Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
  • C12P—FERMENTATION OR ENZYME-USING PROCESSES TO SYNTHESISE A DESIRED CHEMICAL COMPOUND OR COMPOSITION OR TO SEPARATE OPTICAL ISOMERS FROM A RACEMIC MIXTURE
  • C12P41/00—Processes using enzymes or microorganisms to separate optical isomers from a racemic mixture
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
  • C12P—FERMENTATION OR ENZYME-USING PROCESSES TO SYNTHESISE A DESIRED CHEMICAL COMPOUND OR COMPOSITION OR TO SEPARATE OPTICAL ISOMERS FROM A RACEMIC MIXTURE
  • C12P13/00—Preparation of nitrogen-containing organic compounds
  • C12P13/002—Nitriles (-CN)
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
  • C12P—FERMENTATION OR ENZYME-USING PROCESSES TO SYNTHESISE A DESIRED CHEMICAL COMPOUND OR COMPOSITION OR TO SEPARATE OPTICAL ISOMERS FROM A RACEMIC MIXTURE
  • C12P13/00—Preparation of nitrogen-containing organic compounds
  • C12P13/02—Amides, e.g. chloramphenicol or polyamides; Imides or polyimides; Urethanes, i.e. compounds comprising N-C=O structural element or polyurethanes
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
  • C12P—FERMENTATION OR ENZYME-USING PROCESSES TO SYNTHESISE A DESIRED CHEMICAL COMPOUND OR COMPOSITION OR TO SEPARATE OPTICAL ISOMERS FROM A RACEMIC MIXTURE
  • C12P41/00—Processes using enzymes or microorganisms to separate optical isomers from a racemic mixture
  • C12P41/003—Processes using enzymes or microorganisms to separate optical isomers from a racemic mixture by ester formation, lactone formation or the inverse reactions
  • C12P41/005—Processes using enzymes or microorganisms to separate optical isomers from a racemic mixture by ester formation, lactone formation or the inverse reactions by esterification of carboxylic acid groups in the enantiomers or the inverse reaction

Definitions

• the invention encompasses the use of enzymatic resolution for the preparation of intermediates of pregabalin, including (3S)-cyano-5-methylhexanoic acid and salts thereof and R-(+)-3-(carbamoylmethyl)-5-methylhexanoic acid and salts thereof.
• (S)-Pregabalin has been found to activate GAD (L-glutamic acid decarboxylase).
• GAD L-glutamic acid decarboxylase
• (S)-Pregabalin has a dose dependent protective effect on-seizure, and is a CNS-active compound.
• (S)-Pregabalin is useful in anticonvulsant therapy, due to its activation of GAD, promoting the production of GABA, one of the brain's major inhibitory neurotransmitters, which is released at 30 percent of the brains synapses.
• (S)-Pregabalin has analgesic, anticonvulsant, and anxiolytic activity.
• CMH Carbamoylmethyl)-5-methylhexanoic acid
• R-CMH R-(+)3- (carbamoylmethyl)-5-methylhexanoic acid
• racemic pregabalin PRG-racemate
• U.S. Publication No. 2005/0283023 describes the preparation of the intermediate (3S)-cyano-5-methylhexanoic acid ("(S)-pregabalin nitrile” or "S-PRG- nitrile”) by enzymatic kinetic resolution of a cyano-dialkylester, followed by converting the resolved enantiomer to various intermediates, which are then converted to S-PRG-nitrile.
• the invention encompasses a process for preparing a pregabalin intermediate of the following formula I
• R is CH 2 CONR' ⁇ . CH 2 CO 2 R' or CN; R' is a Ci ⁇ hydrocarbyl; R" is hydrogen or a Ci- ⁇ hydrocarbyl; and M is a metal.
• the invention encompasses a process for preparing a pregabalin intermediate of the following formula I
• Il a hydrolase, a buffer, and optionally a base to obtain a mixture; and b) maintaining the mixture at a temperature of about 5°C to about 60 0 C to obtain the pregabalin intermediate of formula I, wherein R is CH 2 CONR" 2 , CH 2 CO 2 R' or CN; R' is a Ci -6 hydrocarbyl; R" is hydrogen or a Ci- ⁇ hydrocarbyl; and M is a metal.
• the invention encompasses a process for preparing a pregabalin intermediate of the following formula I-CN
• I-CN comprising: a) decarboxylating a ( ⁇ )-2-carboxyalkyl-3-cyano-5-methyl hexanoic acid alkyl ester of the following formula
• the invention encompasses a process for preparing a pregabalin intermediate of the following formula I-acid
• R is CH 2 CONR" 2 , CH 2 CO 2 R' or CN; R' is a Ci -6 hydrocarbyl; and R" is a hydrogen or a Ci -6 hydrocarbyl.
• the invention encompasses a process for preparing a pregabalin intermediate of the following formula I-acid
• R is CH 2 CONR" 2 , CH 2 CO 2 R' or CN; R' is a Ci -6 hydrocarbyl; and R" is a hydrogen or Ci -6 hydrocarbyl.
• the invention encompasses a process for preparing (S)-pregabalin comprising preparing the pregabalin intermediate of formula I or formula I-acid by any of the above-described processes, and converting the pregabalin intermediate into (S)-pregabalin.
• PRG pregabalin
• racemate refers to a mixture that contains an equal amount of enantiomers.
• the invention encompasses processes for preparing pregabalin intermediates through enzymatic resolution, wherein the process is a kinetic resolution process.
• the invention encompasses processes for preparing the pregablin intermediates S-PRG-nitrile and salts thereof and R-CMH and salts thereof through enzymatic resolution.
• the processes can be illustrated by the following general Scheme 2.
• resolution which is an enzymatic resolution
• hydrolysis or esterification can be done by either hydrolysis or esterification.
• enzymes are very specific in their functions due to the amino acids present in their active site. Also, enzymes are chiral and have asymmetric binding sites; this asymmetry leads to enzyme stereospecificity, which results in its favor to bind one enantiomer over the other. In addition, enzymes may be recycled due to the fact that their structure does not change during the reaction, thus, the use of enzymes makes the processing easier, because the isolation of the enzyme from the reaction mixture is simple.
• the invention encompasses a process for preparing a pregabalin intermediate of formula I, which may be illustrated by the following Scheme 3.
• R is CH 2 CONR" 2 , CH 2 CO 2 R * or CN;
• R' is a Ci -6 hydrocarbyl;
• R" is a hydrogen or Ci - 6 hydrocarbyl;
• R' is a C] _ ⁇ hydrocarbyl;
• M is a metal, wherein the metal is provided by the buffer or the base.
• the CH 2 CONR' ' 2 is a CH 2 CONH 2 .
• the CH 2 CO 2 R' is CH 2 CO 2 Me, CH 2 CO 2 Et, CH 2 CO 2 - vinyl, CH 2 CO 2 - propyl, or CH 2 CO 2 - isopropyl, and more preferably CH 2 CO 2 Me, CH 2 CO 2 Et, or CH 2 CO 2 - vinyl.
• R is either CN or a CH 2 CONH 2 .
• the Ci - 6 hydrocarbyl is a Ci -3 hydrocarbyl and more preferably either ethyl or methyl.
• M is an alkali metal and more preferably either potassium or sodium.
• the process comprises: (a) combining the ester of formula II with a hydrolase, a buffer, and optionally a base to obtain a mixture; and (b) maintaining the mixture at a temperature of about 5°C to about 60 0 C to obtain the pregabalin intermediate of formula I, wherein the metal is provided by the buffer or the base.
• the buffer and the base preferably contain the same metal.
• the process employs a hydrolase, i.e., an enzyme that performs a stereoselective hydrolysis reaction by reacting with only one enantiomer of the ester of formula II to provide the chiral pregabalin intermediate of formula I.
• a hydrolase i.e., an enzyme that performs a stereoselective hydrolysis reaction by reacting with only one enantiomer of the ester of formula II to provide the chiral pregabalin intermediate of formula I.
• the chiral pregabalin intermediate of formula I can be selectively produced via kinetic resolution.
• I-CN-Na S-PRG-nitrile sodium
• the hydrolase is either an esterase, lipase or protease.
• the esterase is selected from the group consisting of Esterase PF2 recombinant in E. CoIi , Esterase BSl recombinant in E.Coli , Esterase BS2 recombinant in E. CoIi, Esterase BS2 CLEA recombinant in E. CoIi, Esterase BS3 recombinant in E.Coli, Esterase BS4 recombinant in E.Coli, Esterase PL from porcine liver, Esterase SD recombinant in E. CoIi, Esterase RO, and Esterase TL recombinant in Aspergillus oryzae.
• the lipase is selected from the group consisting of Lipase from Thermomyces lanuginosus, Lipase P2 from Pseudomonas cepacia Lipase PS from Pseudomonas stutzeri, Lipase RS from Rhizopus sp., Lipase PF from Pseudomonas ⁇ uorescens, Lipase PC from Penicillium camenbertii, Lipase Pl from Pseudomonas cepacia, Lipase AN from Aspergillus niger, Lipase A from Achromobacter sp., Lipase ASl from Alcaligenes sp., Lipase AS2 Alcaligenes sp, Lipase C2 from Candida cylindracea, Lipase Cl from Candida cylindracea, Lipase lipozym TL IM, Lip
• the protease is chymotrypsin.
• the hydrolase is CALB, CHIRAZYME E-I pig liver esterase, Esterase BS3 recombinant in E.Coli, or Esterase PL from porcine liver.
• enzymes are used in a combination with a buffer.
• the buffer provides a pH suitable for the enzyme activity.
• the buffer is present in an amount sufficient to provide a pH of about 6 to about 9, more preferably about 6.5 to about 8, and most preferably about 7.
• the base is added to help control the pH of the combination of step a).
• the base may be a hydroxide, carbonate, or hydrogen carbonate of an alkali metal or alkaline earth metal hydroxide.
• the base is a hydroxide, carbonate or hydrogen carbonate of an alkali metal. More preferably, the base is an alkali metal hydroxide, and most preferably, either NaOH or KOH.
• the hydrolase, the buffer, and optionally the base are combined first, followed by addition of the ester of formula II to obtain the mixture.
• the ester of formula II can be racemate or a mixture of the enantiomers in any ratio.
• a co-solvent may be added to the buffer to facilitate solubilization of the substrate. Suitable co-solvents include, but are not limited to sulfoxides, amides, alcohols, ketones and nitriles.
• the sulfoxide is a C 2 ⁇ t sulfoxide, and more preferably dimethylsulfoxide ("DMSO").
• the amide is a C3-6 amide, and more preferably dimethylformamide (“DMF").
• the alcohol is a alcohol, and more preferably isopropyl alcohol.
• the ketone is a C 2-6 ketone, and more preferably acetone.
• the nitrile is a C 1 - S nitrile, and more preferably acetonitrile.
• the mixture is maintained, while stirring, to obtain the pregabalin intermediate of formula I. More preferably, the mixture is maintained for about 8 to about 32 hours, and even more preferably for about 24 hours. Preferably, the mixture is stirred at a temperature of about 20 0 C to about 27°C, and more preferably at a temperature of about 22°C to about 25°C.
• the pregabalin intermediate of formula I may be recovered by any method known to one of ordinary skill in the art. Such methods include, but are not limited to, extraction.
• the pregabalin intermediate of formula I thus prepared may optionally be converted into an intermediate of the following formula I-acid
• R is CH 2 CONR" 2 , CH 2 CO 2 R' or CN; R' is a Ci -6 hydrocarbyl; R" is a hydrogen or Ci- 6 hydrocarbyl; R' is a Q - 6 hydrocarbyl.
• the conversion may be performed by a process comprising combining the intermediate of formula I with an inorganic acid selected from the group consisting of HBr, H 2 SO 4 , H 3 PO 4 , and HCl.
• the inorganic acid is HCl.
• the pregabalin intermediate of formula I or formula I-acid thus prepared may be converted into (S)-pregabalin.
• the conversion may be performed, for example, according to the process disclosed in U.S. Publication No. 2007/0073085 or in U.S. Patent No. 5,637,767, both of which are hereby incorporated by reference.
• H-CN-monoester may be prepared by decarboxylating a ( ⁇ )-2-carboxyalkyl-3- cyano-5-methyl hexanoic acid alkyl ester ("PRG-Nitrile diester"). This process may be illustrated by the following Scheme 4.
• PRG-Nitrile-diester I l-CN-monoester where R' is a Q- ⁇ hydrocarbyl.
• the C i_ 6 hydrocarbyl is a C1- 3 hydrocarbyl, and more preferably either ethyl or methyl.
• the process comprises: (a) combining PRG-Nitrile-diester and an alkaline hydroxide to obtain a mixture having ⁇ -CN-monoester; and (b) isolating the II-CN-monoester from the mixture.
• the PRG-Nitrile-diester and the alkaline hydroxide are combined in the presence of a solvent.
• the solvent is selected from the group consisting of water, a polar organic solvent, and mixtures thereof.
• the polar organic solvent is a polar protic organic solvent.
• the polar protic organic solvent is a C 1 - 5 alcohol.
• the Ci -S alcohol is a C 1 . 3 alcohol, and more preferably a Ci -2 alcohol.
• the Ci -2 alcohol is either methanol or ethanol.
• the alkaline hydroxide is potassium hydroxide.
• the combination of PRG-nitrile-diester and alkaline hydroxide is heated to decarboxylate the PRG-nitrile-diester and obtain the mixture having the ⁇ -CN-monoester.
• the combination is heated to a temperature of about 6O 0 C to about 180 0 C, and more preferably to about 8O 0 C to about 140 0 C.
• the combination is heated for about 8 to about 24 hours.
• the II-CN-monoester thus obtained may be isolated by any method known to one of ordinary skill in the art. Such methods include, but are not limited to, extracting the •II-CN-monoester from the mixture with a solvent and evaporating the solvent.
• the II-CN-monoester is recovered by a process comprising: " cooling the mixture; removing the solvent; adding a solvent selected from a group consisting of dichloromethane ("DCM"), ether, ethyl acetate, and acetonitrile to obtain an organic phase; extracting the organic phase with water, and removing the solvent from the organic phase to obtain a residue of the II-CN-monoester.
• the mixture is cooled at a temperature of about 40 0 C to about 1O 0 C.
• the solvent may be removed by evaporation under vacuum.
• the solvent is DCM.
• the isolated II-CN-monoester is a mixture of enantiomers of the following structure:
• the mixture may contain the enantiomers in any ratio.
• the mixture is a racemic mixture of the enantiomers.
• the isolated residue of the II-CN-monoester may be purified.
• the residue is purified by distillation.
• the distillation is performed at a pressure of about 1 to about 10 mm Hg, and at a temperature of about 8O 0 C to about 100 0 C.
• the II-CN-monoester may then be converted to the compound of formula I-CN, as illustrated by the following Scheme 5.
• the conversion is performed by a process comprising combining the compound of formula II-CN-monoester, a hydrolase, a buffer, and optionally a base to obtain a mixture; and maintaining the mixture at a temperature of about 5°C to about 60 0 C, as described above.
• the I-CN thus obtained may be converted into (S)-pregabalin.
• the conversion may be performed, for example, according to the process disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 5,637,767.
• the invention encompasses a process for preparing a pregabalin intermediate of formula I-acid, which may be illustrated by the following Scheme 6.
• R is CH 2 CONR" 2 , CH 2 CO 2 R' or CN; R' is a and R" is a hydrogen or Ci -6 hydrocarbyl.
• the CH 2 CONR" 2 is a CH 2 CONH 2 .
• the CH 2 CO 2 R' is CH 2 CO 2 Me, CH 2 CO 2 Et, CH 2 CO 2 - vinyl, CH 2 CO 2 - propyl, or CH 2 CO 2 - isopropyl, and more preferably CH 2 CO 2 Me, CH 2 CO 2 Et, or CH 2 CO 2 - vinyl.
• R is either CN or a CH 2 CONH 2 .
• the C t- ⁇ hydrocarbyl is a Ci .3 hydrocarbyl and more preferably either ethyl or methyl.
• the process comprises: combining the compound of formula III, an alcohol or an ester, and an enzyme to obtain the pregabalin intermediate of formula I- acid.
• III-CN-acid and the compound of formula I-acid is S-PRG-nitrile ("I-CN-acid") of the following structure.
• Ill-amide-acid and the compound of formula I-acid is R-CMH ("I-amide-acid") of the following structure. CO 2 H
• the compound of formula III, the alcohol or ester, and the enzyme are combined in the presence of a solvent.
• the solvent is an organic solvent.
• the organic solvent is selected from the group consisting of aromatic hydrocarbons, ethers, ketones, nitriles, chlorinated hydrocarbons, amides, and mixtures thereof.
• the aromatic hydrocarbon is a C ⁇ - ⁇ aromatic hydrocarbon, and more preferably toluene.
• a preferred ether is a C 2-S linear, branched or cyclic ether.
• a more preferred C 2 - 8 linear, branched or cyclic ether is a C ⁇ - ⁇ linear, branched or cyclic ether, and a most preferred C 2 -8 linear, branched or cyclic ester is diisopropylether, methyl-tertbutylether, or tetrahydrofuran.
• the ketone is a C2-8 ketone.
• a more preferred C2-8 ketone is C2-4 ketone, and a most preferred C2- 8 ketone is methyl-ethyl ketone, methyl-isobutyl ketone, or acetone.
• the nitrile is a C 2 - 5 nitrile, and more preferably acetonitrile.
• the chlorinated hydrocarbon is a C 1 - 4 chlorinated hydrocarbon, and more preferably, dichloromethane or tetrachloromethane.
• the amide is a C 3 - 6 amide, and more preferably dimethylformamide.
• the most preferred organic solvent is toluene, methyl- tertbutylether or a mixture of toluene and acetone.
• the starting compound of formula III is a mixture of enantiomers of the following structure:
• the mixture may contain the enantiomers in any ratio.
• the mixture is a racemic mixture of the enantiomers.
• the enzyme is any enzyme that is suitable for esterification or transesterification reactions.
• the enzyme is a hydrolase, and more preferably an esterase, lipase or protease.
• the enzymes that can be used in this reaction are as described above.
• the alcohol is selected from a group consisting of: methanol, ethanol, propanol and n-butanol, and mixtures thereof.
• the ester is vinyl acetate or vinyl butyrate.
• the combination of the compound of formula III, the alcohol or ester, and the enzyme is maintained at a temperature of about 5 0 C to about 70 0 C to obtain the pregabalin intermediate of formula I-acid.
• the combination is maintained at a temperature of about 25 0 C to about 37°C.
• the combination is maintained for about 2 to about 96 hours, and more preferably for about 48 hours.
• the ester or alcohol can be used in a stoichiometric amount vs. the starting acid of formula III, or can be used in excess, thus acting also as a solvent.
• a stoichiometric amount is used, the ester or alcohol and the compound of formula III are combined in a ratio of about 1 mole of ester or alcohol to about 1 mole of the compound of formula III.
• the ester of alcohol is used in excess.
• the molar ratio of the alcohol or the ester to the starting acid of formula III is of about 3 to about 10, respectively.
• the ratio is of about 2:1 to about 3:1, respectively.
• the enzyme binds in a selective manner to the S- enantiomer of the compound formula I-acid, thereby promoting esterification of the S- enantiomer over the R-enantiomer.
• the pregabalin intermediate of formula I-acid may be recovered by any method known to one of ordinary skill in the art.
• the pregabalin intermediate of formula I-acid is recovered by filtration; extraction of the filtrate with a base to obtain the salt of the compound of formula I-acid; adding an acid to convert the salt to the free acid, the compound of formula I-acid, and filtering it.
• the base may be an inorganic base, preferably, an aqueous solution of an inorganic base.
• the inorganic base is sodium hydroxide.
• the aqueous phase is extracted with an organic solvent.
• the organic solvent is toluene.
• the acid may be a mineral acid.
• the mineral acid is HCl, HBr, H 2 SO4, or H 3 PO4.
• the acid is added to the aqueous phase to provide a pH of about 1 to about 4, and more preferably about 2 to about 3.
• the pregabalin intermediate of formula I-acid thus prepared may be converted into (S)-pregabalin.
• the conversion may be performed, for example, according to the process disclosed in U.S. Publication No. 2007/073085 or in US Patent No. 5,637,767.
• Example 1 Enzymatic hydrolysis of ( ⁇ )3-(CarbamoylmethylV5-methylhexanoic ethyl ester (CMH-ethyl ester)
• a reactor (1.5 1) is charged with buffer (250 ml), water (200 ml), and Lipase. After a clear solution is obtained, CMH-ethyl ester is added to the solution. The resulting mixture is stirred for 24 hours at room temperature. NaOH (30% solution) is added to the mixture to adjust the pH to 7. The organic phase is then separated, and the aqueous phase is extracted with toluene twice (2x78 g). The aqueous phase contains (3S)-Cyano-5-methylhexanoic acid sodium salt, and is used in the enzymatic esterification step.
• a reactor (1.5 1) is charged with buffer (250 ml), water (200 ml), and hydrolase. After a clear solution is obtained, 3-Cyano-5-methylhexanoic acid ethyl ester is added. The resulting mixture is stirred for 24 hours at room temperature. NaOH (30% solution) is added to the mixture to adjust the pH to 7. The organic phase is separated, and the aqueous phase is extracted with toluene twice (2x78 g). The aqueous phase contains (3S)-Cyano-5-methylhexanoic acid sodium salt, and is used in the enzymatic esterification step.
• a reactor (0.5 1) was loaded with ethanol (225 ml) and KOH (31.8 g).
• a reactor (1.5L) is charged with toluene (250 ml), vinyl acetate (300 mmol), enzyme (2g) and CMH-Racemate (100 mmol). The mixture is stirred for 48h at room temperature. The solution is filtered and the filtrate is extracted with NaOH (30% solution). The organic phase is separated and the aqueous phase is extracted with toluene. The aqueous phase is acidified to pH 2 to precipitate R-CMH, and the R-CMH is filtered and washed with water.
• Example 36 Enzymatic esterif ⁇ cation of CMH
• the resulting mixture was stirred for 4 days at room temperature.
• a sample was taken from the mixture (0.5ml) and dried with N 2 flow. The presence of CMH-ester in the sample was analyzed by HPLC.
• Thermomyces lanuginosus Thermomyces lanuginosus.
• the mixture was stirred for 4 days at 37°C.
• a sample was taken from the mixture (0.5ml) and dried with N 2 flow. The presence of CMH-ester in the sample was analyzed by HPLC.
• Example 53 Preparation of (S)-Pregabalin: Example from U.S. Patent No. 5.637.767 (col. 12. 1. 46 to col. 13. 1. 32)
• the nickel was removed by filtration, and the filter cake was rinsed with a mixture of 39 kg ethyl alcohol 2B and 111 1 of water. Glacial acetic acid (22.8 kg, 380 mol) was added to the filtrate, while maintaining the batch temperature at less than 40 0 C. The batch was heated to 70° to 75°C to dissolve the solids. The batch was slowly cooled to 0 0 C to 5 0 C to crystallize the product.
• Example 54 Conversion of (RVCMH to (S)-Pregabalin: Example 12 from U.S. Publication No. 2007/0073085
• a reactor 0.5 L was loaded with water (165 ml) and NaOH (35.5 g) to obtain a solution.
• the solution was cooled to 15°C and (R)-CMH (33 g) was added.
• Br 2 28.51 g was added dropwise (15 min) while keeping the temperature below 25°C.
• the mixture was heated to 60 0 C for 15 min and then cooled to 15°C.
• Iso-butanol was added (100 ml) and then a solution OfH 2 SO 4 (66%) (33 ml) was added.
• the phases were separated, and the aqueous phase was extracted with Iso- butanol (83 ml).

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