Classifications

• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J8/00—Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particles; Apparatus for such processes
  • B01J8/02—Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particles; Apparatus for such processes with stationary particles, e.g. in fixed beds
  • B01J8/0242—Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particles; Apparatus for such processes with stationary particles, e.g. in fixed beds the fluid flow within the bed being predominantly vertical
  • B01J8/0257—Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particles; Apparatus for such processes with stationary particles, e.g. in fixed beds the fluid flow within the bed being predominantly vertical in a cylindrical annular shaped bed
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J8/00—Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particles; Apparatus for such processes
  • B01J8/02—Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particles; Apparatus for such processes with stationary particles, e.g. in fixed beds
  • B01J8/0242—Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particles; Apparatus for such processes with stationary particles, e.g. in fixed beds the fluid flow within the bed being predominantly vertical
  • B01J8/025—Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particles; Apparatus for such processes with stationary particles, e.g. in fixed beds the fluid flow within the bed being predominantly vertical in a cylindrical shaped bed
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J8/00—Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particles; Apparatus for such processes
  • B01J8/02—Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particles; Apparatus for such processes with stationary particles, e.g. in fixed beds
  • B01J8/0285—Heating or cooling the reactor
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J8/00—Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particles; Apparatus for such processes
  • B01J8/02—Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particles; Apparatus for such processes with stationary particles, e.g. in fixed beds
  • B01J8/04—Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particles; Apparatus for such processes with stationary particles, e.g. in fixed beds the fluid passing successively through two or more beds
  • B01J8/0446—Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particles; Apparatus for such processes with stationary particles, e.g. in fixed beds the fluid passing successively through two or more beds the flow within the beds being predominantly vertical
  • B01J8/0449—Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particles; Apparatus for such processes with stationary particles, e.g. in fixed beds the fluid passing successively through two or more beds the flow within the beds being predominantly vertical in two or more cylindrical beds
  • B01J8/0453—Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particles; Apparatus for such processes with stationary particles, e.g. in fixed beds the fluid passing successively through two or more beds the flow within the beds being predominantly vertical in two or more cylindrical beds the beds being superimposed one above the other
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J8/00—Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particles; Apparatus for such processes
  • B01J8/02—Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particles; Apparatus for such processes with stationary particles, e.g. in fixed beds
  • B01J8/04—Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particles; Apparatus for such processes with stationary particles, e.g. in fixed beds the fluid passing successively through two or more beds
  • B01J8/0496—Heating or cooling the reactor
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
  • C01B7/00—Halogens; Halogen acids
  • C01B7/01—Chlorine; Hydrogen chloride
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
  • C01B7/00—Halogens; Halogen acids
  • C01B7/01—Chlorine; Hydrogen chloride
  • C01B7/03—Preparation from chlorides
  • C01B7/04—Preparation of chlorine from hydrogen chloride
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
  • F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
  • F28D9/00—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary plate-like or laminated conduit assemblies for both heat-exchange media, the media being in contact with different sides of a conduit wall
  • F28D9/0031—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary plate-like or laminated conduit assemblies for both heat-exchange media, the media being in contact with different sides of a conduit wall the conduits for one heat-exchange medium being formed by paired plates touching each other
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
  • F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
  • F28D9/00—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary plate-like or laminated conduit assemblies for both heat-exchange media, the media being in contact with different sides of a conduit wall
  • F28D9/0093—Multi-circuit heat-exchangers, e.g. integrating different heat exchange sections in the same unit or heat-exchangers for more than two fluids
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J2208/00—Processes carried out in the presence of solid particles; Reactors therefor
  • B01J2208/00008—Controlling the process
  • B01J2208/00017—Controlling the temperature
  • B01J2208/00106—Controlling the temperature by indirect heat exchange
  • B01J2208/00115—Controlling the temperature by indirect heat exchange with heat exchange elements inside the bed of solid particles
  • B01J2208/0015—Plates; Cylinders
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
  • B01J2219/00002—Chemical plants
  • B01J2219/00018—Construction aspects
  • B01J2219/0002—Plants assembled from modules joined together
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
  • F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
  • F28F2250/00—Arrangements for modifying the flow of the heat exchange media, e.g. flow guiding means; Particular flow patterns
  • F28F2250/10—Particular pattern of flow of the heat exchange media
  • F28F2250/102—Particular pattern of flow of the heat exchange media with change of flow direction

Definitions

• the invention relates to a process for the production of chlorine by gas phase oxidation of hydrogen chloride in the presence of a fixed bed catalyst.
• the oxidation of hydrogen chloride to chlorine is an equilibrium reaction.
• the position of the equilibrium shifts with increasing temperature to the detriment of the desired end product.
• catalysts with the highest possible activity, which allow the reaction to proceed at a lower temperature.
• Such catalysts are in particular catalysts based on copper or based on ruthenium, for example, the supported catalysts described in DE-A 197 48 299 with the active material ruthenium oxide or ruthenium mixed oxide, wherein the content of ruthenium oxide 0.1 to 20 wt .-% and the average particle diameter of ruthenium oxide is 1.0 to 10.0 nm.
• ruthenium chloride catalysts containing at least one of the compounds titanium oxide and zirconium oxide, ruthenium-carbonyl complexes, ruthenium salts of inorganic acids, ruthenium-nitrosyl complexes, ruthenium-amine Complexes, ruthenium complexes of organic amines or ruthenium-acetylacetonate complexes.
• gold may also be included in the catalyst active composition.
• the ruthenium-containing catalyst is damaged, in particular by the formation of volatile ruthenium oxides.
• the hot spot problem should be reduced or avoided without or with a smaller gradation of catalyst activity or without dilution of the catalyst and the catalyst damage as a result of the hot spot formation.
• a process for the production of chlorine by gas phase oxidation of hydrogen chloride was found with a molecular oxygen-containing gas stream in the presence of a fixed bed catalyst, which is characterized in that one carries out the process in a reactor with spaced apart, arranged in the longitudinal direction of the reactor thermoplates from a heat transfer medium flows through, with supply and discharge devices for the heat transfer medium to the thermoplates and with gaps between thermoplates which are filled with the fixed bed catalyst and into which the hydrogen chloride and the molecular oxygen-containing gas stream are introduced.
• the reaction temperatures are usually in the range between 150 and 500 ° C and the reaction pressure between 1 and 25 bar. Since it is an equilibrium reaction, it is expedient to work at the lowest possible temperatures at which the catalyst still has sufficient activity. Furthermore, it is expedient to use oxygen in superstoichiometric amounts. For example, a two- to four-fold excess of oxygen is customary. Since no loss of selectivity is to be feared, it may be economically advantageous to work at relatively high pressure and, accordingly, at longer residence times than normal pressure.
• the catalytic hydrogen chloride oxidation may adiabatically or preferably isothermally or approximately isothermally, discontinuously, preferably continuously as a fixed bed process, at reactor temperatures of 180 to 500 ° C, preferably 200 to 400 ° C, more preferably 220 to 350 ° C and a pressure of 1 to 25 bar, preferably 1.2 to 20 bar, more preferably 1, 5 to 17 bar and in particular 2.0 to 15 bar are performed.
• DE-A 102 44 996 catalysts based on gold containing on a support 0.001 to 30 wt .-% gold, 0 to 3 wt .-% of one or more Erdalkalimetal- le, 0 to 3 wt .-% of one or more alkali metals, 0 to 10 wt .-% of one or more rare earth metals and 0 to 10 wt .-% of one or more other metals selected from the group consisting of ruthenium, palladium, Osmiumiridium, silver, copper and rhenium, each based on the total weight of the catalyst.
• a preferred embodiment consists in using a structured catalyst bed in which the catalyst activity increases in the flow direction.
• Such structuring of the catalyst bed can be done by different impregnation of the catalyst support with active material or by different dilution of the catalyst with an inert material.
• an inert material for example, rings, cylinders or balls of titanium dioxide, zirconium dioxide or their Gemi see alumina, steatite, ceramic, glass, graphite or stainless steel.
• the inert material should preferably have similar external dimensions.
• the area of the gaps between the thermoplates facing the supply of the gaseous reaction mixture can firstly, in particular to a length of 5 to 20%, preferably to a length between 5 and 10%, the total length of the gap with an inert material and only then with the catalyst be filled.
• Suitable shaped catalyst bodies are any desired forms, preference being given to tablets, rings, cylinders, stars, carriage wheels or spheres, with particular preference being given to rings, cylinders, star strands or extruded strands.
• suitable carrier materials are silicon dioxide, graphite, rutile or anatase titanium dioxide, zirconium dioxide, aluminum oxide or mixtures thereof, preferably titanium dioxide, zirconium dioxide, aluminum oxide or mixtures thereof, particularly preferably ⁇ - or ⁇ -aluminum oxide or mixtures thereof.
• the copper or ruthenium-supported catalysts can be obtained, for example, by impregnating the support material with aqueous solutions of CuCl 2 or RuCl 3 and optionally a promoter for doping, preferably in the form of their chlorides.
• the shaping of the catalyst can take place after or preferably before the impregnation of the support material.
• alkali metals such as lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium and cesium, preferably lithium, sodium and potassium, more preferably potassium, alkaline earth metals such as magnesium, calcium, strontium and barium, preferably magnesium and calcium, more preferably magnesium, rare earth metals such Scandium, yttrium, lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium and neodymium, preferably scandium, yttrium, lanthanum and cerium, more preferably lanthanum and cerium, or mixtures thereof.
• alkaline earth metals such as magnesium, calcium, strontium and barium, preferably magnesium and calcium, more preferably magnesium, rare earth metals such Scandium, yttrium, lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium and neodymium, preferably scandium, yttrium, lanthanum and cerium, more preferably lanthanum and cerium, or mixtures thereof.
• the shaped bodies can then be dried at temperatures of 100 to 400 ° C., preferably 100 to 300 ° C., for example under a nitrogen, argon or air atmosphere, and optionally calcined.
• the moldings are first dried at 100 to 150 ° C and then calcined at 200 to 400 ° C.
• the chlorine stream obtained in the process according to the invention after the Deacon process can advantageously be fed to an ethylene direct chlorination to give 1, 2-dichloroethane.
• This so-called direct chlorination of ethene with chlorine is in the DE-A 102 52 859, the disclosure content of which is hereby fully incorporated into the present patent application.
• ethene as an additional starting material directly into the reactor, in which the gas phase oxidation of hydrogen chloride is carried out with the molecular oxygen-containing gas stream, to give 1, 2-dichloroethane.
• the chlorine stream obtained according to the present invention after the Deacon process can also be supplied to a reaction with carbon monoxide to phosgene, provided that the hydrogen chloride used in the Deacon process has a sufficiently low bromine and lodgehalt.
• a method is described, for example, in DE-A 102 35 476, the disclosure content of which is hereby fully incorporated into the present patent application.
• the material used for the reactor is advantageously pure nickel or a nickel-based alloy. Preference is given to using nickel-based alloys Inconell 600 or Inconell 625.
• Inconell 600 contains about 80% nickel and about 15% chromium and iron.
• Inconell 625 contains predominantly nickel, 21% chromium, 9% molybdenum and a few percent niobium.
• HastelloyC-276 can also be used.
• thermoplates made of the above materials pure nickel or nickel-based alloys.
• thermoplates from stainless steel, for example with the material number 1.4541 or 1.4404, 1.4571 or 1.4406, 1.4539 but also 1.4547 or other alloyed steels.
• thermoplates arranged in the reactor.
• Thermoplates are plate-shaped heat exchangers, i. predominantly sheet-like structures which have an inner space with inlet and outlet lines with a small thickness in relation to the surface.
• the supply and discharge devices for the heat transfer medium are usually arranged at opposite ends of the heat exchange plates.
• a heat carrier are often water, but also Diphyl ® (mixture of 70 to 75 wt .-% diphenyl ether and 25 to 30 wt .-% diphenyl) are used, which also partially evaporate in a boiling process; it is also the use of other organic heat transfer medium with low vapor pressure and ionic liquids possible.
• ionic liquids as heat transfer medium is described in DE-A 103 16 418.
• Preferred are ionic liquids containing a sulfate, phosphate, borate or silicate anion.
• ionic liquids which contain a monovalent metal cation, in particular an alkali metal cation, and also a further cation, in particular an imidazolium cation.
• ionic liquids which contain as cation an imidazolium, pyridinium or phosphonium cation.
• thermoplates For plate-shaped heat exchangers, the terms heat exchanger plates, heat exchanger plates, thermoplates or thermal plates are used synonymously in addition to the term thermoplates.
• thermoplates or thermoplates is used in particular for heat exchanger plates whose individual, usually two, sheets are connected to each other by spot and / or seam welding and are often formed plastically using hydraulic pressure under cushioning.
• thermoplates is used herein in the sense of the above definition.
• thermoplates are arranged in the reactor parallel to each other.
• thermoplates For cylindrical reactors is also a radial arrangement of the thermoplates, leaving a central interior and a peripheral channel on the reactor walls, advantageous.
• the central interior which is suitably connected to supply and discharge means for the reaction medium to or from the interstices between the thermoplates, can basically any geometric shape, for example the shape of a polygon, in particular the shape of a triangle, a square, a preferably regular hexagon or a preferred regular octagon and also have a substantially circular shape.
• thermoplates in the longitudinal direction of the reactor extend substantially over the entire length of the cylindrical reactor with the exception of the reactor ends.
• the reaction medium is preferably conducted radially through the spaces between the thermoplates.
• the peripheral channel is preferably annular. It serves as a collection and / or distribution chamber for the reaction medium.
• the peripheral channel may be separated from the spaces between the thermoplates by a suitable retainer, preferably a cylindrical screen or a perforated plate; Similarly, a corresponding retaining device to separate the spaces between the thermal sheets from the central interior.
• a suitable retainer preferably a cylindrical screen or a perforated plate
• a corresponding retaining device to separate the spaces between the thermal sheets from the central interior.
• This embodiment is particularly suitable because a reaction is carried out using a fixed-bed catalyst, which is introduced into the interstices between the thermoplates and whose discharge is to be prevented with the reaction medium by appropriate choice of the openings in the retainer.
• the radial guidance of the reaction medium can be centrifugal and / or centripetal, wherein in the event that a single direction of the radial current flow is provided, the centrifugal guidance of the reaction medium is particularly advantageous.
• the radial flow of the reaction medium between the radially arranged thermoplates has the advantage of a low pressure loss. Since the hydrogen chloride oxidation proceeds with a decrease in volume, the pressure conditions in the case of centripetal guidance are particularly favorable due to the decreasing distances between the thermoplates inwardly.
• thermoplates The radial extent of all thermoplates is preferably the same; An adaptation of the thermoplates to the inner vessel wall of the reactor is thus not required, it can be used on the contrary plates of a single type of construction.
• the radial extent of the thermoplate plates is preferably in the range of 0.1 to 0.95 of the reactor radius, more preferably in the range of 0.3 to 0.9 of the reactor radius.
• thermoplates are formed substantially straight-sided. This does not mean that they are completely flat structures, on the contrary they can in particular be regularly bent, folded, kinked or wavy.
• the thermoplates are produced by known methods.
• Periodically profiled structural elements in particular corrugated plates, may be arranged in the thermoplates.
• Structural elements of this type are known as mixing elements in static mixers and are described, for example, in DE-A 19623051; in the present case, they serve, in particular, for optimizing the heat exchange.
• additional plates in the outer reactor region with less radial expansion compared to the other thermoplates preferably with a radial extension in the range of 0.1 to 0, 7, more preferably 0.2 to 0.5 of the radial extent of the remaining thermoplates.
• the additional plates can have the same dimensions with one another, but it is also possible to use two or more types of additional plates, the types of construction differing from each other by their radial extent and / or their length.
• thermoplates are preferably arranged symmetrically between the other thermoplates. They allow an improved adaptation to the temperature profile of the gas phase oxidation.
• a reactor which is composed of two or more, in particular removable reactor shots.
• each reactor shot is each equipped with a separate heat transfer circuit.
• the individual reactor shots can be assembled by means of flanges as required.
• the flow of the reaction medium between two successive reactor shots is preferably ensured by suitable baffles, which have a deflection and / or separation function. By a suitable choice of the number of baffles, a multiple deflection of the reaction medium can be achieved.
• thermoplates It is possible to design a multiple reactor reactor with a single heat exchange fluid circuit. Preferably, however, two or more separate heat exchange fluid circuits may be provided by the thermoplates. Thus, an improved adaptation to different heat exchange requirements can be achieved with the progress of the chemical reaction.
• the process may preferably be carried out in a reactor which is equipped with one or more cuboidal thermoplate modules, each of which is formed from two or more rectangular thermoplates arranged parallel to one another leaving one gap each.
• thermoplate modules Reactors with thermoplate modules are known, for example, in DE-A 103 33 866, the disclosure content of which is hereby fully incorporated into the present patent application.
• thermoplate modules are each formed from two or more rectangular, parallel to each other leaving a gap each arranged thermoplates.
• the material thickness of the sheets used for this purpose can be selected between 1 and 4 mm, 1, 5 and 3 mm, but also between 2 and 2.5 mm, or 2.5 mm.
• thermoplate In general, two rectangular sheets are connected at their longitudinal and end sides to form a thermoplate, wherein a seam seam or lateral welding or a combination of both is possible, so that the space in which the heat carrier is later, is tight on all sides.
• edge of the thermoplates on or already separated in the lateral seam of the longitudinal edge, so that the poor or not cooled edge region in which usually also catalyst is introduced, has the lowest possible geometric extent.
• the sheets are connected to each other by spot welding.
• An at least partial connection by straight or curved and circular roll seams is possible.
• the subdivision of the volume flowed through by the heat transfer medium in several separate areas by additional roll seams is possible.
• the width of the thermoplates is essentially limited in terms of manufacturing technology and can be between 100 and 2500 mm, or between 500 and 1500 mm.
• the length of the thermoplates depends on the reaction, in particular on the temperature profile of the reaction, and may be between 1000 and 7000 mm, or between 2000 and 6000 mm.
• thermoplates are parallel and spaced from each other, to form a thermoplate module arranged. This results in bay-like gaps between directly adjacent metal plates, which at the narrowest points of the plate spacing, for example, a width between 10 and 50 mm, preferably between 15 and 40 mm, more preferably between 18 and 30, in particular 20 mm.
• the gaps can be made with different widths, with narrower gap widths being selected in hotspot-endangered areas compared with the other areas.
• thermoplates of a thermoplate module e.g. For large panels, additional spacers are installed to prevent deformation, which can change plate spacing or position.
• portions of the sheets can be separated by, for example, circular roll seams from the flow area of the heat carrier to introduce there, for example, holes for fastening screws of the spacers in the plates can.
• thermoplate module The catalyst particle filled gaps of a thermoplate module can be sealed against each other, e.g. be tightly welded or have process side to each other connection.
• the plates are fixed in their position and at a distance.
• the spot welds of directly adjacent thermoplates may be opposite or offset from one another.
• thermoplate modules it may be necessary for the compactness of the overall apparatus. be advantageous to choose two types of modules with different edge length or different edge length ratio.
• thermoplate modules Preference is given to arrangements of 4, 7, 10 or 14 thermoplate modules, each having the same dimensions.
• the visible in the flow direction of a module can be square, but also rectangular with an aspect ratio of 1, 1 but also 1, 2.
• Particularly advantageous geometrical arrangements can be achieved if, as stated above, a number of 4, 7 or 14 thermoplate modules is selected.
• thermoplate modules should be individually interchangeable, for example in the case of leaks, deformations of the thermoplates or problems that affect the catalyst.
• thermoplate modules are arranged in each case a rectangular stabilization box.
• thermoplate module is advantageously held in position by a suitable guide, for example by the rectangular stabilization boxes, with laterally continuous wall or for example by an angle construction.
• the rectangular stabilization boxes of adjacent thermoplate modules are sealed against each other. This prevents a bypass flow of the reaction mixture between the individual thermoplate modules.
• thermoplate modules in a predominantly cylindrical reactor leaves relatively large free spaces at the edge of the cylindrical jacket wall. In this space between the thermoplate modules and the cylinder jacket of the reactor can be advantageous to introduce an inert gas.
• the block-shaped thermoplate modules can not only in cylindrical reactors, but also advantageous reactors with polygonal cross-sections, in particular with rectangular cross-sections, are installed.
• catalyst particles having equivalent particle diameters in the range from 2 to 8 mm are particularly suitable.
• the term equivalent particle diameter referred to in a known manner six times the ratio between the volume and surface of the particle.
• the process is particularly advantageous with an open-space velocity of the reaction gas mixture of up to 3.0 m / s, preferably in the range of 0.5 to 2.5 m / s, more preferably about 1.5 m / s.
• the process according to the invention is carried out in such a way that, when the reactor is started up at the reaction temperature, and also when the reactor is shut down, after the reaction has ended, the reactor is heated to temperatures above 150 ° C. at temperatures below 150 ° C. in the reactor Condensation point of the hydrochloric acid warmed inert purge gas, preferably nitrogen, passes.
• gases are understood to be inert which do not react with the process-inherent substances under the operating conditions of the process according to the invention. This special procedure when starting and stopping the reactor prevents corrosive damage to the reactor material.
• FIG. 1A shows a preferred embodiment of a reactor for the process according to the invention, cross-section, with a longitudinal section in FIG. 1B and a longitudinal section through a thermoplate in FIG. 1C, FIG.
• FIG. 2A shows a cross-sectional representation through a further preferred embodiment of a reactor for the method according to the invention, with a longitudinal section in FIG. 2B and a variant with a plurality of reaction shots in FIG. 2C,
• FIG. 3A shows a further preferred embodiment in cross section, with a longitudinal section through a thermoplate plate in FIG. 3B,
• FIG. 4A shows another embodiment of a reactor for the process according to the invention, with a longitudinal section in FIG. 4B and a variant with a plurality of reaction shots in FIG. 4C
• FIG. 5 shows an embodiment of a reactor for the method according to the invention, in longitudinal section
• FIG. 6 shows a further embodiment for two reactors connected in series
• FIGS. 7A to 7C show different arrangements of thermoplate modules, in cross section and FIGS.
• FIG. 8 shows a gap between thermoplate modules.
• FIG. 1A shows a section through a reactor 1 with thermoplates 2 arranged parallel to one another which leave gaps 5 between the thermoplates, the gaps 5 being filled with a solid catalyst.
• thermoplates 2 For the circulating through the thermoplates 2 heat transfer inlet and outlet lines 3 and 4 are provided.
• FIG. 1 B illustrates the formation of the thermoplates 2 and the arrangement of the inlet and outlet lines 3 and 4 in the reactor 1.
• a reaction gas guide from bottom to top; the reverse flow, from top to bottom, is equally possible.
• FIG. 1C shows a longitudinal section through a thermoplate plate 2. The representation also illustrates retention devices for the solid catalyst at both ends of the thermoplate plate 2.
• FIG. 2A shows a reactor 1 with radially arranged therein thermoplates 2, with columns 5 between the thermoplates 2, which are filled with the solid catalyst.
• a dummy body is arranged to ensure a substantially longitudinal flow for the reaction mixture through the reactor, as can be seen in particular from the longitudinal sectional view in Figure 2B, indicated by the arrows.
• FIG. 2C shows a variant of the apparatus shown in longitudinal section in FIG. 2B with a plurality of, for example, four reactor shots.
• FIG. 3A shows a cross section through a further embodiment of a reactor for the method according to the invention, without arranging a dummy body in the central interior space 6.
• R denotes the radius of the reactor and r the extent of each thermoplate plate in the direction of the reactor radius R.
• the longitudinal section Position through a thermoplate plate 2 in Figure 3B shows baffles 7 for the heat transfer medium.
• FIG. 4A shows a further embodiment with a peripheral channel 8 for collecting and forwarding the reaction gas mixture.
• the longitudinal section in FIG. 4B illustrates the flow profile for the reaction gas mixture, in particular also through the central inner space 6 and the peripheral channel 8.
• the longitudinal sectional view in FIG. 4C shows a further variant with a plurality of, for example, two successive reactor shots.
• FIG. 5 shows a reactor 1 with, for example, three reactor shots, each with thermoplate plates 2 and with inlet and outlet lines 3 and 4 for the heat carrier.
• the longitudinal section in Figure 6 shows two reactors 1 connected in series, each with thermoplates 2 and inlet and outlet lines 3 and 4 for the heat transfer medium.
• FIGS. 7A to 7C show arrangements of 4, one or 7 thermoplate modules 9 in each case in a cylindrical reactor 1, in cross-section
• thermoplates 2 and the intermediate gap 5 illustrate the formation of the thermoplates 2 and the intermediate gap 5, with fixed bed catalyst contained therein, with equivalent particle diameter d P. From the figure it can be seen that the width s of the gap 5 is the smallest distance between two directly adjacent thermoplates 2 is designated.

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