EP1887499A1 - Verfahren zur Beförderung physikalischer Gegenstände, Beförderungssystem und Beförderungsvorrichtung - Google Patents

Verfahren zur Beförderung physikalischer Gegenstände, Beförderungssystem und Beförderungsvorrichtung Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1887499A1
EP1887499A1 EP06016417A EP06016417A EP1887499A1 EP 1887499 A1 EP1887499 A1 EP 1887499A1 EP 06016417 A EP06016417 A EP 06016417A EP 06016417 A EP06016417 A EP 06016417A EP 1887499 A1 EP1887499 A1 EP 1887499A1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
data
transport
environmental
physical
emissions
Prior art date
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Withdrawn
Application number
EP06016417A
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
Martin Wegner
Keith Dr. Ulrich
Michael Lohmeier
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Deutsche Post AG
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Deutsche Post AG
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Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Deutsche Post AG filed Critical Deutsche Post AG
Priority to EP06016417A priority Critical patent/EP1887499A1/de
Priority to US11/714,506 priority patent/US8019634B2/en
Priority to CN200780029431A priority patent/CN101663679A/zh
Priority to CA002655836A priority patent/CA2655836A1/en
Priority to AU2007283075A priority patent/AU2007283075B2/en
Priority to PCT/EP2007/006919 priority patent/WO2008017434A2/en
Priority to JP2009523187A priority patent/JP2010511922A/ja
Publication of EP1887499A1 publication Critical patent/EP1887499A1/de
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06Q—INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES; SYSTEMS OR METHODS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • G06Q10/00—Administration; Management
    • G06Q10/04—Forecasting or optimisation specially adapted for administrative or management purposes, e.g. linear programming or "cutting stock problem"
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06Q—INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES; SYSTEMS OR METHODS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • G06Q10/00—Administration; Management
    • G06Q10/06—Resources, workflows, human or project management; Enterprise or organisation planning; Enterprise or organisation modelling
    • G06Q10/063—Operations research, analysis or management
    • G06Q10/0631—Resource planning, allocation, distributing or scheduling for enterprises or organisations
    • G06Q10/06312—Adjustment or analysis of established resource schedule, e.g. resource or task levelling, or dynamic rescheduling
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06Q—INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES; SYSTEMS OR METHODS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • G06Q10/00—Administration; Management
    • G06Q10/06—Resources, workflows, human or project management; Enterprise or organisation planning; Enterprise or organisation modelling
    • G06Q10/063—Operations research, analysis or management
    • G06Q10/0631—Resource planning, allocation, distributing or scheduling for enterprises or organisations
    • G06Q10/06316—Sequencing of tasks or work
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06Q—INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES; SYSTEMS OR METHODS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • G06Q10/00—Administration; Management
    • G06Q10/08—Logistics, e.g. warehousing, loading or distribution; Inventory or stock management
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P90/00—Enabling technologies with a potential contribution to greenhouse gas [GHG] emissions mitigation
    • Y02P90/80—Management or planning
    • Y02P90/84—Greenhouse gas [GHG] management systems
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P90/00—Enabling technologies with a potential contribution to greenhouse gas [GHG] emissions mitigation
    • Y02P90/80—Management or planning
    • Y02P90/84—Greenhouse gas [GHG] management systems
    • Y02P90/845—Inventory and reporting systems for greenhouse gases [GHG]

Definitions

  • the invention relates to the problem of optimizing the transport of physical objects.
  • the United States patent application US 2005/0021389 A1 also describes a method and a system for calculating an environmental score for a business unit. It also includes a computer system for calculating a score for separately accountable business units, the score being indicative of a level of unaccounted aspects of external environmental cost of economic activities.
  • the United States patent publication US 2005/0052810 A1 describes a method and an apparatus for calculating an environmental indicator and recording medium with calculation program recorded there on.
  • database and data table are stored in a memory.
  • the database has data associated with the part lists and product specifications of products in conjunction with products identification codes, whereas the data table has processing yields and environmental indicator factors in conjunction with material codes which respectively indicate the material of each part constituting a product. Afterwards processing yield and environmental indicator factor for every material code are calculated by referring the data table, the material codes relating to the parts corresponding to the part numbers which have been extracted.
  • the invention relates to a method for transporting physical objects, wherein at least one physical object is transported from a sending station to a receiving station, wherein the transport occurs through at least one physical router, wherein the physical router executes a decision about further parameters of transport to another physical router or to the receiving station.
  • a central control computer receives information for handling and moving the physical object (generated and/or implemented in the decision about the further parameters of transport with reference to environmental data) and whereby the central control computer influences supplies for transport means and/or the usage of transport means.
  • An example of an influence of supplies is for example the usage of alternative fuel, for example biofuel.
  • An example of the usage of a transport means is the choice of a freight vehicle which fulfils the emission criteria according to Euro IV category instead of a freight vehicle which only fulfils the emission criteria according to Euro III category.
  • the invention furthermore relates to a transportation system for transporting physical objects, wherein at least one physical object is transported from a sending station to a receiving station, wherein the transport occurs through at least one physical router, wherein the physical router executes a decision about further parameters of transport to another physical router or to the receiving station, wherein environmental data is used for handling and/or moving at least one physical object, characterized in that a central control computer contains required environmental data, wherein the central control computer is capable of influencing at least one environmental impact factor by a decision about at least one transport parameter and/or at least one sustainability parameter.
  • the central control computer contains at least one comparator for comparing measured environmental data with the required environmental data.
  • the transportation system contains a plurality of sensors, capable of measuring environmental data and means for transmitting the environmental data to the central control computer.
  • An advantageous implementation of the invention provides a system dedicated to steering transport processes. It comprises the following elements: a main network of sensors for environmental impact data caused by the transport, each sensor emitting a signal towards at least one computer, each of these sensors for environmental impact factor transmitting a message containing information for environmental impact factor.
  • the environmental data are measured by sensors and whereby the measured environmental data are transmitted to the central control computer.
  • This implementation can further be improved by calculating and planning a transport of a physical object, whereby an environmental effect of the transport is calculated with regard to environmental performance data of at least one transport means and that at least one parameter of the transport is changed, if the planed transport does not fulfil environmental requirement data.
  • control computer that creates work plans for some user computers and transmits the environmental impact factors obtained by the sensors.
  • the invention further relates to a transportation system for transporting physical objects, wherein at least one physical object is transported from a sending station to a receiving station, wherein the transport occurs through at least one physical router, wherein the physical router executes a decision about further parameters of transport to another physical router or to the receiving station, wherein environmental data is used for handling and/or moving at least one physical object.
  • the transportation system contains a plurality of sensors, capable of measuring environmental data, means for transmitting the environmental data to a central control computer, wherein the central control computer contains required environmental data and at least one comparator for comparing measured environmental data with required and / or desired environmental data, and wherein the central control computer is capable of influencing at least one environmental impact factor by a decision about at least one transport parameter and/or at least one sustainability parameter.
  • Examples of required and / or desired environmental data are emissions.
  • Required environmental data are for example environmental data based by laws.
  • Desired environmental data are environmental data which should be achieved due to requested products or services.
  • a transport system and/or a method of transporting with at one or more of the following steering processes: steering (choice) of a means of transport, steering (choice) of a transport velocity, steering (choice) about a transport time, steering of transport capacity, steering of at least one supply parameter.
  • a supply parameter is for example the kind of fuel used for at least one leg of the transport, for example the usage of biofuel.
  • the current invention preferably integrates a calculation of environmental costs relating to transports in a transportation system.
  • the environmental costs are charged to users of the transportation system.
  • a preferred embodiment contains a processing computer that receives remote measures sorted by the control computer.
  • the system preferably also comprises autonomous local receiver and sensor for environmental impact factors connected to the computers in the said system.
  • the environmental impact factors causing cancer are for example carbon, dioxide emission, or emissions of particulates (also called fine particles).
  • PM particulate matter
  • aerosols or fine particles are tiny particles of solid (a smoke) or liquid (an aerosol) suspended in a gas. They range in size from less than 10 nanometres to more than 100 micrometers in diameter. This range of sizes represents scales from a gathering of a few molecules to the size where the particles no longer can be carried by the gas.
  • combustion sources mainly the burning of fossil fuel in combustion engines in automobiles.
  • the composition of fine particles depends on the source.
  • Primary emissions from combustion sources are made primarily of unburned fuel (hydrocarbons), elemental carbon, soot, elemental sulfur, mineral salts, and often contain traces of toxic metals.
  • Secondary emissions are a combination of ammonia with either sulfuric acid or nitric acid and water, together with a complex mixture of the organic oxidation products.
  • the processing computer advantageously produces the following output: environmental impact data for a certain transport an environmental impact data in a certain region.
  • Master computers are capable of processing the message transmitted by the master sensors for environmental impact factor.
  • Client computers do not necessarily address their remote measurement to the processing computer.
  • Local computers are not necessarily capable of processing the message transmitted by the master sensors for environmental impact factor.
  • the local computer is connected to local measurement sensors for environmental impact.
  • Sensors for environmental impact transmit a preferably coded signal. It is furthermore advantageous to integrate navigation receivers.
  • An advantageous implementation of the invention provides a system of a control computer connected to the data sensors.
  • Potential users of the system according to the invention may be classified according to different types of need: Some users need very detailed environmental impact data for each transport. Other users are satisfied with monthly, quarterly or yearly reports.
  • One segment comprises the following elements: A main sensor for measuring environmental impact data and a transmitter for transmitting the measured environmental impact data.
  • each sensor for environmental impact data may transmit a message containing an identification code.
  • a preferred system according to the invention determines the environmental data periodically.
  • the system according to the invention can collect and/or store environmental impact data obtained from these sensors.
  • a preferred control computer creates work plans for transport processes and transmits them to logical nodes and/or transport means.
  • a message to be sent to a specific computer is preceded by the said computer's identification code.
  • the control computer generates configuration messages for some sensors for environmental impact factors which are connected to it. It also outputs and classifies remote measurements made.
  • remote measurements also contain some parameters recorded by the sensors for environmental impact factors themselves. These remote measurements originate from remote measurements/remote control stations tracking the sensor data. They reach the control computer either directly or through logical nodes.
  • a processing computer which may be distributed between several entities receives remote measurements sorted by the control computer. This computer evaluates remote measurements.
  • the sensors for environmental impact data transmit any change of data or the exact data value, depending on the case.
  • the installation of sensors for environmental impact factor should furthermore implement a good geographic distribution, or possibly even each single transport means.
  • the network of sensors for environmental impact factor may be set up gradually.
  • Master work plans are received in form of remote controls addressed to the transport means and/or the transport nodes, preferably through a computer data bus.
  • control computer is configured to prepare transport plans for physical objects.
  • the control computer may contain a processing computer configured to receive remote measurements.
  • the invention relates furthermore to a Transportation system for transporting physical objects, wherein at least one physical object is transported from a sending station to a receiving station, wherein the transport occurs through at least one physical router, wherein the physical router executes a decision about further parameters of transport to another physical router or to the receiving station, wherein environmental data of the transport is calculated and displayed.
  • An advantageous implementation of the method, the transportation system, the transportation means, the physical router, the computer program and the computer program product according to the invention is characterized in that information for handling and moving the physical object is generated and/or implemented in the decision about the further parameters of transport with reference to environmental data.
  • Environmental according to the invention means especially any biological, chemical or physical interaction between a system studied and the environment, defined in terms of the extraction of natural resources, substances emissions to the environment media (air, soil, superficial and ground water), space occupied by waste and plant, as well as any disturbance.
  • the physical router may be a means with a routing and/or a switching function.
  • the properties of the physical router depend on the objects which are handled.
  • the invention further relates to a transportation system for the transport of physical objects, wherein the transportation system contains means for transport of at least one physical object from a sending station to a receiving station, wherein the transportation system contains at least one physical router, wherein the physical router is capable of executing a decision about further parameters of transport to another physical router or to the receiving station.
  • Physical objects are any objects, which can have an effect in the physical world. They are most preferably massive bodies of any size, ranging from less than one gram up to several tons.
  • Examples of the objects are postal deliveries as letters, parcels and packets, any object that can be transported on transport pallets or transport container as well as the transport pallets and the transport containers themselves.
  • the invention especially relates to the transport of objects of any size, weight or dimension.
  • the objects can be units, but they are not limited to units.
  • the invention also relates to transportation means and physical routers.
  • Preferable embodiments of the invention contain different environmental data.
  • environmental data are environmental impact data.
  • environmental data are environmental requirement data. It is furthermore possible to add other information related to the specific shipment or vehicle.
  • the invention contains the concept that the routing is performed with reference to environmental performance data of transport means.
  • the invention implements an analysis of the environmental performance data.
  • An example of more specific environmental performance data are emission and energy consumption values of each single transportation device used.
  • routing information contains information about environment standards; the routing information is integrated in the routing of the objects; the routing information may accompany the physical object in different ways: Imprints on a surface of the objects or a label attached thereon, transponder with routing information.
  • the environmental performance data of the transportation means influences the resulting environmental impact data
  • the routing information may contain further elements for carrying out the routing and the subsequent transport, for example a delivery address or an alternative delivery address, or information about a transportation time or a time for delivery.
  • the Invention allows determining the effect of transport processes on the environment.
  • the invention includes generating and/or presenting reports on generated and/or expected emissions but not their effect on the environment.
  • the invention allows carrying out transport processes according to environmental requirements.
  • This output is to be of higher quality and easier, faster access thus meeting customer demands, with reliable conditions and with an efficient infrastructure.
  • the environmental impact data and the environmental requirement information can be implemented in various ways.
  • At least a part of the environmental impact data is included in a computer that steers functions of at least one of the physical routers.
  • the transportation system, the transportation means, the physical router, the computer program and the computer program product, a computer connected to the physical router is capable of combining physical impact data of transportation means with transportation relevant parameters of the physical objects.
  • Examples for the transportation relevant parameters are the weight and/or the size of the respective physical object.
  • This advantageous implementation of the invention could include the additional advantageous further parameters of the transport, for example requirement for keeping the physical objects within a certain temperature range.
  • the invention allows calculations based on multi-parameters for carrying out the routing of the physical objects and their subsequent transport.
  • Known concepts allow to fulfill already implemented requirements for the transport process as the time of delivery and the demands of keeping the wine in a certain predefined temperature range and to protect it from transportation hazards.
  • An example for a highly defective communication means is any communication network based on the Internet Protocol.
  • the Internet Protocol is based on data packets, with a maximal length, which is according to the IPv4 standard 64 Kbyte and variable according to the IPv6 standard. Larger data packets are transferred by a plurality of data packets. Each data packet is a fragment of the whole information and travels its own way through the network. As the Internet Protocol does not constitute a connection along which the data packets are transported, it is necessary that every data packet contains the source and target address. The correct sequence of the IP data packets is achieved at the transport service of a higher layer. According to the IPv6 standard all data packets may be routed the same way by using flow label routing. This is similar to virtual circuits.
  • the routing algorithm is responsible for deciding which output line and incoming data packet should be transmitted on. If the subnet uses datagrams internally, this decision must be made anew for every arriving data packet since the best route may have changed since last time. If the subnet uses virtual circuits internally, routing decisions are made only when a new virtual circuit is being set up. Thereafter, data packets just follow the previously established route.
  • IP Internet Protocol
  • OSPF Open Shortest Path First
  • ICMP Internet Control Message Protocols
  • Examples of these services are end-to end data transport, addressing, fragmentation and reassembly, routing and congestion control.
  • the IPv6 standard is one among many standards which are capable to provide the afterwards mentioned additional services. These services include an improved security handling which guarantees authentication and privacy, an enhanced type of service based routing, a flow label routing which is similar to virtual circuits and an unlimited amount of IP addresses including an improved hierarchical addressing scheme.
  • ERP Enterprise Resource Planning
  • MRP I and II Material Requirements Planning
  • Advantageous logistics options are just-in-time delivery, job-shops, flow-shops, Group-Technology cells, push/pull control, material-, capacity- and time-based control. Furthermore, a feed forward and/or a feedback control is possible. Further advantageous logistics options include engineering to Order, Make to Order, Assemble to Order, Make to Stock.
  • a further object of the invention is a transportation system for transporting physical objects, wherein at least one physical object is transported from a sending station to a receiving station, wherein the transport occurs through at least one physical router, wherein the physical router executes a decision about further parameters of transport to another physical router or to the receiving station, wherein environmental data is used for handling and/or moving at least one physical object.
  • the protocol functionality is added to at least one machine that takes care of a physical routing of the physical objects.
  • the transportation system In a preferred embodiment of the method, the transportation system, the transportation means, the physical router, the computer program and the computer program product, at least one routing mechanism is used.
  • the transportation system, the transportation means, the physical router, the computer program and the computer program product Internet Protocol Addresses are transferred to data link addresses.
  • the transportation system the transportation means, the physical router, the computer program and the computer program product, at least one gateway routing protocol is used.
  • the transportation system the transportation means, the physical router, the computer program and the computer program product, a packet-scheduling algorithm is used.
  • the transportation system, the transportation means, the physical router, the computer program and the computer program product, the packet scheduling is performed with Weighted Fair Queuing.
  • Weighted Fair Queuing is a packet-scheduling algorithm used in routers.
  • the mechanism uses a kind of byte-by byte round robin in order to handle several input queues for a certain output queue.
  • the scheduling considers different priority levels.
  • the transportation system the transportation means, the physical router, the computer program and the computer program product, at least one virtual private network (VPN) is used.
  • VPN virtual private network
  • a virtual private network is a private network in a public wide area network, meaning that it is solely dedicated to serve a company or companies of its own.
  • a VPN is shielded off from the rest of the traffic on a public wide area network (WAN).
  • WAN public wide area network
  • the transportation system In a preferred embodiment of the method, the transportation system, the transportation means, the physical router, the computer program and the computer program product, differentiated services are used.
  • EU Emission Trading Scheme EU ETS
  • This implementation provides companies with the means to efficiently manage allowance positions.
  • the transportation system the transportation means, the physical router, the computer program and the computer program product, a control protocol is used.
  • the examples use and adapt the environmental data in order to be able to handle the distribution of physical packages.
  • Fig. 1 shows a preferred system overview.
  • the embodiment according to Fig. 1 contains four basic modules: a data-gathering module, an updating/calculating module, a storing module and a retrieving/reporting module.
  • the described example contains the names of several existing and operating transportation and logistic companies like DHL Express and DHL Danzas Air and Ocean.
  • Examples of information technology production systems are: Rasti, NPS, +2000, Exact, LOGIS R and LOGIS C.
  • the gathered data are transferred to module for updating and/or calculating the environmental data.
  • a calculation is performed with regard to respective parameters.
  • the updated and/or calculated data are transferred to a storing module.
  • the storing module can be implemented in different configurations.
  • the depicted Implementation shows a preparation of an emission report according to the stored data.
  • This implementation is especially advantageous to inform users of the transport system about the environmental impact of transport.
  • the data retrieving and/or report allow reports for each transport process as well as periodic reports.
  • the reports can be analyzed according to one or more of the following categories: Client, customer id, transportation (e.g. km, ton, tonkm), country, period of time, different emissions, energy use or shipment.
  • the environmental data are incorporated into the routing mechanisms in order to make the corresponding routing decisions. Furthermore, a mechanism is advantageous to be able to track the packages.
  • a transport system like a mail delivery system can use the environmental data to internally sort and distribute letters and packages to the correct truck for delivery. The size, due date etc. of each letter and package are determined.
  • an appropriate truck is identified by comparison between ecological requirements of the transport and environmental performance data of the truck.
  • Another preferred embodiment of the invention includes flexible mechanisms meaning that we promise to some where in the transport system to transport the agreed transport volume. This might change if alternative fuels and trucks are capable of using them are easily available.
  • Information about the environmental requirement data is used to accompany the letter and package and to deliver the package to the correct destination. It is also possible to add environmental requirement data to each letter and package. However, in this case scanners are needed.
  • the environmental requirement data may accompany the letters and packages via any appropriate communication network as for example the Internet. This environmental requirement data is then used to make routing decisions.
  • a further implementation of the invention relates to a computer integrated manufacturing company.
  • the routing of construction parts and tools may be done with regard to environmental requirement data and/or environmental performance data.
  • Weighted fair queuing may be used to speed up and delay at least one leg of transport process.
  • segmentation and from time to time a reassembly may be executed.
  • the segmentation is for example performed at the sending station or at one or more of the mechanical routers.
  • QOS Quality Of Services
  • QOS specifications are for example environmental performance data of the transport means, and/or a fast or a secure delivery. Most preferably the QOS specifications are categorised, for example according to special categories, which represent for example goods which have to be handled according to specific environmental requirement data.
  • the environmental requirement data are an example of especially advantageous quality of service specifications.
  • the protocol mechanisms can be used to do traffic management. For example in case of congestion, a routing protocol could determine, especially in real-time, a different route and router the car by sending signals to the receiver in the car. An interface from the router to a traffic control system is used.
  • the environmental data according to the invention especially the environmental impact data, the environmental requirement data and the environmental performance data can be implemented in various ways into the transportation procedure.
  • route planning tools It is especially advantageous to include environmental data into the route planning tools is especially advantageous for a comparison between different modes of transports or linked to geographical restrictions/concerns e.g. in especially polluted areas.
  • Such criteria can be derived from customer based directives and/or directives implemented by law and/or official actions.
  • routing processes are fulfilled in a way that the following directives of the European Union are fulfilled:
  • route planning concerns one mode only e.g. truck transports, its' objective goes hand in hand with environmental concern. Higher efficiency means lower environmental impact per shipment.
  • More centralized versions of the invention include central planning and/or stearing of transport and/or calculation procedures.
  • Environmental requirement data accompany the physical objects. This is for example possible by adding digital information to the physical objects, for example by printing codes and/or writing information to transponders.
  • the physical routers are connected to a database which contains environmental performance data of transport means which are accessible by the routers.
  • Examples for different transport means for one router are different trucks that operate from a cargo center.
  • Examples for accompanying the physical packages with logical packets are labels or transponders attached to the physical objects.
  • the labels and/or the transponders may contain a various data suitable for logistic processes.
  • Examples for these data are identification information about the physical object, a delivery address, a sender address and charging relevant information as for example digital franking marks.
  • Especially advantageous implementations of the current invention propose to add to this data environmental data, for example environmental impact data and/or environmental requirement data.
  • the router Whenever a physical object is received in a router, the router informs the machine on what to do and waits for a confirmation that the actions have been executed.
  • the invention furthermore relates to methods for processing postal deliveries as letters, parcels and packets, transport pallets or transport containers.
  • a preferred embodiment of the invention involves a detection of information present on at least one surface of the physical object in such a way that, on the basis of the information present on the surface of the physical object, environmental data, for example environmental requirement data is used for the routing and/or for analysis and/or representation and/or for a compensation by transporting a corresponding volume in a "green way" that means with less impact on the environment.
  • environmental data for example environmental requirement data is used for the routing and/or for analysis and/or representation and/or for a compensation by transporting a corresponding volume in a "green way" that means with less impact on the environment.
  • An example of the implementation of the environmental data is a direct printing on the physical object.
  • the neutralization of the emission will in one advantageous implementation be done through compensation rather than reduction at the source. This is especially useful for air shipments where at the moment no alternative fuels are available.
  • environment data is by no means to be understood in a limiting fashion and especially comprises all depictions of data in an optically recognizable and/or machine-readable form that can be used for sorting, transporting or delivering the physical object.
  • An especially advantageous embodiment of the method is characterized in that the physical objects are processed within the scope of a two-stage process, whereby the physical objects are already completely coded in the source region and undergo preliminary sorting according to target regions in a first sorting step.
  • the physical objects undergo fine sorting into smaller units in another sorting procedure.
  • the environmental data for example the environmental requirement data, to be applied onto the physical object as a barcode.
  • the environmental data for example the environmental requirement data in a transponder which is attached to the physical objects or a transport unit containing the physical objects.
  • the coding, or the labelling is preceded by determination of the environmental requirements in which the environmental impact data are found on the basis of the recognizable environmental performance data by means of linked files from the data, including a conversion file.
  • the invention also comprises a device for processing physical objects.
  • the preferred ACCEPT-Implementation includes an Automatic Customer Calculation of Environmental Performance Tool.
  • ACCEPT is to produce Emission reports for customers and operators. Those reports will describe the amount of Emissions a specific customer's shipment has produced for a specific period.
  • FuelMixID The definition of a specific usable mix of ingredients used by a vehicle ProductID The ID for a Shipments Product. Ex Stycke, Parti, Exact. T-Web Transporters-Web, external system for handling operators and vehicles Volume Weight The weight for a shipment City-to-city City-to-city, postal code-to-postal code, Air terminal-to-air terminal or any combination VehicleType A type of vehicle used when we don't know which in divide that was transporting the shipment. Operator The organization or company that is transporting the shipment. Node One point to calculate a distance from. Leg A distance between two Nodes.
  • EmissionValue The amount of an emission of a specific type that is produced when a specific amount of a specific FuelMix is consumed.
  • Shipment the total transportation service bought by the customer, the transportation of goods from location A to location B Transport the transport work done by a vehicle used for one leg in the shipment.
  • Leg the smallest part of the shipment in the transport chain, the part where the same vehicle has the transported gods as its load, e.g. between two terminals
  • Vehicle the means of transportation used e.g. air plane, lorry, distribution van etc.
  • the ACCEPT system is for example useful to calculate emissions for shipments. The calculation is performed, in brief by multiplying the distance, weight and the emission values for a specific engine model. One instance of ACCEPT is meant to serve one country's all shipments, domestic, international, air and so on.
  • the system calculates the distance for a shipment in different ways:
  • the fuel consumption, max load weight and fill factor for a vehicle and operator is imported from an external system, which is for example called T-Web, or set to a default value defined by ACCEPT.
  • the fuel consumption for a specific shipment can be set in one of three values.
  • Quality level Description Vehicle- fuel consumption, max load weight, fill factor and engine model If we know which vehicle that transported the shipment and the vehicle is registered in T-Web then use data from the vehicle Operator-fuel consumption, max load weight, fill factor and engine model If we know which operator that transported the shipment and the vehicle is registered in T-Web then use data from the operator Vehicle type-fuel consumption, max load weight, fill factor and engine model If we do not know, vehicle nor operators then use data from a default vehicle type. This type depends on which type of transport that is performed, e g city-to-city, terminal, distribution or pickup
  • This section describes the different ways to calculate emissions for shipments.
  • This embodiment relates in general to the field of transport routing system. More particularly, this aspect of the invention relates to an extensible model system architecture for integrated material and environmental data planning, and integrated transport and distribution planning.
  • This preferred aspect of the invention provides an extensible model architecture for a transport routing system that allows an implementation of environmental data in the transport process.
  • the present invention provides a computer central control computer for modeling a transport capability on a computer.
  • the central control computer is programmed with software and comprises an operation model type for defining a plurality of operation models.
  • Each operation model represents activities that relate to the transport of the physical objects.
  • a resource model type is used for defining a plurality of resource models.
  • Each resource model represents environmental data available for use in performing an activity and rules for allocating environmental data to the activity.
  • An environmental data type is for defining a plurality of environmental data sets. Each environmental data represents rules for controlling a transport route of material between locations.
  • the operation model type, environmental data type, and resource model type each comprise a plurality of fields defining attributes.
  • the plurality of fields includes a plurality of extension selector fields that each allows a user to specify one of a plurality of extensions that augment a model with additional fields and semantics.
  • the model type specifies a base set of fields and semantics which includes fields that select extensions that specify additional fields and semantics that can be added to a particular model.
  • Examples for the environmental data are environmental requirement data, environmental performance data and environmental impact data.
  • environmental data is used for each of these types of data.
  • the environmental requirement data are data concerning and/or implementing desired or required economic standards.
  • the environmental requirement data are for example: Requirements concerning a desired level of emissions and/or another influence on the environment.
  • a single transport has to be emission neutral or that all transports of a customer together has to be emission neutral, or that a certain level of air or water quality is maintained in a place, a city, a region, a country or in total.
  • Environmental performance data describe the ability of a means to perform a task in relation to an environmental impact.
  • An example for this is the capability of a truck to transport a certain amount of physical objects with specific parameters - especially weight and size - with a certain emission. For example the relation between ton, kilometers and carbon dioxide emissions.
  • the invention further includes means with a positive effect of the environment, especially devices for reducing the content of hazards components in the air.
  • the invention proposes a complex database with knowledge information about interdependencies between different parameters and therefore allows to minimize an effect to the environment.
  • the invention allows to handle this with a multi-parameter approach with detailed information about the ecological efficiency of transport means and parameters to influence this ecological influence, for example by using biofuel.
  • the presence of a field in a model is preferably dependent upon a value of another field in the model.
  • defined operation models, environmental data, and resource models are stored as nodes in an interrelated transport network model.
  • the transport network model is formed by a plurality of operation models each specifying environmental data from which material is transported and environmental data to which a physical object is transported and specifying resource models having environmental data used in performing the activity specified by the operation model. In this manner, both transport and environmental data usage are simultaneously represented along with timing constraints between activities.
  • a plan network model is constructed upon the transport network model.
  • An operation-plan model type is used to define a plurality of operation-plan models.
  • Each operation-plan model represents a plan for performing an activity represented by an operation model.
  • a resource-plan model type is used to define a plurality of resource-plan models.
  • Each resource-plan model represents a planned usage of environmental data represented by a resource model.
  • an operation-plan model type is used to define a plurality of operation-plan models.
  • Each operation-plan model represents a planned transport route of a physical object represented by an environmental data element.
  • a plan network model is formed by a plurality of operation-plan models each specifying resource-plan models planned to be used in performing the activity specified by the operation-plan.
  • the nodes of the plan network model are built upon and refer to the nodes of the transport network model.
  • the transport network model represents possibilities of what can be done, and the plan network model represents that which is planned to be done.
  • each model type has one or more extension points that may be used to extend the basic model type in order to support the information needed to create the user defined models. For each extension point, a user may select an appropriate extension to model a particular aspect of the user's system.
  • several elements of a user's transport model may share data in a hierarchical fashion referred to as families.
  • a central control computer implementing the teachings of the present invention may provide for date affectivity of models using the families feature. It is a technical advantage of the present invention to use extensions to define the elements of the transport or system being modeled because it reduces the amount of data that needs to be stored in a memory device without reducing modeling power.
  • data for each element of the modeled transport is stored at a node of a user model or transport network model.
  • the data stored at a node comprises only the data for the fields corresponding to the extensions that are selected by the user.
  • the system does not store a zero quantity for each 60 field not chosen by the user.
  • the central control computer of the present invention can be, but not necessarily, implemented using object oriented programming.
  • object oriented programming supports simultaneous use of multiple types of models for the different elements of the planning problem.
  • the present invention provides a software based computer system for modeling various transports.
  • the computer system may model a transport means used to transport a particular physical object or product.
  • the central control computer may also be used to model a product distribution channel, a supply chain, or an order fulfillment transport.
  • a transport is modeled using three primary model types: an operation model type, an environmental data element type, and a resource model type.
  • a plan for that transport is similarly modeled with three associated primary model types: the operation-plan, environmental data-plan, and resource-plan.
  • a user uses a model type as a template to create a model.
  • an environmental data element type is used to create a model of environmental data.
  • Each of these user defined models is stored as a node in a transport network model of a user's transport.
  • the model types used by the system are extensible in that each model type may have one or more extension points that allow a user to customize the model to represent the user's transport.
  • Each extension point a user may choose from numerous extensions the one that is best suited to define a particular aspect of the user's system or transport.
  • Each model type has a list of predefined extensions from which the user may choose.
  • Each extension defines fields that extend the data and meaning associated with a model type. These extensions and fields define the way in which the model types interact.
  • Each user defined model is defined by a model type, one extension for each extension point of the model type, and data for each field of the model type and extensions. Possible features of each of the model types are discussed in detail below.
  • Operation Model Type may be used to create operation models which represent activities that can be performed.
  • operation model type means a general model for activities that may be modeled by the software.
  • Operaation mode and “operation model” are used interchangeably to represent a specific operation defined by a user using the operation model type. This convention is also used with respect to resources.
  • An operation model type models a transport, activity, or action that transforms or moves physical objects resulting in a transport route.
  • Operations may require resources with specific skills.
  • Those resources model may include transportation and/or storage.
  • An operation can use any number of resources, with different run times, and with staggered start and end dates.
  • a single activity or a whole series of activities can be modeled with a single operation. This is important for having sufficient flexibility to model diverse activities.
  • a preferred embodiment of the invention allows a routing to be modeled as simply a particular kind of operation that consists of other operations that are run in sequence. The relationships between those sub-operations can be different depending upon the chosen extension.
  • an operation can model a simple routing (a sequence of operations allowed to spread), a transport route routing (a sequence of operations which must transport route into one another), a set of operations that can be run at the same time, alternates (a set of alternate operations), and other combinations. Further, since routings are modeled as operations, they can be put in other operations.
  • a simple routing operation may consist of different operations, called legs.
  • An operation can also model simply the environmental impact data for transporting a physical object (operations that just model the transform of physical objects, but do not model the environmental data required to do that).
  • an operation can model simply the environmental impact data for transporting a physical object.
  • transport software defines operations such that resources can be loaded just during portions of transport time.
  • transport extensions can be provided with the identical specification. That transport generates a routing-like operation containing auto-generated sub-operations that contain the different phased resource loadings.
  • An advantage of the operations model type design is simplicity and consistency. By providing a simple building block that is extensible and can be flexibly combined with others, a great deal of modeling capability is provided without complicating the common simple cases. In this way, the critical operations and resources can be modeled in adequate detail and time.
  • a user may select an extension from the operation model type to, for example, define a transportation model.
  • This model may contain a predetermined, constant time for loading material, followed by a run time which is a factor that is multiplied by the quantity of material that is being transported, followed by an unload run time which is constant.
  • the load, run, and unload phases may each require use of different resources.
  • Operation models represent activities that consume supplies, transport physical objects, and/or utilize environmental data. Such operation models define the activities and precedence (timing) constraints in a transport. In transport, a sequence of operations is referred to as a routing. A routing is represented as an Operation model with a routing extension which defines the behavior of that operation to be a sequence of other operations. Similarly, the specification of alternate resources, alternate operations, and alternate routings can be done with an operation model and an extension which defines the behavior of that operation.
  • a resource model type may be used to create resource models which represent aspects of a transport that have predetermined environmental data.
  • a resource model may represent resources in a transport process.
  • a resource model may represent a transport means such as an airplane, a ship or a truck, thus implementing the environmental impact data of a transport that has a predetermined environmental data limitation (such as carbon emission).
  • the resource model type may provide various extensions from which a user may choose to define an actual environmental data constraint on its transport. For example, a simple extension may only have a single field setting a maximum environmental data constraint. Such a resource model may, for example, represent a truck which has defined environmental impact data.
  • the environmental data type is used to create environmental data which manage physical objects transported in the modeled system.
  • an environmental data element represents the management of a particular physical object.
  • the environmental data type may have an extension that defines ordering policies.
  • a transport network model is a set of user defined models which may be stored in a computer memory.
  • the stored nodes define, for example, the user's transport which is to be used to manage a particular.
  • a user defines a level of desired environmental impact data by selecting model types and the appropriate extensions of these model types, as described above, to form models of the elements of the users' transport.
  • Transport network model represents all of the possible interconnections between starting place and destination of the transport of the physical objects.
  • a preferred transport network model represents the possible routes that material may be transported according to a route in a transport to be modeled.
  • the central control computer of the present invention uses the information in a transport network model to create plans for implementing a particular material transport route path to model a transport.
  • the interconnected nodes of the transport network model used to represent a particular plan may be referred to a as a plan network model or plan.
  • the central control computer may create a plan network model as a result of several different events.
  • a plan network model provides definitions as to quantities and timing for elements of the model. For example, the inventory level for a physical object managed by a particular environmental data may drop below an allowable level.
  • the central control computer may create a plan network model for replenishing the inventory of that environmental data.
  • a plan may be created using the transport network model in response to customer orders.
  • the central control computer of the present invention may create a plan network model as follows. For each activity in a user's transport, the central control computer creates an operation plan model from an operation-plan model type using extensions from the corresponding operation model. The system provides the operation plan model with the start and end dates, alternate selections, and other information needed to form a plan for a particular execution of that operation.
  • the central control computer For each resource model that is used by an operation plan, the central control computer creates a resource plan model from a resource-plan model type and the extensions corresponding to the resource model.
  • the system provides the resource plan model with all of the environmental data reservations placed on it by the operation plan models.
  • the central control computer For each environmental data according to which physical objects are transported or to which physical objects are transported by an operation plan, the central control computer creates an environmental data plan model from an environmental data-plan model type and the extensions of a corresponding environmental data.
  • the system provides a plan model with inventory levels, ordering policies and any other information needed to plan the management of the transport route of physical objects in the transport.
  • the central control computer functions as system for modeling a transport capability for use in a transport routing system, the central control computer comprising: a plurality of operation models defined from an operation model type and stored by the computer system, each operation model representing an activity that can be performed by a transport; a plurality of environmental data defined from an environmental data element type and stored by the computer system, each environmental data element representing rules for controlling a transport route of material between activities, the activities represented operation models; the operation model type and environmental data type each having a plurality of fields defining attributes.
  • the central control computer operates with a transport network model, stored by the computer and interrelating the operation models.
  • the transport network model can be formed by the plurality of operation models, each specifying environmental data according to which material is transported.
  • a material usage is preferably represented by the transport network model along with timing constraints between activities.
  • the transportation system especially the central control computer steering the system, further comprises: a plurality of resource models defined from a resource model type and stored by the central control computer, each resource model representing environmental data available for use in performing an activity and rules for allocating capacity to the activity, the activity represented by an operation model; the resource model type having a plurality of fields defining attributes; the transport network model further interrelating the resource models as logical nodes.
  • the transport network model may further be formed by a plurality of operation models each specifying resource models having environmental data used in performing the activity specified by the operation model; such that both material and environmental data usage are simultaneously represented by the transport network model, preferably but not necessary along with timing constraints between activities.
  • the central control computer is for example a computer with a database for storing environmental data and with interconnections to sensors and/or other computers capable of handling sensor data.
  • the central control computer is coupled with means for implementing environmental data.
  • central control computer it is for example possible to connect the central control computer to at least one other computer which allows user to define values for environmental data.
  • a customer is capable of define requested environmental data.
  • an environmental data type wherein the environmental data type has an operation that defines how data managed by an environmental data element is stored. It is furthermore advantageous that the environmental data type has an operation that defines how material is received into an environmental data element.
  • the central control computer comprises a plurality of resource models defined from a resource model type and stored by the computer system, wherein each resource model represents environmental data available for use in performing an activity and rules for allocating capacity to the activity, the activity represented by an operation model; wherein the environmental data type includes an operation that defines how material managed by an environmental data element is stored.
  • the specified operation model contains information about the operation that defines how physical objects are transported or supplies are handled.
  • Each operation model may specify another operation and each environmental data element may specify an environmental impact factor.
  • a preferred embodiment further comprises a computer for modeling transport capability.
  • each resource model representing environmental data available for use in performing an activity and rules for allocating environmental data to the activity;
  • the resource model type having a plurality of fields defining attributes;
  • the transport network model further formed by the plurality of operation models each specifying resource models having environmental data used in performing the activity specified by the operation model; such that both material and environmental data usage are simultaneously represented by the transport network model along with timing constraints between activities.
  • a preferred embodiment of a method for modeling a transport further comprises an evaluation of capability for use in transport routing system on the computer system, the method comprising: defining a plurality of operation models from an operation model type, each operation model representing an activity that can be performed by a transport; defining a plurality of environmental data from an environmental data element type, each environmental data representing rules for controlling a transport route of material between activities, the activities represented operation models; and interrelating the operation models and the environmental data as nodes in a transport network model; the transport network model formed by the plurality of operation models each specifying environmental data from which material is transported and environmental data to which material is transported; such that material usage is represented by the transport routing system on the computer system.
  • the preferred embodiment of the method further comprises a plurality of operation models each specifying environmental data from which material is transported and environmental data to which material is transported; such that material usage is represented by the transport network model along with timing constraints between activities.
  • This preferred embodiment further comprises: defining a plurality of resource models from a resource model type, each resource model representing environmental data available for use in performing an activity and rules for allocating supplies to carry out transport processes.
  • the activity is represented by an operation model which interrelates the resource models as logical nodes in the transport network model.
  • the transport network model may further formed by the plurality of operation models each specifying resource models having environmental data used in performing the activity specified by the operation model; such that both material and environmental data usage are simultaneously represented by the transport network model along.
  • FIG. 2 A functional view of implementations according to the ACCEPT system is depicted in Fig. 2.
  • Fig. 3 The following table contains examples of these databases.
  • Database Description Distances Different distance providers
  • Source system The Shipments and Transports provider (CoSP, DHL Air Express)
  • OutArea An inter-storage area where the Source system places the exported Shipments and Transports for the period to be calculated. From this area ACCEPT reads the generic tables ACCEPT_Shipment and ACCEPT_Transport.
  • DM_ACCEPT The Data mart for ACCEPT. Contains the aggregated rows on a Customer for a period, emission and product type.
  • the table Parameters in ACCEPT contains run parameters for ACCEPT.
  • the parameter Period is used to set the month for which a report will be created by the stored procedures.
  • SE_Inbound and SE_Outbound are currently loaded by a DTS package that is loading an Access data-base, se Imports section.
  • OutArea OutArea SE_Inbound SE_Outbound ACCEPT_Shipment ACCEPT_Transport 2 2 spLoad-Shipment Copies Shipments from OutArea to ACCEPT OutArea ACCEPT ACCEPT_Shipment Shipment 2 spLoad_SE_INT_Shipment Copies Shipments from OutArea to ACCEPT OutArea ACCEPT ACCEPT_Shipment Shipment 3 3 3 spLoad-Transport Copies Transports from OutArea to ACCEPT OutArea ACCEPT ACCEPT_Transport Transport 4 4 4 4 spDMPrepareLoad Shipment 1.
  • Fig. 4 describes what files and tables are imported to ACCEPT from different source systems.
  • a first preferred embodiment of the ACCEPT-system handles data for one country e.g. Sweden. To add a new country it is useful adding a completely new instance of ACCEPT database and DM ACCEPT database it is useful to add.
  • ACCEPT database for Sweden growth approximately 2 gigabyte per month excluding distances, emissions, operators and vehicles.
  • Physical object Description Handling of historical data Historical data can be handled. It should preferably be used to just remove rows for current period and product id. Automatic production To maintenance and run the system, many jobs, scripts, and ftp-connections must be created. Operational interfaces Operational interfaces are created in advantageous implementations of the invention.
  • the ACCEPT system calculates the environmental performance of each cargo shipment handled by a transport carrier, which is afterwards without limitation named DHL.
  • a calculation is performed for each relocation carried out during the transport of a shipment through the DHL transport system.
  • the result from each relocation is then summarised in order to answer different questions, e.g.
  • Cargo data is obtained from the information systems of DHL.
  • the data for the transported weight is used as the base for the calculations. This means that the environmental performance of each relocation is related to the weight of the investigated shipment/goods.
  • the weight is given as the volumetric, or dimensional, weight. This means that the physical weight of the shipment is used if the density of the shipment exceeds 250 kg/m3. Otherwise the volumetric weight is calculated as the volume of the shipment multiplied by the factor 250kg/m3.
  • Table 1 Environmental performance data included in the ACCEPT system. Name Abbreviation Unit Description Carbon Dioxide - Fossil CO 2 fossil [g] Includes emissions from all non-renewable sources Carbon Dioxide - total CO 2 tot [g] Includes emissions from both renewable and non-renewable sources Nitrogen Oxides NO x [g] Measured as Nitrogen Dioxide, NO 2 . Hydro Carbons HC [g] Includes emission data of all types of categorisations of hydrocarbon compounds (i.e. VOC, NMHC, CH 4 ) emitted from engines and power plants. Particular Matter PM [g] Includes emission data of all types of definitions of particles (i.e.
  • the base for the calculation is continuously updated why the values are only valid for the 'present' system at any given time.
  • the emissions reported are emitted within the following geographic boundaries
  • the emission report is based on vehicle data supplied either from the vehicle operator or by application of standard default values relevant for the network of the transport carrier. The same calculation method is applied regardless of the data source.
  • vehicle data is used in the calculation: Table 2: Shows default vehicle types and parameters, with typical values.
  • Vehicle type Max load capacity Capacity utilisation Fuel type Fuel Consumption Engine type [tonne] [%-by weight] [1/vkm] Emission Standard Delivery van 1,5 50 Petrol 0,15 Delivery van 1,5 50 Diesel 0,15 Distribution Lorry 8 50 Diesel 0,25 Euro 1-3 Heavy Distribution lorry 14 50 Diesel 0,3 Euro 1-3 Heavy Distribution lorry 14 50 Methane 0,3 Euro 1-3 Tractor + Semi-trailer 28 75 Diesel 0,38 Euro 1-3 Lorry + Semi-trailer 40 75 Diesel 0,45 Euro 1-3
  • the ACCEPT-systems calculates the environmental performance of each relocation.
  • the system uses the most specific information available. The following priority is used:
  • the emissions from the lorry are split between the cargos carried by the vehicle.
  • the actual amount of cargo carried by each specific vehicle is usually not known. Instead, the following optional hierarchy is applied:
  • the average values calculated in 1-3 are based on data for one calendar year.
  • the calculation is based on the emission level stated for different combinations of fuel and engine type (i.e. Euro classification).
  • Table 3 Shows exhaust gas emission data for Medium size Diesel Vehicles (MDV) in URBAN traffic MDV - Urban traffic Vehicle gross weight 7-20 tonne, average speed 27 km/h.
  • MDV Medium size Diesel Vehicles
  • Table 4 Shows exhaust gas emission data for Medium size Diesel Vehicles (MDV) in URBAN traffic MDV - Urban traffic Vehicle gross weight 7-20 tonne, average speed 27 km/h.
  • MDV Medium size Diesel Vehicles
  • RURAL traffic MDV - Rural traffic Vehicle gross weight 7-20 tonne average speed 71 km/h.
  • the fuel-specific emission was found to vary somewhat with road type and vehicle type.
  • Emission data for light duty vehicles is only presented for the urban traffic since these vehicles are mostly used for distribution in urban areas.
  • Table 6 Exhaust gas emission data for Diesel Light Duty Vehicles (LDV) in URBAN traffic.
  • the applied diesel engine emission levels are adopted from the material presented by a competent source.
  • Cargo capacity is defined as the physical weight carrying capacity of respective vehicle.
  • the calculation of the cargo capacity utilisation uses data for the volumetric weight of the investigated cargo shipment.
  • the capacity utilisation is defined as the loaded volumetric weight divided by the maximum allowed carrying capacity.
  • CCU ⁇ i w i - vol W max
  • the transports between the terminals are handled in the same way as the full truckload.
  • the environmental performance of the transport between the terminal and the customer (both pick up and delivery) is calculated as follows:
  • the ACCEPT system handles transports with cargo train in one ore more countries, as for example Sweden. In one advantageous implementation, only trains pulled by electrical engines are considered.
  • the cargo types are transported on different wagon types, for example the following Swedish wagon types: Cargo unit 20 feet container 40 feet container Semi-trailer Wagon type Container wagon Container wagon Semi-trailer wagon (Lgjs 741) (Lgjs 741) (Ldgs)
  • the emissions reported for the electrical train are those emitted from the power plants balancing the electricity use.
  • the electricity need for pulling a typical cargo train is combined with the emission profile for the selected mix of power plants, this in order to find the emissions related to the transport. These emissions are then divided between the transported cargos in proportion to the net physical weight.
  • the electricity demand is thus fond to be 0,021 [kWh el /ton-brxkm], as measured at the engine.
  • Tonne is a mass unit. It equals 1000 kg.
  • the wagon gross weight is connected to the carried unit(s). These data are then connected to the calculated emission per gross ton in order to find the environmental data connected to the transport of one unit 1 kilometre.
  • This kind of values (also e.g. table 14) is an example and will vary with time and between countries and need to be up-dated
  • the following cargo types are applied in the calculation for sea transport: 20 feet container, 40 feet container, semi-trailer, articulated truck, rigid truck and trailer.
  • the ACCEPT systems calculates the environmental performance of cargo transported by ships by applying data for a number of representative vessels.
  • the selected vessel types are presented in Table 13 below.
  • Environmental data for two container sizes and 3 different road vehicles are calculated, see Table 13 for the selected combinations of cargo and vessel type.
  • Table 13 Cargo units and ship types included in the ACCEPT model.
  • the emissions for the selected ships are calculated in the following steps:
  • the allocation procedure in step 4 differs between the vessel types, see below.
  • Step 1 Fuel consumption (FC).
  • the fuel consumption is not stated in the vessel information.
  • the consumption is calculated by assuming a specific fuel consumption of 200 g/kWh and a 85% power outtake at cruise speed, i.e. 17,5 knots.
  • the emission profiles are selected based on the combination of fuel type and engine speed. From known databases the following emission data are extracted for the use in the calculations for the ACCCEPT system: Table 14: Emissions from Main Engines at cruise speed.
  • Engine type Slow Speed Diesel engine (SSD) Residual Medium Speed Diesel engine (MSD) Marine Medium Speed Diesel engine (MSD) Residual Fuel type Oil Gas Oil Oil CO 2 fossil [kg/tonne] 3179 3177 3178 CO 2 total [kg/tonne] 3179 3177 3178 NO x [kg/tonne] 93 65 66 HC [kg/tonne] 3 2 2 PM [kg/tonne] 4 1 3,8 SOx [kg/tonne] 54 10 54 Primary energy - Fossil [MJ/tonne] 41000 42600 41000 Primary energy - Nuclear [MJ/tonne] 0 0 0 Primary energy - Renewable [MJ/tonne] 0 0 0 Reference Whall et al. (2002) Whall et al. (2002) Whall et al.
  • the RoRo vessel is typically powered by a medium speed diesel engine (MSD) burning residual oil.
  • MSD medium speed diesel engine
  • the emission per km is calculated by multiplying the fuel consumption by the emissions stated in Table 14, yielding the results presented below: Table 15: Calculated emission for the selected RoRo ship.
  • the total cargo capacity of the selected RoRo vessel was stated as 2 000 lane meters.
  • the utilisation of the vessel is difficult to assess since this type of information (often) is considered as business sensitive information.
  • a frequently stated CCU (1m) of 90% is used in these calculations. This value could be a bit on a high end and should probably be changed to 75-80% in a future up-date.
  • the share of the ship emission to allocate to one lane metre is then calculated as 0,056%, see below.
  • Table 17 Calculated emissions per cargo unit, calculation example for RoRo vessel.
  • Substance unit Semi-trailer Articulated truck Rigid truck and trailer CO 2 fossil [g/km] 831 1 100 1 544 CO 2 tot [g/km] 831 1 100 1 544 NO x [g/km] 17 23 32 HC [g/km] 0,6 0,8 1,1 PM [g/km] 1,0 1,3 1,8 SO 2 [g/km] 14 19 26 Primary energy - Fossil [MJ/km] 11 14 20 Primary energy - Nuclear [MJ/km] 0 0 0 Primary energy - Renewable [MJ/km] 0 0 0 0
  • a RoPax vessel is carrying both passengers and vehicles.
  • the RoPax ships usually offer substantial volumes for passenger purposes.
  • the fact that they are carrying such different types of cargo makes the calculation modules for an allocation of environmental data different.
  • One of the less complex ones, allocation by deck type, is selected for the calculations of data applied in the ACCEPT system. This method divides the ships emission in the following way:
  • the emissions used in the ACCEPT model are rather high since the selected ships are rather small and old. Newer ships are usually less polluting due to larger lane metre capacity as well as cleaner engines. Vessels exist with half the CO 2 emission and only a fraction of the NO x emission (e.g. due to SCR de-NO x systems).
  • the ACCEPT system should be up-dated with more situation specific data supplied from the ship operators carrying out the transports of the investigated vehicles. Capacity utilisation and fuel consumption data should be averaged over a longer period of operations (e.g. one year).
  • Container ship types Vessel type Small feeder vessel Ocean going Category Container Container Older, more Description slow Mid sized Speed [knots] 13,7 20,2 Engine type MSD SSD Fuel type RO RO Sulphur content [%-weight] 2,7 2,7 Abatement - -
  • the vessel emission values were calculated in the same way as for RoRo vessels. Fuel consumption was given for a specified/normal route.
  • the calculation processes are carried out with different data modules.
  • FIG. 5 A preferred embodiment is depicted in Fig. 5.
  • the scope is to give easy and potentially secure access to external users (Customer and Suppliers) and internal users (Sales representatives, Quality assurance, Analysts and maintaining of the system).
  • the access could be preferably done from a company web site, external and internal.
  • a computer which is equipped with software capable of handling Carbon Management represents a preferred hub of the system.
  • This Carbon Management computer is afterwards called CM.
  • the CM is preferably also responsible for the financial and contractual arrangements with the BU on both the demand and supply side.
  • the participating BU sell GO GREEN products to their customers and, in most cases, collect additional revenue for this value added service. They are also responsible for the calculation of the emissions related to the shipments. They are to be compensated by CM according to a method agreed between the BU and CM and verified by an independent third party.
  • the BU report their carbon emissions (and at the same time their carbon demand) to CM on a quarterly basis and pay a previously agreed price for each ton of carbon to CM.
  • Carbon credits are handled by internal and external abatement projects. Internal projects are represented by alternative vehicles using alternative or (partly biogenic) renewable - fuels. Energy efficiency projects or green energy transport such as solar panels on some of the hubs is also included in the internal carbon portfolio.
  • the focus of this manual lies on those processes, that are relevant for carbon accounting. These processes and the data produced in these processes need to be verified by an independent third party.
  • the core operation processes related to carbon management are detailed further in the operation process map in Figure 7.
  • the operation process map is divided in four parts to represent the processes within the participating BU on the demand side (top part), the processes within CM (second part) and the processes for purchasing carbon credit from internal (third part) and external (bottom part) projects. These processes and their data that need to be verified are highlighted by a red frame. Each of the highlighted processes is further detailed afterwards.
  • the BU that plans to offer GO GREEN products or services is responsible for specifying emission values for their products or services which should be done according to the steps and the two different methodologies specified in this chapter. The following steps should be adhered to when introducing new GO GREEN products or services:
  • CM uses two different methodologies for the calculation of direct carbon emissions from the product and services. Neither emissions of other greenhouse gases nor the life cycle assessment data is taken into consideration for the emission footprint of products and services. For both methodologies carbon is added to cover the carbon emissions from the facilities (hubs etc.).
  • This section describes the general methodology in the bottom-up approach. This methodology is used when systems within the operation (i.e. operational- and billing systems) and provides specific data required for emission calculations. Calculations are made on shipment level and take each movement into consideration.
  • the used methodology takes into account all direct emissions related to the transport of the shipments from the fuel combustion in the vehicles including those of the vehicles used by subcontractors. In a first step this relates to carbon emissions. For the carbon emissions from the facilities (hubs etc.) a fixed average value is added. The methodology does neither consider additional emissions in the life cycle of the fuels nor emissions of other greenhouse gases.
  • emission calculation is defined as the calculation of the total vehicle emissions related to the use of the different modes of transport, whereas emission allocation relates to the allocation of these emissions to individual shipments.
  • emission allocation relates to the allocation of these emissions to individual shipments. The distinction is necessary because typically a vehicle transports more than one shipment for the different distances and its emissions therefore need to be shared by the individual shipments.
  • the transport is divided into a (different) number of legs according to the different transport modes used on the way from its origin to its destination.
  • Figure 8 gives a generic example of typical legs of different shipments.
  • Table 22 Factors for the calculation of carbon emissions for an individual leg of a shipment Factor Explanation Unit Distance Distance for each leg of the shipment. km Fuel consumption (Average) fuel consumption of specific vehicle type. 1/km Variable emission factor Specific emission factor for the vehicle and fuel used in the specific leg. g/l Fixed emissions value (Average) value for specific air plane types: only used for air transports to account for the higher emissions during take-off and landing. g Loading Capacity Maximum payload of the vehicle used. t Loading Factor (Average) share of loading capacity that is actually used. % Volume Weight Measure to account for bulky (low density) shipments. t Fixed emissions value for facilities Used to account for the average direct carbon emissions of facilities like hubs etc. g
  • Table 23 Overview on the applied methodologies in the BU Operation unit Described in sub-section Methodology Bottom-up Top-down DHL Express Europe 0 TD International - DHL Express UK 0 TD International (described in 0) TD Domestic and DD International and Domestic Manual Post Germany 0 - Small Parcel (Green PlusPierechen)
  • This sub-section describes the implementation of the general methodology described in sub-section 0 to be used by DHL Express Europe for the TD International product line.
  • GO GREEN can be chosen as a value added service: TDD, ECX, DOX and WPX.
  • ACCEPT Automated Customer Calculation of Environmental Performance Tool
  • Data from the relevant IT-systems are imported into ACCEPT.
  • Figure 10 outlines the data flows for emission calculation using ACCEPT.
  • Table 24 summarizes an explanation of the data types (individual or average) and the data sources (software system, case study etc.) for the variables used in the calculation formula (see also Table 22 and Figure 9).
  • the direct carbon emissions are preferably calculated in a top-down approach.
  • the network/transport process used for the relevant products is described in Figure 11.
  • Figure 11 displays an advantageous network structure, which is especially useful for the handling of Express Parcels as a preferred example of the physical objects. It shows various transport legs from a pick-up of the physical object (especially an express parcel) at a first physical unit to a desired destination via several nodes. At each node a processing of the physical object occurs. Examples of the processing are sorting or routing. For each leg an appropriate means of transport will be selected following certain parameters, such as environmental parameters.
  • Table 26 Average emissions per product Product Average kg CO 2 /shipment Diamond Omega 12 TDD (9&12) Europak Europlus NextDay DHL@home DHL Network Express
  • the central control computer performs the gathering and documenting of the relevant data based on data from sub-systems as local hosts.
  • the central control computer performs the calculations to determine carbon emissions from shipments - especially from shipments relating to a certain BU - and ensures that the calculations and data sources are transparent and verifiable for an independent third party.
  • the central control computer checks the plausibility of the results of the calculations in a vertical and horizontal approach.
  • This sub-section describes the implementation of the general methodology described in section 0 to be used by DHL Express Germany Retail for parcels.
  • This individual implementation of the methodology is valid for the calculation of direct carbon emissions for shipments performed for retail customers in its post offices and other outlets. It is possible to offer GO GREEN to all retail customers. Some of these products are small parcels, afterwards called GO GREEN PlusPffenchen.
  • the GO GREEN parcel will be sold to retail customers via the existing post offices in Germany.
  • the number of GO GREEN PlusPierechen sold can be derived from the billing and accounting systems used.
  • the direct carbon emissions are calculated in a top-down approach.
  • the central control computer is responsible for gathering and documenting the relevant data from the systems.
  • the central control computer performs the necessary calculations to determine carbon emissions from the shipments and ensures that the calculations and data sources are transparent and verifiable for an independent third party.
  • the central control computer furthermore checks the plausibility of the results of the calculations in a vertical and horizontal approach.
  • This section describes the quarterly demand reports that are used by the BU to communicate their carbon credit demand for the past quarter to CM.
  • the quarterly demand report consists of a protected Excel file.
  • the structure and format is defined by CM. Changes can only be implemented by CM.
  • the quarterly report shall be stored by the central control computer on a net-drive
  • Table 27 explains the data fields in the quarterly demand report and shows which BU uses the different data fields.
  • This section describes the carbon credit demand ledger that is used by CM to aggregate the quarterly demands from different BU.
  • the carbon credit demand ledger is valid only for CM.
  • the carbon credit demand ledger is a file with several spreadsheets, for eaxample:
  • the Carbon demand ledger contains preferably the same data fields as the quarterly demand reports by the BU (see Table 27).
  • the additional data fields for use by CM are described in Table 28.
  • CM Reference ID Unique serial number in the format D-"XXXX e.g. D-0001 (D for demand)
  • the carbon demand summary automatically summarizes the demand per BU on a quarterly and annual basis.
  • the summary is for example implemented in an Excel pivot table.
  • the carbon demand summary is used as basis for the quarterly transfers of the aggregated demand into the carbon credit supply ledger for retirement as well as the annual report to the verifier. After all quarterly bookings have been performed in the carbon demand ledger CM prints and files a hardcopy of the carbon demand summary.
  • the shipment volume summary automatically summarizes the total volume of shipments per BU on a quarterly and annual basis.
  • the summary is implemented in an Excel pivot table. The data are used for the plausibility check.
  • the plausibility check demand automatically calculates the average CO 2 emissions per shipment on a quarterly and annual basis.
  • the calculation can be used for a plausibility check in a vertical and horizontal approach. The calculation only works properly, if both pivot tables Demand of Carbon (t) on the spreadsheet carbon demand summary and Number of Shipments on the spreadsheet shipment volume summary show the equivalent selections of Operation Unit Name, Preferred Compensation, Quarter and Year. After all quarterly bookings have been performed in the carbon demand ledger CM prints and files a hardcopy of the plausibility check demand.
  • This section describes the carbon credit supply ledger that is used by CM to aggregate the quarterly supply from different internal abatement projects and externally purchased credits as well as to retire carbon credits according to the quarterly demand.
  • the carbon credit supply ledger is valid only for CM.
  • the carbon credit demand ledger is an Excel file with several spreadsheets:
  • the carbon supply ledger contains the same data fields as the quarterly supply reports by the BU (see Table 31). The additional data fields for use by CM are described in Table 29.
  • both supply and aggregated demand are accounted. Supply is booked with positive values as credit entries. Demand is booked with negative values as debit entries.
  • the other spreadsheets in this file provide an up-to-date balance for all abatement projects, an overview over the project portfolio and auxiliary calculation for accounting purposes.
  • the project balance summary automatically summarizes the balances per abatement project on a quarterly and annual basis.
  • the summary is implemented in an Excel pivot table with an additional calculation of the cumulative quarterly balances.
  • the project balance summary is used as basis for the annual report to the verifier. For the second year of operation the balance of the previous year is entered in the project balance summary by hand.
  • the project portfolio automatically calculates the share of the individual abatement projects in the project portfolio on a quarterly and annual basis.
  • the summary is implemented in an Excel pivot table with an additional calculation of the cumulative quarterly balances.
  • CM Reference ID Unique serial number in the format S-"XXXX", CM e.g. S-0001 (S for supply) in case of data from quarterly supply reports. Reference ID taken from carbon credit demand ledger in case of data from quarterly demand reports for customers with a preferred method of compensation.
  • Unique number in the format QD-"QQ"-"YYYYY e.g.
  • the auxiliary calculation automatically calculates the share of the total quarterly demand (without preferred method of compensation) that has to be booked on each of the abatement projects in the portfolio. It therefore automatically takes off the quarterly demand data from the demand ledger.
  • the data on 8 - Exclude preferred Excel file 5 compensation from demand summary: Carbon_demand_ledger_V1.0.xls, table carbon demand ledger In order not to double-count the entries with preferred compensation after they have been booked individually they have to be excluded from the calculation in the carbon demand summary. This is done by deselecting the relevant preferred compensations in the carbon demand summary.
  • 8 - Copy auxiliary Excel file 6 calculation within supply ledger: Carbon_supply_ledger_V1.0.xls, table auxiliary calculation In order to "freeze" the number of credits and their shares to be booked on each of the abatement projects the complete table auxiliary calculation is copied within the carbon supply ledger after refreshing the data in the pivottables.
  • the copied table is renamed AC-"YYYY"-"QQ". After renaming the table it is printed and filed as a hard copy as part of the documentation.
  • CM notes the reference ID in the carbon supply ledger on each print-out. 8 - Include preferred Excel file: 7 compensation in demand summary: Carbon_demand_ledger_V1.0.xls, table carbon demand ledger After copying the table auxiliary calculation the preferred compensation can be reincluded in the demand summary. This is done by selecting the relevant preferred compensations in the table carbon demand summary again.
  • the carbon supply ledger contains CER (and VER managed in external registries) the relevant amount retired in the supply ledger for the relevant projects need to be retired in the official CDM registry (and the VER registry if applicable) as well. This should be done at least annually, better quarterly, after the internal carbon accounting for the quarter is terminated by CM.
  • CER refers to rights to emission carbon.
  • VER refers to Verified Emission Reduction data.
  • the purchase of internal credits can be managed by the system according to the invention.
  • the central control computer checks regularly (at least quarterly), whether there is a sufficient future supply of credits to balance the expected future demand.
  • the project portfolio should have a balanced mix between projects from different geographical areas and different types of technology used for abatement.
  • This section describes the initiation of purchasing external credits by CM.
  • CM Whether and when to purchase external credits is decided by CM.
  • CM a credit purchase agreement between a logistics company and a seller of the external carbon credits is integrated in the carbon management process.
  • This section describes the quality criteria used by for internal abatement projects.
  • the quality criteria are valid for the central control computer and all internal suppliers (BU) of carbon credits.
  • This section describes the quarterly supply reports that are used to communicate carbon credit supply from abatement projects for the past quarter.
  • the quarterly demand report consists of a protected file. Table 31 explains the data fields in the quarterly demand report.
  • This section describes the quality criteria used during the negotiations to purchase external credits for choosing the qualifying projects.
  • the quality criteria are valid for CM and all external suppliers of carbon credits.
  • Baseline emissions would equal project emissions in this case. Hence a project needs to prove its additionality by showing that is not operation-as-usual.
  • the credits should at least strive for being VER (Verified Emission Reductions) by an independent third party.
  • Possible standards to be used as the basis for the verification are for example the "GHG Protocol for Project Accounting” by WBCSD/WRI, the "Gold Standard” by a number of NGO (BASE), the "Voluntary Carbon Standard” by IETA and the JI and CDM-Project Cycle defined by the Kyoto Protocol.
  • This section describes the main contents of the SLA between BU owning internal carbon supply projects and CM.
  • the systems used for gathering data to calculate carbon emissions in the BU underlie a quality assurance system on their own, since they are used for transport control, billing and accounting purposes.
  • Example for a quarterly supply reports for internal abatement projects Quarterly Supply Report To be filled by Business Units
  • Business Units For use by CM only Business Unit Name Project ID/Name Quarter Year Total activity rate Specific emissions baseline Specific emissions project Total CO 2 Price/ t CO 2 Total Value Supply/ Demand Reference ID Date By (Name) Vehicle: km kg CO 2 /km kg CO 2 /km t €/t € entered in supply ledger Solar: kWh kg CO 2 /kWh kg CO 2 /kWh DHL Express Switzerland I-RME-01 0003 2006 126.579 0,350 0,045 38,6 10,00 386
  • the processing of physical objects takes place in a processing station.
  • address components that are present on the physical objects are transmitted to an internal data stock.
  • the internal data stock supplies a result address on the basis of the transmitted address components.
  • a process component that translates into increasing the efficiency of the method with relatively little effort is the implementation of specialized reading software.
  • a conversion file which is incorporated into the so-called dictionary of the sorting installation, can implement environmental data. In this manner, if the reading quality is sufficient, then the environmental data are ascertained reliably enough so that the sorting machine is able to sort the physical objects on the basis of the input distribution information (street, optionally house number) and the environmental data.
  • the environmental data can be applied in different ways, for example, by means of various printing processes.
  • Printing with a fluorescent dye is especially advantageous since this make it possible to especially easily and reliably carry out an optical detection of the target code during a subsequent sorting procedure.
  • the target code can assume various forms, for example, it can contain environmental data, especially environmental requirement data and other data as for example the complete address information, which is preferably achieved by using an 11-character to 13-character target code with an additional imprint of the postal code in plain text.
  • the individual stations consist of a PC with a monitor and keyboard as well as a label printer as an additional output unit that is controlled by the program and that generates a plain text label or, as an alternative, a 4-state label.
  • any computer is suitable for carrying out the invention.
  • ⁇ is by no means to be understood in a limiting manner. This can be any unit that is suitable for performing computations, for example, a workstation, a personal computer, a microcomputer or circuitry suitable for performing computations and/or comparisons.
  • a database is used on a server that takes over the described functions for several processing stations.
  • the client part is realized in a platform-independent programming language.
  • the use of another programming language is fundamentally possible.
  • the recognizable parts of the data are entered via an input mask. Then a database query is sent by the client to the server.
  • the server is a powerful computer with several processors and a large main memory. This is necessary in order to achieve very rapid access times.
  • the data stock consists of the files from a suitable database application containing, at least some environmental data.
  • the design of the database is also configured for rapid access. However, this also means that a great deal of data has to be stored redundantly.
  • the data accesses are provided by a suitable database application, for example, PL/SQL.
  • a suitable database application for example, PL/SQL.
  • the client receives his result set from the server in the form of data records.
  • the result set is sorted at the client and displayed in a selection list. It can be locally limited by additional entries.
  • a special feature of the program is that, in a separate list, all environmental data are automatically displayed with the appertaining data for the delivery (post office box, postal code).
  • a decision module or an operator decides which of the displayed data records (from the normal or, for example, from the special selection list) are applicable in each given case.
  • the decision module or the operator selects this data record and actuates the printing button.
  • the appropriate label is printed with the correct address and glued onto the physical object.
  • a decision module is a program module that can observe its environment and that can act largely autonomously.
  • the decision module contains information about the parameters and action instructions that have to be taken into account regarding the procedures.
  • the decision module is capable of acting as autonomously as possible.
  • environmental requirement information attached to the physical object is detected and transmitted to an interface computer.
  • the interface computer contains memory locations for associating the detected images.
  • the interface computer is connected to a server.
  • the server preferably has the previously presented structure and allows a matching of environmental requirement data with archive able environmental impact data.
  • the environmental requirement data is detected on the basis of the ascertained image data and by undertaking a database query, or else a data stock query. These queries are made in the form of automated process steps.
  • the interface computer is connected directly or indirectly to the sorting installation.
  • the interface computer transmits the result data to a result memory of the sorting installation.
  • the physical objects are preferably associated with the corrected address information by detecting an identification code that identifies them.
  • the identification code was applied onto the physical object in order to allow an association of the new address with the correct physical object.
  • the identification code makes it possible to associate each of the physical objects with the appertaining environmental requirement data. In an especially preferred embodiment, this is done in that identification codes printed on the physical objects are detected.
  • the printing can be done directly onto the physical object or else by printing a label that is subsequently affixed onto the physical object.
  • the described implementations of the invention help to analyze environmental impact of transport procedures.
  • Fig. 11 shows an example of output data (emission report) generated according to a preferred embodiment of the invention.
  • the basic principle in the calculations is that the emissions reported to the customer should be calculated down to each transport, considering utilization and capacity of the vehicle.
  • the emissions are managed on country level, i.e. that when a border is passed, the emissions are split equally and allocated to each country.
  • Fuel consumption is gathered, in this order, from the vehicle, vehicle type or more generic parameters
  • the emission factor is calculated as the sum of fixed emission values and variable values.
  • the fixed values derive from calculating Air transactions and are set to zero for Road calculations.
  • the variable value is depending of the distance, thus the multiplication Fixed Emission Value + Variable Emission Value * Distance
  • ACCEPT either stops the update of this transaction and creates an error message, or uses a less accurate value e.g. using generic Vehicle Type instead the actual vehicle.
  • Emission from e.g. energy usage in facilities can contribute significantly to the emission footprint of a shipment.
  • Level 3 the calculations are gathered from the production systems and the transport work is calculated. This transport work is then multiplied with a more generic emission factor which is set from calculating the emissions from the fleet used in the country.
  • Level 6 the transactions/data are gathered from the productions systems and the transport work is calculated. This transport work is then multiplied with the specific vehicle used, considering Euro class, fuel consumption, utilization etc, giving a high quality calculation matching the demands from the more demanding customers. Level 6 calculation requires a subsystem that can feed ACCEPT with the relevant data on vehicles such as e.g. the environmental index used.
  • the calculations will vary from level 3 to 6, giving a result that is much better than level 3 but with less quality than a pure level 6. All this depending on the fact that the transactions from production not always meet the need for level 6 reporting, e.g. COSP does not always identify the vehicle.
  • a genuine level 6 quality might be achieved if all transactions are detailed enough.
  • a genuine level 6 quality might be achieved if all transactions are detailed enough.
  • Level 3 the calculations are gathered from the production systems and the transport work is calculated. This transport work is then multiplied with a more generic emission factor which is set from calculating the emissions from the fleet used in the country or globally.
  • Level 6 the transactions/data are gathered from the productions systems and the transport work is calculated. This transport work is then multiplied with the specific vehicle used, considering air plane type, fuel consumption, utilization etc, giving a high quality calculation matching the demands from the more demanding customers.
  • Level 6 calculation requires a subsystem that can feed ACCEPT with the relevant data on vehicles such as e.g. the environmental index used in a certain region, especially a country, e.g. Sweden,
  • the value shown can be scaled in order to be more relevant, e.g. it might be more relevant to show emissions in kg instead of gram. This is managed by setting parameters.
  • ACCEPT can involve external interfaces to existing production systems.
  • Figure 12 shows how transactions from different operational systems are managed via a defined interface, where the transactions are updated/corrected/verified before they are entered in to the detail database. From this database is then report material created.
  • Figure 13 shows how the Air transactions from the production system are managed via a Transaction Extract.
  • the transaction is split, using the information in the CSD, generating a number of individual "legs" for which the emissions are calculated. These emissions are stored in the Data Mart (the same as for Road) and form the base for ACCEPT Report Database.
  • Transactions not accepted in the update are stored in a log file and an error message is created. When the error is corrected they will be updated.
  • ACCEPT is constructed in order to be as flexible as possible; all interfaces are planned for accepting a multiple of input systems. There are different ways how to interface the local production system, whether the major part of interface should be done on the production side or on the ACCEPT side.
  • Preferred embodiments of the invention allow integrating transportation means, characterized in that they contain means for transmitting environmental performance data of the transportation means to a logical node.
  • a logical node is any device that can be integrated in a computer network.
  • Nodes can be computers, personal digital assistants (PDAs), cell phones, or various other network appliances.
  • PDAs personal digital assistants
  • cell phones or various other network appliances.
  • a logical node On an IP (Internet Protocol) network, a logical node is any device with an IP address.
  • Logical nodes are often times connected by hubs, logical routers, or by a network switch.
  • the examples are combinable with physical routers, capable of executing a decision about parameters of transport to another physical router or to a receiving station, characterised in that a logical node is assigned to the physical router, wherein the decision is taken according to environmental data.
  • At least one computer program capable of controlling a message for transporting physical objects, wherein the transport occurs through at least one physical router, wherein the physical router executes a decision about further parameters of transport, characterised in that the computer program takes the decision according to environmental data.
  • an aspect of the invention concerns a computer program product, characterised in that it contains one of the described computer programs.
  • the computer program product is loadable in the logical node.
  • the invention includes information systems as well as routing and transporting systems.

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US11/714,506 US8019634B2 (en) 2006-08-07 2007-03-06 Method for transporting physical objects, transportation system and transportation means
CN200780029431A CN101663679A (zh) 2006-08-07 2007-08-06 实物运输方法、运输系统和运输工具
CA002655836A CA2655836A1 (en) 2006-08-07 2007-08-06 Method for transporting physical objects, transportation system and transportation means
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PCT/EP2007/006919 WO2008017434A2 (en) 2006-08-07 2007-08-06 Method for transporting physical objects, transportation system and transportation means
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