Classifications

• • G—PHYSICS
  • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
  • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
  • G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
  • G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
  • G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
  • G01N33/53—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor
  • G01N33/543—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor with an insoluble carrier for immobilising immunochemicals
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
  • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
  • G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
  • G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
  • G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
  • G01N33/53—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor
  • G01N33/569—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor for microorganisms, e.g. protozoa, bacteria, viruses
  • G01N33/56961—Plant cells or fungi
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
  • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
  • G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
  • G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
  • G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
  • G01N33/53—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor
  • G01N33/543—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor with an insoluble carrier for immobilising immunochemicals
  • G01N33/54313—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor with an insoluble carrier for immobilising immunochemicals the carrier being characterised by its particulate form
  • G01N33/54346—Nanoparticles
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
  • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
  • G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
  • G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
  • G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
  • G01N33/53—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor
  • G01N33/569—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor for microorganisms, e.g. protozoa, bacteria, viruses
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
  • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
  • G01N2333/00—Assays involving biological materials from specific organisms or of a specific nature
  • G01N2333/37—Assays involving biological materials from specific organisms or of a specific nature from fungi
  • G01N2333/39—Assays involving biological materials from specific organisms or of a specific nature from fungi from yeasts
  • G01N2333/40—Assays involving biological materials from specific organisms or of a specific nature from fungi from yeasts from Candida

Definitions

• the present invention relates to means and methods for detecting Candida and Candida-related fungal cells in clinical material.
• candidiasis The diagnosis of candidiasis is usually made microscopically in the routine clinical laboratory. Mucosal smears, stool samples, urine, positive blood culture or other specimens from sterile organ compartments (CSF, tissue biopsy) may be appropriate.
• CSF sterile organ compartments
• the safe detection of candidiasis succeeds only rarely. Often, however, are false positive results, while just in the case of soorse psi also false negative findings occur.
• the cultivation of patient samples is very time-intensive, which is why diagnoses can often be made too late.
• Mushrooms are living antigen mosaics and can stimulate the different parts of the immune system. Antigens of the mushroom capsule in Forms of proteins, polysaccharides, lipids and chitin-like substances induce antibody formation by B cells. As a result, corresponding precipitating and complement-binding antibodies can be detected in the serum of fungal infected patients. In case of clinical suspicion of a systemic candidal infection, an increase in the titer of antibodies directed against Candida is often seen simultaneously in serological follow-up examinations.
• HAT hemagglutinin test
• Candida test also have a high selectivity to minimize the number of false positive results, and thus the number of unnecessary therapies.
• Candida test in routine clinical diagnostics should be fast and safe to use.
• the highest possible sample throughput must be possible. This can be achieved on a regular basis through the use of automated readout devices, which are particularly directly connected to the patient databases.
• a large number of individual tests should be realized in a single run.
• an improved assay must provide the opportunity to be performed in a single approach with other related assays, for example, to detect other agents.
• the present invention solves the technical problem on which it is based by providing a functional element for detecting Candida, ie a Candida diagnostic chip comprising a carrier with a surface and at least one microstructure arranged on the carrier surface with molecule-specific recognition sites selected from: anti- antibodies to the protein TSA 1, preferably so-called anti-TSA 1 IgG 1 and the protein TSA 1 immobilized thereon.
• a functional element for detecting Candida ie a Candida diagnostic chip comprising a carrier with a surface and at least one microstructure arranged on the carrier surface with molecule-specific recognition sites selected from: anti- antibodies to the protein TSA 1, preferably so-called anti-TSA 1 IgG 1 and the protein TSA 1 immobilized thereon.
• TSA protein "thiol-specific antioxidant (like) protein” of Candida, a member of the peroxiredoxin enzyme family (EC 1.1 1.1.15). It is a physiologically important antioxidant with disulfide bond, which can fend off sulfur-containing radicals by enzymatic activity.
• TSA 1 is primarily located cytosolic. TSA 1 has the amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 1
• TSA 1 is preferably used in the form of recombinant TSA 1.
• Protein cocktails derived from Candida cells such as cytosolic proteins or cell wall proteins.
• the functional element also has the molecule-specific recognition sites according to the invention if, in addition to the TSA 1 protein, further Candida proteins are immobilized.
• the microstructures are formed with inclusion of at least one biomolecule stabilizing agent.
• the layers of nanoparticles which are preferably arranged in a multidimensional manner, drastically increase the reaction surfaces of the functional element made available for the desired detection reactions, wherein at the same time by the inclusion of the protein-stabilizing agent in a preferred embodiment
• Embodiment is achieved that the use of TSA 1 protein or anti-TSA 1 antibodies, the natural structure and function of the proteins is maintained.
• the plurality of preferably three-dimensionally arranged layers of nanoparticles in a thickness of 10 nm to
• the inventive design of the functional element allows a high detection sensitivity even with very small amounts of analyte to be detected.
• the functional elements used according to the invention are for the detection of Candida - in lateral structuring - equipped with further functional layers with other molecule-specific recognition sites, each of which is specifically addressable.
• spatially resolved specific analytes can bind.
• proteins and / or antibodies which are specific for microbial pathogens such as fungal cells are preferably used as further molecule-specific recognition sites; the fungal cells are preferably clinically relevant pathogens such as Aspergillus, Cryptococcus
• Further molecule-specific recognition sites are preferably further selected isolated Candida antigens and / or antibodies directed against further Candida antigens.
• the present invention thus provides a functional element, on the surface of which one or more microstructures are arranged, each microstructure preferably consisting of many nanoparticles, particularly preferably in several layers with identical or non-identical molecule-specific recognition sites, at least one molecule-specific recognition site being selected from: specific antibodies against the protein TSA 1, preferably so-called anti-TSA 1 IgG, and the protein TSA 1.
• the present invention does not intend to bind biological molecules directly to a planar surface but rather to immobilize them to a plurality of, preferably three-dimensional, nanoparticle surfaces. the before or after immobilization to form a laterally structured microstructure.
• the molecule-specific recognition sites are bound covalently and / or non-covalently to the nanoparticles.
• the specific antibodies against the protein TSA or the protein TSA can be immobilized both nondirectionally and directionally on the nanoparticles, whereby almost any desired orientation of the biomolecules is possible.
• the immobilization of the biomolecules on the nanoparticles also stabilizes the biomolecules.
• nanoparticle is understood as meaning a particulate binding matrix having first molecule-specific recognition sites comprising functional chemical groups
• the nanoparticles used according to the invention comprise a core with a surface on which the first functional groups are arranged being able to covalently or non-covalently bind complementary second functional groups of a biomolecule By interaction between the first and second functional groups, the biomolecule is immobilized on the nanoparticle and thus on the microstructure of the functional element and / or can be immobilized thereon.
• the nanoparticles used according to the invention for forming the microstructures have a size of less than 500 nm, preferably less than 150 nm.
• the nanoparticles preferably used according to the invention have a core-shell structure.
• the core of the nanoparticles consists of an inorganic material such as a metal, for example Au 1 Ag or Ni, silicon, SiO 2 , SiO, a silicate, Al 2 O 3 , SiO 2 ⁇ Al 2 O 3 , Fe 2 O 3 , Ag 2 O, TiO 2 , ZrO 2 , Zr 2 O 3 , Ta 2 Oo, zeolite, glass, indium tin oxide, hydroxyapatite, a Q-dot or a mixture thereof or contains this.
• the core consists of an organic
• Synthesis method emulsion polymerization, suspension polymerization, etc. take place.
• Enable microstructures These functions may, for example, be fluorescent labels, UV / Vis labels, superparamagnetic functions, ferromagnetic functions and / or radioactive labels.
• Suitable methods for detecting nanoparticles include, for example, fluorescence or UV-Vis spectroscopy, fluorescence or light microscopy, MALDI mass spectrometry, waveguide spectroscopy, impedance spectroscopy, electrical and radiometric methods. A combination of the methods can be used for the detection of nanoparticles.
• the core surface is modified by applying additional functions such as fluorescent labels, UV / Vis labels, superparamagnetic functions, ferromagnetic functions and / or radioactive labels can be.
• the surface of the nanoparticle core has separately or additionally ion exchange functions. Nanoparticles with ion-exchange functions are particularly suitable for optimizing the MALDI analysis, since it can bind interfering ions.
• the core surface has chemical compounds which serve for steric stabilization and / or for preventing a conformational change of the immobilized molecules and / or for preventing the addition of further biologically active compounds to the core surface.
• chemical compounds are preferably polyethylene glycols, oligoethylene glycols, dextran or a mixture thereof.
• Nanoparticles preferably used according to the invention have a diameter of 5 nm to 500 nm. Therefore, using such nanoparticles, it is possible to produce functional elements which have very small microstructures of any shape in the nanometer to micrometer range. The use of the nanoparticles for generating the microstructures therefore allows a miniaturization of the functional elements which has not hitherto been achieved, which is accompanied by considerable improvements of significant parameters of the functional elements.
• layers of nanoparticles arranged in three dimensions have a total thickness of 10 nm to 10 ⁇ m.
• the nanoparticles preferably used to form the microstructures have a comparatively very high surface-to-volume ratio and can accordingly bind a large amount of one biological molecule per mass. Compared to systems in which biological molecules are bound directly to a planar support, a functional element can thus bind a significantly larger amount of the biological molecules per unit area.
• the amount of molecules bound per unit area that is to say the packing density, is therefore so great according to the invention, because multiple particle layers are stacked on top of each other to produce the microstructure on the carrier surface.
• a further increase in the amount of biological molecules bound per unit area is preferably achieved by coating the nanoparticles first with hydrogels and then with the biological molecules.
• a “functional element” is understood to mean an element which, either alone or as part of a more complex device, that is to say in connection with other similar or different functional elements, performs at least one defined function.
• the individual constituents of a functional element may perform different functions within a functional element and may contribute to the overall function of the element to varying degrees or in different ways
• a functional element comprises a carrier having a carrier surface in which defined layers of nanoparticles are preferably not arranged three-dimensionally as a microstructure (s), the nanoparticles having molecule-specific recognition sites selected from: s specific antibodies against the protein TSA 1, preferably so-called anti-TSA 1 IgG, and the protein TSA 1, for binding Candida-specific molecules, are provided.
• the functional elements according to the invention can be prepared in a simple manner using known methods. It is used for the production and further embodiments of the functional W
• German patent application DE 102004 062 573 the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
• At least one microstructure is preferred
• Biomolecule stabilizing agent in particular at least one protein stabilizing agent included. Such agents further enhance the stabilization of biomolecules.
• biomolecule-stabilizing agents in particular “protein-stabilizing agents”, according to the invention agents are understood that the three-dimensional structure of proteins, ie secondary, tertiary,
• the protein stabilizing agent is a saccharide, in particular sucrose (sucrose), lactose, glucose, trehalose or
• Maltose a polyalcohol, in particular inositol, ethylene glycol, glycerol, sorbitol, xylitol, mannitol or 2-methyl-2,4-pentanediol, an amino acid, in particular sodium glutamate, proline, alpha-alanine, beta-alanine, glycine, lysine HCl or 4-hydroxyproline, a polymer, in particular polyethylene glycol, dextran, polyvinylpyrrolidone, an inorganic salt, in particular sodium sulfate, ammonium sulfate, potassium phosphate, magnesium sulfate or sodium fluoride, an organic salt, especially sodium acetate, sodium polyethylene, sodium caprylate, propionate, lactate or succinate, or trimethylamine N-oxide, sarcosine, betaine, gamma-aminobutyric acid, octopine, alanopine,
• the bonding agent consists of poly (diallyldimethylammonium chloride), a sodium salt of poly (styrenesulfonic acid), a sodium salt of poly (vinylsulfonic acid), poly (allylamine hydrochloride), linear or branched poly (ethyleneimine), poly ( acrylic acid), poly (meth) acrylic acid) or a mixture of these.
• the polymer is preferably a hydrogel.
• Carboxy group hydroxy group, epoxy group, tosyl chloride, N-hydroxy succinic ester, maleimide and / or biotin.
• Suitable bonding agents include polymers containing active esters such as phenyldimethylsulfonium methylsulfate groups, photoactive crosslinkers, proteins such as streptavidin, BSA and the like, as well as nucleic acids.
• addressable means that the microstructure can be retrieved and / or detected after the nanoparticles have been applied to the carrier surface If the microstructure is applied to the carrier surface, for example using a mask or a stamp, On the one hand, the address of the microstructure results from the coordinates x and y of the mask or the stamp
• the address of the microstructure results the molecule-specific recognition sites on the surface of the nanoparticles, which allow retrieval or detection of the microstructure.
• the present invention furthermore relates to the use of the functional element according to the invention for the detection of Candida and Candida-related pith cells, ie in particular for the diagnosis of candidoses in human or animal bodies.
• Clinical material or “sample of clinical material” means a sample such as whole blood, blood serum, lymph, tissue fluid, bronchial lavage, gastrointestinal fluid, stool, cervical mucus, mucosal swab. Likewise, it also means a biopsy or tissue sample taken from a living or dead organism, organ or tissue. However, a sample may also be a culture medium, for example a fermentation medium, in which organisms, for example
• Microorganisms, or human, animal or plant cells were cultivated. Such a sample may already have been subjected to purification steps, such as protein isolation, but may also be unpurified.
• the use according to the invention of the functional element according to the invention makes the specific antigen-antibody binding between the molecule-specific recognition sites, selected from specific antibodies against the protein TSA 1 and the protein TSA 1, with corresponding Candida-specific molecules in the sample to be examined of the clinical material.
• the antigen-antibody complex formed by contacting the functional element with the provided clinical material can be detected in a manner known per se.
• Known methods of immunohistology can be adapted to the functional elements as appropriate.
• antigen-proteins or labeled primary or labeled secondary antibodies are preferably used for the detection of the antigen-antibody complex on the functional element, which antigenically binds the Candida-specific molecules specifically bound in the antigen-antibody complex from the sample by a further specific antigen.
• the labeling agent the fluorescent label or the metal label is preferably used.
• MALDI mass spectrometry fluorescence or UV-VIS spectroscopy, fluorescence or light microscopy, waveguide spectroscopy, electrical methods such as impedance spectroscopy or a combination of these methods are preferably used.
• a fluorescence detection method is used, a fluorescence-labeled analyte and / or fluorescence-labeled biologically active detection molecule bound to the nanoparticle is also involved
• the analyte and / or the molecule-specific detection molecule and / or a further secondary detection molecule are preferably fluorescently labeled.
• the detection of the labeled antigen-antibody complex takes place in automated form, for example in scanners.
• the present invention therefore also relates to a method for the identification and / or detection of Candida and Candida related pith cells, in particular in clinical material, ie in particular a method for the diagnosis of candidoses in human or animal bodies.
• a process step a) becomes a
• a functional element according to the invention ie a Candida diagnosis chip, is provided, which in a further method step c) is brought into contact with the sample under conditions which have a specific antibody property.
• unbound Candida-specific molecules and also non-specific molecules from the functional element are preferably washed by washing with a biocompatible washing agent. liquid removed.
• the biocompatible washing liquid is preferably water and / or buffer, e.g. B. Phosphate-buffered saline: PBS, and / or buffer with the addition of a detergent, eg. TritonX-100.
• the support is washed at room temperature sequentially in water and buffer, optionally with a detergent, or buffer, optionally with a detergent, and water, for example, for 30 min.
• a further use according to the invention of the functional element is the isolation of a protein interacting with the immobilized molecule-specific recognition sites, selected from specific antibodies against the protein TSA 1 and the protein TSA 1, from a sample.
• the sequence log contains:
• SEQ ID NO: 1 Amino acid sequence of TSA 1 (Candida albicans).
• SEQ ID NO: 4 Amino acid sequence of the TSA 1 -M BP fusion protein
• SEQ ID NO: 5 Amino acid sequence of MBP.
• FIG. 1 shows the result of the detection of rabbit anti-
• Figure 2 shows the result of the detection of fluorescence-labeled Candida antigen.
• the recombinant antigen is detected using nanoparticulate affinity layers at a concentration of 40 pmol / l.
• the sensor layers consist of functional nanoparticles that have anti-TSA 1 antibodies bound to their surface.
• FIG. 3 shows the result of the detection of Candida antigen with the aid of the sandwich technique.
• the recombinant antigen is prepared using nanoparticulate affinity layers in a concentration of 100 pmol / l detected.
• the sensor layers consist of functional nanoparticles that have anti-TSA 1 antibodies bound to their surface. The detection is done by a fluorescently labeled anti-TSA 1 antibody.
• Example 1 Detection of anti-Ca ⁇ d / ' da a / fo / cans antibodies in clinical material
• an antibody directed against the antigen TSA 1 of Candida albicans is detected.
• Detection of anti-Candida antibodies in a sample is performed by immobilizing Candida cell lysate on functional silica nanoparticles and depositing these bioactive nanoparticles as an affinity coating on a substrate.
• Anti-Candida antibodies in the sample bind to Candida antigen TSA, which is immobilized in three-dimensional nanostructured affinity layers. The binding was detected by fluorescence-labeled secondary antibody.
• nanoparticle-based Candida diagnostic chips which are suitable for fluorescence readout
• glass substrates are used by way of example.
• the adhesion of nanoparticles to surfaces is largely mediated by electrostatic interaction.
• For adsorption of protein-coated nanoparticles on the substrate usually positively charged surfaces are required.
• Commercially available glass slides that have positive groups on the surfaces are printed with protein-coated nanoparticles without further pretreatment.
• the substrates are incubated at room temperature for 20 min in an aqueous polycation solution (0.02 mol / l poly (allylamine) (based on the monomer), pH 8.5) in MilliQ water for 5 min washed and then dried by centrifugation.
• an aqueous polycation solution 0.2 mol / l poly (allylamine) (based on the monomer), pH 8.5
• a 1 wt .-% aqueous suspension of the core-shell particles is mixed with 10 vol .-% 25% ammonia. Then 20% by weight of aminopropyltriethoxysilane, based on the particles, are added. is added and it is stirred for 1 h at room temperature. The particles are purified by repeated centrifugation and carry functional amino groups on their surface (zeta potential in 0.1 mol / l acetate buffer: + 35 mV).
• Carboxy groups on their surface (zeta potential in 0.1 mol / l acetate buffer: - 35 mV).
• the mean particle size is 170 nm.
• the particles are suspended for coating in 5% (w / v) aqueous trehalose solution.
• the nanoparticles loaded with Candida cell lysate are transferred to the pretreated glass substrate with the aid of a pin-ring spotter.
• the concentration of the particle suspensions used is 2% (w / v). Per needle contact with the surface approx.
• the Spof diameter is about 150 microns.
• the placement of the individual spots on the substrate is freely programmable.
• Blocking was carried out with 24 ⁇ l of 1 mol / l glycine pH 8.5.
• the coupled peptides were pooled and each half used per animal.
• Two rabbits were immunized four times at intervals of 30 days (Pineda, Berlin). Preimmune serum, immunization day 61, 90 and 120 serum was characterized.
• Immobilized peptides for the affinity purification of the TSA1 antibodies were prepared by CNBr-activated Sepharose 4B (Amersham Bioscents, Freiburg) according to the company. 0.3 g of CNBr-activated Sepharose 4B was placed in a tube and allowed to swell for 15 min in 1 mmol / l HCl so that the beads were covered. Subsequently, the Sepharose was several times with a total of
• TSA1 antibody serum 3 ml was used for purification. Incubation was carried out in rotation at 4 ° C. overnight, washed three times with PBS pH 7.4, then eluted with 0.1 mol / l glycine pH 2.8. The eluate was dissolved in 1 ml fractions in 1.5 ml of reaction Tinsgefä built collected, in each of which 50 .mu.l 1 mol / l Tris-HCl pH 8.8 was submitted. In total, ten fractions were collected. These were measured at 280 nm in a quartz cuvette and the fractions 1-3 were combined and dialysed against PBS pH 7.4. The dialysis was carried out once for 2 h and once overnight at 4 0 C in 2 l each
• the affinity-purified and dialyzed TSA1 antibody were admixed with 0.02% (w / v) azide and stored at 4 0C.
• the nanoparticle surfaces are initially blocked for 1 h with a 3% (w / v) solution of BSA in PBS buffer. The mixture is then incubated for 1.5 h in the dark at room temperature with a sample of purified anti-TSA 1 antibody (about 230 pmol / l or 5 ⁇ g per 100 ml PBS + 1% BSA). Thereafter, each 30 min in PBS is washed.
• the fluorescence signal of the bound anti-candida antibody, anti-rabbit antibody is in a commercial chip reader
• Example 2 Detection of a fluorescently labeled recombinant Candida a / fe / 'cans-Antiqens by Candida diagnosis chip
• TSA 1 antigens in the sample (exemplified in the experiment: TSA 1 maltose binding protein fusion construct (TSA 1-MPB) bind to the anti-TSA 1 antibody immobilized in three-dimensional nanostructured affinity layers, in this example recombinant, fluorescently labeled TSA 1-MPB fusion protein was used as Candida antigen.
• TSA 1 maltose binding protein fusion construct (TSA 1-MPB) binds to the anti-TSA 1 antibody immobilized in three-dimensional nanostructured affinity layers, in this example recombinant, fluorescently labeled TSA 1-MPB fusion protein was used as Candida antigen.
• 1 mg of carboxy-functionalized silica particles is combined with 10 ul protein G Gamma Bind type 2 (Pierce) (3 mg / ml) and 10 .mu.l of a solution of EDC (NP-DimethylaminopropyO-N '-ethyl-carbodiimide-HCl; 3.8 mg / ml) and made up to 1 ml with MES buffer (pH 4.5). The mixture is shaken overnight at 4 0 C, then the particles are purified by repeated centrifugation. 500 ⁇ g protein G particles are mixed with 26 ⁇ l anti-TSA 1 IgG solution (0.7 mg / ml) and made up to 500 ⁇ l with PBS. The mixture is shaken overnight at 4 ° C, then the particles are cleaned by repeated centrifugation.
• EDC NP-DimethylaminopropyO-N '-ethyl-carbodiimide-HCl
• MES buffer pH 4.5
• 500 ⁇ g anti-rabbit IgG particles are mixed with 26 ⁇ l anti-TSA 1 IgG solution (0.7 mg / ml) and made up to 500 ⁇ l with PBS. The mixture is shaken overnight at 4 0 C, then the particles are purified by repeated centrifugation.
• the particles are suspended for coating in 5% (w / v) aqueous trehalose solution.

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  • 2005-09-28 DE DE102005047384A patent/DE102005047384A1/de not_active Withdrawn
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