EP1846939A1 - Tube photomultiplicateur a moindres ecarts de temps de transit - Google Patents
Tube photomultiplicateur a moindres ecarts de temps de transitInfo
- Publication number
- EP1846939A1 EP1846939A1 EP06709472A EP06709472A EP1846939A1 EP 1846939 A1 EP1846939 A1 EP 1846939A1 EP 06709472 A EP06709472 A EP 06709472A EP 06709472 A EP06709472 A EP 06709472A EP 1846939 A1 EP1846939 A1 EP 1846939A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- photocathode
- dynodes
- symmetry
- dynode
- concavity
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000011144 upstream manufacturing Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000010409 thin film Substances 0.000 description 2
- TUOVKSNRKKDMIK-UHFFFAOYSA-N [O].[Ag].[Cs] Chemical compound [O].[Ag].[Cs] TUOVKSNRKKDMIK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QHRPVRRJYMWFKB-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Sb].[Cs] Chemical compound [Sb].[Cs] QHRPVRRJYMWFKB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000001133 acceleration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003513 alkali Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003111 delayed effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005684 electric field Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000004907 flux Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011810 insulating material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002093 peripheral effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001737 promoting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003595 spectral effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002123 temporal effect Effects 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J43/00—Secondary-emission tubes; Electron-multiplier tubes
- H01J43/04—Electron multipliers
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J43/00—Secondary-emission tubes; Electron-multiplier tubes
- H01J43/04—Electron multipliers
- H01J43/06—Electrode arrangements
- H01J43/18—Electrode arrangements using essentially more than one dynode
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J43/00—Secondary-emission tubes; Electron-multiplier tubes
- H01J43/04—Electron multipliers
- H01J43/28—Vessels, e.g. wall of the tube; Windows; Screens; Suppressing undesired discharges or currents
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a single electron multiplier tube.
- a photomultiplier tube generally comprises, inside a vacuum-tight gas envelope, a light-sensitive electrode, called a photocathode, an electronic focusing optic, an electron multiplier for multiplying the emitted electrons. by the photocathode and an anode that collects the multiplied electrons.
- the sealed envelope 10 comprises a wall forming a transparent window 12 to photons.
- the window 12 has an outer face and an inner face.
- the inner face has a concavity having a central axis.
- the concavity is turned towards the inside of the tube. It has a plane of symmetry containing the central axis.
- a photocathode 14 is disposed on the inner face of the wall forming the transparency window to receive light photons having passed through the transparency window,
- focusing optics comprising a plurality of electrodes focus the electrons from the photocathode on a first dynode 31 of an electron multiplier with a focused linear structure located downstream of the optics in the direction of travel of the electrons.
- the multiplier includes a plurality of dynodes 31-40 including a first dynode 31, intermediate dynodes, a penultimate dynode and a last dynode.
- the tube also comprises an anode 42.
- Connection means 18 pass through the sealed envelope 10 and have external connection contacts 18 to the envelope 10, themselves connected to internal connection electrical connections, and enable the respective connections to be connected.
- the single - channel tube described in this application is used in applications where the homogeneity of transit time between the moment when an electron is emitted by the photocathode and a moment when a packet of electrons resulting from the multiplication of this electron by the multiplier is an important factor.
- a perfect tube would have transit times equal to each other regardless of the place of emission on the photocathode and the initial energy of the emitted electron.
- the dispersion of the transit times between photocathode and The first dynode of the multiplier is reduced by the fact that the photocathode is mounted on a hemispherical surface. Because of this form the distance between the different points of the photocathode and a center is equal. This geometry contributes to reducing the dispersion of the transit times as a function of the place of emission of an electron on the photocathode.
- the subject of the invention is a single-channel photomultiplier tube having an improved temporal resolution compared to single-channel tubes known from the prior art.
- This object is achieved by providing in the tube an electron multiplier composed of several multiplying parts physically distinct from each other, and presenting between them a symmetry of revolution with respect to the central axis. concavity.
- Each multiplier part is actually an autonomous multiplier.
- the hemispherical photocathode is thus virtually divided into as many portions of cathodes as there are portions of multipliers.
- the photocathode portions are angular sectors whose apex coincides with the axis of revolution.
- Each photocathode sector corresponds to a dedicated multiplier.
- each of the photocathode sectors Due to the symmetry of revolution the sectors are equal to each other.
- Each first dynode is a dynode of an autonomous multiplier multiplying the electrons from the photocathode sector corresponding to that dynode.
- these first dynodes of each of the multipliers are symmetrical of revolution with respect to the axis of the tube.
- the trajectories of the electrons between the first dynode D1 and the second dynode D2 of each multiplier also have differences in their path lengths between them which are smaller than the differences in lengths of travel that one would have with a single large first. dynode returning the electrons to a single large second dynode.
- the differences in electron travel time between the first and second dynodes of each multiplier are also reduced. The same is true, albeit to a lesser extent, of the travel times between consecutive stages of each of the multipliers. This produces a single-channel tube with a transit time dispersion smaller than that of the tubes of the prior art.
- the invention relates to a single-channel photomultiplier tube with fewer differences in transit time comprising
- a sealed envelope having a wall forming a photon transparency window and having an external face and an inner face having a concavity having a central axis, facing towards the inside of the tube, and having a plane of symmetry containing the central axis,
- a photocathode disposed on the inner face of the wall forming the transparency window so as to receive light photons having passed through the transparency window
- a focusing optics comprising one or more electrodes
- an electron multiplier with a focused linear structure located downstream of the optical in the direction of travel of the electrons, comprising a plurality of dynodes including a first dynode, intermediate dynodes, a penultimate dynode and a last dynode; anode,
- Connection means passing through the sealed envelope and having external connection contacts to the envelope, themselves connected to internal electrical connection connections, for respectively connecting the dynodes, the photocathode, electrodes forming the focusing optics, and the anode, at their respective operating voltage, characterized in that
- the electron multiplier is composed of physically distinct parts of each other, each part forming an autonomous multiplier, the autonomous multipliers having between them a symmetry of revolution with respect to the central axis of the concavity.
- the sealed envelope comprises a cylindrical insulating sleeve centered on the central axis of the concavity carrying the photocathode, the transparent window wall being connected to one end of said sleeve, and the focusing optics comprises an electrode.
- the tube comprises two multipliers, the concavity is hemispherical and the focusing optics and the two multipliers have a plane of symmetry which is a plane of symmetry of the concavity.
- the first dynodes of each multiplier have a portion that is closest to the tangent photocathode at the same point in said plane of symmetry and each have a concavity, the respective concavities of each of the first dynodes. not being turned towards each other.
- FIG. 1 represents a longitudinal section of a photomultiplier tube according to the invention carried out along a plane of symmetry of the tube. Trajectories of electrons in this plane of symmetry between a first half of a photocathode and the first dynode of a first electron multiplier are also shown.
- FIG. 1 represents a longitudinal section of a photomultiplier tube 1 with two multipliers according to the invention.
- the photomultiplier tube 1 comprises a sealed envelope 4, formed by a set of walls assembled together.
- a first wall 3 has a cylindrical sleeve shape, of axis AA '.
- the cylindrical sleeve is made of preferably in an insulating material, for example glass.
- the sleeve is completed at one end by a wall 5 forming a photon transparency window. It is completed at the other end by a bottom wall 8.
- Pins 12 for connecting the different electrodes located inside the sealed envelope 4 pass sealingly, and in a manner known per se through this bottom wall 8. When the tube is in operation, these pins 12 are respectively coupled to voltage sources, applying operating voltages to the different electrodes of the tube.
- the wall 5 forming the window of transparency of the tube has a flat outer face 6 and an inner face 7 having a concavity turned towards the inside of the tube.
- This concavity is in the example shown a spherical cap, whose center is located on the axis AA 'of the tube. It therefore has a plane of symmetry shown in Figure 1 by the axis AA '.
- Figure 1 is an axial section along a plane containing this axis of symmetry.
- a photocathode 2 is disposed on the inner face 7 of the wall 5 forming the window 5 of transparency, so as to receive light photons having passed through the transparency window 5.
- the photocathode 2 is constituted by a layer of a light emitting material, for example a layer of multi - alkali material or silver - oxygen - cesium, or cesium - antimony. It may also be another light emitting material. The material is chosen according to its spectral characteristics of photo emission and the wavelengths of the photons to which the photomultiplier tube will be applied.
- the photocathode 2 comprises two parts 21, 22 symmetrical to each other with respect to a plane of symmetry, whose intersection with the plane of the figure is represented in FIG. 1 by the axis of FIG. AA 'symmetry of the spherical cap.
- the tube comprises, in order, a focussing optics 9 comprising an accelerating and focusing electrode 13.
- the focusing optics 9 may also comprise, as in the example shown, a focusing correction electrode 15.
- this focusing corrector electrode 15 is formed by a conductive thin film in the form of a cylindrical surface portion deposited on the inner face of the sleeve 3.
- the focusing correction electrode 15 has a close end in the axial direction. of the photocathode 2 in an area between the photocathode 2 and a portion which is the most upstream of the accelerating and focusing electrode 13.
- upstream and downstream are understood in the direction of travel of the flow of electrons originating at the start, and therefore upstream, of the photocathode and directed downstream, thus the anode.
- the focusing optics 9 is thus common to the two autonomous multipliers 24, 26 of the tube 1.
- the tube 1 Downstream of the focusing optics 9, the tube 1 comprises a multiplier 11 of electrons formed by a set of two multiplying parts 24, 26 physically separate from one another and symmetrical to each other with respect to the plane of symmetry of the tube. These multiplying parts constitute autonomous multipliers 24, 26.
- Each of the multipliers 24, 26 comprises dynodes in a Rajchman focusing linear structure.
- the dynodes composing each of the multipliers are physically distinct from the dynodes composing the other multiplier.
- This common connection part may be outside or inside the casing 4.
- Each multiplier 24, 26 of electrons comprises a plurality of dynodes including a first dynode 31, 32, respectively, a second dynode 23, 25, respectively intermediate dynodes 33, 34 respectively, a penultimate dynode 35, 36 respectively and a last dynode 37, 38 respectively located downstream of the optics 9 in the direction of travel of the electrons.
- the tube Downstream of the last dynode 37, 38, in the direction of travel of the electrons, the tube comprises an anode 16 formed by two conductors 17, 18 respectively, electrically connected to each other to form a single anode of the multiplier 11 .
- a first channel of multiplication of the tube 1 is materialized by the first half 21 of the photocathode 2, the common optic 9, the first multiplier 24, and the part 17 of the anode 16.
- the second channel of multiplication of the tube 1 is materialized by the second half 22 of the photocathode 2, the common optic 9, the second multiplier 26, and the portion 18 of the anode 16.
- the dynodes 32, 34, 36, 38 and 31, 33, 35, 37 of the same rank of the two multipliers 24, 26 with the exception of a tuning dynode 30, 39 in each multiplier are connected to the same connection pin respectively.
- the dynodes 30, 39 of respectively adjusting each of the two multipliers 24, 26 have a connection allowing independent voltage adjustment for each of them.
- the first dynodes 31, 32 of each multiplier 24, 26 respectively are symmetrical to one another with respect to the plane of symmetry of the concavity of the transparency window 5.
- Each of these first dynodes 31, 32 has a portion 27, 28 respectively which is closest to the photocathode 2.
- the portions 27, 28 of each of the first dynodes 31, 32 are respectively tangent at one point to one another and to said plane of symmetry.
- the first dynodes 31, 32 have a concavity whose respective centers of curvature are symmetrical to each other with respect to the plane of symmetry.
- each of the first dynodes 31, 32 respectively are located on the same side of the plane of symmetry as the corresponding dynode. It can be seen in FIG. 1 that each of the first dynodes is constituted by a set of four plane portions, the overall curvature resulting from the fact that two consecutive plane portions form a dihedron. In the section plane shown, it is considered that a center of curvature of a dihedron is the center of the circle tangent to each of the two faces of the plane portions forming the dihedron.
- the operation is as follows: By itself in itself, when an electron is emitted by the photocathode 2, this electron is accelerated and directed by the optics 9 towards one or the other of the first dynodes 31, 32 Delayed trajectories of electrons emitted by the portion 21 of the photocathode 2 are shown in FIG. 1.
- the electrons coming from the part 21 are mainly directed towards the first dynode 31 belonging to the first multiplier 24.
- the electrons are multiplied by the first electron dynode 31 of the first multiplier 24.
- the electrons from the first dynode 31 are projected onto the second dynode 23 of the first multiplier 24.
- the electrons are then multiplied from dynode to dynode and the multiplied flux reaches the portion 17 of the single anode 16.
- the averages of the travel times of the different electrons between the photocathode 2 and the first dynode 31 of the first multiplier 24 appear opposite the starting points of the electrons on the photocathode 2. These averages of courses vary between 6, 24 and 6, 40 nanoseconds. The initial differences in travel time are therefore very small. These differences in travel time will be further reduced during the multiplication.
- the improvement in the homogeneity of the travel times is due to the fact that there is a smaller distance of travel between the electrons coming from a sector such as 21 or 22 of the photocathode and the first dynode of each multiplier. It is the same between first and second dynode of each multiplier.
- the electrons emitted by the second part 22 of the photocathode are directed mainly towards the first dynode 32 of the second multiplier 26.
- the signal is collected on the part 18 of the single anode 16.
- Gain tuning dynodes are dynodes which unlike other dynodes of the same rank of each multiplier are not connected to voltage sources of the same value. These dynodes 30, 39 thus each have a connection pin 12 of its own and can be connected to a source of voltage that is specific to each gain adjustment dynode.
- the dynodes 30, 39 make it possible to balance the overall gain of each of the multipliers 24, 26 and an equalization of the transit times between the multiplication channels.
Landscapes
- Photometry And Measurement Of Optical Pulse Characteristics (AREA)
- Electron Tubes For Measurement (AREA)
- Common Detailed Techniques For Electron Tubes Or Discharge Tubes (AREA)
- Image-Pickup Tubes, Image-Amplification Tubes, And Storage Tubes (AREA)
- Investigating Or Analysing Materials By The Use Of Chemical Reactions (AREA)
- Tires In General (AREA)
- Image Input (AREA)
- Devices For Checking Fares Or Tickets At Control Points (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
FR0550383A FR2881874B1 (fr) | 2005-02-09 | 2005-02-09 | Tube photomultiplicateur a moindre ecarts de temps de transit |
PCT/FR2006/050090 WO2006085018A1 (fr) | 2005-02-09 | 2006-02-02 | Tube photomultiplicateur a moindres ecarts de temps de transit |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP1846939A1 true EP1846939A1 (fr) | 2007-10-24 |
EP1846939B1 EP1846939B1 (fr) | 2010-10-13 |
Family
ID=35058166
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP06709472A Not-in-force EP1846939B1 (fr) | 2005-02-09 | 2006-02-02 | Tube photomultiplicateur a moindres ecarts de temps de transit |
Country Status (10)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US7786671B2 (fr) |
EP (1) | EP1846939B1 (fr) |
JP (1) | JP5345784B2 (fr) |
CN (1) | CN101116168A (fr) |
AT (1) | ATE484842T1 (fr) |
DE (1) | DE602006017512D1 (fr) |
FR (1) | FR2881874B1 (fr) |
IN (1) | IN266735B (fr) |
RU (1) | RU2389107C2 (fr) |
WO (1) | WO2006085018A1 (fr) |
Families Citing this family (13)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US7449834B2 (en) | 2006-10-16 | 2008-11-11 | Hamamatsu Photonics K.K. | Photomultiplier having multiple dynode arrays with corresponding insulating support member |
EP2652526A4 (fr) * | 2010-11-15 | 2018-02-28 | Services Pétroliers Schlumberger | Détecteur de neutrons à tube multiplicateur |
WO2013043749A1 (fr) * | 2011-09-20 | 2013-03-28 | Muons, Inc. | Procédé et appareil pour une cavité de canon de photoinjecteur radiofréquence (rf) supraconductrice (canon srf) à luminosité élevée |
RU2587469C2 (ru) * | 2013-11-29 | 2016-06-20 | Федеральное государственное бюджетное учреждение "Государственный научный центр Российской Федерации-Институт физики высоких энергий" Национального исследовательского центра "Курчатовский институт" | Фотоумножитель |
CN103915311B (zh) * | 2014-03-20 | 2017-01-18 | 中国科学院高能物理研究所 | 一种静电聚焦微通道板光电倍增管 |
CN104465294B (zh) * | 2014-11-13 | 2017-02-01 | 西安交通大学 | 一种动态多级串联同轴碟型通道打拿级电子倍增器 |
CN108444597A (zh) * | 2018-04-25 | 2018-08-24 | 深圳大学 | 一种成像性能稳定的条纹相机及条纹相机系统 |
CN109454869B (zh) * | 2018-09-28 | 2020-07-24 | 长春理工大学 | 用于大尺寸光敏3d打印的点光源倍增扫描打印器件 |
US10784095B2 (en) * | 2018-12-18 | 2020-09-22 | Thermo Finnigan Llc | Multidimensional dynode detector |
FI129757B (en) * | 2020-10-22 | 2022-08-15 | Fenno Aurum Oy | Ultraviolet flame detector |
CN113299536B (zh) * | 2021-04-16 | 2022-08-05 | 中国科学院西安光学精密机械研究所 | 一种倍增簇集式光电倍增管 |
WO2023076325A2 (fr) * | 2021-10-26 | 2023-05-04 | Smiths Detection Inc. | Systèmes et procédés destinés à supprimer les interférences de rayons x dans des portiques de détection de rayonnements |
CN115863137A (zh) * | 2022-11-24 | 2023-03-28 | 中国科学院西安光学精密机械研究所 | 一种高时间分辨率光电倍增管及实现方法 |
Family Cites Families (16)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
NL264400A (fr) | 1960-05-05 | |||
FR1288477A (fr) * | 1960-05-05 | 1962-03-24 | Rca Corp | Tube photomultiplicateur |
US3183390A (en) * | 1963-06-05 | 1965-05-11 | Roderick J Grader | Photomultiplier |
FR1516923A (fr) * | 1967-01-13 | 1968-02-05 | Hyperelec | Structure multiplicatrice d'électrons à sortie adaptée |
JPS6030064B2 (ja) * | 1980-09-27 | 1985-07-13 | 浜松ホトニクス株式会社 | 光電変換管 |
JPH0795437B2 (ja) * | 1987-04-18 | 1995-10-11 | 浜松ホトニクス株式会社 | 光電子増倍管 |
US5077504A (en) * | 1990-11-19 | 1991-12-31 | Burle Technologies, Inc. | Multiple section photomultiplier tube |
JP3215486B2 (ja) * | 1992-04-09 | 2001-10-09 | 浜松ホトニクス株式会社 | 光電子増倍管 |
FR2693592B1 (fr) * | 1992-07-08 | 1994-09-23 | Philips Photonique | Tube photomultiplicateur segmenté en N voies indépendantes disposées autour d'un axe central. |
JPH06150876A (ja) * | 1992-11-09 | 1994-05-31 | Hamamatsu Photonics Kk | 光電子増倍管及び電子増倍管 |
US5823468A (en) | 1995-10-24 | 1998-10-20 | Bothe; Hans-Jurgen | Hybrid aircraft |
JP3739926B2 (ja) * | 1998-03-02 | 2006-01-25 | 浜松ホトニクス株式会社 | 光電子増倍管 |
GB2369720B (en) * | 2000-12-01 | 2005-02-16 | Electron Tubes Ltd | Photomultiplier |
US7285783B2 (en) * | 2003-06-11 | 2007-10-23 | Hamamatsu Photonics K.K. | Multi-anode type photomultiplier tube and radiation detector |
WO2005091332A1 (fr) * | 2004-03-22 | 2005-09-29 | Hamamatsu Photonics K. K. | Multiplicateur d'electrons multianodes |
US7064485B2 (en) * | 2004-03-24 | 2006-06-20 | Hamamatsu Photonics K.K. | Photomultiplier tube having focusing electrodes with apertures and screens |
-
2005
- 2005-02-09 FR FR0550383A patent/FR2881874B1/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2006
- 2006-02-02 WO PCT/FR2006/050090 patent/WO2006085018A1/fr active Application Filing
- 2006-02-02 DE DE602006017512T patent/DE602006017512D1/de active Active
- 2006-02-02 CN CNA2006800044060A patent/CN101116168A/zh active Pending
- 2006-02-02 JP JP2007554609A patent/JP5345784B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2006-02-02 EP EP06709472A patent/EP1846939B1/fr not_active Not-in-force
- 2006-02-02 US US11/815,693 patent/US7786671B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2006-02-02 RU RU2007133510/28A patent/RU2389107C2/ru not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2006-02-02 IN IN3481CHN2007 patent/IN266735B/en unknown
- 2006-02-02 AT AT06709472T patent/ATE484842T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
Non-Patent Citations (1)
Title |
---|
See references of WO2006085018A1 * |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
FR2881874A1 (fr) | 2006-08-11 |
JP5345784B2 (ja) | 2013-11-20 |
JP2008530746A (ja) | 2008-08-07 |
FR2881874B1 (fr) | 2007-04-27 |
US7786671B2 (en) | 2010-08-31 |
CN101116168A (zh) | 2008-01-30 |
DE602006017512D1 (de) | 2010-11-25 |
ATE484842T1 (de) | 2010-10-15 |
WO2006085018A1 (fr) | 2006-08-17 |
IN266735B (fr) | 2015-05-28 |
RU2389107C2 (ru) | 2010-05-10 |
US20080258619A1 (en) | 2008-10-23 |
RU2007133510A (ru) | 2009-03-20 |
EP1846939B1 (fr) | 2010-10-13 |
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