EP1992542B2 - Agencement DEL pour émetteurs de signaux lumineux pour passages à niveaux, émetteur de signaux lumineux pour passages à niveaux dotés d'un tel dispositif DEL et procédé de fonctionnement d'un dispositif DEL - Google Patents

Agencement DEL pour émetteurs de signaux lumineux pour passages à niveaux, émetteur de signaux lumineux pour passages à niveaux dotés d'un tel dispositif DEL et procédé de fonctionnement d'un dispositif DEL Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1992542B2
EP1992542B2 EP08103862.2A EP08103862A EP1992542B2 EP 1992542 B2 EP1992542 B2 EP 1992542B2 EP 08103862 A EP08103862 A EP 08103862A EP 1992542 B2 EP1992542 B2 EP 1992542B2
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
led
string
strings
assembly
light
Prior art date
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Application number
EP08103862.2A
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German (de)
English (en)
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EP1992542A3 (fr
EP1992542A2 (fr
EP1992542B1 (fr
Inventor
Helmut Ulmer
Tobias Meier
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Pintsch Bamag AG
Pintsch GmbH
Original Assignee
Pintsch Bamag AG
Pintsch Bamag Antriebs und Verkehrstechnik GmbH
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Application filed by Pintsch Bamag AG, Pintsch Bamag Antriebs und Verkehrstechnik GmbH filed Critical Pintsch Bamag AG
Priority to PL08103862T priority Critical patent/PL1992542T5/pl
Publication of EP1992542A2 publication Critical patent/EP1992542A2/fr
Publication of EP1992542A3 publication Critical patent/EP1992542A3/fr
Publication of EP1992542B1 publication Critical patent/EP1992542B1/fr
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Classifications

    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B61RAILWAYS
    • B61LGUIDING RAILWAY TRAFFIC; ENSURING THE SAFETY OF RAILWAY TRAFFIC
    • B61L29/00Safety means for rail/road crossing traffic
    • B61L29/24Means for warning road traffic that a gate is closed or closing, or that rail traffic is approaching, e.g. for visible or audible warning
    • B61L29/28Means for warning road traffic that a gate is closed or closing, or that rail traffic is approaching, e.g. for visible or audible warning electrically operated
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B61RAILWAYS
    • B61LGUIDING RAILWAY TRAFFIC; ENSURING THE SAFETY OF RAILWAY TRAFFIC
    • B61L5/00Local operating mechanisms for points or track-mounted scotch-blocks; Visible or audible signals; Local operating mechanisms for visible or audible signals
    • B61L5/12Visible signals
    • B61L5/18Light signals; Mechanisms associated therewith, e.g. blinders
    • B61L5/1809Daylight signals
    • B61L5/1881Wiring diagrams for power supply, control or testing
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B61RAILWAYS
    • B61LGUIDING RAILWAY TRAFFIC; ENSURING THE SAFETY OF RAILWAY TRAFFIC
    • B61L9/00Illumination specially adapted for points, form signals, or gates
    • B61L9/04Illumination specially adapted for points, form signals, or gates electric
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H05ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05BELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B45/00Circuit arrangements for operating light-emitting diodes [LED]
    • H05B45/50Circuit arrangements for operating light-emitting diodes [LED] responsive to malfunctions or undesirable behaviour of LEDs; responsive to LED life; Protective circuits
    • H05B45/54Circuit arrangements for operating light-emitting diodes [LED] responsive to malfunctions or undesirable behaviour of LEDs; responsive to LED life; Protective circuits in a series array of LEDs
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H05ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05BELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B47/00Circuit arrangements for operating light sources in general, i.e. where the type of light source is not relevant
    • H05B47/20Responsive to malfunctions or to light source life; for protection
    • H05B47/29Circuits providing for substitution of the light source in case of its failure
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B61RAILWAYS
    • B61LGUIDING RAILWAY TRAFFIC; ENSURING THE SAFETY OF RAILWAY TRAFFIC
    • B61L2207/00Features of light signals
    • B61L2207/02Features of light signals using light-emitting diodes [LEDs]

Definitions

  • the invention relates to an LED arrangement for light signal transmitter for railroad crossings, provided with a corresponding arrangement light signal transmitter for railroad crossings and a method for operating the LED array.
  • light signals for level crossings serve to generate optical signals at level crossings, warning the road users of an approaching train.
  • they are constructed so that a yellow and a red signal light are arranged on a post above a so-called St. Andrew's Crossing, at the approach of a train first the yellow signal light is turned on to give the road users opportunity to clear the immediate danger area, then what after a certain period of time, eg 3 to 5 seconds, the red signal light is switched on to indicate that the danger zone must not be retracted or entered.
  • the conventional light-emitting devices conventional two-filament incandescent lamps are used, each using a so-called main and a secondary thread (also called substitute thread), which are spatially offset in the incandescent lamp, the secondary thread serves to operate the bulb in case of failure to secure the main thread and thus virtually forms an internal "replacement lamp".
  • main and secondary thread also called substitute thread
  • substitute thread also called substitute thread
  • an LED light signal which serves to replace the conventional two-filament incandescent lamps and simulates the behavior of a conventional two-filament incandescent lamp, so that in a function of a so equipped light signal transmitter monitoring interlocking in particular by a conventional power monitoring a failure of a "main thread” and can be switched to the "secondary thread".
  • level crossing light signal generator is additionally attached as a side light to an existing traffic light traffic signal transmitter (i.d., at a traffic light).
  • traffic light traffic signal transmitter i.d., at a traffic light
  • Such arrangements can be found at road junctions in the area of a railroad crossing.
  • light signal transmitters as so-called “single lights” in the colors yellow, red and green.
  • the problem is that the two-filament incandescent lamps used produce different light distributions due to the necessary relatively large spatial offset of the two filaments in the lamp, depending on whether the main or the Side thread shine. Especially in the field of traffic light signals, however, the same possible light distribution is required.
  • the problems associated with conventional two-filament incandescent lamps in particular their short life in the above DE 199 47 688 A1 proposed LED light signal has the problem that the failure of individual LEDs can not be reliably monitored when only a few, available today so-called high-power LEDs are used.
  • the present invention seeks to provide an LED array for light signal and a light signal with a corresponding LED array, which make it possible, while maintaining the known standard control modules and in particular while maintaining the given installation housing the known two-filament bulbs LED technology, while maintaining the well-known from conventional incandescent reliable detection of interference and thereby achieve advantageous that when switching from a main to a replacement lighting system from a viewer virtually no change in the light distribution can be found, but at the same time remarkable To avoid deep phantom reflexes.
  • the arrangement according to the invention makes it possible to use a light signal suitable for use at level crossings with only very few high-power LEDs per string, e.g. Four or five LEDs per strand, which can be reliably prevented the emergence of perceivable for a viewer Tiefenreflexphantomen. Due to the inventively provided voltage monitoring, it is now possible for the first time to reliably detect the failure of a single LED of a strand.
  • the Fig. 1 shows a designated in its entirety by 10 light signal transmitter for railroad crossings, in which a yellow signal lamp 18 and a red signal lamp 20 are arranged on a post 12 on a crossroads 14 in a contrasting aperture 16.
  • the yellow signal light 18 is first turned on to give the road users opportunity to clear the immediate danger area, whereupon after a certain period of time, eg 3 to 5 seconds, the red signal light 20 is turned on to indicate that now may no longer be retracted or entered into the danger zone.
  • the signal lights 18 and 20 are each protected by a not-known here and known so-called. Schute in the manner of a curved cap shield.
  • the Fig. 2 shows a highly schematic side view of the basic structure of one in a signal light 18 or 20 according to Fig. 1 usable LED array according to the invention, in which a number of high-power LEDs 24 are arranged on a common board 22, wherein such LEDs usually have a power in the order of 1 W per LED.
  • the LEDs are connected in series in at least two separate so-called strands.
  • Fig. 2 only a few LEDs provided with reference numerals. To clarify the beam path were also in Fig. 2 purely by way of example, only five LEDs are shown, which are connected in series, for example in a string, while in fact the arrangement according to the invention usually comprises, for example, eight to fifteen LEDs, which are connected in series in at least two strands, for example to four or five LEDs.
  • a collimator 26 and a scattering lens 28 are provided, which inter alia, the in Fig. 2 indicated by the arrows ray path results.
  • the LEDs are connected in series in at least two strings, wherein the strings can be supplied separately with current in order to excite the LEDs in the respective string.
  • Fig. 3 schematically shows a possible distribution of the LEDs of two strands, each with five LEDs.
  • the LEDs are arranged around calculated centers, indicated by the dotted circles 30, which result in a desired light distribution, on the board not shown here, that the LEDs 32 of a first strand substantially the same light distribution and preferably produce substantially the same luminance the LEDs 34 at least one further strand.
  • Fig. 4 shows a possible arrangement of the LEDs of three strands, each with five LEDs.
  • the LEDs 32 of a first strand, the LEDs 34 of a second strand and the LEDs 36 of a third strand are arranged such that the LEDs of one strand produce substantially the same light distribution and preferably substantially the same luminance as the LEDs of the other strands.
  • Fig. 5 shows a typical luminous intensity distribution curve, which represents the spatial light distribution.
  • the LEDs of the two ( Fig. 3 ) or the three ( Fig. 4 ) Strings each generate light of the same color, so that, for example, all LEDs 32, 34 and 36 shine red.
  • the strands thus form a redundant system in the manner of a two-filament lamp, wherein a control unit not shown here for the automatic switching to another strand in case of failure of a strand or LEDs of a strand provides.
  • LEDs By in contrast to the spaced arrangement of the two threads in a two-filament incandescent lamp relatively close together arrangement of the LEDs ensures that the prescribed for example by certain traffic standards, light distribution is maintained even after switching to the "spare string" and the light signal the viewer always looks the same.
  • the use of colored LEDs to produce, for example, a yellow or red light signal also has over the known two-filament lamps, in which the color effect is generated by color filter, the great advantage that incident sunlight can not give the impression of a powered signal, sunlight, if it is reflected at all, depending on the color of the board, for example, white appears.
  • a light signal transmitter which is designed as a railway transition light signal and at the same time as a traffic light traffic signal (traffic light) and can generate light of the colors red, yellow and green, are provided for the individual colors suitably spatially separated signal lights although theoretically it would also be possible to provide different colored LEDs in one luminaire. Background of this spatial separation is the fact that it is important, especially in traffic, that even people with disturbed color perception must be able to recognize, for example, if a traffic light shows a stop signal.
  • the invention can thus on the signal generator 40 according to Fig. 6 waived and its function can be integrated into the signal generator 42.
  • the red and yellow signal arrangements with three strings each are used, two of which are controlled by the railway signaling system and one by the traffic signal system.
  • the Fig. 7 shows purely schematically a possible circuit arrangement for operating the LED array according to the invention with current and voltage monitoring of two LED strands, one of which forms the so-called main thread signal in operation (in the Fig. 7 as "HF signal”), the other strand in operation represents the so-called secondary thread signal (referred to in the drawing as "NF signal").
  • HF signal main thread signal in operation
  • NF signal secondary thread signal
  • the secondary thread is switched off via a designated in the drawing as "NF-Abschalter" Maufadenabschalter , If a fault in one of the LEDs of the main thread or even a failure of the entire main thread is detected, the Maufadenabschalter itself "turned off", so that the secondary thread is turned on. It is clear to the person skilled in the art that switching over from the main thread to the secondary thread, more precisely from the LEDs of one strand to the LEDs of another strand, can be realized in different switching technology.
  • the control unit not shown here for the automatic switching of a strand in case of failure of the strand or an LED of the strand to another strand is designed so that each time the LED array another of two substantially the same light distribution generating Strands is activated.
  • substantially elongating design can also be provided a separate component, which causes e.g. two or three strands are always operated alternately, whereby a uniform wear of the LEDs is achieved.
  • two strands are each operated with only half of their actual power, as long as the LEDs of both strands are intact. If one strand or one LED of one strand fails, the other strand is operated at full power.
  • either the control unit can be designed accordingly or a separate component can be provided.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Train Traffic Observation, Control, And Security (AREA)
  • Led Device Packages (AREA)
  • Circuit Arrangement For Electric Light Sources In General (AREA)

Claims (14)

  1. Ensemble de DEL pour émetteurs de signaux lumineux (10) pour passages à niveau, comprenant
    - un premier faisceau de DEL de grande puissance (32) montées en série et
    - au moins un autre faisceau de DEL de grande puissance (34) montées en série,
    - les DEL desdits au moins deux faisceaux étant disposées sur une même carte,
    - les faisceaux pouvant être alimentés en courant séparément les uns des autres afin d'exciter ainsi les DEL dans le faisceau respectif à émettre de la lumière,
    - les DEL dans lesdits au moins deux faisceaux étant disposées sur la carte de telle façon que les DEL du premier faisceau créent pour l'essentiel la même distribution de lumière que les DEL dudit au moins un autre faisceau,
    - des moyens étant prévus pour surveiller le courant circulant en fonctionnement d'au moins un faisceau et la tension perdue sur le faisceau, et
    - une unité de commande étant prévue pour commuter automatiquement sur un autre faisceau en cas de défaillance d'un faisceau opéré ou d'une DEL d'un faisceau opéré.
  2. Ensemble selon la revendication 1, caractérisé par le fait que l'on prévoit trois faisceaux de DEL de grande puissance (32, 34, 36) montées en série, les DEL de tous les trois faisceaux étant disposées de telle manière que les DEL de chaque faisceau créent pour l'essentiel la même distribution de lumière que les DEL de chacun des autres faisceaux.
  3. Ensemble selon la revendication 1 ou 2, caractérisé par le fait que les DEL génèrent de la lumière de couleur, en particulier de la lumière rouge, jaune ou verte.
  4. Ensemble selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 3, caractérisé par le fait qu'un collimateur (26) et/ou une lentille divergente (28) est prévu(e) ou bien sont prévus en regard de ladite carte dotée des DEL.
  5. Ensemble selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 4, caractérisé par le fait qu'au moins trois, de préférence quatre à six DEL sont montées en série dans chacun des faisceaux.
  6. Ensemble selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 5, caractérisé par le fait que les DEL du premier faisceau créent pour l'essentiel la même luminance que les DEL dudit au moins un autre faisceau.
  7. Ensemble selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 6, caractérisé par le fait que ladite unité de commande ou un composant séparé est réalisé(e) de telle sorte que, à chaque fois que ledit ensemble de DEL est allumé, un autre de deux faisceaux générant pour l'essentiel la même distribution de lumière est activé tant que les deux faisceaux sont intacts.
  8. Ensemble selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 6, caractérisé par le fait que ladite unité de commande ou un composant séparé est réalisé(e) de telle sorte que, à chaque fois que ledit ensemble de DEL est allumé, deux faisceaux générant pour l'essentiel la même distribution de lumière sont activés avec respectivement la moitié de leur puissance réelle et sont surveillés quant au courant consommé et à la tension perdue, et que, en cas de défaillance d'un faisceau opéré ou d'une DEL d'un faisceau opéré, le faisceau intact est opéré à la pleine puissance.
  9. Emetteur de signaux lumineux (10) pour passages à niveau, comprenant un ensemble de DEL selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 8.
  10. Emetteur de signaux lumineux selon la revendication 9, caractérisé par le fait qu'au moins deux ensembles de DEL selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 8 sont prévus, lesdits ensembles générant chacun une lumière de couleur différente.
  11. Emetteur de signaux lumineux selon la revendication 10, caractérisé par le fait que lesdits au moins deux ensembles de DEL selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 8 sont disposés dans des feux de signalisation séparés l'un de l'autre dans l'espace, en particulier ils sont disposés l'un au-dessous de l'autre.
  12. Emetteur de signaux lumineux selon l'une quelconque des revendications 9 à 11, caractérisé par le fait que ledit émetteur de signaux lumineux est réalisé comme émetteur de signaux lumineux pour passages à niveau et en même temps comme émetteur de signaux lumineux pour la circulation routière et est apte à générer de la lumière des couleurs rouge, jaune et verte.
  13. Procédé pour opérer un ensemble de DEL selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 7, caractérisé par le fait que, à chaque fois que ledit ensemble de DEL est allumé, un autre de deux faisceaux générant pour l'essentiel la même distribution de lumière est activé tant que les deux faisceaux sont intacts.
  14. Procédé pour opérer un ensemble de DEL selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 6 et la revendication 8, caractérisé par le fait que, à chaque fois que ledit ensemble de DEL est allumé, deux faisceaux générant pour l'essentiel la même distribution de lumière sont activés avec respectivement la moitié de leur puissance réelle et sont surveillés quant au courant consommé et à la tension perdue, et que, en cas de défaillance d'un faisceau opéré ou d'une DEL d'un faisceau opéré, le faisceau intact est opéré à la pleine puissance.
EP08103862.2A 2007-05-07 2008-05-07 Agencement DEL pour émetteurs de signaux lumineux pour passages à niveaux, émetteur de signaux lumineux pour passages à niveaux dotés d'un tel dispositif DEL et procédé de fonctionnement d'un dispositif DEL Active EP1992542B2 (fr)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
PL08103862T PL1992542T5 (pl) 2007-05-07 2008-05-07 Układ diod elektroluminescencyjnych do sygnalizatora świetlnego dla przejazdów kolejowych, sygnalizator świetlny dla przejazdów kolejowych wyposażony w taki układ diod elektroluminescencyjnych oraz sposób eksploatowania takiego układu diod elektroluminescencyjnych

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE102007021836A DE102007021836A1 (de) 2007-05-07 2007-05-07 LED Anordnung für Lichtsignalgeber insbesondere für Bahnübergänge sowie Lichtsignalgeber insbesondere für Bahnübergänge mit einer solchen LED-Anordnung

Publications (4)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP1992542A2 EP1992542A2 (fr) 2008-11-19
EP1992542A3 EP1992542A3 (fr) 2009-07-15
EP1992542B1 EP1992542B1 (fr) 2011-02-16
EP1992542B2 true EP1992542B2 (fr) 2015-06-17

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EP08103862.2A Active EP1992542B2 (fr) 2007-05-07 2008-05-07 Agencement DEL pour émetteurs de signaux lumineux pour passages à niveaux, émetteur de signaux lumineux pour passages à niveaux dotés d'un tel dispositif DEL et procédé de fonctionnement d'un dispositif DEL

Country Status (4)

Country Link
EP (1) EP1992542B2 (fr)
AT (1) ATE498531T1 (fr)
DE (2) DE102007021836A1 (fr)
PL (1) PL1992542T5 (fr)

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE102016124265A1 (de) 2016-09-19 2018-03-22 Pintsch Bamag Antriebs- Und Verkehrstechnik Gmbh LED-Signalleuchte

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE102012106630A1 (de) 2012-07-20 2014-01-23 Pintsch Bamag Antriebs- Und Verkehrstechnik Gmbh LED-Streckensignal für den Schienenverkehr sowie Schnittstelle für ein solches LED-Streckensignal
DE102013110838B3 (de) 2013-09-30 2015-02-12 Pintsch Bamag Antriebs- Und Verkehrstechnik Gmbh Anordnung und Verfahren zur Überwachung mehrerer LED-Stränge sowie LED-Leuchte mit einer solchen Anordnung
DE102014102412A1 (de) 2014-02-25 2015-08-27 Pintsch Bamag Antriebs- Und Verkehrstechnik Gmbh Vorrichtung und deren Verwendung zur Überwachung von LED-Leuchten
DE102014107947A1 (de) 2014-06-05 2015-12-17 Pintsch Bamag Antriebs- Und Verkehrstechnik Gmbh LED-Einheit mit Spannungsüberwachung, Verwendung einer solchen LED-Einheit sowie LED-Leuchte mit einer solchen LED-Einheit
DE102015112403A1 (de) 2014-07-29 2016-02-04 Pintsch Bamag Antriebs- Und Verkehrstechnik Gmbh Signaleinrichtung und Schaltungskomponente der Signaleinrichtung
DE102015112404A1 (de) 2014-07-29 2016-02-04 Pintsch Bamag Antriebs- Und Verkehrstechnik Gmbh LED-Einheit für Lichtsignalgeber, Lichtsignalgeber mit einer solchen Einheit und Verfahren zur Überwachung eines LED-Strangs einer LED-Einheit
DE102014110700A1 (de) 2014-07-29 2016-02-04 Pintsch Bamag Antriebs- Und Verkehrstechnik Gmbh LED-Einheit für Lichtsignalgeber sowie Lichtsignalgeber mit einer solchen Einheit
DE102014113226B3 (de) * 2014-09-15 2015-05-07 Pintsch Bamag Antriebs- Und Verkehrstechnik Gmbh Taktsignalausgabeeinrichtung, Schaltung mit einer solchen Taktsignalausgabeeinrichtung, Steuereinheit mit einer solchen Schaltung und Lichtsignalgeber mit einer solchen Steuereinheit
DE102014113225A1 (de) 2014-09-15 2016-03-17 Pintsch Bamag Antriebs- Und Verkehrstechnik Gmbh Lichtsignalgeber und Schaltungskomponente eines solchen Lichtsignalgebers
DE102014119623A1 (de) * 2014-12-23 2016-06-23 Pintsch Bamag Antriebs- Und Verkehrstechnik Gmbh LED-Lichtmodul, Signalleuchte mit einem solchen Lichtmodul sowie Verfahren zum Betreiben eines solchen Lichtmoduls

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EP1045360B1 (fr) * 1999-04-14 2004-07-14 Scheidt & Bachmann Gmbh Procédé de fonctionnement d'un appareil de signalisation lumineuse
DE19947688A1 (de) * 1999-09-24 2001-04-05 Siemens Ag LED-Lichtsignal
DE10216393B4 (de) * 2002-04-12 2009-03-05 Osram Opto Semiconductors Gmbh Leuchtdioden (LED)-Verkehrssignalgeber mit einer Lichtsignalschaltungsanordnung für Signallampen mit Haupt- und Nebenfaden
DE102004046337B3 (de) * 2004-09-20 2006-06-14 Siemens Ag Schaltung und Verfahren zur Ansteuerung einer Vielzahl von Leuchtelementen, insbesondere von Leuchdioden eines Signals einer sicherungstechnischen Einrichtung
ITRM20040448A1 (it) * 2004-09-22 2004-12-22 Tecnologie Meccaniche S R L Interfaccia di alimentazione e rilevazione guasti per un segnalatore ottico a led, in particolare per l'adattamento a reti di alimentazione ferroviarie.

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* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE102016124265A1 (de) 2016-09-19 2018-03-22 Pintsch Bamag Antriebs- Und Verkehrstechnik Gmbh LED-Signalleuchte

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
EP1992542A3 (fr) 2009-07-15
DE502008002593D1 (de) 2011-03-31
DE102007021836A1 (de) 2008-11-20
EP1992542A2 (fr) 2008-11-19
EP1992542B1 (fr) 2011-02-16
PL1992542T3 (pl) 2011-07-29
PL1992542T5 (pl) 2016-07-29
ATE498531T1 (de) 2011-03-15

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