon timer in the directed_burst message) expires. Where appropriate, this calculation should also take into account the time required to append and transmit a burst_delimiter message as the final upstream packet.
  • the upstream link speed e.g. 10OMbps or 1000Mbps
  • FIG. 8 there is shown the structure of a command frame format appropriate for carrying the necessary command frames in accordance with the present invention.
  • the figure illustrates the component fields of the frame, the bits allocated per field, and the nature of the information carried in each field.
  • the burst event field could alternatively be integrated as separate Mac control operation codes, or be sub-events to a time division burst function as illustrated in Figure 8 .
  • error conditions are readable by the attached node processor via bits in a status register.
  • the MAC may generate an interrupt.
  • MAC/Switch chip supports burst PHY control and it's current on/off condition.
  • the head end downstream egress method utilize a similar optimization to that used at the outstation upstream egress method when inserting a directed_burst command into the downstream.
  • the downstream MAC may check the time required to send a directed burst local parameter before each packet is pulled off the egress queue for the downstream port.
  • a head end downstream burst control flow Is given for reference purposes.
  • Updates may affect current, next, or future allocated time slots for an individual outstation's committed and excessive service level agreement policy.
  • FIG. 11 there is shown a more detailed outstation system perspective of how the various components associated In the burst method interact. These include upstream (PHY layer control and burst delimiter control) and downstream (directed burst and future configuration control) forwarding process interactions needed In the outstation MAC Control layer. It illustrates how local ASIC configuration control parameters are set by the local CPU, or by a remote configuration control command interfaces to the Burst MAC Control Layer method.

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Claims (10)

  1. Verfahren in einem passiven optischen Netz, das eine Kopfstation (511) umfasst, die über passive optische Kommunikationsstrecken mit einer Mehrzahl von Außenstationen (512a - 512n) verbunden ist, wobei die Kopfstation Aufwärtskommunikation von den Außenstationen marshallt, zum Koordinieren des Anschließens einer der Außenstationen an das Netz, wobei das Verfahren dadurch gekennzeichnet ist, dass es die folgenden Schritte umfasst:
    Senden durch die Kopfstation (511) an jede der Mehrzahl von Außenstationen (512a - 512n) einer Nachricht, die den Beginn eines Zeitschlitzes anzeigt, während dessen jede von Außenstationen eine Anschlussnachricht an die Kopfstation senden kann; und
    Senden als Antwort durch die sich anschließende Außenstation (512a) einer Anschlussnachricht an die Kopfstation (511), die ihre Netzadresse enthält, um dadurch der Kopfstation zu ermöglichen, zukünftige Nachrichten zum Durchfiihren von Marshalling von Aufwärtskommunikationen von der sich anschließenden Außenstation an die sich anschließende Außenstation zu richten, wobei die sich anschließende Außenstation (512a) das Senden der Anschlussnachricht an die Kopfstation (511) für eine beliebige Zeitspanne nach dem Beginn des Zeitschlitzes verzögert.
  2. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1, wobei die Nachricht, die den Beginn eines Zeitschlitzes anzeigt, durch die Kopfstation (511) an eine Multicast-Gruppenadresse gesendet wird, die von jeder der Mehrzahl von Außenstationen (512a - 512n) erkannt wird.
  3. Verfahren nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, umfassend den weiteren Schritt der Kopfstation (511) des Sendens als Antwort auf den Empfang der Anschlussnachricht einer Bestätigungsnachricht an die Außenstation (512a).
  4. Verfahren nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, umfassend den weiteren Schritt der sich anschließenden Außenstation (512a) als Reaktion darauf, dass sie keine Bestätigungsnachricht von der Kopfstation (511) empfangen hat, des Sendens einer weiteren Anschlussnachricht an die Kopfstation in einem nachfolgenden Zeitschlitz, der durch die Kopfstation angezeigt wird, und wobei die sich anschließende Außenstation eine beliebige ganze Zahl von Zeitschlitzen abwartet, bevor sie die weitere Anschlussnachricht sendet.
  5. Verfahren nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, wobei die Mehrzahl von Außenstationen (512a - 512n) jeweils einen Laser zum Senden von Signalen an die Kopfstation umfasst, und wobei die sich anschließende Außenstation daran gehindert wird, ihren Laser außer während des Zeitschlitzes einzuschalten, bis sie sich angeschlossen hat.
  6. Außenstation (512a), die in Verwendung über eine passive optische Kommunikationsstrecke mit einer Kopfstation (511) eines passiven optischen Netzes verbunden ist, das eine Mehrzahl von Außenstationen (512a - 512n) umfasst, wobei die Außenstation dadurch gekennzeichnet ist, dass sie so ausgelegt ist, dass sie in Verwendung als Antwort auf den Empfang einer Nachricht, die von der Kopfstation an jede der Mehrzahl von Außenstationen (512a - 512n) gesendet wird und den Beginn eines Zeitschlitzes anzeigt, während dessen jede von Außenstationen eine Anschlussnachricht an die Kopfstation senden kann, eine Anschlussnachricht, die ihre Netzadresse enthält, an die Kopfstation (511) sendet, um dadurch der Kopfstation zu ermöglichen, zukünftige Nachrichten zum Durchfiihren von Marshalling von Aufwärtskommunikationen von der Außenstation an die Außenstation zu richten, und ferner so ausgelegt ist, dass sie in Verwendung das Senden der Anschlussnachricht an die Kopfstation (511) für eine beliebige Zeitspanne nach dem Beginn des Zeitschlitzes verzögert.
  7. Außenstation nach Anspruch 6, die so ausgelegt ist, dass sie in Verwendung als Reaktion darauf, dass sie keine Nachricht von der Kopfstation empfangen hat, welche die Anschlussnachricht bestätigt, eine weitere Anschlussnachricht in einem nachfolgenden Zeitschlitz, der durch die Kopfstation angezeigt wird, an die Kopfstation (511) sendet, und so ausgelegt ist, dass sie in Verwendung eine beliebige ganze Zahl von Zeitschlitzen abwartet, bevor sie die weitere Anschlussnachricht sendet.
  8. Außenstation nach einem der Ansprüche 6 bis 7, wobei umfassend einen Laser zum Senden von Signalen an die Kopfstation (511) und gehindert am Einschalten ihres Lasers außer während des Zeitschlitzes, bis sie sich angeschlossen hat.
  9. Computerprogramm, umfassend Computerprogrammcodemittel, die so ausgelegt sind, dass sie alle Schritte des Verfahrens nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 5 ausführen, wenn das Programm auf einem Computer ausgeführt wird.
  10. Computerprogramm nach Anspruch 9, das auf einem computerlesbaren Medium enthalten ist.
EP08164713.3A 2000-05-30 2001-05-25 Mehrfachzugriffsystem für ein Kommunikationsnetzwerk Expired - Lifetime EP2026508B1 (de)

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US58433100A 2000-05-30 2000-05-30
US09/804,316 US20020063932A1 (en) 2000-05-30 2001-03-12 Multiple access system for communications network
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JP2003535501A (ja) 2003-11-25
WO2001093498A3 (en) 2002-04-25
EP2290999A1 (de) 2011-03-02
US20020063932A1 (en) 2002-05-30
EP1290834A2 (de) 2003-03-12
JP5063794B2 (ja) 2012-10-31
EP2288176A3 (de) 2011-05-04
JP2011151856A (ja) 2011-08-04
JP4913975B2 (ja) 2012-04-11
EP2288176A2 (de) 2011-02-23
JP5063795B2 (ja) 2012-10-31
US20040028405A1 (en) 2004-02-12
JP2011142694A (ja) 2011-07-21
EP2026508A1 (de) 2009-02-18
EP2290999B1 (de) 2012-05-23
AU2001260468A1 (en) 2001-12-11
CA2410958A1 (en) 2001-12-06
WO2001093498A2 (en) 2001-12-06

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