EP1758793B1 - Dispositif et procede pour sceller transversalement un tube d'emballage - Google Patents

Dispositif et procede pour sceller transversalement un tube d'emballage Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1758793B1
EP1758793B1 EP05744196A EP05744196A EP1758793B1 EP 1758793 B1 EP1758793 B1 EP 1758793B1 EP 05744196 A EP05744196 A EP 05744196A EP 05744196 A EP05744196 A EP 05744196A EP 1758793 B1 EP1758793 B1 EP 1758793B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
case
sealing
transverse
tubular
tubular bags
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Not-in-force
Application number
EP05744196A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP1758793A1 (fr
Inventor
Thomas Strasser
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Robert Bosch GmbH
Original Assignee
Robert Bosch GmbH
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Robert Bosch GmbH filed Critical Robert Bosch GmbH
Publication of EP1758793A1 publication Critical patent/EP1758793A1/fr
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP1758793B1 publication Critical patent/EP1758793B1/fr
Not-in-force legal-status Critical Current
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical

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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65B—MACHINES, APPARATUS OR DEVICES FOR, OR METHODS OF, PACKAGING ARTICLES OR MATERIALS; UNPACKING
    • B65B51/00—Devices for, or methods of, sealing or securing package folds or closures; Devices for gathering or twisting wrappers, or necks of bags
    • B65B51/10—Applying or generating heat or pressure or combinations thereof
    • B65B51/26—Devices specially adapted for producing transverse or longitudinal seams in webs or tubes
    • B65B51/30—Devices, e.g. jaws, for applying pressure and heat, e.g. for subdividing filled tubes
    • B65B51/306—Counter-rotating devices
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65B—MACHINES, APPARATUS OR DEVICES FOR, OR METHODS OF, PACKAGING ARTICLES OR MATERIALS; UNPACKING
    • B65B23/00—Packaging fragile or shock-sensitive articles other than bottles; Unpacking eggs
    • B65B23/10—Packaging biscuits
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65B—MACHINES, APPARATUS OR DEVICES FOR, OR METHODS OF, PACKAGING ARTICLES OR MATERIALS; UNPACKING
    • B65B35/00—Supplying, feeding, arranging or orientating articles to be packaged
    • B65B35/10—Feeding, e.g. conveying, single articles
    • B65B35/24—Feeding, e.g. conveying, single articles by endless belts or chains
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65B—MACHINES, APPARATUS OR DEVICES FOR, OR METHODS OF, PACKAGING ARTICLES OR MATERIALS; UNPACKING
    • B65B51/00—Devices for, or methods of, sealing or securing package folds or closures; Devices for gathering or twisting wrappers, or necks of bags
    • B65B51/10—Applying or generating heat or pressure or combinations thereof
    • B65B51/26—Devices specially adapted for producing transverse or longitudinal seams in webs or tubes
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65B—MACHINES, APPARATUS OR DEVICES FOR, OR METHODS OF, PACKAGING ARTICLES OR MATERIALS; UNPACKING
    • B65B9/00—Enclosing successive articles, or quantities of material, e.g. liquids or semiliquids, in flat, folded, or tubular webs of flexible sheet material; Subdividing filled flexible tubes to form packages
    • B65B9/06—Enclosing successive articles, or quantities of material, in a longitudinally-folded web, or in a web folded into a tube about the articles or quantities of material placed upon it
    • B65B9/067—Enclosing successive articles, or quantities of material, in a longitudinally-folded web, or in a web folded into a tube about the articles or quantities of material placed upon it the web advancing continuously

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a device and a method for transversely sealing a packaging tube filled with products according to the preamble of claim 1 or 15.
  • the invention relates in particular to a horizontal tubular bag machine.
  • a band-shaped packaging material in particular a film
  • a product usually one or more piece goods
  • the film is folded and longitudinally sealed.
  • the packaging tube is divided into individual product packages or tubular bags by welding transverse sealing seams.
  • the individual tubular bags are separated during or shortly after the transverse sealing by means of a knife from each other and transported in succession via a removal conveyor for further processing or packaging.
  • US-A-5'685'131 and US-A-4'726'168 For example, horizontal bagging machines with a transverse sealing unit are disclosed.
  • US-A-4'949'846 shows the simultaneous transverse sealing and separation of the bags.
  • the transverse sealing unit Since the transverse sealing unit must contact the packaging tube from above as well as from below, it engages with its sealing jaws in a space between the supply conveyor and the removal conveyor. In this area is the packaging hose or the tubular bag is not performed. Therefore, it is proposed in the prior art to provide the sealing roller of the lower sealing jaw with a support ring which supports the tubular bag at least over a partial area.
  • a support ring is for example in CH-A-554'260 shown.
  • the support ring is also formed roller-shaped and its axis of rotation extends in a plane parallel to the conveying plane transverse to the conveying direction, remains a gap or hole between this support ring and the upstream end of the Abtransportbands. Since the packaging material enclosing the product has too low rigidity, especially if it is a thin film, in particular short products tend to tip into this hole. This is certainly the case with short and tall products.
  • EP 1281 620 discloses a device according to the preamble of claim 1.
  • the device according to the invention for transversely sealing a packaging tube filled with products for the purpose of forming tubular bags has a supply conveyor for feeding the packaging tube and a removal conveyor for removing the tubular bags and a transverse sealing unit engaging in a gap between these two conveyors. Further, a means for supporting the tubular bag is present, which supports the tubular bag at least partially at the transition of this gap. According to the invention, this means for supporting the tubular bag is a carrying base, which engages under the tubular bag from two opposite sides.
  • the tray is designed to be movable, so that it can be optionally brought out of the range of those parts of the transverse sealing unit, which intermittently engage in the intermediate space to make the transverse seal. Furthermore, it has a speed component in the conveying direction, so that it not only Tragungsondem also assumes a transport function.
  • transverse sealing jaws of the support base is formed by at least two support rings, which are rotatable about the conveying plane perpendicular axes, protrude with their periphery in the intermediate space and thus support the tubular bag. They also have recesses into which the transverse sealing jaws can optionally engage.
  • a lateral guide is present on the support floor on both sides of the conveying path to guide the tubular bag laterally during passage of the gap.
  • the device according to the invention and the method according to the invention have the advantage that they reliably transport and guide the products packed in tubular bags also in the area of the transverse sealing station or in the area immediately following. This is also with short and high products, in particular in a tubular bag stacked on each other cargo such as biscuits or crackers Case.
  • the packaging material or the film can be made of a very thin and flexible material, since a sufficient rigidity of the packaging material is no longer needed for safe guidance.
  • tray can be replaced in a simple manner to be adapted to the shapes and sizes of the products or tubular bags.
  • Another advantage is that existing horizontal tubular bag machines can be retrofitted with such trays.
  • FIGS. 1a and 1b a device according to the invention is shown in a first conveying position. It is a horizontal Schtauchbet engine of the type mentioned.
  • the device has a supply conveyor 1.
  • a supply conveyor 1 Here are these two parallel sliding plates.
  • conveyor belts or other means of transport On this feed conveyor 1, an unillustrated packaging tube, which was previously filled with products, folded and longitudinally sealed, promoted with the products arranged therein to a transverse sealing unit Q.
  • the conveying direction is shown by an arrow.
  • a removal conveyor 2 Adjacent to the transverse sealing unit Q, a removal conveyor 2 is arranged. This is also preferably a one-piece or multi-part endless circulating conveyor belt. Between the supply conveyor 1 and the removal conveyor 2 there is a gap Z, in which the transverse sealing unit 3 engages.
  • each product can consist of a single piece goods.
  • each product consists of several pieces, which are stacked, for example, or which are aligned vertically one behind the other.
  • the products may already include a primary packaging.
  • the products are especially foods like biscuits or crackers.
  • the packaging material can also consist of various materials. Preferably, it is a thin and flexible packaging film.
  • transverse sealing unit Q As a transverse sealing unit Q, the known units can be used. In the example shown here, it has at least one first upper sealing roller 3 and at least a lower sealing roller 3 'on. These two sealing rollers 3, 3 'are rotatably mounted on mutually parallel axes of rotation 33, 33'. The axes of rotation 33, 33 'extend in a direction parallel to the conveying plane F upper or lower plane perpendicular to the conveying direction.
  • each sealing roller 3, 3 ' is at least one, here are two sealing jaws 30, 30', 31, 31 'are arranged, which project in the radial direction of the roller body 34, 34'.
  • the sealing jaws 30, 30 ', 31, 31' are heatable.
  • the sealing rollers 3, 3 ' preferably rotate in opposite directions to each other, wherein the sealing jaws 30, 30', 31, 31 'move in the area between the two conveyors 1, 2 in the conveying direction and in this area each contact the packaging material from one side and to him a cross seam N welded. So that the welding can be carried out optimally, the sealing jaws thus run with the packaging material for a certain period of time.
  • the sealing jaws 30, 30 ', 31, 31' or the sealing rollers 3, 3 ' may be further provided with at least one separating knife or a counter-holder to separate the individual transverse-sealed tubular bag from each other or with a perforation for later To provide separation.
  • a means for unsupporting the tubular bag is now present in the region of the transverse sealing unit Q, which supports and guides the individual tubular bags at the transition of the intermediate space Z, so that they can not slip into the intermediate space.
  • This means is a support floor, which engages from two opposite sides under the tubular bag and supports at least its edge region.
  • the support floor can be designed in many ways.
  • the support base is formed by at least two support rings 40, 40 ', which are formed as projecting flanges each have a gap compensation disc 4, 4'.
  • the support rings 40, 40 ' are at least approximately at the same height above the ground as the highest support point in the space or at the adjacent thereto Ends of the conveyor 1, 2. Is in the space a support ring 32 'of known type with the lower sealing roller 3' is connected, then the upper support surface of the support rings 40, 40 'preferably aligned with the upper apex line of this support ring 32'.
  • Each gap compensation disk 4, 4 ' has a disk body 43, 43', which projects beyond the support ring 40, 40 '.
  • Each two of the at least two gap compensation disks 4, 4 ' are arranged adjacently on two opposite sides of the conveying plane F, the distance between the two disk bodies 43, 43', measured between their outer jacket points, being approximately equal to the width of the tubular bag B or of the product packed therein equivalent. As a result, the product is not only supported during the passage of the gap Z but also guided laterally.
  • the gap compensation discs 4, 4 ' are rotatably mounted, wherein they are each rotatable about a perpendicular to the conveying plane extending axis of rotation 44, 44'.
  • the individual axes of rotation 44, 44 ' run parallel to each other, but perpendicular to the axes of rotation 33, 33' of the sealing rolls 3, 3 '.
  • Each of the gap compensation disk 4, 4 ' has a central opening 41, 41'.
  • this central opening 41, 41 'fastening means, in particular screws, are arranged, by means of which the disc 4, 4' are mounted in the transverse sealing unit Q or a suitable frame of the device.
  • the gap compensation discs 4, 4 ' can be replaced in a simple manner and, for example, by discs with a greater thickness and / or with a larger one. Replace diameter.
  • all gap compensation discs 4, 4 'in the region of the central opening 41, 41' have the same thickness, measured from below. As a result, you can always use the same length fastening screws.
  • the support rings 40, 40 'or here the whole gap compensation discs 4, 4' have at least one radially extending recess 42, 42 '.
  • each disc 4, 4 ' has the same number of recesses 42, 42' as sealing jaws 31, 31 'or others the rollers 3, 3 'projecting and in the space Z at any time protruding parts are present.
  • the recesses 42, 42 ' are sufficiently large and deep, so that these jaws 31, 31' or parts without collision in the discs 4, 4 'can dive and so only reach into the recesses 42, 42' without contact.
  • FIGS. 1a and 1b Now a first funding position is shown.
  • a product which would thus be in the intermediate position in the present position would not only be carried by the support ring 32 'but also by the support floor.
  • the support ring 32 'itself is not absolutely necessary and can basically be omitted.
  • FIGS. 3a and 3b Now contact the sealing jaws 31, 31 'completely and they are at their lowest points within the gap Z. They partially engage in the recesses 42, 42' a.
  • FIGS. 5a and 5b is for clarification still a packaging material hose S and a Tube bag B with a product packaged therein.
  • the gap-compensating discs 4, 4 'and the sealing rollers 4, 4' are thus preferably moved synchronously with each other.
  • the speed component c of the gap compensation disks 4, 4 ' corresponds at least approximately in the conveying direction, preferably exactly the conveying speed of the packaging tube S in the region of the transverse sealing unit.
  • the gap compensation discs 4, 4 'and the sealing rollers 4, 4' thus carry out a so-called "Hink Gay".
  • the support rings perform a rotational movement.
  • the tray it is also possible to move the tray in a different way. For example, it can be moved in and out of the intermediate space.
  • the synchronization of the movement of the support rings and the sealing jaws can be stirred electronically via a control.
  • the two Ausgleidiscopyn 4, 4 ' are connected via a transmission with one of the two sealing rollers 3, 3', in particular with the lower.
  • a preferred construction of the transmission is as follows: a gear arranged on the lower sealing roller 3 'meshes with a drive gear which drives the vertical axis of rotation of the respective balancing disk 4, 4' via a bevel drive.
  • the two shims 4, 4 ' move in opposite directions, wherein they have a forward component in the conveying direction. Between the bevel gear and the rotation axis, a belt drive can be interposed.
  • the device according to the invention allows a guided transport of the tubular bags in the gap formed between the two conveyors by the transverse sealing unit.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Containers And Plastic Fillers For Packaging (AREA)
  • Package Closures (AREA)
  • Closing Of Containers (AREA)

Claims (17)

  1. Dispositif pour sceller transversalement un tube d'emballage (S) chargé d'un produit pour former des berlingots (B),
    le dispositif comportant un convoyeur d'entrée (1) pour fournir le tube d'emballage (S) et un convoyeur de sortie (2) pour évacuer les berlingots (B), une unité de scellement transversal (Q) venant dans l'intervalle (S) entre les deux convoyeurs (1, 2), ainsi qu'un moyen de support du berlingot (B) qui soutient le berlingot (B) au moins en partie lors de son passage dans cet espace intermédiaire (Z),
    caractérisé en ce que
    le moyen de support du berlingot (B) est une surface de support (40, 40') venant sous le berlingot (B) par deux côtés opposés.
  2. Dispositif selon la revendication 1,
    caractérisé en ce que
    le convoyeur d'entrée (1) et le convoyeur de sortie (2) ont chacun un plan de convoyage au moins sensiblement horizontal dans la région de l'unité de scellement transversal (Q).
  3. Dispositif selon l'une des revendications 1 et 2, selon lequel la surface de support (40, 40') est mobile et comporte des dégagements (42, 42') pour recevoir les parties (30, 30', 31, 31') de l'unité de scellement transversal (Q) sans risque de collision.
  4. Dispositif selon la revendication 3, selon lequel la surface de support (40, 40') est mobile en synchronisme avec le mouvement de scellement de l'unité de scellement transversal (Q) et elle a une composante de vitesse dans la direction de déplacement du berlingot (B) qui correspond au moins sensiblement à la vitesse de transfert du tube d'emballage (S) dans la région de l'unité de scellement transversal (Q).
  5. Dispositif selon l'une des revendications 1 à 4, selon lequel la surface de support est formée par au moins deux anneaux de support (40, 40'), un premier de ces anneaux de support (40, 40') étant situé sur le premier des deux côtés opposés et le second des anneaux de support (40, 40') étant situé sur le second des deux côtés opposés.
  6. Dispositif selon les revendications 4 et 5, selon lequel le dégagement 42, 42' est prévu dans la périphérie d'au moins deux anneaux de support (40, 40').
  7. Dispositif selon les revendications 5 ou 6, selon lequel au moins deux anneaux de support (40, 40') tournent autour de leur axe propre (44, 44').
  8. Dispositif selon l'une des revendications 1 à 7, selon lequel l'unité de scellement transversal (Q) présente un cylindre de scellement rotatif supérieur et un cylindre de scellement rotatif inférieur (3, 3') avec chaque fois un mors de scellement (30, 30', 31, 31') porté par un cylindre.
  9. Dispositif selon l'une des revendications 1 à 8, comportant une unité de séparation (3, 3') qui sépare les berlingots (B).
  10. Dispositif selon la revendication 7, dans lequel un anneau d'appui (32') se trouve dans l'espace intermédiaire (Z), cet anneau tournant autour du même axe (33') que le cylindre de scellement inférieur (3').
  11. Dispositif selon l'une des revendications 1 à 10, selon lequel la surface de support (40, 40') est au même niveau que la surface d'appui des deux convoyeurs (1, 2) ou le point le plus haut de la bague d'appui (32') au niveau de l'espace intermédiaire (Z).
  12. Dispositif selon l'une des revendications 1 à 11, selon lequel la surface de support (40, 40') comporte des guides latéraux (43, 43') des deux côtés du chemin de transfert, la distance des guides correspondant sensiblement à la largeur du produit.
  13. Dispositif selon l'une des revendications 5 et 8, selon lequel au moins deux anneaux de support (40, 40') sont formés chacun par une bride en saillie d'un disque de support (43, 43'),
    les disques de support (43, 43') ayant chacun un axe de rotation (44, 44') perpendiculaire à la direction de transfert des berlingots (B), cette direction étant perpendiculaire aux axes de rotation (33, 33') des cylindres de scellement (3, 3').
  14. Dispositif selon la revendication 13, selon lequel chaque disque de support (4, 4') comporte un corps en forme de disque (43, 43') dépassant de l'anneau de support (40, 40') et
    la distance de deux disques de support (4, 4') qui se font face et se trouvent sur deux côtés opposés du dispositif, correspond sensiblement à la largeur du produit de sorte que le berlingot (B), qui passe sur les deux disques (43, 43') est guidé par leur appui latéral.
  15. Procédé pour sceller transversalement un tube d'emballage (S) contenant un produit pour former des berlingots (B),. le tube d'emballage (S) étant fourni à une unité de scellement transversal (Q) par un convoyeur d'entrée (1) pour être scellé transversalement et former des berlingots (B) et à partir de là, les berlingots (B) sont évacués par un convoyeur de sortie (2),
    l'unité de scellement transversal (Q) pour effectuer le scellement transversal, venant dans l'espace intermédiaire (Z) entre les deux convoyeurs (1, 2),
    les berlingots (B) reposant sur un moyen de support à berlingot (B) lors de leur passage dans cet espace intermédiaire (Z),
    caractérisé en ce qu'
    au passage de l'espace intermédiaire (Z), les berlingots (B) sont conduits sur une surface de support (40, 40') qui au passage des berlingots pénètre au moins périodiquement à partir des deux côtés opposés sous les berlingots (B) dans l'espace intermédiaire (Z).
  16. Procédé selon la revendication 15, selon lequel la surface de supports (40, 40') se dégage de la zone de l'unité de scellement transversal (Q) pour éviter une collision avec celle-ci.
  17. Procédé selon l'une quelconque des revendications 15 ou 16, selon lequel la surface de supports (40, 40') transporte les berlingots (B) dans la direction de transfert.
EP05744196A 2004-06-16 2005-04-12 Dispositif et procede pour sceller transversalement un tube d'emballage Not-in-force EP1758793B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
CH10192004 2004-06-16
PCT/DE2005/000653 WO2005123514A1 (fr) 2004-06-16 2005-04-12 Dispositif et procede pour sceller transversalement un tube d'emballage

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP1758793A1 EP1758793A1 (fr) 2007-03-07
EP1758793B1 true EP1758793B1 (fr) 2008-03-19

Family

ID=34968267

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP05744196A Not-in-force EP1758793B1 (fr) 2004-06-16 2005-04-12 Dispositif et procede pour sceller transversalement un tube d'emballage

Country Status (7)

Country Link
US (1) US8117808B2 (fr)
EP (1) EP1758793B1 (fr)
JP (1) JP2007501170A (fr)
AT (1) ATE389587T1 (fr)
CA (1) CA2570066C (fr)
DE (1) DE502005003345D1 (fr)
WO (1) WO2005123514A1 (fr)

Families Citing this family (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
TR200802283T1 (tr) * 2005-10-10 2008-07-21 Tetra Laval Holdings & Finance S.A. Bir ambalajlama makinesinde kullanılan yöntem
CN103121528A (zh) * 2013-02-27 2013-05-29 深圳市欧宝包装设备有限公司 一种用于微型药品自动包装封切机的封边机构
US11273934B2 (en) 2017-05-12 2022-03-15 Delta Systems And Automation Llc Head for horizontal flow wrapper packaging machine
EP3960427A1 (fr) * 2020-08-31 2022-03-02 Teepack Spezialmaschinen GmbH & Co. KG Dispositif de fabrication d'un sachet reçu dans une enveloppe

Family Cites Families (14)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2546721A (en) * 1946-05-04 1951-03-27 Samuel J Campbell Wrapping machinery and method
US3090174A (en) * 1960-08-24 1963-05-21 Nat Dairy Prod Corp Packaging method and apparatus
US3657856A (en) * 1969-12-08 1972-04-25 Kimberly Clark Co Method and apparatus for pleating and sealing tube wrappers
CH581047A5 (fr) * 1974-08-27 1976-10-29 Sig Schweiz Industrieges
CH587746A5 (fr) * 1975-02-04 1977-05-13 Sig Schweiz Industrieges
US4106265A (en) * 1975-05-29 1978-08-15 Fmc Corporation Wrapping machine and method with four side rotary tucker
US4102111A (en) * 1976-06-01 1978-07-25 Fmc Corporation Wrapping machine
US4254601A (en) * 1979-02-23 1981-03-10 Keebler Company Packaging machine having a slitter for forming slits in ends of packages
US4549386A (en) * 1983-04-18 1985-10-29 Baker Perkins Holdings Plc Form-fill-seal wrapping apparatus
JPS61259927A (ja) * 1985-05-08 1986-11-18 株式会社フジキカイ 包装機の駆動系制御装置
EP0399948B1 (fr) * 1989-05-24 1994-11-02 SIG Schweizerische Industrie-Gesellschaft Procédé et appareil pour la fabrication en continu d'emballages
US5537802A (en) * 1994-11-29 1996-07-23 The Procter & Gamble Company Packaging apparatus and method for preventing separation of package seals
ATE276140T1 (de) * 2000-01-27 2004-10-15 Sig Pack Systems Ag Vorrichtung zum versiegeln eines verpackungsschlauches
EP1281620A1 (fr) * 2001-08-03 2003-02-05 CAVANNA S.p.A. Ensemble de mâchoires rotatives pour des machines d'emballage

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
US20080016826A1 (en) 2008-01-24
JP2007501170A (ja) 2007-01-25
WO2005123514A8 (fr) 2007-12-27
CA2570066A1 (fr) 2005-12-29
ATE389587T1 (de) 2008-04-15
EP1758793A1 (fr) 2007-03-07
DE502005003345D1 (de) 2008-04-30
WO2005123514A1 (fr) 2005-12-29
US8117808B2 (en) 2012-02-21
CA2570066C (fr) 2013-07-02

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