EP1995364B1 - Procédé de traitement humide de pièces de linge - Google Patents

Procédé de traitement humide de pièces de linge Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1995364B1
EP1995364B1 EP08007556.7A EP08007556A EP1995364B1 EP 1995364 B1 EP1995364 B1 EP 1995364B1 EP 08007556 A EP08007556 A EP 08007556A EP 1995364 B1 EP1995364 B1 EP 1995364B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
laundry
liquid
final wash
items
wash liquid
Prior art date
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Active
Application number
EP08007556.7A
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German (de)
English (en)
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EP1995364A3 (fr
EP1995364A2 (fr
Inventor
Wilhelm Bringewatt
Engelbert Heinz
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Herbert Kannegiesser GmbH and Co
Original Assignee
Herbert Kannegiesser GmbH and Co
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Publication of EP1995364A2 publication Critical patent/EP1995364A2/fr
Publication of EP1995364A3 publication Critical patent/EP1995364A3/fr
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP1995364B1 publication Critical patent/EP1995364B1/fr
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    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D06F—LAUNDERING, DRYING, IRONING, PRESSING OR FOLDING TEXTILE ARTICLES
    • D06F35/00—Washing machines, apparatus, or methods not otherwise provided for
    • D06F35/005—Methods for washing, rinsing or spin-drying
    • D06F35/006—Methods for washing, rinsing or spin-drying for washing or rinsing only
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D06F—LAUNDERING, DRYING, IRONING, PRESSING OR FOLDING TEXTILE ARTICLES
    • D06F31/00—Washing installations comprising an assembly of several washing machines or washing units, e.g. continuous flow assemblies
    • D06F31/005—Washing installations comprising an assembly of several washing machines or washing units, e.g. continuous flow assemblies consisting of one or more rotating drums through which the laundry passes in a continuous flow

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method for the wet treatment of laundry items according to the preamble of claim 1.
  • the wet treatment of laundry takes place in several stages, namely by washing, rinsing and dewatering.
  • the washing is done by a prewash and a subsequent wash.
  • the treatment liquid is exchanged between at least some treatment stages. For rinsing at least mostly fresh water is used.
  • treatment liquid to be used again is not available in sufficient quantity at the right time. Then more fresh water than necessary must be supplied. This causes unnecessary costs.
  • the present invention seeks to provide a method for wet treatment of laundry, which works more economically than conventional methods.
  • a method for achieving this object comprises the measures of claim 1. Due to the fact that at least a majority of the treatment liquid bound in the laundry items, namely so-called bound liquor, is removed before rinsing the laundry items in the at least one dewatering device, only a small amount of bound liquor remains in the laundry items.
  • the bound liquor is clearwash liquid. This minimizes the amount of final wash liquor bound in the laundry items. Thus, a large part of separated, bound clearwashing liquid is available for reuse in the washing process. This reduces the required amount of fresh water. Since the items of laundry only have a minimum of bound treatment liquid before rinsing, only very little treatment liquid needs to be rinsed out of the laundry items (clear-wash liquid) from the items of laundry. Also, the amount of fresh water is reduced for rinsing.
  • the clear washing liquid separated from the at least one dewatering device namely a spin dryer or laundry centrifuge or dewatering press, or in the same from the laundry items, and a large part of the bound final wash liquid are temporarily stored.
  • the clear wash liquid has a higher temperature than the dishwashing liquid, which is relatively cold, warmer clear wash liquid and colder dishwashing liquid are available in the different storage containers.
  • the rinsing liquid is less contaminated than the clear wash, because with the rinsing liquid, a relatively small residual portion of the final wash liquid is rinsed out of the laundry and serves as a rinse liquid fresh water, so that in the rinse liquid remaining residual clear wash liquid is relatively diluted.
  • the separate buffering of the rinsing liquid on the one hand and the clear-wash liquid on the other hand makes it possible to use the clear-wash liquid in any case partly at a different location than the rinsing liquid.
  • the rinsing liquid and the separately cached To mix clear wash liquid in particular such that the mixture of a corresponding amount of rinsing liquid and clearing liquid has a temperature which is suitable for the intended reuse of the mixture of the final wash liquid and the rinsing liquid.
  • the cached clear wash liquid is particularly suitable for reuse in the final wash zone.
  • the washing liquid having a relatively high temperature therefore does not need to be re-heated in the final wash zone or, if necessary, heated up only to a slight extent again for reuse.
  • the amount of the clearwash liquid fed back to the final wash zone corresponds approximately to the amount of prewash liquid separated from the laundry items before the final wash. In this way, the clear wash liquid separated before the clear wash is replaced again by reuse clear wash liquid from the previous washing process.
  • a further advantageous embodiment of the present invention may provide for the at least partial mixing of the final wash liquid and rinse liquid resulting in the dewatering device. It is preferably provided to mix in the different storage tanks cached clear washing liquid on the one hand and rinsing liquid on the other hand as needed, in particular with regard to the required amount and / or temperature. In this case, there is also a mixing before rinsing in the Dewatering device of the washing pieces mostly separated bound Klarwaschcroftkeit.
  • the entire before the rinsing in the dewatering device of the laundry separated clear wash in particular the largest part of the bound final wash, to supply part of the prewash zone and the other part of the final wash zone of the washing device again.
  • the clear-wash zone is supplied only with warmer clear wash liquid, including most of the bound final wash liquid separated from the laundry items in the drainage means, ie, no rinse liquid. This separation of rinsing liquid and clear washing liquid is possible due to the separate storage of the final washing liquid and the rinsing liquid.
  • the prewashing zone is fed back with a mixture of separately stored rinsing liquid and a part of the final washing liquid not required at the final wash zone, including the bound final wash liquid from the previous washing process.
  • the liquid mixture is given a temperature which is lower than the temperature of the final wash liquid, so that the temperature of the pre-wash zone supplied mixture of final wash and rinse liquid of the previous laundry cost is relatively low, namely does not exceed the maximum allowable temperature.
  • the various treatment liquids from the final wash zone and the rinsing process it is possible to set a temperature which does not lead to any protein spots in the laundry items.
  • the device shown here represents an example of a washing line for the wet treatment of laundry according to the inventive method.
  • the laundry may be any type of laundry, such as bed linen, table linen, clothing, workwear, floor mats or the like.
  • the laundry items are washed, rinsed and dewatered in the apparatus.
  • the apparatus comprises a continuous washing machine 10 and at least one downstream dewatering device.
  • the dewatering device is a spin dryer 11 or laundry centrifuge, wherein optionally the drainage device may also be formed of several spin driers 11 or laundry centrifuges.
  • the drainage device may alternatively be formed by at least one dewatering press.
  • the continuous washing machine 10 has a drum 12 that can be driven in rotation about a preferably horizontal axis of rotation.
  • a plurality of chambers 15 which follow each other in the direction of passage 14 of the items of laundry, not shown, are formed by transverse dividing walls 13.
  • the chambers 15 may be the same size, but also different sizes.
  • the continuous washing machine 10 shown here has four successive chambers 15, wherein a first chamber 15 forms the prewash zone, while the three subsequent chambers 15 form a final wash zone 17.
  • the continuous washing machine 10 has no rinsing chamber.
  • the washing of the items of laundry takes place in the apparatus shown here in the at least one behind the continuous washing machine 10 arranged spin dryer 11 (laundry centrifuge) or alternatively at least one dewatering press.
  • the continuous washing machine 10 allows a bath change in the first chamber 15 of the final wash zone 17, to which the second chamber 15 seen in the passage direction 14 is associated with an outer drum 18, which serves to drain prewash liquid. If appropriate, the prewash liquid can also be discharged at the end of the prewash zone 16, that is, in the chamber 15 to form the prewashing zone 16. Then, this (first) chamber 15 is associated with an outer drum 18. It is also conceivable to associate one or each other chamber 15 of the clear-wash zone 17 with an outer drum, in particular if the continuous-flow washing machine 10 operates on the countercurrent principle.
  • the washer-extractor 11 has a collection tank 19, which may be formed, for example, by the base of the spin dryer 11. Furthermore, two separate storage tanks 20, 21 are provided. Each storage tank 20, 21 is connected via a supply line 22 to the collection tank 19 of the spin dryer 11. The supply line 22 is shut off before each storage tank 20, 21 by a separate valve 23.
  • a drain line 24 leads to the first chamber 15 of the continuous washing machine 10, ie to the single chamber 15 of the prewashing zone 16.
  • the drain line 24 leads to a feed hopper 26 of the continuous washing machine 10. From the feed hopper 26 to get the laundry items in the A second drain line 27 leads from the storage tank 20 to the first chamber 15 of the final wash zone 17, that is to the second chamber 15 of the continuous washing machine 10 shown here.
  • the treatment liquid separated from the laundry items by the at least one spin dryer 11 or another dewatering device namely Both clear wash liquid and the rinsing liquid obtained during rinsing, including a large part of the bound clear wash liquid or rinse liquid, is buffered separately in the storage tanks 20, 21.
  • the storage tank 20 is provided for the clear wash liquid separated from the laundry items, prior to rinsing, by the respective dewatering means, including a majority of the bound final wash liquid.
  • the rinsing liquid, including the bound rinsing liquid is buffered separately in the second storage tank 21.
  • the clear wash liquid namely the clear wash liquid and a large part of the bound wash liquid
  • the rinsing liquid ie the entire free rinsing liquid and a large part of the rinsing liquid bound, from the at least one spin dryer 11 or another dewatering device, for example a dewatering press, is used only for swabbing washed laundry items, ie the prewash zone 16, and that according to the invention with the remaining part of the also separated from the laundry items at least one drainage device clear wash liquid.
  • the Fig. 2 shows the consumption of treatment liquid, including fresh water, using the example of cotton laundry.
  • treatment liquid including fresh water
  • prewash liquid namely prewash liquid
  • the prewash liquid is formed from a mixture of the at least one spin dryer 11 originating rinsing liquid and clear wash liquid from the storage tanks 20 and 21. Specifically, the entire rinse liquid, namely 3.1 l per kg of laundry and a portion of the final wash, namely 1.8 l per kilogram of laundry, mixed to form the prewash liquid.
  • the laundry items leave the continuous washing machine 10 via a discharge discharge chute 30 viewed in the direction of passage 14. From this, the laundry with the entire clear washing liquid reaches the at least one spin dryer 11 or another dewatering device.
  • the clear wash liquid clears off immediately in the centrifuge and is collected in the collection tank 19 of the spin dryer 11. The items of laundry are now thrown into the spin dryer 11 and thereby freed from a large part of the final wash in the laundry items.
  • the laundry items only have a residual moisture that is close to that remaining in the laundry items after they have left the spin dryer 11 to be dried in a subsequent dryer, preferably greater by about 0.1 liters per kilogram of laundry ,
  • a residual moisture that is close to that remaining in the laundry items after they have left the spin dryer 11 to be dried in a subsequent dryer, preferably greater by about 0.1 liters per kilogram of laundry .
  • the collection tank 19 have thereby 3.8 l per kg of laundry to Klarwaschtoolkeit, namely free clear wash liquid and a large part of the bound clear wash liquid, collected, which is then fed into the total storage tank 20.
  • the spin dryer 11 For the subsequent rinsing of the items of laundry in the at least one spin dryer 11 or another laundry treatment device, the spin dryer 11 is now supplied with 3 liters of fresh water per kilogram of laundry. Thus, the rinsing of the laundry items takes place in the spin dryer 11. After rinsing, the free rinsing liquid and a large part of the rinsing liquid bound in the laundry items are removed from the laundry items by the at least one spin dryer 11 or another dewatering device. It is removed so much rinse liquid from the laundry items in the spin dryer 11 that only about 0.6 l of rinse liquid per each kilogram of laundry are included.
  • the entire rinsing liquid namely the free rinsing liquid and a large part of the bound rinsing liquid, is first combined in the collecting tank 19 and from there to the storage tank 21, where the rinsing liquid is separated from the final rinsing liquid, which is in the storage tank 20, is cached.
  • the storage tank so 3.1 kg flushing fluid per kilogram of laundry.
  • the inventive method requires for washing a respective Wäschepostens only 3 liters of fresh water per kilogram of washed laundry. These 3 liters per kilogram of laundry are discharged by discharging 2.4 liters of prewash water per kilogram of laundry at the beginning of the final wash zone 17 and the remaining bound rinse liquid in the laundry items, which is 0.6 liters of water per kilogram of laundry.
  • the rinsing tank 21 contains rinsing liquid, which is colder in comparison to the final rinse liquid.
  • the rinse liquid When washing cotton, the rinse liquid has a temperature of about 29 ° C, while the clear wash liquid has a higher temperature of about 68 ° C. So that the temperature of the prewash liquid in the prewash zone 16 does not become too high, according to the invention, a mixture of wash-up liquid and rinse liquid from the dewatering takes place to form the prewash liquid, which is conducted from the two collection tanks 20, 21 before the prewashing zone 16.
  • the entire rinsing liquid of 3.1 l of rinsing liquid per kilogram for the purpose of flooding a new item of laundry is conducted in front of the pre-washing zone 16, together with part of the clearing liquid contained in the collecting tank 20.
  • the Fig. 3 shows the treatment, namely the washing, rinsing and draining terry.
  • the procedure is the same as previously described in connection with cotton washing. Only the quantities of liquid change because of the larger amount of bound liquor in terrycloth linen.
  • Vorwaschcroftcroftkeit per kilogram of laundry from the seen in the direction of passage 14 second drum 12 are discharged at the beginning of the final wash zone 17, with the aid of the outer drum 18 of the second chamber 15 from the collection tank 20 of the final wash liquid are on At the beginning of the clear-wash zone 17, 2 l of clear-wash liquid are added per kilogram of laundry, so that, for final washing, 5.5 kg of final wash liquid are available per kilogram of terry toweling stands.
  • the clear wash liquid in the storage tank 20 is composed of the clear clear wash liquid and a majority of the bound wash liquid.
  • the bound clear wash is from the Dryer 11 to such extent removed from the terry toweling that only a relatively small proportion of bound clear wash liquid of 0.8 l per kg of laundry for rinsing in the terry toweling remains.
  • the rinsing liquid namely the free rinsing liquid and a large part of the bound rinsing liquid, are fed to the separate rinsing liquid storage tank 21.
  • This rinsing liquid is 4.1 l per kilogram of terrycloth washing, namely the 4 l per kilogram of fresh water and 0.1 l per kilogram of tethered liquor which has been pressed out more from the terrycloth washing after the rinsing process than before the rinsing process.
  • the rinsing liquid in the storage tank 21 has in the illustrated embodiment about 27 ° C, while the clear wash liquid in the storage tank 20 has a temperature of about 68 ° C.
  • a mixture of 2.7 l clear wash liquid per kg of laundry and 4.1 l wash liquor is transported from the storage tank 21 in front of the first chamber 15 of the continuous washing machine 10 from the storage tank 20. This is the total rinse liquid from the storage tank 21.
  • a total of 6.8 l of rinse liquid and rinse liquid per kg of laundry from the storage tanks 20 and 21 of the pre-wash zone 16 are supplied.
  • the first chamber 15 of the final wash 17 are supplied from the storage tank 20 for the final wash liquid, so here 5 , 5 kg of final wash liquid per kilogram of terrycloth laundry are available.
  • the Fig. 4 shows the inventive method using the example of workwear.
  • the prewash liquid has a temperature of about 38 ° C.
  • the entire prewash is the storage tanks 20 and 21 on the one hand Klarwaschcroftkeit and On the other hand, rinsing fluid removed This is the entire rinsing liquid in the storage tank 21, namely 3.1 l per kg of laundry and a temperature of about 26 ° C and a portion of the clear wash liquid from the storage tank 20, namely 1.5 l per Kilogram of professional laundry.
  • the clear wash liquid in the storage tank 20 has a temperature of about 70 ° C.
  • the prewashing zone 16 about 4.6 liters per kilogram of workwear supplied, namely a mixture of clear wash and rinse liquid, whereby the warmer clear wash liquid is lowered to a temperature of about 38 ° C.
  • the prewash liquid at the beginning of the final wash zone 17 is discharged through the outer drum 18. These are in the illustrated embodiment 2.6 l Vorwaschcroftkeit per kilogram of professional laundry. From the storage tank 20 of the clear-wash liquid, at the beginning of the final wash operation, the first chamber 15 of the final wash zone 17 is supplied with about 2 liters of final wash liquid per kilogram of workwear. There are so for clear washing in the final wash zone 17 about 4 kg of liquid per kilogram of workwear available.
  • the continuous washing machine 10 After rinsing leave the laundry with the bound and unbound clear wash through the discharge chute 30, the continuous washing machine 10.
  • the laundry with the free and bound clear wash arrives so in the field of spin dryer 11.
  • the entire clear wash liquid directed into the collection tank 19.
  • the spin dryer 11 the laundry is also so much thrown that a large part of the bound clear wash liquid is removed. It then reaches a total of 3.5 I wash solution per kilogram of laundry in the collection tank 19 of the spin dryer 11. From here, the entire separated in the spin dryer 11 clear wash of 3.5 l per kilogram of professional laundry is directed into the designated storage tank 20 and cached here ,
  • the workwear then has before spinning only a small proportion of bound clear wash liquid, namely about 0.5 l per kilogram of professional laundry.
  • the spin dryer 10 For rinsing the spin dryer 10 is supplied about 3 liters of fresh water per kilogram of workwear.
  • the rinsing liquid obtained during rinsing namely the total amount of fresh water supplied and furthermore 0.1 l of rinsing water per kilogram of work clothing from the bound rinsing liquid, thus a total of 3.1 l per kilogram of working clothes Rinsing liquid are stored separately in the separate storage tank 21 from the final wash liquid.
  • the entire rinsing liquid from the storage tank 21 is for the Prewash of the subsequent laundry costs used.
  • the warmer clear wash liquid is cooled from 67 ° C to about 38 ° C, a temperature that can be used for prewashing without the risk of the formation of protein stains.
  • the remaining clear wash liquid from the storage tank 20, namely 2 liters per kilogram of laundry, is used at the beginning of the final wash zone 17.
  • the inventive method makes it possible to get by per wash cycle with a fresh water requirement of 3 I per kilogram of workwear. These replace the 2.6 l of pre-wash liquid per kilogram of workwear removed per wash and the tied liquor discharged from the rinsed work clothing of 0.4 l of rinse water per kilogram of workwear.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Textile Engineering (AREA)
  • Accessory Of Washing/Drying Machine, Commercial Washing/Drying Machine, Other Washing/Drying Machine (AREA)
  • Detail Structures Of Washing Machines And Dryers (AREA)

Claims (10)

  1. Procédé de traitement humide de pièces de linge, dans lequel on lave les pièces de linge dans un lave-linge continu (10) avec une zone de prélavage (16) et une zone de lavage (17) et on les essore et on les rince dans au moins une essoreuse (11) ou une centrifugeuse ou une presse d'essorage, dans lequel avant le rinçage, on sépare les pièces de linge venant de l'essoreuse (11) ou de la centrifugeuse ou de la presse d'essorage d'au moins une grande partie du liquide de lavage lié hors du lave-linge continu (10) et on stocke provisoirement le liquide de lavage libre séparé des pièces de linge par l'essoreuse (11) ou la centrifugeuse ou la presse d'essorage ou dans celles-ci ainsi qu'une grande partie du liquide de lavage lié, caractérisé en ce que l'on stocke provisoirement le liquide de rinçage recueilli dans la région de l'essorage séparément du liquide de lavage séparé des pièces de linge avant le rinçage, dans lequel on collecte le liquide de rinçage et le liquide de lavage dans deux réservoirs de stockage séparés (20, 21), qui sont raccordés par une conduite d'alimentation (22) à un réservoir de collecte (19) de l'essoreuse (11) ou de la presse d'essorage, et ensuite on les utilise de nouveau dans le traitement humide du lave-linge continu (10) .
  2. Procédé selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce qu'avant la séparation ou pendant la séparation d'une grande partie du liquide de lavage lié hors du lave-linge continu (10) dans l'essoreuse ou la centrifugeuse ou la presse d'essorage, on sépare le liquide de lavage libre des pièces de linge dans le lave-linge continu (10).
  3. Procédé selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que l'on renvoie de nouveau une partie du liquide de lavage provisoirement stocké à la zone de lavage (17), de préférence au début de la zone de lavage (17) du lave-linge continu (10).
  4. Procédé selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que la quantité de liquide de lavage renvoyée à la zone de lavage (17) du lave-linge continu (10) et provisoirement stockée correspond à la quantité du liquide de prélavage séparée des pièces de linge avant le lavage, de préférence lui est légèrement inférieure.
  5. Procédé selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que l'on envoie de nouveau au lave-linge continu (10) un mélange de liquide de lavage séparé des pièces de linge dans ladite au moins une essoreuse ou centrifugeuse ou presse d'essorage et de liquide de rinçage.
  6. Procédé selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que l'on utilise le mélange du liquide de lavage séparé des pièces de linge dans l'essoreuse ou la centrifugeuse ou la presse d'essorage et du liquide de rinçage pour le prélavage d'une charge suivante de pièces de linge.
  7. Procédé selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que l'on envoie de nouveau à la zone de lavage (17) et à la zone de prélavage (16) du lave-linge continu (10) la totalité du liquide de lavage séparé des pièces de linge dans la région de l'essoreuse ou de la centrifugeuse ou de la presse d'essorage et ainsi que du liquide de rinçage.
  8. Procédé selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que l'on envoie à la zone de prélavage (16) du lave-linge continu (10) une partie du liquide de lavage provisoirement stocké et de préférence la totalité du liquide de rinçage séparément stocké provisoirement.
  9. Procédé selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que l'on envoie de nouveau à la zone de lavage (17) une partie du liquide de lavage séparé des pièces de linge dans l'essoreuse ou la centrifugeuse ou la presse d'essorage, de préférence une partie du liquide de lavage, de préférence un reste, qui n'a pas été envoyée à la zone de prélavage (16).
  10. Procédé selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que l'on n'envoie de l'eau fraîche qu'au dispositif d'essorage, de préférence avant le rinçage des pièces de linge dans l'essoreuse ou la centrifugeuse ou la presse d'essorage après que le liquide de lavage libre et une grande partie du liquide de lavage lié aient été séparés des pièces de linge dans le dispositif d'essorage.
EP08007556.7A 2007-05-21 2008-04-18 Procédé de traitement humide de pièces de linge Active EP1995364B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE102007023801A DE102007023801A1 (de) 2007-05-21 2007-05-21 Verfahren zur Nassbehandlung von Wäschestücken

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EP1995364A2 EP1995364A2 (fr) 2008-11-26
EP1995364A3 EP1995364A3 (fr) 2012-01-25
EP1995364B1 true EP1995364B1 (fr) 2019-03-13

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US (2) US8225445B2 (fr)
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DE (1) DE102007023801A1 (fr)

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CN103820969B (zh) * 2009-04-22 2018-03-30 佩莱若林·米尔诺公司 连续批量隧道式洗衣机及方法
DE102011017345A1 (de) * 2011-03-22 2012-09-27 Herbert Kannegiesser Gmbh Verfahren zum Behandeln von Wäsche und Waschstraße
US10094066B2 (en) * 2014-01-17 2018-10-09 Colorzen Llc Method and apparatus for pre-treatment of non continuous textiles
CN104131441B (zh) * 2014-06-24 2017-02-15 上海百强洗涤设备制造有限公司 一种隧道式洗涤龙的布草洗涤工艺
EP3216907A1 (fr) * 2016-03-09 2017-09-13 Herbert Kannegiesser GmbH Procédé de traitement par voie humide de linge

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EP1995364A3 (fr) 2012-01-25
US8225445B2 (en) 2012-07-24
DE102007023801A1 (de) 2008-11-27
US20120260434A1 (en) 2012-10-18
US20080289119A1 (en) 2008-11-27
EP1995364A2 (fr) 2008-11-26

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