EP1786412A1 - Arene ruthenium (ii) compounds and their use in cancer therapy - Google Patents

Arene ruthenium (ii) compounds and their use in cancer therapy

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Publication number
EP1786412A1
EP1786412A1 EP05771813A EP05771813A EP1786412A1 EP 1786412 A1 EP1786412 A1 EP 1786412A1 EP 05771813 A EP05771813 A EP 05771813A EP 05771813 A EP05771813 A EP 05771813A EP 1786412 A1 EP1786412 A1 EP 1786412A1
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Prior art keywords
compound according
alkyl
carbocyclic
compound
ring
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EP05771813A
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German (de)
English (en)
French (fr)
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Abraha School of Chemistry HABTEMARIAM
Peter John School of Chemistry SADLER
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University of Edinburgh
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University of Edinburgh
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
    • C07F15/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 8, 9, 10 or 18 of the Periodic Table
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
    • C07F15/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 8, 9, 10 or 18 of the Periodic Table
    • C07F15/0006—Compounds containing elements of Groups 8, 9, 10 or 18 of the Periodic Table compounds of the platinum group
    • C07F15/0046—Ruthenium compounds
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/28—Compounds containing heavy metals
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents

Definitions

  • This invention relates to ruthenium (II) compounds, to their use in medicine, particularly for the treatment and/or prevention of cancer, and to a process for their preparation.
  • WO 01/30790 and WO 02/02572 disclose ruthenium (II) compounds for use in the treatment of cancer. These compounds can be described as half-sandwich compounds, having an arene ring bound to the ruthenium, as well as other non-arene ligands. The compounds exemplified in these applications have as one of the ligands a halo atom. Without wishing to be bound by theory, it is thought that the hydrolysis of the halo atom activates the complexes and allows them to bind to DNA.
  • the present inventors have studied the hydrolysis rates of a number of different ligands including halo and have surprisingly found that complexes containing ligands that have longer hydrolysis times still exhibit anti-tumour activity.
  • R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 and R 6 are independently selected from H, C 1-7 alkyl, C 5-20 aryl, C 3-20 heterocyclyl, halo, ester, amido, acyl, sulfo, sulfonamido, ether, thioether, azo, amino, or R 1 and R 2 together with the ring to which they are attached form a saturated or unsaturated carbocyclic or heterocyclic group containing up to three 3- to 8- membered carbocyclic or heterocyclic rings, wherein each carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring may be fused to one or more other carbocyclic or heterocyclic rings;
  • X is a neutral or negatively charged N- or S- donor ligand;
  • Y is a counterion;
  • C is Ci-i 2 alkylene bound to two A groups; p is 0 or 1 and r is 1 when p is 0 and r is 2 when p is 1 ;
  • a and B are each independently O-donor, N-donor or S-donor ligands.
  • the ligand A is bound to another ligand A such that the compound comprises two ruthenium atoms.
  • Such complexes are called dinuclear complexes.
  • Ligands A and B may be connected to one another, but they cannot be bound to ligand X.
  • a second aspect of the present invention provides a composition comprising a compound of the first aspect and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent.
  • a third aspect of the invention provides the use of a compound of the first aspect in a method of therapy.
  • a fourth aspect of the invention provides the use of a compound of the first aspect in the preparation of a medicament for the treatment of cancer.
  • a fifth aspect of the invention provides a method of treatment of a subject suffering from cancer, comprising administering to such a subject a therapeutically-effective amount of a compound of the first aspect, preferably in the form of a pharmaceutical composition.
  • R may be selected from C 1-7 alkyl and C 5-2O aryl.
  • Aromatic N-donor ligands include optionally substituted pyridine, pyridazine, pyrimidine, purine and pyrazine. The optional substituents may be selected from cyano, halo and C 1-7 alkyl.
  • R N1 , R N2 and R N3 may be independently selected from H and Ci -7 alkyl, or if A and B are both amine ligands, R N1 on each Iigand join together to form a C 1-7 alkylene chain.
  • R N2 on each A Iigand join together form the group C which is C 1-12 alkylene.
  • S-donor ligands are ligands which bind to a metal atom via a sulphur atom. They are well known in the art and include: thiosulfate (S 2 O 3 2" ); isothiocyanate (NCS-); thiocyanate (CNS “ ); sulfoxide ligands (R S1 R S2 SO); thioether ligands (R S1 R S2 S); thiolate ligands (R S1 S " ); sulfinate ligands (R 31 SO 2 " ); and sulfenate ligands (R S1 SO " ), wherein R s1 and R S2 are independently selected from C 1-7 alkyl and C 5-2O aryl, which groups may be optionally substituted.
  • O-donor ligands are ligands which bind to a metal atom via an oxygen atom. They are well known in the art and include: carbonate (CO 3 " ); carboxylate ligands (R 0 CO 2 " ); nitrate (NO 3 " ); sulfate (SO 4 2” ) and sulphonate (R S1 O 3 " ), wherein R c is selected from C 1-7 alkyl and C 5-20 aryl and R s1 is as defined above.
  • C 1-7 Alkyl refers to a monovalent moiety obtained by removing a hydrogen atom from a carbon atom of a hydrocarbon compound having from 1 to 7 carbon atoms, which may be aliphatic or alicyclic, and which may be saturated or unsaturated (e.g., partially unsaturated, fully unsaturated).
  • alkyl includes the sub-classes alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloaikyl, cycloalkyenyl, cylcoalkynyl, etc., discussed below.
  • saturated C 1-7 alkyl groups include, but are not limited to, methyl (C 1 ), ethyl (C 2 ), propyl (C 3 ), butyl (C 4 ), pentyl (C 5 ), hexyl (C 6 ) and heptyl (C 7 ).
  • saturated linear C 1-7 alkyl groups include, but are not limited to, methyl (C 1 ), ethyl (C 2 ), n-propyl (C 3 ), n-butyl (C 4 ), n-pentyl (amyl) (C 5 ), n-hexyl (C 6 ), and n-heptyl (C 7 ).
  • saturated branched C 1-7 alkyl groups include iso-propyl (C 3 ), iso-butyl (C 4 ), sec-butyl (C 4 ), tert-butyl (C 4 ), iso-pentyl (C 5 ), and neo-pentyl (C 5 ).
  • C 2 - 7 Alkenyl refers to an alkyl group having one or more carbon-carbon double bonds.
  • C 2-7 Alkynyl refers to an alkyl group having one or more carbon-carbon triple bonds.
  • C 3-7 Cycloalkyl refers to an alkyl group which is also a cyclyl group; that is, a monovalent moiety obtained by removing a hydrogen atom from an alicyclic ring atom of a carbocyclic ring of a carbocyclic compound, which carbocyclic ring may be saturated or unsaturated (e.g., partially unsaturated, fully unsaturated), which moiety has from 3 to 7 carbon atoms.
  • C 3-7 cycloalkyl includes the sub-classes cycloalkyenyl and cycloalkynyl.
  • cycloalkyl groups include, but are not limited to, those derived from: saturated hydrocarbon compounds: cyclopropane (C 3 ), cyclobutane (C 4 ), cyclopentane (C 5 ), cyclohexane (C 6 ), cycloheptane (C 7 ), methylcyclopropane (C 4 ), dimethylcyclopropane (C 5 ), methylcyclobutane (C 5 ), dimethylcyclobutane (C 6 ), methylcyclopentane (C 6 ), dimethylcyclopentane (C 7 ), methylcyclohexane (C 7 ); and unsaturated hydrocarbon compounds: cyclopropene (C 3 ), cyclobutene (C 4 ), cyclopentene (C 5 ), cyclohexene (C 6 ), methylcyclopropene (C 4 ), dimethylcyclopropene (C 5 ), methylcyclobutene (C 5
  • alkyl groups in the compounds of the invention may optionally be substituted.
  • Substituents include one or more further alkyl groups and/or one or more further substituents, such as, for example, C 5-2O aryl (e.g. benzyl), C 3-20 heterocyclyl, cyano (- CN), nitro (-NO 2 ), hydroxy!
  • R is wherein R is a sulfonate substituent, for example, a Ci -7 alkyl group, a C 3-2O heterocyclyl group, or a C 5-20 aryl group, preferably a Ci -7 alkyl group).
  • C 2-12 alkylene is defined similarly to the definition of the term “alkyl” but includes C 2 to C 12 groups and is a divalent species with radicals separated by two or more (e.g. from two to twelve) carbon atoms linked in a chain.
  • the alkylene groups are straight chain groups.
  • C 2-12 alkylene groups are optionally substituted in the akylene chain, preferably with one or more phenylene (eg, 1-4- phenylene) and/or -CONR 1a - groups and/or -NR 2a - groups, where R 1a and R 2a independently represent H, Ci -7 alkyl, C 3-20 heterocyclyl or C 5-20 aryl.
  • R 1a and R 2a are H or C 1 to C 3 alkyl.
  • C 5-20 Aryl The term "C 5-2 QaIyI", as used herein, pertains to a monovalent moiety obtained by removing a hydrogen atom from an aromatic ring atom of an aromatic compound, which moiety has from 3 to 20 ring atoms. Preferably, each ring has from 5 to 7 ring atoms.
  • the prefixes e.g., C 3-20 , C 5-7 , C 5-6 , etc.
  • the prefixes denote the number of ring atoms, or range of number of ring atoms, whether carbon atoms or heteroatoms.
  • the term "C 5-6 aryl”, as used herein, pertains to an aryl group having 5 or 6 ring atoms.
  • the ring atoms may be all carbon atoms, as in "carboaryl groups".
  • carboaryl groups include C 3-20 carboaryl, C 5-20 carboaryl, C 5-I5 carboaryl, C 5- I 2 carboaryl, C 5-I0 carboaryl, C 5-7 carboaryl, C 5-6 carboaryl, C 5 carboaryl, and C 6 carboaryl.
  • carboaryl groups include, but are not limited to, those derived from benzene (i.e., phenyl) (Ce), naphthalene (Ci 0 ), azulene (Ci 0 ), anthracene (Ci 4 ), phenanthrene (Ci 4 ), naphthacene (Ci 8 ), and pyrene (C 16 ).
  • aryl groups which comprise fused rings include, but are not limited to, groups derived from indane (e.g., 2,3-dihydro-1H- indene) (C 9 ), indene (C 9 ), isoindene (C 9 ), tetraline (1 ,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene (Ci 0 ), acenaphthene (Ci 2 ), fluorene (Ci 3 ), phenalene (Ci 3 ), acephenanthrene (Ci 5 ), and aceanthrene (C 16 ).
  • indane e.g., 2,3-dihydro-1H- indene
  • indene C 9
  • isoindene C 9
  • acenaphthene Ci 2
  • fluorene Ci 3
  • phenalene Ci 3
  • the ring atoms may include one or more heteroatoms, as in "heteroaryl groups".
  • heteroaryl groups include C 3-2O heteroaryl, C 5-2O heteroaryl, C 5-15 heteroaryl, C 5- - I2 heteroaryl, C 5-I0 heteroaryl, C 5-7 heteroaryl, C 5-6 heteroaryl, C 5 heteroaryl, and C 6 heteroaryl.
  • monocyclic heteroaryl groups include, but are not limited to, those derived from:
  • Ni pyrrole (azole) (C 5 ), pyridine (azine) (C 6 ); O 1 : furan (oxole) (C 5 );
  • NiO 1 oxazole (C 5 ), isoxazole (C 5 ), isoxazine (C 6 );
  • N 3 O 1 oxatriazole (C 5 ); N 1 Si: thiazole (C 5 ), isothiazole (C 5 );
  • N 2 imidazole (1 ,3-diazole) (C 5 ), pyrazole (1 ,2-diazole) (C 5 ), pyridazine (1 ,2-diazine) (C 6 ), pyrimidine (1 ,3-diazine) (C 6 ) (e.g., cytosine, thymine, uracil), pyrazine (1 ,4-diazine) (C 6 );
  • heteroaryl groups which comprise fused rings include, but are not limited to:
  • C 9 heteroaryl groups (with 2 fused rings) derived from benzofuran (O 1 ), isobenzofuran (O 1 ), indole (N 1 ), isoindole (Ni), indolizine (Ni) 1 indoline (Ni), isoindoline (N 1 ), purine (N 4 ) (e.g., adenine, guanine), benzimidazole (N 2 ), indazole (N 2 ), benzoxazole
  • Cio heteroaryl groups (with 2 fused rings) derived from chromene (O 1 ), isochromene (O 1 ), chroman (O 1 ), isochroman (O 1 ), benzodioxan (O 2 ), quinoline (N-i), isoquinoline (N 1 ), quinolizine (Ni), benzoxazine (N 1 O 1 ), benzodiazine (N 2 ), pyridopyridine (N 2 ), quinoxaline (N 2 ), quinazoline (N 2 ), cinnoline (N 2 ), phthalazine (N 2 ), naphthyridine (N 2 ), pteridine (N 4 );
  • Cii heteroaryl groups (with 2 fused rings) derived from benzodiazepine (N 2 ); Ci 3 heteroaryl groups (with 3 fused rings) derived from carbazole (Ni), dibenzofuran (O 1 ), dibenzothiophene (S 1 ), carboline (N 2 ), perimidine (N 2 ), pyridoindole (N 2 ); and,
  • Ci 4 heteroaryl groups (with 3 fused rings) derived from acridine (N 1 ), xanthene (O-i), thioxanthene (S 1 ), oxanthrene (O 2 ), phenoxathiin (O 1 Si), phenazine (N 2 ), phenoxazine (N 1 O 1 ), phenothiazine (N 1 S 1 ), thianthrene (S 2 ), phenanthridine (N 1 ), phenanthroline (N 2 ), phenazine (N 2 ).
  • C 5-2 O aryl groups may optionally be substituted with one or more substituents including, for example, C 1-7 alkyl, C 5-20 aryl, C 3-20 heterocyclyl, cyano, nitro, hydroxyl, ester, halo, thiol, thioether and sulfonate.
  • C 3-20 Heterocyclyl refers to a monovalent moiety obtained by removing a hydrogen atom from a ring atom of a heterocyclic compound, which moiety has from 3 to 20 ring atoms, of which from 1 to 10 are ring heteroatoms.
  • each ring has from 3 to 7 ring atoms, of which from 1 to 4 are ring heteroatoms.
  • the prefixes e.g., C 3-20 , C 3-7 , C 5-6 , etc.
  • the prefixes denote the number of ring atoms, or range of number of ring atoms, whether carbon atoms or heteroatoms.
  • the term "Cs- ⁇ heterocyclyl”, as used herein, pertains to a heterocyclyl group having 5 or 6 ring atoms.
  • groups of heterocyclyl groups include C 3-20 heterocyclyl, C 5-20 heterocyclyl, C 3-I5 heterocyclyl, C 5- - I5 heterocyclyl, C 3-12 heterocyclyl, C 5-I2 heterocyclyl, C 3-10 heterocyclyl, C 5-10 heterocyclyl, C 3-7 heterocyclyl, C 5-7 heterocyclyl, and C 5-6 heterocyclyl.
  • monocyclic heterocyclyl groups include, but are not limited to, those derived from:
  • N-i aziridine (C 3 ), azetidine (C 4 ), pyrrolidine (tetrahydropyrrole) (C 5 ), pyrroline (e.g., 3-pyrroline, 2,5-dihydropyrrole) (C 5 ), 2H-pyrrole or 3H-pyrrole (isopyrrole, isoazole) (C 5 ), piperidine (C 6 ), dihydropyridine (C 6 ), tetrahydropyridine (C 6 ), azepine (C 7 ); O 1 : oxirane (C 3 ), oxetane (C 4 ), oxolane (tetrahydrofuran) (C 5 ), oxole (dihydrofuran) (C 5 ), oxane (tetrahydropyran) (C 6 ), dihydropyran (C 6 ), pyran (C 6 ), oxepin (C 7 ); Si:
  • N 1 O 1 tetrahydrooxazole (C 5 ), dihydrooxazole (C 5 ), tetrahydroisoxazole (C 5 ), dihydroisoxazole (C 5 ), morpholine (C 6 ), tetrahydrooxazine (C 6 ), dihydrooxazine (C 6 ), oxazine (C 6 ); N 1 Si: thiazoline (C 5 ), thiazolidine (C 5 ), thiomorpholine (C 6 ); N 2 Oi: oxadiazine (C 6 );
  • OiSi oxathiole (C 5 ) and oxathiane (thioxane) (C 6 ); and N 1 O 1 S 1 : oxathiazine (C 6 ).
  • C 3-20 heterocyclyl groups may optionally be substituted with one or more substituents including, for example, Ci -7 alkyl, C 5-20 aryl, C 3-20 heterocyclyl, cyano, nitro, hydroxyl, ester, halo, thiol, thioether and sulfonate.
  • Halo -F, -Cl, -Br, and -I.
  • R 1 and R 2 are independently amino substituents, for example, hydrogen, a Ci -7 alkyl group (also referred to as Ci -7 alkylamino or di-Ci -7 alkylamino), a C 3-20 heterocyclyl group, or a C 5-20 aryl group, preferably H or a Ci -7 alkyl group, or, in the case of a "cyclic" amino group, R 1 and R 2 , taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form a heterocyclic ring having from 4 to 8 ring atoms.
  • a Ci -7 alkyl group also referred to as Ci -7 alkylamino or di-Ci -7 alkylamino
  • C 3-20 heterocyclyl group or a C 5-20 aryl group, preferably H or a Ci -7 alkyl group
  • R 1 and R 2 taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form a heterocyclic ring having from 4 to 8 ring atoms.
  • Amino groups may be primary (-NH 2 ), secondary (-NHR 1 ), or tertiary (-NHR 1 R 2 ), and in cationic form, may be quaternary (- + NR 1 R 2 R 3 ).
  • Examples of amino groups include, but are not limited to, -NH 2 , -NHCH 3 , -NHC(CH 3 ) 2 , -N(CHa) 2 , -N(CH 2 CH 3 ) 2 , -NHCH 2 Ph and -NHPh.
  • Examples of cyclic amino groups include, but are not limited to, aziridino, azetidino, pyrrolidino, piperidino, piperazino, morpholino, and thiomorpholino.
  • Amido (carbamoyl, carbamyl, aminocarbonyl, carboxamide): -C( O)NR 1 R 2 , wherein R 1 and R 2 are independently amino substituents, as defined for amino groups.
  • R is an acyl substituent, for example, a Ci -7 alkyl group (also referred to as Ci -7 alkylacyl or Ci -7 alkanoyl), a C 3-20 heterocyclyl group (also referred to as C 3-20 heterocyclylacyl), or a Cs -20 aryl group (also referred to as Cs -20 arylacyl), preferably a Ci -7 alkyl group.
  • a Ci -7 alkyl group also referred to as Ci -7 alkylacyl or Ci -7 alkanoyl
  • C 3-20 heterocyclylacyl also referred to as C 3-20 heterocyclylacyl
  • Cs -20 aryl group also referred to as Cs -20 arylacyl
  • R 1 and R 2 are independently amino substituents, as defined for amino groups.
  • Ether -OR, wherein R is an ether substituent, for example, a Ci -7 alkyl group (also referred to as a Ci -7 alkoxy group), a C 3-20 heterocyclyl group (also referred to as a C 3-20 heterocyclyloxy group), or a C 5-20 aryl group (also referred to as a C 5-20 aryloxy group), preferably a Ci -7 alkyl group.
  • R is an ether substituent, for example, a Ci -7 alkyl group (also referred to as a Ci -7 alkoxy group), a C 3-20 heterocyclyl group (also referred to as a C 3-20 heterocyclyloxy group), or a C 5-20 aryl group (also referred to as a C 5-20 aryloxy group), preferably a Ci -7 alkyl group.
  • R is an ether substituent, for example, a Ci -7 alkyl group (also referred to as a Ci -7 alkoxy group),
  • Ci -7 alkylthio groups include, but are not limited to, -SCH 3 and -SCH 2 CH 3 .
  • Azo: -N N-R 1 where R is an azo substituent, for example a Ci -7 alkyl group, a C 3-2O heterocyclyl group, or a C 5-2 O aryl group, preferably a Ci -7 alkyl group.
  • R is an azo substituent, for example a Ci -7 alkyl group, a C 3-2O heterocyclyl group, or a C 5-2 O aryl group, preferably a Ci -7 alkyl group.
  • Heterocyclic ring refers to a 3-, 4-, 5-, 6-, 7-, or 8- (preferably 5-, 6- or 7-) membered saturated or unsaturated ring, which may be aromatic or non-aromatic, containing from one to three heteroatoms independently selected from N, O and S, e.g. indole (also see above).
  • Carbocyclic ring refers to a saturated or unsaturated ring, which may be aromatic or non-aromatic, containing from 3 to 8 carbon atoms (preferably 5 to 7 carbon atoms) and includes, for example, cyclopropane, cyclobutane, cyclopentane, cyclohexane and cycloheptane (also see above).
  • (-COOH) also includes the anionic (carboxylate) form (-COO " ) or solvate thereof, as well as conventional protected forms.
  • a reference to an amino group includes the protonated form (-N + HR 1 R 2 ) or solvate of the amino group, as well as conventional protected forms of an amino group.
  • a reference to a hydroxyl group also includes the anionic form (-O " ) or solvate thereof, as well as conventional protected forms.
  • Certain compounds may exist in one or more particular geometric, optical, enantiomeric, diasteriomeric, epimeric, atropic, stereoisomeric, tautomeric, conformational, or anomeric forms, including but not limited to, cis- and trans-forms; E- and Z-forms; c-, t-, and r- forms; endo- and exo-forms; R-, S-, and meso-forms; D- and L-forms; d- and l-forms; (+) and (-) forms; keto-, enol-, and enolate-forms; syn- and anti-forms; synclinal- and anticlinal-forms; ⁇ - and ⁇ -forms; axial and equatorial forms; boat-, chair-, twist-, envelope-, and halfchair-forms; and combinations thereof, hereinafter collectively referred to as "isomers” (or "isomeric forms").
  • isomers are structural (or constitutional) isomers (i.e., isomers which differ in the connections between atoms rather than merely by the position of atoms in space).
  • a reference to a methoxy group, -OCH 3 is not to be construed as a reference to its structural isomer, a hydroxymethyl group, -CH 2 OH.
  • a reference to ortho-chlorophenyl is not to be construed as a reference to its structural isomer, meta-chlorophenyl.
  • Ci -7 alkyl includes n-propyl and iso-propyl; butyl includes n-, iso-, sec-, and tert-butyl; methoxyphenyl includes ortho-, rneta-, and para-methoxyphenyl).
  • keto/enol (illustrated below), imine/enamine, amide/imino alcohol, amidine/amidine, nitroso/oxime, thioketone/enethiol, N-nitroso/hydroxyazo, and nitro/aci-nitro.
  • H may be in any isotopic form, including 1 H, 2 H (D), and 3 H (T); C may be in any isotopic form, including 12 C, 13 C, and 14 C; O may be in any isotopic form, including 16 O and 18 O; and the like.
  • a reference to a particular compound includes all such isomeric forms, including (wholly or partially) racemic and other mixtures thereof, for example, a mixture enriched in one enantiomer.
  • Methods for the preparation (e.g., asymmetric synthesis) and separation (e.g., fractional crystallisation and chromatographic means) of such isomeric forms are either known in the art or are readily obtained by adapting the methods taught herein, or known methods, in a known manner.
  • solvate is used herein in the conventional sense to refer to a complex of solute (e.g., active compound, salt of active compound) and solvent. If the solvent is water, the solvate may be conveniently referred to as a hydrate, for example, a mono-hydrate, a di-hydrate, a tri-hydrate, etc.
  • chemically protected form is used herein in the conventional chemical sense and pertains to a compound in which one or more reactive functional groups are protected from undesirable chemical reactions under specified conditions (e.g., pH, temperature, radiation, solvent, and the like).
  • specified conditions e.g., pH, temperature, radiation, solvent, and the like.
  • well known chemical methods are employed to reversibly render unreactive a functional group, which otherwise would be reactive, under specified conditions.
  • one or more reactive functional groups are in the form of a protected or protecting group (also known as a masked or masking group or a blocked or blocking group).
  • a hydroxy group may be protected as an ether (-OR) or an ester
  • the aldehyde or ketone group is readily regenerated by hydrolysis using a large excess of water in the presence of acid.
  • an amine group may be protected, for example, as an amide (-NRC0-R) or a urethane (-NRCO-OR), for example, as: a methyl amide (-NHCO-CH 3 ); a benzyloxy amide (-NHCO-OCH 2 C 6 H 5 , -NH-Cbz); as a t-butoxy amide (-NHCO-OC(CH 3 ) 3 , -NH-Boc); a 2-biphenyl-2-propoxy amide (-NHCO-OC(CHa) 2 C 6 H 4 C 6 H 5 , -NH-Bpoc), as a 9- fluorenylmethoxy amide (-NH-Fmoc), as a 6-nitroveratryloxy amide (-NH-Nvoc), as a 2-trimethylsilyIethyloxy amide (-NH-Teoc), as a 2,2,2-trichloroethyloxy amide (-NH-Troc),
  • a carboxylic acid group may be protected as an ester for example, as: an C 1-7 alkyl ester (e.g., a methyl ester; a t-butyl ester); a Ci -7 haloalkyl ester (e.g., a Ci -7 trihaloalkyl ester); a triCi -7 alkylsilyl-Ci -7 alkyl ester; or a C 5 . 2 oaryl-C 1-7 alkyl ester (e.g., a benzyl ester; a nitrobenzyl ester); or as an amide, for example, as a methyl amide.
  • an C 1-7 alkyl ester e.g., a methyl ester; a t-butyl ester
  • a Ci -7 haloalkyl ester e.g., a Ci -7 trihaloalkyl ester
  • prodrug refers to a compound which, when metabolised (e.g., in vivo), yields the desired active compound.
  • the prodrug is inactive, or less active than the active compound, but may provide advantageous handling, administration, or metabolic properties.
  • a reference to a particular compound also include prodrugs thereof.
  • acyloxymethyl e.g., acyloxymethyl; acyloxyethyl; pivaloyloxymethyl; acetoxymethyl; 1-acetoxyethyl;
  • prodrugs are activated enzymatically to yield the active compound, or a compound which, upon further chemical reaction, yields the active compound (for example, as in ADEPT, GDEPT, LIDEPT, etc.).
  • the prodrug may be a sugar derivative or other glycoside conjugate, or may be an amino acid ester derivative.
  • the invention provides compounds of formula (I), or solvates or prodrugs thereof ("active compounds”), for use in a method of treatment of the human or animal body.
  • a method may comprise administering to such a subject a therapeutically-effective amount of an active compound, preferably in the form of a pharmaceutical composition.
  • treatment as used herein in the context of treating a condition, pertains generally to treatment and therapy, whether of a human or an animal (e.g. in veterinary applications), in which some desired therapeutic effect is achieved, for example, the inhibition of the progress of the condition, and includes a reduction in the rate of progress, a halt in the rate of progress, amelioration of the condition, and cure of the condition.
  • Treatment as a prophylactic measure i.e. prophylaxis
  • prophylaxis is also included.
  • terapéuticaally-effective amount refers to that amount of an active compound, or a material, composition or dosage form comprising an active compound, which is effective for producing some desired therapeutic effect, commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio.
  • the active compound or pharmaceutical composition comprising the active compound may be administered to a subject by any convenient route of administration, whether systemically/ peripherally or at the site of desired action, including but not limited to, oral (e.g. by ingestion); topical (including e.g. transdermal, intranasal, ocular, buccal, and sublingual); pulmonary (e.g. by inhalation or insufflation therapy using, e.g. an aerosol, e.g.
  • vaginal parenteral, for example, by injection, including subcutaneous, intradermal, intramuscular, intravenous, intraarterial, intracardiac, intrathecal, intraspinal, intracapsular, subcapsular, intraorbital, intraperitoneal, intratracheal, subcuticular, intraarticular, subarachnoid, and intrasternal; by implant of a depot, for example, subcutaneously or intramuscularly.
  • the subject may be a eukaryote, an animal, a vertebrate animal, a mammal, a rodent (e.g. a guinea pig, a hamster, a rat, a mouse), murine (e.g. a mouse), canine (e.g. a dog), feline (e.g. a cat), equine (e.g. a horse), a primate, simian (e.g. a monkey or ape), a monkey (e.g. marmoset, baboon), an ape (e.g. gorilla, chimpanzee, orang-utan, gibbon), or a human.
  • a rodent e.g. a guinea pig, a hamster, a rat, a mouse
  • murine e.g. a mouse
  • canine e.g. a dog
  • feline e.g. a cat
  • the active compound While it is possible for the active compound to be administered alone, it is preferable to present it as a pharmaceutical composition (e.g. formulation) comprising at least one active compound, as defined above, together with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, adjuvants, excipients, diluents, fillers, buffers, stabilisers, preservatives, lubricants, or other materials well known to those skilled in the art and optionally other therapeutic or prophylactic agents.
  • a pharmaceutical composition e.g. formulation
  • the present invention further provides pharmaceutical compositions, as defined above, and methods of making a pharmaceutical composition comprising admixing at least one active compound, as defined above, together with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, excipients, buffers, adjuvants, stabilisers, or other materials, as described herein.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable refers to compounds, materials, compositions, and/or dosage forms which are, within the scope of sound medical judgement, suitable for use in contact with the tissues of a subject (e.g. human) without excessive toxicity, irritation, allergic response, or other problem or complication, commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio.
  • a subject e.g. human
  • Each carrier, excipient, etc. must also be “acceptable” in the sense of being compatible with the other ingredients of the formulation.
  • Suitable carriers, excipients, etc. can be found in standard pharmaceutical texts, for example, Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences. 18th edition, Mack Publishing Company, Easton, Pa., 1990.
  • the formulations may conveniently be presented in unit dosage form and may be prepared by any methods well known in the art of pharmacy. Such methods include the step of bringing into association the active compound with the carrier which constitutes one or more accessory ingredients. In general, the formulations are prepared by uniformly and intimately bringing into association the active compound with liquid carriers or finely divided solid carriers or both, and then if necessary shaping the product.
  • Formulations may be in the form of liquids, solutions, suspensions, emulsions, elixirs, syrups, tablets, losenges, granules, powders, capsules, cachets, pills, ampoules, suppositories, pessaries, ointments, gels, pastes, creams, sprays, mists, foams, lotions, oils, boluses, electuaries, or aerosols.
  • Formulations suitable for oral administration may be presented as discrete units such as capsules, cachets or tablets, each containing a predetermined amount of the active compound; as a powder or granules; as a solution or suspension in an aqueous or non-aqueous liquid; or as an oil-in-water liquid emulsion or a water-in-oil liquid emulsion; as a bolus; as an electuary; or as a paste.
  • a tablet may be made by conventional means, e.g., compression or moulding, optionally with one or more accessory ingredients.
  • Compressed tablets may be prepared by compressing in a suitable machine the active compound in a free-flowing form such as a powder or granules, optionally mixed with one or more binders (e.g. povidone, gelatin, acacia, sorbitol, tragacanth, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose); fillers or diluents (e.g. lactose, microcrystalline cellulose, calcium hydrogen phosphate); lubricants (e.g. magnesium stearate, talc, silica); disintegrants (e.g.
  • Moulded tablets may be made by moulding in a suitable machine a mixture of the powdered compound moistened with an inert liquid diluent.
  • the tablets may optionally be coated or scored and may be formulated so as to provide slow or controlled release of the active compound therein using, for example, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose in varying proportions to provide the desired release profile. Tablets may optionally be provided with an enteric coating, to provide release in parts of the gut other than the stomach.
  • Formulations suitable for topical administration may be formulated as an ointment, cream, suspension, lotion, powder, solution, past, gel, spray, aerosol, or oil.
  • a formulation may comprise a patch or a dressing such as a bandage or adhesive plaster impregnated with active compounds and optionally one or more excipients or diluents.
  • Formulations suitable for topical administration in the mouth include losenges comprising the active compound in a flavoured basis, usually sucrose and acacia or tragacanth; pastilles comprising the active compound in an inert basis such as gelatin and glycerin, or sucrose and acacia; and mouthwashes comprising the active compound in a suitable liquid carrier.
  • Formulations suitable for topical administration to the eye also include eye drops wherein the active compound is dissolved or suspended in a suitable carrier, especially an aqueous solvent for the active compound.
  • Formulations suitable for nasal administration wherein the carrier is a solid, include a coarse powder having a particle size, for example, in the range of about 20 to about 500 microns which is administered in the manner in which snuff is taken, i.e. by rapid inhalation through the nasal passage from a container of the powder held close up to the nose.
  • Suitable formulations wherein the carrier is a liquid for administration as, for example, nasal spray, nasal drops, or by aerosol administration by nebuliser include aqueous or oily solutions of the active compound.
  • Formulations suitable for administration by inhalation include those presented as an aerosol spray from a pressurised pack, with the use of a suitable propellant, such as dichlorodifluoromethane, trichlorofluoromethane, dichoro-tetrafluoroethane, carbon dioxide, or other suitable gases.
  • a suitable propellant such as dichlorodifluoromethane, trichlorofluoromethane, dichoro-tetrafluoroethane, carbon dioxide, or other suitable gases.
  • Formulations suitable for topical administration via the skin include ointments, creams, and emulsions.
  • the active compound When formulated in an ointment, the active compound may optionally be employed with either a paraffinic or a water-miscible ointment base.
  • the active compounds may be formulated in a cream with an oil-in-water cream base.
  • the aqueous phase of the cream base may include, for example, at least about 30% w/w of a polyhydric alcohol, i.e., an alcohol having two or more hydroxy! groups such as propylene glycol, butane-1,3-diol, mannitol, sorbitol, glycerol and polyethylene glycol and mixtures thereof.
  • the topical formulations may desirably include a compound which enhances absorption or penetration of the active compound through the skin or other affected areas. Examples of such dermal penetration enhancers include dimethylsulfoxide and related analogues.
  • the oily phase may optionally comprise merely an emulsifier (otherwise known as an emulgent), or it may comprises a mixture of at least one emulsifier with a fat or an oil or with both a fat and an oil.
  • an emulsifier otherwise known as an emulgent
  • a hydrophilic emulsifier is included together with a lipophilic emulsifier which acts as a stabiliser. It is also preferred to include both an oil and a fat.
  • the emulsifier(s) with or without stabiliser(s) make up the so-called emulsifying wax
  • the wax together with the oil and/or fat make up the so-called emulsifying ointment base which forms the oily dispersed phase of the cream formulations.
  • Suitable emulgents and emulsion stabilisers include Tween 60, Span 80, cetostearyl alcohol, myristyl alcohol, glyceryl monostearate and sodium lauryl sulphate.
  • the choice of suitable oils or fats for the formulation is based on achieving the desired cosmetic properties, since the solubility of the active compound in most oils likely to be used in pharmaceutical emulsion formulations may be very low.
  • the cream should preferably be a non-greasy, non-staining and washable product with suitable consistency to avoid leakage from tubes or other containers.
  • Straight or branched chain, mono- or dibasic alkyl esters such as di-isoadipate, isocetyl stearate, propylene glycol diester of coconut fatty acids, isopropyl myristate, decyl oleate, isopropyl palmitate, butyl stearate, 2-ethylhexyl palmitate or a blend of branched chain esters known as Crodamol CAP may be used, the last three being preferred esters. These may be used alone or in combination depending on the properties required.
  • mono-isoadipate such as di-isoadipate, isocetyl stearate, propylene glycol diester of coconut fatty acids, isopropyl myristate, decyl oleate, isopropyl palmitate, butyl stearate, 2-ethylhexyl palmitate or a blend of branched chain esters known as Crodamol CAP may be used, the
  • high melting point lipids such as white soft paraffin and/or liquid paraffin or other mineral oils can be used.
  • Formulations suitable for rectal administration may be presented as a suppository with a suitable base comprising, for example, cocoa butter or a salicylate.
  • Formulations suitable for vaginal administration may be presented as pessaries, tampons, creams, gels, pastes, foams or spray formulations containing in addition to the active compound, such carriers as are known in the art to be appropriate.
  • Formulations suitable for parenteral administration include aqueous and non-aqueous isotonic, pyrogen-free, sterile injection solutions which may contain anti-oxidants, buffers, preservatives, stabilisers, bacteriostats, and solutes which render the formulation isotonic with the blood of the intended recipient; and aqueous and non ⁇ aqueous sterile suspensions which may include suspending agents and thickening agents, and liposomes or other microparticulate systems which are designed to target the compound to blood components or one or more organs.
  • Suitable isotonic vehicles for use in such formulations include Sodium Chloride Injection, Ringer's Solution, or Lactated Ringer's Injection.
  • concentration of the active compound in the solution is from about 1 ng/ml to about 10 ⁇ g/ml, for example from about 10 ng/ml to about 1 ⁇ g/ml.
  • the formulations may be presented in unit-dose or multi-dose sealed containers, for example, ampoules and vials, and may be stored in a freeze-dried (lyophilised) condition requiring only the addition of the sterile liquid carrier, for example water for injections, immediately prior to use.
  • Extemporaneous injection solutions and suspensions may be prepared from sterile powders, granules, and tablets.
  • Formulations may be in the form of liposomes or other microparticulate systems which are designed to target the active compound to blood components or one or more organs. Dosage
  • appropriate dosages of the active compounds, and compositions comprising the active compounds can vary from patient to patient. Determining the optimal dosage will generally involve the balancing of the level of therapeutic benefit against any risk or deleterious side effects of the treatments of the present invention.
  • the selected dosage level will depend on a variety of factors including, but not limited to, the activity of the particular compound, the route of administration, the time of administration, the rate of excretion of the compound, the duration of the treatment, other drugs, compounds, and/or materials used in combination, and the age, sex, weight, condition, general health, and prior medical history of the patient.
  • the amount of compound and route of administration will ultimately be at the discretion of the physician, although generally the dosage will be to achieve local concentrations at the site of action which achieve the desired effect without causing substantial harmful or deleterious side-effects.
  • Administration in vivo can be effected in one dose, continuously or intermittently (e.g. in divided doses at appropriate intervals) throughout the course of treatment. Methods of determining the most effective means and dosage of administration are well known to those of skill in the art and will vary with the formulation used for therapy, the purpose of the therapy, the target cell being treated, and the subject being treated. Single or multiple administrations can be carried out with the dose level and pattern being selected by the treating physician.
  • a suitable dose of the active compound is in the range of about 100 ⁇ g to about 250 mg per kilogram body weight of the subject per day.
  • the active compound is a salt, an ester, prodrug, or the like
  • the amount administered is calculated on the basis of the parent compound and so the actual weight to be used is increased proportionately.
  • cancers which may be treated by the active compounds include, but are not limited to, a carcinoma, for example a carcinoma of the bladder, breast, colon (e.g. colorectal carcinomas such as colon adenocarcinoma and colon adenoma), kidney, epidermal, liver, lung, for example adenocarcinoma, small cell lung cancer and non-small cell lung carcinomas, oesophagus, gall bladder, ovary, pancreas e.g.
  • a carcinoma for example a carcinoma of the bladder, breast, colon (e.g. colorectal carcinomas such as colon adenocarcinoma and colon adenoma), kidney, epidermal, liver, lung, for example adenocarcinoma, small cell lung cancer and non-small cell lung carcinomas, oesophagus, gall bladder, ovary, pancreas e.g.
  • exocrine pancreatic carcinoma, stomach, cervix, thyroid, prostate, or skin for example squamous cell carcinoma
  • a hematopoietic tumour of lymphoid lineage for example leukemia, acute lymphocytic leukemia, B-cell lymphoma, T-cell lymphoma, Hodgkin's lymphoma, non- Hodgkin's lymphoma, hairy cell lymphoma, or Burkett's lymphoma
  • a hematopoietic tumor of myeloid lineage for example acute and chronic myelogenous leukemias, myelodysplastic syndrome, or promyelocytic leukemia
  • thyroid follicular cancer a tumour of mesenchymal origin, for example fibrosarcoma or habdomyosarcoma
  • a tumor of the central or peripheral nervous system for example astrocytoma, neuroblastoma, glioma or schwannoma
  • Examples of other therapeutic agents that may be administered together (whether concurrently or at different time intervals) with the compounds of the formula (I) include but are not limited to topoisomerase inhibitors, alkylating agents, antimetabolites, DNA binders and microtubule inhibitors (tubulin target agents), such as cisplatin, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, irinotecan, fludarabine, 5FU, taxanes, mitomycin C or radiotherapy.
  • the two or more treatments may be given in individually varying dose schedules and via different routes.
  • the compounds of the formula (I) can be administered simultaneously or sequentially.
  • they can be administered at closely spaced intervals (for example over a period of 5-10 minutes) or at longer intervals (for example 1 , 2, 3, 4 or more hours apart, or even longer periods apart where required), the precise dosage regimen being commensurate with the properties of the therapeutic agent(s).
  • the compounds of the invention may also be administered in conjunction with non- chemotherapeutic treatments such as radiotherapy, photodynamic therapy, gene therapy; surgery and controlled diets.
  • R 1 and R 2 together with the ring to which they are attached form a saturated or unsaturated carbocyclic or heterocyclic group containing up to 3- to 8- membered carbocyclic or heterocyclic rings, wherein each carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring may be fused to one or more other carbocyclic or heterocyclic rings.
  • R 3 , R 4 , R 5 and R 6 are H.
  • R 1 and R 2 together with the ring to which they are bound in compounds of formula (I) may represent an ortho- or per/ ' -fused carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring system.
  • R 1 and R 2 together with the ring to which they are bound may represent a wholly carbocyclic fused ring system such as a ring system containing 2 or 3 fused carbocyclic rings, e.g. optionally substituted, optionally hydrogenated naphthalene or anthracene.
  • R 1 and R 2 together with the ring to which they are bound in compounds of formula (I) may represent a fused tricyclic ring such as anthracene or a mono, di, tri, tetra or higher hydrogenated derivative of anthracene.
  • R 1 and R 2 together with the ring to which they are bound in formula (I) may represent anthracene, 1 , 4- dihydroanthracene or 1 , 4, 9, 10-tetrahydroanthracene.
  • R 1 and R 2 together with the ring to which they are bound in formula (I) may also represent:
  • R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 and R 6 are independently selected from H, C 1-7 alkyl, C 5-2O aryl, C 3-20 heterocyclyl, halo, ester, amido, acyl, sulfo, sulfonamido, ether, thioether, azo and amino.
  • R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 and R 6 are preferably independently selected from H, C 1-7 alkyl, C 5-20 aryl and ester. Of these H and Ci -7 alkyl (in particular Ci -3 alkyl)are most preferred.
  • R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 and R 6 are preferably hydrogen, with the other (if any) groups being selected from Ci -7 alkyl, C 5-20 aryl, C 3-20 heterocyclyl, halo, ester, amido, acyl, sulfo, sulfonamido, ether, thioether, azo and amino, or more preferably Ci -7 alkyl, C 5-20 aryl and ester, and most preferably C 1-7 alkyl (in particular Ci -3 alkyl). If two of R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 and R 6 are not H, then these groups are preferably meta or para to one another, and more preferably para to one another.
  • Examples of particularly preferred substitutent patterns include, but are not limited to: phenyl; 1 -methyl; and 4-/so-propyl.
  • a and B together represent NR N4 R N5 -(CR c1 R C2 ) n -NR N6 R N7 , wherein R C1 and R C2 are independently selected from H and C 1-4 alkyl, R N ⁇ R N5 , R N6 and R N7 are independently selected from H and C 1-4 alkyl, and n is an integer from 1 to 4.
  • R 14 and R are both hydrogen.
  • n is 2 or 3, more preferably 2.
  • R N4 , R N& , R Nb and R N ' are preferably H or methyl and, more preferably, all of R N N 4 4 , r R->N5 R N6 and R N7 are H.
  • R N4 is present in A, then p is 0.
  • R N4 is absent, then p is I and C takes the place of R N4 .
  • R N4 is absent from A, p is I and preferably C is C 4- io alkylene with no substituents (e.g. hexylene).
  • n', n", x', x" and y' independently represents an integer from 1 to 12, preferably 1 to 6.
  • X is an N-donor ligand
  • it is preferably selected from azide, isothiocyanate, and optionally substituted pyridine ligands. Of these, azide and isothiocyanate are preferred.
  • the ligand is preferably at least mono-substituted, and may be di-substituted.
  • substituents are preferably selected from halo (e.g. chloro, flouro), cyano, and lower alkyl (e.g. methyl). Of these, chloro, cyano and methyl are preferred.
  • Preferred substituent patterns include, but are not limited to, 3-, 5-dichloro, 4-cyano and 3-methyl.
  • X is an S-donor ligand, it is preferably a thiolate ligand, for example, PhS " .
  • Y q" in compounds of formula (I) is a counterion and is only present in the compound when the complex containing the metal ion is charged.
  • Y q" is preferably a non- nucleophilic anion such as PF 6 " , BF 4 ' , BPh 4 " or CF 3 O 2 SO " ,for example.
  • the present invention also provides a process for preparing the compounds of the invention which comprises the reaction of a compound of formula [( ⁇ 6 - C 6 (R 1 )(R 2 )(R 3 )(R 4 )(R 5 )(R 6 ))RuABCI]tY q" ], which may be in the form of a monomer or a dimer, with AgNO 3 in a suitable solvent for the reaction, followed by removal of AgCI and reaction with MX, optionally in the presence, or with subsequent addition of, Y q" , in a suitable solvent for the reaction, wherein R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , X, A, B and Y are as defined above for the compounds of the invention, and M is an appropriate cation, e.g. Na + .
  • Preferred reaction conditions include: (a) stirring the starting ruthenium complex, as described above, in a 1:1 mixture of MeOH and H 2 O as a solvent with AgNO 3 ;
  • the filtrate may be purified, for example, by recrystalisation from acetone.
  • the following non-limiting examples illustrate the present invention.
  • Electrospray lonisation Mass Spectrometry ESI-MS: Positive-ion electrospray ionisation mass spectra were obtained with a Platform Il mass spectrometer (Micromass, Manchester, U.K.). For offline ESI-MS assays, the samples were prepared in 50% CH 3 CN / 50% H 2 O (v/v) and infused directly into the mass spectrometer at 6 ⁇ L min "1 . The ions were produced in an atmospheric pressure ionisation (API) / ESI ion source.
  • API atmospheric pressure ionisation
  • a Waters 2690 HPLC system was interfaced with the mass spectrometer, using the same column and gradients as described above for the HPLC assays with a flow rate of 1.0 mL min "1 and a splitting ratio of 1/5.
  • the spray voltage was 3.50-3.68 kV.
  • the cone voltage was varied over the range of 15-30 V as required.
  • the capillary temperature was 338 K for direct infusion and 413 K for the HPLC sampling, with a 450 L h "1 flow of nitrogen drying gas.
  • the quadrupole analyser operated at a background pressure of 2 x 10 ⁇ 5 Torr, was scanned at 300 Da s "1 for direct infusion and 750 Da s '1 for HPLC sampling. Data were collected (for 10 scans during the direct infusion assays) and analysed on a Mass Lynx (ver. 2.3) Windows NT PC data system using the Max Ent Electrospray software algorithm and calibrated versus an NaI calibration file. The mass accuracy of all measurements was within 0.1 m/z unit.
  • This complex was prepared by refluxing complex C1 (25.0 mg, 0.0496 mmol) and AgNO 3 (8.4 mg, 0.0494 mmol) in 2.5 ml_ of a 1 :1 mixture of MeOH and H 2 O for one hour. AgCI was removed by filtration. NaN 3 was added (163 mg, 2.51 mmol), dissolved by heating, and left overnight. NH 4 PF 6 (250 mg) was added, leading to a microcrystalline, yellow precipitate. Recrystallization of the precipitate from acetone gave a yellow crystalline product. Yield of 1: 8.6 mg (34%). Anal. Calcd for C 14 F 6 H 18 N 5 PRu: C 33.47, H 3.61 , N 13.94. Found: C 33.37, H 3.46, N 13.68. MS: m/z 357,7 for [M-PF 6 J + (calc. 357.1)
  • This complex was prepared by refluxing complex C2 (25.0 mg, 0.0496 mmol) and AgNO 3 (8.4 mg, 0.0494 mmol) in 2.5 ml. of a 1:1 mixture of MeOH and H 2 O for one hour. AgCI was removed by filtration. Pyridine (101 ⁇ l, 1.25 mmol) was added and the mixture was left overnight. The volume was reduced to ca. 1.5 ml_ by rotary evaporation and 100 mg of NH 4 PF 6 was added. The yellow precipitate was dissolved in acetone. The solution was then filtered and the acetone allowed to evaporate slowly, resulting in a microcrystalline, yellow product. Yield of 2: 19.3 mg (56%). Anal. Calcd for C 19 F 12 H 31 N 3 P 2 Ru: C 32.96, H 4.51, N 6.07. Found: C 33.47, H 4.50, N 6.24.
  • This complex was prepared by refluxing complex C2 (25.0 mg, 0.0496 mmol) and AgNO 3 (7.0 mg, 0.0412 mmol) in 2.5 mL of a 1:1 mixture of MeOH and H 2 O for one hour. AgCI was removed by filtration. KSCN was added (243 mg, 2.50 mmol) and the solution stirred for one day. 150 mg of KPF 6 was added, and enough acetone was added to dissolve the resulting precipitate. Slow evaporation of the acetone yielded yellow crystals, which were suitable for X-ray crystallography studies. Yield: 6.9 mg (26 %)
  • This complex was prepared by refluxing complex C2 (25.0 mg, 0.0496 mmol) and AgNO 3 (8.4 mg, 0.0494 mmol) in 2.5 mL of a 1 :1 mixture of MeOH and H 2 O for one hour. AgCI was removed by filtration. NaSPh was added (7.9 mg, 0.0595 mmol) and the solution was left overnight. 250 mg of NH 4 PF 6 was added, leading to an orange precipitate. Slow evaporation of the acetone solution of the precipitate led to a crystalline orange product and a yellow powder, both of which, by mass spectrometry, seemed to be the desired compound. Yield: 10.2 mg (36 %). MS: m/z 433.0 for [M - PF 6 J + (CaIc. 433.1 ).
  • This complex was prepared by refluxing complex C2 (25.0 mg, 0.0496 mmol) and AgNO 3 (8.4 mg, 0.0494 mmol) in 2.5 mL of a 1 :1 mixture of MeOH and H 2 O for one hour. AgCI was removed by filtration. NaN 3 was added (163 mg, 2.51 mmol), dissolved by heating, and left overnight. NH 4 PF 6 (250 mg) was added, leading to a microcrystalline, yellow precipitate. Recrystallization of the precipitate from acetone gave to a yellow crystalline product. Yield of 5: 16.4 mg (65%). Anal. Calcd for C 14 F 6 H 26 N 5 PRu: C 32.94, H 5.13, N 13.72. Found: C 32.32, H 4.45, N 12.63.
  • UV-Vis Ultraviolet and Visible (UV-Vis) Spectroscopy: A Perkin-Elmer Lambda-16 UV-Vis spectrophotometer was used with 1-cm path-length quartz cuvettes (0.5 ml.) and a PTP1 Peltier temperature controller. Spectra were processed using UVWinlab software for Windows' 95.
  • A2780 (1 st Method): A2780 cells were plated on day zero, and the complexes to be tested were added on day 3. The complex was removed on day 4 (i.e., 24 h cell exposure), and after growth in fresh medium in the absence of drug, the cells were counted on day 7. The complexes were stored in the dark at 277 K as a precaution against photochemical decomposition. The IC 50 (dose of compound required to cause 50% inhibition of cell growth) values are listed in Table 1.
  • A2780 (2 nd method) and A549 Cell line A2780 (human ovarian carcinoma, ECACC 93112519) was maintained in medium comprising RPMI-1640 (Sigma) with 5% Fetal Bovine Serum (Invitrogen), 2mM L-Glutamine (Sigma) and 1% Penicillin / Streptomycin (Invitrogen), in T-75 flasks (Costar).
  • Both cell lines were incubated at 37°C, 5% CO 2 , in high humidity.
  • A2780 carcinoma cells were seeded (150 ⁇ L) into 96 well plates (Nunc Maxisorp) at 5000 ( ⁇ 10%) cells per well and incubated at 37 0 C, 5% CO 2 in high humidity for 48 hours.
  • A549 carcinoma cells were seeded (150 ⁇ l_) into 96 well plates (Nunc Maxisorp) at 2000 (+ 10%) cells per well and incubated at 37 0 C, 5% CO 2 in high humidity for 24 hours.
  • the compounds to be tested were solubilised by sonication in DMSO (Fisher Scientific) to provide 2OmM solutions.
  • Compounds were serially diluted with DMSO before diluting in cell culture medium to give concentrations four-fold greater than the final concentrations required in the assay.
  • the dilutions of compound in culture medium were added to the cell plates (50 ⁇ l_) in triplicates to achieve final concentrations of 100 ⁇ M, 50 ⁇ M, 10 ⁇ M, 5 ⁇ M, 1 ⁇ M and 0.1 ⁇ M.
  • the final DMSO concentration in each well was 0.5% (v/v).
  • the plates were incubated for 24 hours at 37°C, 5% CO 2 , in high humidity.
  • the cells were washed (200 ⁇ L) twice with sterile phosphate buffered Saline (Sigma) and the cell culture medium replenished (200 ⁇ l_). Plates were incubated at 37°C, 5% CO 2 , in high humidity for 96 hours. After the incubation surviving cells were fixed by the addition of 50%(w/v) Trichloroacetic acid (50 ⁇ L) and incubated at 4°C for 1 hour. Plates were washed three times with excess tap water and air-dried.

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