EP1736579B1 - Heald frame - Google Patents
Heald frame Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP1736579B1 EP1736579B1 EP06011740A EP06011740A EP1736579B1 EP 1736579 B1 EP1736579 B1 EP 1736579B1 EP 06011740 A EP06011740 A EP 06011740A EP 06011740 A EP06011740 A EP 06011740A EP 1736579 B1 EP1736579 B1 EP 1736579B1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- heald frame
- side support
- frame according
- heald
- coupling element
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Fee Related
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Classifications
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D03—WEAVING
- D03C—SHEDDING MECHANISMS; PATTERN CARDS OR CHAINS; PUNCHING OF CARDS; DESIGNING PATTERNS
- D03C9/00—Healds; Heald frames
- D03C9/06—Heald frames
- D03C9/0666—Connection of frame parts
- D03C9/0675—Corner connections between horizontal rods and side stays
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D03—WEAVING
- D03C—SHEDDING MECHANISMS; PATTERN CARDS OR CHAINS; PUNCHING OF CARDS; DESIGNING PATTERNS
- D03C9/00—Healds; Heald frames
- D03C9/06—Heald frames
- D03C9/0608—Construction of frame parts
- D03C9/065—Side stays
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D03—WEAVING
- D03C—SHEDDING MECHANISMS; PATTERN CARDS OR CHAINS; PUNCHING OF CARDS; DESIGNING PATTERNS
- D03C9/00—Healds; Heald frames
- D03C9/06—Heald frames
- D03C9/0683—Arrangements or means for the linking to the drive system
Definitions
- the invention relates to a heddle with shaft rod and side support.
- Heald frames generally consist of two parallel spaced shaft rods, which are connected to each other by side supports.
- the side supports and the shaft rod form a rectangular frame at rest.
- the shaft rods are with Litzentragschienen provided on which healds sit.
- Each heddle has at least one thread guide loop, through which a warp thread extends.
- the shives for shedding are moved vertically up and down in rapid succession. There are high dynamic loads.
- the U.S. Patent 4,022,252 discloses a heddle with a rigid connection between the two vertically oriented side supports and the two horizontal shaft rods. During the upward and downward movement, the shaft rods are subject to a deflection upwards or downwards. Through the rigid corner joint they transfer this deflection to the side supports, which are thereby curved in an S-shape.
- the JP 59-73382 discloses an articulated corner joint between the side support and the shaft rod.
- the hinged corner joint is provided by a connecting joint disposed within the shaft rod.
- an extension extends into the interior of the side support and includes there a bearing pin.
- a heald known whose side supports and shaft rods are interconnected by connecting joints whose pivot axes go approximately centrally through the side supports.
- the link joints include spring elements that force the 90 ° posture of the fastener and return any deflection from the 90 ° posture as soon as possible.
- the spring elements introduce forces into the side support as soon as the shaft rod bends under dynamic load.
- the cited JP 10-310948 the direct drive of the shaft rod either by acting on the side supports or by acting on the lower shaft rod drive means. As far as the drive devices engage the side supports, the force is introduced into the side support via linear motor or laterally projecting arms.
- the heddle according to the invention according to claim 1 comprises at least one shaft rod and at least one side support, which are interconnected via a connecting joint.
- This defines an outside of the shaft rod arranged pivot axis and is formed without reserve forces.
- the connecting joint preferably defines an angle of 90 °, thereby allowing a pivoting range of a few degrees, for example ⁇ 3 °, ⁇ 5 ° or ⁇ 10 °. Within this pivoting range, no restoring forces occur. Any pivotal position given to the connecting joint remains intact. In this way, a transmission of bending moments between the shaft rod and the side support is prevented.
- the connecting joint is preferably formed as a friction bearing plain bearing, preferably with the material pairing steel / steel, steel / plastic or steel / plastic / steel. Because the pivot axis is outside the shaft rod, the acceleration and deceleration forces are transmitted between the side support and shaft rod in a line that is close to or within the side support. Thus, these acceleration forces can cause no significant bending moments in the side support
- the force introduction direction or vector is located within the side support.
- the pivot axis of the connection joint is again outside of the shaft rod. This will reduce the dynamic loads that can be caused by the introduction of driving forces in the side support, as well as dynamic loads caused by the passing the driving forces could arise from the side support on the shaft rod.
- the side supports are thus stressed essentially to train and on pressure, but hardly on bending, whereby they can be relatively easily formed.
- the side supports can be formed as bent sheet metal parts.
- the bent sheet metal part is preferably a U-profile, the interior of which is open towards the shaft rods.
- it may also be designed as a tube-like profile or as a two-shell sheet metal profile, the halves of which are interconnected, for example, riveted.
- connection joint preferably belongs a bearing body connected to the side support, which e.g. is cylindrical, with its outer peripheral surface then forms a sliding or bearing surface.
- the bearing body can be completely housed in the interior of the side support. However, it is preferred to form the bearing body with a slightly larger diameter and to let it protrude out of the interior of the side support. This minimizes the dynamic surface loads on the bearing body.
- connection joint further includes a coupling element which is pivotally mounted on the bearing body.
- a coupling element which is pivotally mounted on the bearing body.
- it encompasses or encompasses the bearing body in whole or in part.
- It preferably has a shaft which extends into the shaft rod and there with the Shaft rod detachable, preferably frictionally connected.
- the shank is preferably parallelepiped, ie it is bounded by straight, mutually parallel surfaces.
- the coupling element may be provided with a leg extending into the interior of the side support.
- the coupling element is then designed as a two-armed angle lever. Alternatively, it may be T-shaped.
- the leg extending into the side support is oriented substantially parallel to the side support. He can take over several functions. For example, it may be provided with a buffer element which serves to limit the pivot angle of the connection joint at least in a pivoting direction. On a rectangular weaving shank with a total of four connecting joints thereby the total achievable swing angle is limited to the four corners of the rectangle formed.
- the buffer member of a linkage joint limits the pivoting angle to more acute angles, this also causes the pivoting angle of the linkage joint seated at the other end of the shaft rod to be reduced to obtuse angles.
- the unilateral swivel angle limits of the two seated at the ends of a shaft rod connecting elements in interaction cause a two-sided limitation of the swivel angle. Within the angular range, however, no restoring forces occur - at least not that could exceed the bearing friction of the connecting joint.
- the buffer element may also have an extension serving as a strand stopper.
- the strands are securely held on the corresponding support rails as soon as the side supports are connected.
- the force introduction direction of the drive connection device and the connection joint is arranged not only within the cross-sectional profile enclosed by the side support but, moreover, on the longitudinal center axis of the side support.
- the longitudinal center axis is defined by the centroids of the cross-sectional profile and represents that line on which a force introduction into the side support in the longitudinal direction does not produce any bending moment.
- FIG. 1 a heald 1 is illustrated, which serves for shedding in a weaving machine. It has an upper and a lower shaft rod 2, 3, each formed by a hollow-chamber extruded aluminum profile are arranged horizontally and parallel to each other. At their ends they are connected by side supports 4, 5 with each other. The side supports 4, 5 are provided, for example at their upper ends with drive-connecting devices 6, 7, which form part of a coupling device for coupling a mechanical drive.
- the shaft rods 2, 3 are provided with Litzentragschienen on which strands 8 sit to Kettfadenation.
- FIG. 1 only a few strands are illustrated - but the group of strands extends from one end of each shaft rod 2, 3 to its respective other end.
- connecting joints 9, 10, 11, 12 which is an articulated, i. about only one axis pivotal connection between the respective shaft rod 2, 3 and the respective side support 4, 5 form.
- the connecting joints 9 to 12 define pivot axes 13, 14, 15, 16, which are arranged outside the shaft rods 2, 3 and preferably within the side supports 4, 5.
- the connecting joints 9 to 12 allow a free pivoting movement between the shaft rods 2, 3 and the side supports 4, 5 in a limited pivoting range.
- Spring elements or the like other elements which could be adapted to a pivoting movement of the connecting joint 9, 10, 11, 12 to prevent or inhibit, are not present.
- the coupling element 23 comprises the bearing body 22 wholly or partially.
- the coupling element 23 has a cylinder bore with which it sits on the bearing body 22.
- the coupling element 23 may consist of steel. The result is the material combination steel / steel.
- a plastic bushing can be arranged so that the material pairing steel / plastic / steel results. It is advantageous if the plastic bushing is connected neither to the coupling element 23 nor to the bearing body 22.
- the coupling element 23 and the bearing body 22 are rotatable against each other with low friction. However, the fit does not show noticeable play.
- a shaft 24 extends away, which, in particular FIG. 5 illustrated, for connecting the connecting joint 10 with the shaft rod 2 is used.
- the shaft rod 2 is, for example, an aluminum extruded profile having a longitudinally extending cavity.
- the shaft 24 extends into this and is there with a clamping device 25 is held.
- This consists for example of plastic and includes a wedge 26 which can be tensioned by not further illustrated actuating means against the shaft 24.
- the coupling element 23 is, as FIG. 5 illustrated, preferably designed as a two-armed lever.
- it has a leg 27 extending into the interior space 21 of the side support 5, which is preferably oriented approximately parallel to the longitudinal direction of the side support 5.
- the leg 27 may carry at its free end a buffer element 28, which consists for example of plastic.
- the coupling element 23, which preferably has a total thickness, which is only slightly smaller than the distance of the legs 19, 20 from each other, has for the storage of the buffer member 28 on its narrow sides notches 29, 30, engage in the corresponding locking lugs of the buffer member 28.
- the buffer element 28 may have an extension 31 which projects out of the inner space 21 and below the shaft rod 2 into the region in which the strands 8 are held.
- the extension 31 thus forms a Litzenstopper, which prevents the strands 8 from slipping off of the not further illustrated, held on the shaft rod 2 Litzentragschiene.
- the extension 31 is so long that this effect occurs regardless of the currently existing pivot angle.
- the buffer element 28 may be provided with a contact surface 32, which serves to limit the pivot angle of the connecting joint 10. She finds her attachment to the back 18.
- the drive-connecting device 7 is arranged in the immediate axial extension of the side support 5 and formed integrally therewith.
- the drive connection device may have an outline hexagonal between the legs 19, 20, for example, rotatably mounted body 33. Its axis of rotation is preferably on the longitudinal central axis 34 of the side support 5, which is in a sense a neutral axis. Forces which are introduced into the side support 5 in the direction of the longitudinal central axis 34 do not lead to a bending but to a pure tensile and compressive stress of the lateral support 5.
- the longitudinal central axis 34 is preferably defined such that it passes through the centroid of the cross-sectional profile.
- the pivot axis 14 is arranged on this longitudinal central axis 34. But she also knows how FIG. 5 illustrated slightly offset laterally against the longitudinal central axis 34.
- FIG. 6 illustrates a modified embodiment of the connecting joint 10, in particular of the shaft 24 of the coupling element 23 using the same reference numerals described above for the description of the embodiment of the Fig. 1 to 5 have been introduced and here have the same or analogous meaning.
- the coupling element is preferably made of plastic, on the one hand surrounds the bearing body 22 of the side support and on the other hand protrudes with the shaft 24 in the interior 21 of the shaft rod 2 and is preferably fixed by a screw on the shaft rod 2. It has proved to be advantageous to reinforce the shaft 24 of this coupling element 23, which consists of plastic, at the upper and lower edge by a respective reinforcing element 35, 36.
- These stiffening elements 35, 36 are preferably made of steel.
- the steel elements 35, 36 extend from the cavity of the shaft rod 2 in the interior 21 of the side support 5 to over the center of the bearing body 22.
- the shaft 24 is recessed, so that by means of the state of Technique proper fastener (not shown), which exerts a force on the steel member 35,36 by the shaft rod 2, the coupling element is attached to the shaft rod 2.
- the recess 38 releases a clamping surface 37 for clamping with a screw.
- the coupling element 23 according to FIG. 6 is also designed as a two-armed lever.
- the leg 27 with the buffer element 28, which extends into the interior 21 of the side support 5, is in FIG. 6 only vaguely recognizable. It applies the description of FIG. 5 corresponding.
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Textile Engineering (AREA)
- Looms (AREA)
- Screen Printers (AREA)
- Auxiliary Weaving Apparatuses, Weavers' Tools, And Shuttles (AREA)
- Pivots And Pivotal Connections (AREA)
Description
Die Erfindung betrifft einen Webschaft mit Schaftstab und Seitenstütze.The invention relates to a heddle with shaft rod and side support.
Webschäfte bestehen in der Regel aus zwei im Abstand parallel zueinander gehaltenen Schaftstäben, die endseitig durch Seitenstützen miteinander verbunden sind. Die Seitenstützen und der Schaftstab bilden dabei einen im Ruhezustand rechteckigen Rahmen. Die Schaftstäbe sind mit Litzentragschienen versehen, auf denen Weblitzen sitzen. Jede Weblitze weist zumindest eine Fadenführungsöse auf, durch die sich ein Kettfaden erstreckt.Heald frames generally consist of two parallel spaced shaft rods, which are connected to each other by side supports. The side supports and the shaft rod form a rectangular frame at rest. The shaft rods are with Litzentragschienen provided on which healds sit. Each heddle has at least one thread guide loop, through which a warp thread extends.
Während des Webvorgangs werden die Webschäfte zur Fachbildung in schneller Folge vertikal auf und ab bewegt. Dabei treten hohe dynamische Belastungen auf.During the weaving process, the shives for shedding are moved vertically up and down in rapid succession. There are high dynamic loads.
Die
Nachdem die Durchbiegung der Seitenstützen als nachteilig angesehen wird, ist es versucht worden, diese zu vermeiden. Die
Bei dieser Grundkonfiguration wird die Durchbiegung des Schaftstabs nicht unmittelbar auf die Seitenstütze übertragen. Diese muss lediglich diejenigen Biegemomente aufnehmen, die sich durch die Einleitung der von dem Schaftstab ausgehenden Kräfte in den von der Seitenstütze weg ragenden Fortsatz ergeben. Bei hoher dynamischer Belastung ergeben sich dadurch wiederum dynamische Verbiegungen bzw. Belastungen der Seitenstützen.In this basic configuration, the deflection of the shaft rod is not transmitted directly to the side support. This only has to absorb those bending moments that result from the initiation of the forces emanating from the shaft rod in the projecting away from the side support extension. At high dynamic load arise This in turn dynamic bending or stress on the side supports.
Des Weiteren ist aus der
Die Federelemente leiten Kräfte in die Seitenstütze ein, sobald sich der Schaftstab unter dynamischer Last verbiegt.The spring elements introduce forces into the side support as soon as the shaft rod bends under dynamic load.
Des Weiteren offenbart die genannte
Es ist Aufgabe der Erfindung, einen Webschaft hinsichtlich seiner dynamischen Auslegung zu verbessern.It is an object of the invention to improve a heald with respect to its dynamic design.
Diese Aufgabe wird mit dem Webschaft nach Anspruch 1 gelöst.This object is achieved with the heald of
Der erfindungsgemäße Webschaft gemäß Anspruch 1 weist wenigstens einen Schaftstab und wenigstens eine Seitenstütze auf, die über ein Verbindungsgelenk miteinander verbunden sind. Dieses legt eine außerhalb des Schaftstabs angeordnete Schwenkachse fest und ist rückstellungskräftefrei ausgebildet. Das Verbindungsgelenk legt vorzugsweise einen Winkel von 90° fest und lässt dabei einen Schwenkbereich von einigen Grad, beispielsweise ±3°, ±5° oder ±10° zu. Innerhalb dieses Schwenkbereichs treten keine Rückstellkräfte auf. Jede Schwenklage, die dem Verbindungsgelenk erteilt wird, bleibt erhalten. Auf diese Weise wird eine Übertragung von Biegemomenten zwischen dem Schaftstab und der Seitenstütze unterbunden. Das Verbindungsgelenk wird dabei vorzugsweise als reibungsarmes Gleitlager, vorzugsweise mit der Materialpaarung Stahl/Stahl, Stahl/Kunststoff oder Stahl/Kunststoff/Stahl ausgebildet. Weil die Schwenkachse außerhalb des Schaftstabs liegt, werden die Beschleunigungs- und Verzögerungskräfte zwischen Seitenstütze und Schaftstab in einer Linie übertragen, die nahe an der Seitenstütze oder innerhalb derselben liegt. Damit können diese Beschleunigungskräfte keine nennenswerten Biegemomente in der Seitenstütze hervorrufen.The heddle according to the invention according to
Die Kombination der Maßnahmen der Rückstellungskräftefreiheit des Verbindungsgelenks und der Anordnung der Schwenkachse außerhalb des Schaftstabs führt somit zu einer hohen dynamischen Belastbarkeit des Webschafts ohne Beeinträchtigung der Seitenstützen und mit verringerter Belastung derselben.The combination of the provisions of the freedom of the rearrangement of the connecting joint and the arrangement of the pivot axis outside the shaft rod thus leads to a high dynamic load capacity of the heald without affecting the side supports and with reduced load of the same.
Des Weiteren ist es gemäß Anspruch 2 vorteilhaft, eine Antriebs-Anschlusseinrichtung an der Seitenstütze vorzusehen, deren Krafteinleitungsrichtung bzw. -vektor innerhalb der Seitenstütze liegt. Auch hierbei liegt die Schwenkachse des Verbindungsgelenks wiederum außerhalb des Schaftstabs. Damit werden dynamische Belastungen, die durch Einleitung der Antriebskräfte in die Seitenstütze entstehen können, ebenso wie dynamische Belastungen reduziert, die durch die Weitergabe der Antriebskräfte von der Seitenstütze auf den Schaftstab entstehen könnten. Die Seitenstützen werden somit im Wesentlichen auf Zug und auf Druck, kaum aber auf Biegung beansprucht, wodurch sie relativ leicht ausgebildet werden können.Furthermore, it is advantageous according to
Beispielsweise können die Seitenstützen als Blechbiegeteile ausgebildet werden. Dies ermöglicht eine hochgenaue Produktion, bei der auf Fräsvorgänge oder sonstige Vorgänge, die nach der Bearbeitung frei werdende Kräfte in das Material der Seitenstütze einbringen würden, verzichtet werden. Das Blechbiegeteil ist vorzugsweise ein U-Profil, dessen Innenraum zu den Schaftstäben hin offen ist. Es kann jedoch auch als rohrartiges Profil oder als zweischaliges Blechprofil ausgebildet sein, dessen Hälften miteinander verbunden, beispielsweise vernietet sind.For example, the side supports can be formed as bent sheet metal parts. This allows a highly accurate production, in which milling operations or other operations that would bring in forces released after processing in the material of the side support are dispensed with. The bent sheet metal part is preferably a U-profile, the interior of which is open towards the shaft rods. However, it may also be designed as a tube-like profile or as a two-shell sheet metal profile, the halves of which are interconnected, for example, riveted.
Zu dem Verbindungsgelenk gehört vorzugsweise ein mit der Seitenstütze verbundener Lagerkörper, der z.B. zylindrisch ausgebildet ist, wobei seine Außenumfangsfläche dann eine Gleit- oder Lagerfläche bildet. Der Lagerkörper kann vollständig in dem Innenraum der Seitenstütze untergebracht sein. Es wird jedoch bevorzugt, den Lagerkörper mit einem etwas größeren Durchmesser auszubilden und ihn aus dem Innenraum der Seitenstütze heraus ragen zu lassen. Dies minimiert die dynamischen Flächenbelastungen an dem Lagerkörper.To the connection joint preferably belongs a bearing body connected to the side support, which e.g. is cylindrical, with its outer peripheral surface then forms a sliding or bearing surface. The bearing body can be completely housed in the interior of the side support. However, it is preferred to form the bearing body with a slightly larger diameter and to let it protrude out of the interior of the side support. This minimizes the dynamic surface loads on the bearing body.
Zu dem Verbindungsgelenk gehört des Weiteren ein Koppelelement, das an dem Lagerkörper schwenkbar gelagert ist. Beispielsweise umgreift oder umfasst es den Lagerkörper ganz oder teilweise. Es weist vorzugsweise einen Schaft auf, der sich in den Schaftstab hinein erstreckt und dort mit dem Schaftstab lösbar, vorzugsweise reibschlüssig verbunden wird. Zur lösbaren Verbindung kann eine Klemmeinrichtung dienen, die das Koppelelement in einem Hohlraum des Schaftstabs festklemmt. Der Schaft ist vorzugsweise parallelflankig ausgebildet, d.h. er wird durch gerade, zueinander parallele Flächen begrenzt.To the connection joint further includes a coupling element which is pivotally mounted on the bearing body. For example, it encompasses or encompasses the bearing body in whole or in part. It preferably has a shaft which extends into the shaft rod and there with the Shaft rod detachable, preferably frictionally connected. For detachable connection can serve a clamping device which clamps the coupling element in a cavity of the shaft rod. The shank is preferably parallelepiped, ie it is bounded by straight, mutually parallel surfaces.
Optional kann das Koppelelement mit einem sich in den Innenraum der Seitenstütze hinein erstreckenden Schenkel versehen sein. Das Koppelelement ist dann als zweiarmiger Winkelhebel ausgebildet. Alternativ kann es T-förmig ausgebildet sein.Optionally, the coupling element may be provided with a leg extending into the interior of the side support. The coupling element is then designed as a two-armed angle lever. Alternatively, it may be T-shaped.
Der sich in die Seitenstütze hinein erstreckende Schenkel ist im Wesentlichen parallel zu der Seitenstütze orientiert. Er kann mehrere Funktionen übernehmen. Z.B. kann er mit einem Pufferelement versehen sein, das dazu dient, den Schwenkwinkel des Verbindungsgelenks wenigstens in einer Schwenkrichtung zu beschränken. An einem rechteckigen Webschaft mit insgesamt vier Verbindungsgelenken ist dadurch insgesamt der erreichbare Schwenkwinkel an den vier Ecken des gebildeten Rechtecks beschränkt. Während beispielsweise das Pufferelement eines Verbindungsgelenks den Schwenkwinkel zu spitzeren Winkeln hin begrenzt, bewirkt dies zugleich die Begrenzung des Schwenkwinkels des an dem anderen Ende des Schaftstabs sitzenden Verbindungsgelenks zu stumpferen Winkeln hin. So bewirken die einseitigen Schwenkwinkelbegrenzungen der beiden an den Enden eines Schaftstabs sitzenden Verbindungselemente im Zusammenspiel eine beidseitige Begrenzung des Schwenkwinkels. Innerhalb des Winkelbereichs treten jedoch keinerlei Rückstellkräfte auf - jedenfalls keine, die die Lagerreibung des Verbindungsgelenks übersteigen könnten.The leg extending into the side support is oriented substantially parallel to the side support. He can take over several functions. For example, it may be provided with a buffer element which serves to limit the pivot angle of the connection joint at least in a pivoting direction. On a rectangular weaving shank with a total of four connecting joints thereby the total achievable swing angle is limited to the four corners of the rectangle formed. For example, while the buffer member of a linkage joint limits the pivoting angle to more acute angles, this also causes the pivoting angle of the linkage joint seated at the other end of the shaft rod to be reduced to obtuse angles. Thus, the unilateral swivel angle limits of the two seated at the ends of a shaft rod connecting elements in interaction cause a two-sided limitation of the swivel angle. Within the angular range, however, no restoring forces occur - at least not that could exceed the bearing friction of the connecting joint.
Das Pufferelement kann außerdem einen Fortsatz aufweisen, der als Litzenstopper dient. Damit sind die Litzen auf den entsprechenden Tragschienen sicher gehalten, sobald die Seitenstützen angeschlossen sind.The buffer element may also have an extension serving as a strand stopper. Thus, the strands are securely held on the corresponding support rails as soon as the side supports are connected.
Bei einer bevorzugten Ausführungsform ist die Krafteinleitungsrichtung der Antriebs-Anschlusseinrichtung und des Verbindungsgelenks nicht nur innerhalb des von der Seitenstütze umschlossenen Querschnittprofils sondern darüber hinaus noch auf der Längsmittelachse der Seitenstütze angeordnet. Die Längsmittelachse wird durch die Flächenschwerpunkte des Querschnittsprofils definiert und stellt diejenige Linie dar, auf der eine Kräfteeinleitung in die Seitenstütze in Längsrichtung keinerlei Biegemoment erzeugt.In a preferred embodiment, the force introduction direction of the drive connection device and the connection joint is arranged not only within the cross-sectional profile enclosed by the side support but, moreover, on the longitudinal center axis of the side support. The longitudinal center axis is defined by the centroids of the cross-sectional profile and represents that line on which a force introduction into the side support in the longitudinal direction does not produce any bending moment.
Weitere Einzelheiten vorteilhafter Ausführungsformen der Erfindung sind Gegenstand der Zeichnung, der Beschreibung oder von Ansprüchen. In der Zeichnung ist ein Ausführungsbeispiel der Erfindung veranschaulicht. Es zeigen:
Figur 1- einen erfindungsgemäßen Webschaft in Seitenansicht,
Figur 2 und 3- den
Webschaft nach Figur 1 in Seitenansicht unter überhöht dargestellter dynamischer Belastung, Figur 4- das Verbindungsgelenk zur Verbindung der Seitenstütze mit dem Webschaft in einer einfachen Ausführungsform in vereinfachter Darstellung,
Figur 5- den Schaftstab und die Seitenstütze mit Verbindungsgelenk in ausschnittsweiser, teilweise geschnittener Prinzipdarstellung, und
Figur 6- eine spezielle Ausführungsform des Verbindungsgelenks in ausschnittsweiser, teilweise geschnittener Prinzipdarstellung.
- FIG. 1
- a heald shaft according to the invention in side view,
- FIGS. 2 and 3
- following the weave
FIG. 1 in side view under exaggerated dynamic load, - FIG. 4
- the connection joint for connecting the side support to the heald frame in a simple embodiment in a simplified representation,
- FIG. 5
- the shaft rod and the side support with connecting joint in partial, partially sectioned schematic representation, and
- FIG. 6
- a special embodiment of the connecting joint in a fragmentary, partially sectioned schematic representation.
In
Die Schaftstäbe 2, 3 sind mit Litzentragschienen versehen, auf denen Litzen 8 zur Kettfadenführung sitzen. In
Zur Verbindung der Schaftstäbe 2, 3 mit den Seitenstützen 4, 5 dienen Verbindungsgelenke 9, 10, 11, 12, die eine gelenkige, d.h. um nur eine Achse schwenkbare Verbindung zwischen dem jeweiligen Schaftstab 2, 3 und der jeweiligen Seitenstütze 4, 5 bilden. Die Verbindungsgelenke 9 bis 12 legen Schwenkachsen 13, 14, 15, 16 fest, die außerhalb der Schaftstäbe 2, 3 und vorzugsweise innerhalb der Seitenstützen 4, 5 angeordnet sind.To connect the
Die Verbindungsgelenke 9 bis 12 lassen in einem begrenzten Schwenkbereich eine freie Schwenkbewegung zwischen den Schaftstäben 2, 3 und den Seitenstützen 4, 5 zu. Federelemente oder dergleichen andere Elemente, die dazu eingerichtet sein könnten, eine Schwenkbewegung des Verbindungsgelenks 9, 10, 11, 12 zu verhindern oder zu hemmen, sind nicht vorhanden.The connecting
Der insoweit beschriebene Webschaft arbeitet mit Verweise auf die
- In Betrieb werden über die Antriebs-
6, 7 Kräfte eingeleitet, die inVerbindungseinrichtungen durch Vektoren F symbolisiert sind. Die Kräfte greifen entsprechend den Vektoren F an den Antriebs-Figur 2 und 3 6, 7 an, wobei die Vektoren F innerhalb des von demVerbindungseinrichtungen 4, 5 umgrenzten Profils liegen. Sie bewirken deshalb keine Biege- oderQuerschnitt der Seitenstützen 4, 5.Knickverformung der Seitenstützen - Ebenso
13, 14, 15, 16 innerhalb diesesliegen die Schwenkachsen 4, 5 umschlossenen Profils. Somit wird die durch den Vektor F symbolisierte Antriebskraft unmittelbar invon den Seitenstützen 4, 5 von der Antriebs-Längsrichtung der Seitenstützen 6, 7 aufVerbindungseinrichtung das jeweilige Verbindungsgelenk 9bis 12 übertragen. Unter der entstehenden dynamischen Last können sich die 2, 3 wie veranschaulicht verformen. Diese Verformung wird jedoch nicht auf dieSchaftstäbe 4, 5 übertragen. Weder dieSeitenstützen 9, 10, 11, 12 noch sonstige zwischenVerbindungsgelenke 4, 5den Seitenstützen 2, 3 wirksamen Elemente bewirken eine Biegemomentübertragung. Außerdem wird durch etwa mittige Einleitung der Antriebskräfte inund den Schaftstäben 4, 5 und etwa mittigen Kraftangriff andie Seitenstützen 9, 10, 11, 12 eine Erzeugung von Biegemomenten in den Seitenstützen vermieden. Dies kommt der Führung derden Verbindungsgelenken 4, 5 zugute. Es kann hier mit geringem Spiel und somit sehr präzise gearbeitet werden. Dies gilt für die inSeitenstützen veranschaulichte Abwärtsbewegung desFigur 2Webschafts 1. - Entsprechendes gilt auch für die in
veranschaulichte Aufwärtsbewegung desFigur 3Webschafts 1. Auch hier liegen die in die Antriebs- 6, 7 eingeleiteten und durch die Vektoren F symbolisierten Kräfte wiederum innerhalb des Querschnittsprofils derVerbindungseinrichtungen 4, 5. Die Richtung der Vektoren F fluchtet im Wesentlichen mit den Krafteinleitungsvektoren, die anSeitenstützen den Schwenkachsen 13bis 16 angreifen. Somit wird weder während der Abwärtsbewegung des Webschafts 1 noch während der Aufwärtsbewegung desselben eine dynamische Biegebelastung der 4, 5 induziert. Sie werden vielmehr ausschließlich oder wenigstens fast ausschließlich auf Zug und auf Druck beansprucht.Seitenstützen -
veranschaulicht stellvertretend für beide Seitenstützen 4, 5Figur 4die Seitenstütze 5 im Ausschnitt.Ihr Grundkörper 17 ist, wie ersichtlich, in Form eines Blechbiegeteils ausgebildet, das einen u-förmigen Querschnitt aufweist. Von dem von denSchaftstäben abliegenden Rücken 18 ausgehend erstrecken sich zwei 19, 20 parallel und im Abstand zueinander, dieSchenkel Flachseiten der Seitenstütze 5 festlegen und zwischen einander einen Innenraum 21 einschließen. Der Innenraum ist vorzugsweise frei von Einbauten, d.h. über seine gesamte Vertikalerstreckung hohl. Bedarfsweise kann der Innenraum auch ganz oder abschnittsweise mit einem Schaum oder einem Wabenprofil oder einem schwingungsabsorbierenden oder -dämpfenden Material gefüllt sein. -
veranschaulicht desFigur 4Weiteren das Verbindungsgelenk 10, zudem ein Lagerkörper 22und ein Koppelelement 23 gehören.Der Lagerkörper 22 ist beispiels- und vorzugsweise in Form eines flachen Zylinders ausgebildet, dessen Grund-und Deckfläche an 19, 20 anliegen und dort mit diesen verbunden (beispielsweise verschweißt) sind.den Schenkeln Der Lagerkörper 22 besteht z.B. aus Stahl. Er kann vollständig indem Innenraum 21der Seitenstütze 5 angeordnet sein. Falls der dazu vorhandene Platz nicht ausreicht, kann er auch mit einem Teilabschnittaus dem Innenraum 21 heraus ragen. Seine Mittelachse legt die Schwenkachse 14 des Verbindungsgelenks 10 fest.Die Schwenkachse 14 schneidet dabei die 19, 20.Schenkel
- In operation, forces are introduced via the
6, 7, which are indrive connection devices FIGS. 2 and 3 symbolized by vectors F. The forces engage according to the vectors F to the drive connection means 6, 7, wherein the vectors F are within the bounded by the cross section of the side supports 4, 5 profile. They therefore cause no bending or buckling deformation of the side supports 4, 5. - Likewise, the pivot axes 13, 14, 15, 16 are within this enclosed by the side supports 4, 5 profile. Thus, the symbolized by the vector F driving force is transmitted directly in the longitudinal direction of the side supports 4, 5 of the drive connection means 6, 7 on the respective connecting joint 9 to 12. Under the resulting dynamic load, the
2, 3 can deform as illustrated. However, this deformation is not transmitted to the side supports 4, 5. Neither the connectingshaft rods 9, 10, 11, 12 nor any other between the side supports 4, 5 and thejoints 2, 3 effective elements cause a bending moment transmission. In addition, a generation of bending moments in the side supports is avoided by approximately central introduction of the driving forces in the side supports 4, 5 and approximately central force attack on the connectingshaft rods 9, 10, 11, 12. This benefits the guidance of the side supports 4, 5. It can play here with little play and thus very precise to be worked. This applies to the injoints FIG. 2 illustrateddownhill weave 1. - The same applies to the in
FIG. 3 Again, the forces introduced into the 6, 7 and symbolized by the vectors F lie again within the cross-sectional profile of the side supports 4, 5. The direction of the vectors F is substantially in line with the force introduction vectors applied to the pivot axes 13 to 16 attack. Thus, neither during the downward movement of thedrive connection devices heald 1 nor during the upward movement of the same, a dynamic bending load of the side supports 4, 5 induced. Rather, they are claimed exclusively or at least almost exclusively on train and on pressure. -
FIG. 4 illustrated representative of both side supports 4, 5, theside support 5 in the neck. As can be seen, itsmain body 17 is designed in the form of a bent sheet metal part which has a U-shaped cross section. Starting from thespine 18 remote from the shaft rods, two 19, 20 extend parallel and spaced apart, define the flat sides of thelegs side support 5 and include an interior 21 between each other. The interior is preferably free of internals, ie hollow over its entire vertical extension. If necessary, the interior can also be completely or partially filled with a foam or a honeycomb profile or a vibration-absorbing or -dämpfenden material. -
FIG. 4 further illustrates the connecting joint 10, to which abearing body 22 and a coupling element 23rd belong. The bearingbody 22 is exemplified and preferably in the form of a flat cylinder, the bottom and top surface of the 19, 20 abut and connected there with these (for example, welded). The bearinglegs body 22 is made of steel, for example. It can be arranged completely in theinterior 21 of theside support 5. If the existing space is insufficient, he may also protrude with a portion of the interior 21 out. Its central axis defines thepivot axis 14 of the connecting joint 10. Thepivot axis 14 intersects the 19, 20.legs
Das Koppelelement 23 umfasst den Lagerkörper 22 ganz oder teilweise. Bei der veranschaulichten Ausführungsform weist das Koppelelement 23 eine Zylinderbohrung auf, mit der es auf dem Lagerkörper 22 sitzt. Das Koppelelement 23 kann aus Stahl bestehen. Es ergibt sich die Materialpaarung Stahl/Stahl. Zwischen dem Koppelelement 23 und dem Lagerkörper 22 kann auch eine Kunststoffbuchse angeordnet sein, so dass sich die Materialpaarung Stahl/Kunststoff/Stahl ergibt. Hierbei ist es von Vorteil, wenn die Kunststoffbuchse weder mit dem Koppelelement 23 noch mit dem Lagerkörper 22 verbunden ist. Das Koppelelement 23 und der Lagerkörper 22 sind mit geringer Reibung gegeneinander verdrehbar. Die Passung weist jedoch kein merkliches Spiel auf.The
Von dem Koppelelement 23 erstreckt sich ein Schaft 24 weg, der, wie insbesondere
Das Koppelelement 23 ist, wie
An der gegenüber liegenden Seite kann das Pufferelement 28 mit einer Anlagefläche 32 versehen sein, die zur Begrenzung des Schwenkwinkels des Verbindungsgelenks 10 dient. Sie findet ihre Anlage an dem Rücken 18.On the opposite side, the
Die von den Anlageflächen 32 begrenzten Schwenkwinkel der einzelnen Verbindungsgelenke 9 bis 12 sind größer als die bei entsprechender Durchbiegung des jeweiligen Schaftstabs 2, 3 auftretende Verschwenkung an dem betreffenden Verbindungsgelenk 9 bis 12. Dadurch wird eine Übertragung von Biegemomenten von den Schaftstäben 2, 3 auf die Seitenstützen 4, 5 vermieden. Andererseits wird eine Handhabung des bestückten Webschafts 1 erleichtert. Er kann gehandhabt werden, ohne dass er sich dabei zu sehr verzieht, d.h. von der Rechteckform abweicht.The limited by the contact surfaces 32 pivoting angle of the individual connecting
Wie
Die
Das Koppelelement 23 gemäß
Der erfindungsgemäße Webschaft weist zur Verbindung der Schaftstäbe 2, 3 mit den Seitenstützen 4, 5 Verbindungsgelenke 9 bis 12 auf, deren Schwenkachsen 13 bis 16 außerhalb der Schaftstäbe 2, 3; vorzugsweise innerhalb der Seitenstützen 4, 5 liegen. Durch die Verbindungsgelenke 9 bis 12 ist eine momentfreie Verbindung zwischen den Schaftstäben 2, 3 und den Seitenstützen 4, 5 geschaffen. Im Rahmen der in Betrieb auftretenden Relativschwenkbewegungen zwischen den Schaftstäben 2, 3 und Seitenstützen 4, 5 findet keine Drehmomentübertragung zwischen den Schaftstäben 2, 3 und den Seitenstützen 4, 5 statt. Bei einer bevorzugten Ausführungsform sind die Antriebs-Verbindungseinrichtungen 6, 7 überdies in gerader Verlängerung der Seitenstützen 4, 5 angeordnet. Bezugszeichenliste:
- 1
- Webschaft
- 2, 3
- Schaftstab
- 4, 5
- Seitenstützen
- 6, 7
- Antriebs-Verbindungseinrichtungen
- 8
- Litzen
- 9, 10, 11, 12
- Verbindungsgelenke
- 13, 14, 15, 16
- Schwenkachsen
- 17
- Grundkörper
- 18
- Rücken
- 19, 20
- Schenkel
- 21
- Innenraum
- 22
- Lagerkörper
- 23
- Koppelelement
- 24
- Schaft
- 25
- Klemmeinrichtung
- 26
- Keil
- 27
- Schenkel
- 28
- Pufferelement
- 29, 30
- Einkerbungen
- 31
- Fortsatz
- 32
- Anlagefläche
- 33
- Körper
- 34
- Längsmittelachse
- 35, 36
- Versteifungselemente
- 37
- Klemmfläche
- 38
- Aussparung
- K
- Kraftvektor
- 1
- heald
- 2, 3
- stave
- 4, 5
- side supports
- 6, 7
- Driving couplers
- 8th
- strands
- 9, 10, 11, 12
- connecting joints
- 13, 14, 15, 16
- swiveling axes
- 17
- body
- 18
- move
- 19, 20
- leg
- 21
- inner space
- 22
- bearing body
- 23
- coupling element
- 24
- shaft
- 25
- clamper
- 26
- wedge
- 27
- leg
- 28
- buffer element
- 29, 30
- notches
- 31
- extension
- 32
- contact surface
- 33
- body
- 34
- Longitudinal central axis
- 35, 36
- stiffeners
- 37
- clamping surface
- 38
- recess
- K
- force vector
Claims (19)
- Heald frame (1) for weaving machines,
with a heald frame rod (2), on which healds (8) are held for the formation of sheds, and
with a side support (5), which encloses an internal space (21) and is connected to the heald frame rod (2),
with a connection joint (10), which is arranged between the side support (5) and the heald frame rod (2) in order to connect these to one another,
wherein the connection joint (10) defines a pivot axis (14), which is arranged outside the heald frame rod (2),
characterised in that the connection joint (10) is configured to be free from restoring forces with respect to its pivoting movement. - Heald frame according to claim 1, characterised in that a drive connecting means (7) is provided, which is connected in one piece to the side support (5).
- Heald frame according to claim 2, characterised in that the drive connecting means (7) is arranged on one end of the side support (5) preferably in straight extension thereof.
- Heald frame according to claim 1, characterised in that the side support (5) has a base body (17) configured as a sheet metal bent part.
- Heald frame according to claim 1, characterised in that the side support (5) has a tubular base body (17).
- Heald frame according to claim 1, characterised in that the connection joint (10) includes a bearing body (22) connected to the side support (5).
- Heald frame according to claim 6, characterised in that the bearing body (22) is arranged at least partially in the internal space (21) enclosed by the side support (5) and is held between the legs (19, 20) thereof.
- Heald frame according to claim 6, characterised in that the bearing body (22) is cylindrical.
- Heald frame according to claim 1, characterised in that the connection joint (10) includes a coupling element (23), which is mounted to pivot on the bearing body (22).
- Heald frame according to claim 9, characterised in that the coupling element (23) has a shank (24), which extends into the heald frame rod (2).
- Heald frame according to claim 10, characterised in that the shank (24) has an associated clamping means (25) in order to connect the shank (24) of the coupling element (23) to the heald frame rod (2).
- Heald frame according to claim 9, characterised in that the coupling element (23) has a leg (27) extending into the internal space (21) of the side support (5).
- Heald frame according to claim 12, characterised in that the leg (27) extends substantially parallel to the side support (5).
- Heald frame according to claim 13, characterised in that the leg (27) is provided with a buffer element (28) on its free end.
- Heald frame according to claim 14, characterised in that an extension (31) projecting out of the internal space (21) of the side support (5) is configured on the buffer element (28).
- Heald frame according to claim 15, characterised in that the extension (31) is configured as a heald stopper.
- Heald frame according to claim 14, characterised in that the buffer element (28) has at least one abutment surface (32), which can be moved into abutment with an inside face of the side support (5) to restrict the pivoting angle of the connection joint (10).
- Heald frame according to claim 10, characterised in that the shank (24) is fastened to the heald frame rod (2) by means of at least one connecting element.
- Heald frame according to claim 10, characterised in that the shank (24) is made of plastic and has reinforcing elements (35, 36).
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE102005029699A DE102005029699B3 (en) | 2005-06-24 | 2005-06-24 | heald |
Publications (3)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP1736579A2 EP1736579A2 (en) | 2006-12-27 |
EP1736579A3 EP1736579A3 (en) | 2008-09-10 |
EP1736579B1 true EP1736579B1 (en) | 2010-03-17 |
Family
ID=37025060
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP06011740A Expired - Fee Related EP1736579B1 (en) | 2005-06-24 | 2006-06-07 | Heald frame |
Country Status (5)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US7617845B2 (en) |
EP (1) | EP1736579B1 (en) |
JP (1) | JP4572179B2 (en) |
CN (1) | CN1884652B (en) |
DE (2) | DE102005029699B3 (en) |
Families Citing this family (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP1992724B1 (en) * | 2007-05-14 | 2012-01-25 | Groz-Beckert KG | Heald shaft divisible in two |
EP2573240B1 (en) * | 2011-09-20 | 2015-05-27 | Groz-Beckert KG | High speed safety heald shaft |
EP3112509A1 (en) * | 2015-07-02 | 2017-01-04 | NV Michel van de Wiele | Connecting member for connecting elements of a shed forming mechanism for a weaving machine with each other |
Family Cites Families (29)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US2485414A (en) * | 1947-11-28 | 1949-10-18 | Ruesch Paul | Automatic heald stop motion for dobby looms |
CH427688A (en) * | 1965-04-30 | 1966-12-31 | Grob & Co Ag | Heald frame with a detachable corner connection |
US4022252A (en) * | 1976-02-05 | 1977-05-10 | Maruyama Seisakusho Kabushiki Kaisha | Heddle frame for a high speed weaving machine |
JPS5535481Y2 (en) | 1976-03-24 | 1980-08-21 | ||
JPS5640861Y2 (en) * | 1977-09-21 | 1981-09-24 | ||
JPS5738388Y2 (en) * | 1979-09-03 | 1982-08-24 | ||
CH643310A5 (en) * | 1979-11-05 | 1984-05-30 | Maruyama Mfg Co | Heald frame |
US4460022A (en) * | 1980-03-10 | 1984-07-17 | Sherrill John B | Warp stop motion with control bar |
JPS5973382A (en) * | 1982-10-18 | 1984-04-25 | カヤバ工業株式会社 | Hydraulic shock absorber |
JPH035728Y2 (en) | 1986-08-20 | 1991-02-14 | ||
FR2617204B1 (en) * | 1987-06-26 | 1989-10-27 | Staubli Sa Ets | DEVICE FOR COUPLING THE RAIL FRAMES TO THE TRANSMISSION ELEMENTS OF A MECHANICS FOR THE FORMATION OF A CROWD |
JPH0248450Y2 (en) * | 1988-03-11 | 1990-12-19 | ||
BE1002484A3 (en) * | 1988-09-09 | 1991-02-26 | Verbrugge Nv | WEAVING WINDOW WITH REMOVABLE ANGLE JOINTS. |
JP2756726B2 (en) * | 1990-05-10 | 1998-05-25 | グロブ アンド カンパニー アクチェンゲゼルシャフト | Held frame with removable edge connection |
DE4038384A1 (en) * | 1990-12-01 | 1992-06-04 | Grob & Co Ag | WEBSHAFT WITH SOLVABLE CORNER CONNECTIONS |
US5411061A (en) * | 1993-12-16 | 1995-05-02 | Steel Heddle Mfg. Co. | Heddle frame assembly with releasable end braces |
DE4403923C1 (en) * | 1994-02-08 | 1995-07-27 | Grob & Co Ag | Side support for a heald frame |
DE19612404A1 (en) * | 1996-03-28 | 1997-10-02 | Grob & Co Ag | Corner mounting for loom shaft |
JPH10310948A (en) * | 1997-05-08 | 1998-11-24 | Toyota Autom Loom Works Ltd | Heald frame of opening device |
JP2001064843A (en) * | 1999-08-25 | 2001-03-13 | Nankai Kogyo Kk | Heald frame of loom |
FR2815048B1 (en) * | 2000-10-06 | 2002-12-20 | Staubli Sa Ets | DEVICE FOR COUPLING A STRING FRAME TO A MOTION TRANSMISSION ELEMENT, DRIVE ASSEMBLY AND WEAVING EQUIPMENT PROVIDED WITH SUCH AN ASSEMBLY |
FR2835264B1 (en) * | 2002-01-25 | 2004-05-21 | Burckle Et Cie Ets | METHOD FOR MANUFACTURING A BUSHING FOR A WEAVING MACHINE SMOOTH FRAME AND A BUSHING OBTAINED BY SAID METHOD |
DE10341629B4 (en) * | 2003-09-10 | 2007-04-12 | Groz-Beckert Kg | Low vibration tray system |
DE10349381B4 (en) * | 2003-10-21 | 2005-08-25 | Groz-Beckert Kg | Weave with new corner connector |
DE10349382B3 (en) * | 2003-10-21 | 2005-06-09 | Groz-Beckert Kg | Weave in composite construction |
US7475708B2 (en) * | 2004-11-17 | 2009-01-13 | Groz-Beckert Kg | Shaft drive for heald shafts of weaving machines |
DE102005029700B3 (en) * | 2005-06-24 | 2006-10-12 | Groz-Beckert Kg | Side of heald frame for a loom has drive connection formed by a one-piece extension of the flat sides of a folded sheet metal part |
DE102005029701B3 (en) * | 2005-06-24 | 2006-06-14 | Groz-Beckert Kg | Loom shaft with self-tensioning fastener, comprising shaft rod with internal receiving space and side support, having easily serviced coupling device based on clamping member and pretensioning spring |
US20080053555A1 (en) * | 2006-07-19 | 2008-03-06 | Groz-Beckert Kg | Shaft drive transmission and coupling rod |
-
2005
- 2005-06-24 DE DE102005029699A patent/DE102005029699B3/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2006
- 2006-06-07 DE DE502006006424T patent/DE502006006424D1/en active Active
- 2006-06-07 EP EP06011740A patent/EP1736579B1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2006-06-21 JP JP2006171345A patent/JP4572179B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2006-06-23 CN CN2006100932779A patent/CN1884652B/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2006-06-26 US US11/474,334 patent/US7617845B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
CN1884652A (en) | 2006-12-27 |
JP4572179B2 (en) | 2010-10-27 |
JP2007002398A (en) | 2007-01-11 |
EP1736579A3 (en) | 2008-09-10 |
DE102005029699B3 (en) | 2007-02-08 |
DE502006006424D1 (en) | 2010-04-29 |
CN1884652B (en) | 2011-05-04 |
EP1736579A2 (en) | 2006-12-27 |
US20070006930A1 (en) | 2007-01-11 |
US7617845B2 (en) | 2009-11-17 |
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